چكيده پيش‌زمينه: هايپوكسي حاد با كاهش اكسيژن‌رساني به دستگاه عصبي مركزي، موجب افت عملكردهاي شناختي و تعادل شده و مي‌تواند كارايي افراد را در فعاليت‌هاي ورزشي، نظامي و شغلي كاهش دهد. ازاين‌رو، شناسايي راهكارهاي مؤثر براي كاهش پيامدهاي شناختي و حركتي هايپوكسي از اهميت ويژه‌اي برخوردار است. كافئين به‌عنوان يكي از پرمصرف‌ترين تركيبات محرك سيستم عصبي مركزي، از طريق مهار گيرنده‌هاي آدنوزين مي‌تواند موجب افزايش هوشياري، بهبود توجه و ارتقاي عملكرد شناختي شود. با وجود اين، نتايج مطالعات پيشين درباره اثربخشي كافئين بر عملكردهاي شناختي در شرايط هايپوكسي متناقض بوده و شواهد محدودي درباره اثر همزمان آن بر مؤلفه‌هاي مختلف عملكرد شناختي و تعادل وجود دارد. بنابراين، هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسي اثر مصرف حاد كافئين بر عملكردهاي شناختي و تعادل در شرايط هايپوكسي حاد بود. روش تحقيق: پژوهش حاضر از لحاظ روش‌شناسي يك پژوهش نيمه‌تجربي با طرح تحقيق درون‌گروهي به صورت دو‌سويه كور و با كنترل اثر دارونما بود. تعداد 20 دانشجوي پسر تربيت بدني از دانشكده علوم ورزشي دانشگاه رازي در اين پژوهش شركت كردند. هر آزمودني مجموعاً در 3 جلس? مجزا در آزمايشگاه حضور يافت. يك هفته پس از برگزاري جلسه توجيهي، هر شركت­كننده با انتصاب تصادفي با در نظر گرفتن موازنه متقابل در خصوص ترتيب دريافت مداخلات، در دو جلسه مجزا (1. مصرف كافئين در شرايط هايپوكسي؛ 2. مصرف دارونما در شرايط هايپوكسي) با فاصله يك هفته بين دو جلسه در آزمايشگاه متابوليسم و عملكرد ورزشي دانشكده علوم ورزشي دانشگاه رازي حضور يافت. ابتداي هر جلسه پس از خوشامدگويي و استراحت شركت­كننده، ماسك دستگاه هايپوكسي براي مشابه سازي شرايط پيش و پس­آزمون روي صورت شركت­كننده قرار گرفت و به ترتيب آزمون­هاي تعادل، زمان عكس­العمل انتخابي، كنترل مهاري (آزمون استروپ)، حافظه كاري (آزمون N-Back) و توجه و كنترل پاسخ (آزمون برو- نرو) اجرا و نتايج ثبت شد. سپس، شركت­كننده با برداشتن ماسك كپسول­هاي حاوي دارونما يا دوز تعيين شده كافئين را مصرف نمود. شخص ديگري به غير از محقق، چگونگي توزيع دارونما يا مكمل را به عهده داشت.   سپس در حالت نشسته روي صندلي از هواي خروجي دستگاه هايپوكسي به مدت 60 دقيقه از طريق ماسك تنفس كرد. سطح اشباع اكسيژن سرخرگي و ضربان قلب هر 3 دقيقه يك بار   پايش شد. پس از گذشت يك ساعت   به ترتيب آزمون­هاي تعادل، زمان عكس­العمل انتخابي، استروپ، N-Back و آزمون برو-نرو با فاصله زماني پنج دقيقه بين آزمون­ها اجرا شد. ميانگين مقادير متغيرهاي پژوهش در تجزيه و تحليل آماري مورد استفاده قرار گرفت و از روش­هاي آماري پارامتريك آنواي دوراهه مركب با اندازه­گيري­هاي تكراري و تي وابسته و روش­هاي ناپارامتريك فريدمن و ويلكاكسون استفاده شد. در تمامي آزمون‌هاي آماري سطح معناداري 05/0 در نظر گرفته شد. تجزيه‌وتحليل آماري با استفاده از نرم‌افزار    نسخ? 27 انجام شد. يافته­ها: نتايج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد كه تغييرات تعادل پاي راست (از پيش‌آزمون به پس‌آزمون) بين دو شرايط كافئين و دارونما تفاوت معني‌داري داشت (p=0.033). به‌گونه‌اي كه در شرايط دارونما، تعادل پاي راست به‌طور معني‌داري كاهش يافت (p<0.001)، در حالي كه در شرايط كافئين تغيير معني‌داري مشاهده نشد. همچنين، زمان عكس‌العمل انتخابي در شرايط دارونما از پيش‌آزمون به پس‌آزمون به‌طور معني‌داري افزايش يافت (p<0.001)، اما در شرايط كافئين تغيير معني‌داري مشاهده نشد. شاخص بهره‌وري معكوس در شرايط كافئين از پيش‌آزمون به پس‌آزمون به‌طور معني‌داري كاهش يافت (p<0.001)، در حالي كه در شرايط دارونما تغيير معني‌داري مشاهده نشد. علاوه بر اين، تغييرات حافظه كاري بين دو شرايط كافئين و دارونما تفاوت معني‌داري داشت (p=0.016) و حافظه كاري در شرايط كافئين به‌طور معني‌داري بهبود يافت (p=0.012)، اما در شرايط دارونما تغيير معني‌داري مشاهده نشد. در مقابل، تفاوت معني‌داري بين دو شرايط در متغيرهاي كنترل پاسخ و تعادل پاي چپ در هيچ يك از شرايط مشاهده نشد. نتيجه‌گيري:

The aim of the present study was to identify the factors affecting organizational success based on the processes of selecting and training human resources in the Iraqi Sports and Youth Administration. The research method is qualitative (grounded theory). The statistical population of the present study is experts (professors, managers, directors and employees of the Sports Administration). For sampling, the snowball sampling method was used to conduct in-depth interviews. The research tool was a semi-structured interview. 15 people were interviewed to collect data. The validity of the research tool (interview) was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and then by expert professors, and the intra-subject agreement method was used to measure reliability, which according to this method, the reliability value was equal to 0.90. The grounded theory method was used to analyze the data. The findings of this study showed that the factors affecting organizational success based on human resource selection and training processes include: specialized competencies of volunteers, personality traits, communication competencies, management skills, fit between the individual and the job, evaluation of volunteers, fairness in selection, management of the recruitment process, and effectiveness of the selection system. Also, training processes include: employee training needs assessment, training planning, effective training content, training methods, instructor capabilities, learning improvement, training transfer, and organizational support for training. These categories themselves include 17 concepts and 75 factors or open codes. Based on the findings of this study, we conclude that organizational success in the Iraqi Sports and Youth Administration depends on the correct selection of human resources and effective training of employees. Employing competent individuals and continuously developing their skills leads to improved performance, increased productivity, and better achievement of organizational goals.      

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Football fans act as the backbone of this industry and their retention not only helps the survival of clubs, but also helps strengthen national and social identity in the sports community. With these interpretations, the overall goal of this research is to present a model of retention of professional football fans in Iraq with a data-based approach. The present research method is fundamental in terms of purpose and methodology in the qualitative research branch, which was carried out using a data-based approach and the systematic method of Strauss and Corbin in the period 1404-1405. The research population was conducted through in-depth interviews with professors and academic faculty members in the field of sports sciences, heads and officials of the Iraqi Football Federation, supervisors and managers of stadiums hosting the Iraqi Football League, officials of the football club fan club, and experts in professional Iraqi football. Theoretical saturation was achieved by conducting 16 interviews and using a purposeful method. Based on the results of the Iraqi professional football fan retention model with a data-based approach, it included contextual factors (social-environmental and structural-technological contexts), causal factors (fan retention drivers and marketing drivers), intervening factors (structural-environmental barriers and socio-cultural barriers), the central category (the nature of the retention phenomenon), strategies (environmental improvement of sports, management improvement of sports, and transformation in digital and content interactions), and consequences (economic sustainability of the club, development of brand image, and improvement of the quality of the fan experience). Therefore, it can be concluded that the retention of Iraqi professional football fans is the result of a dynamic interaction between psychological, economic and marketing drivers with social, cultural, political and technological contexts. In the meantime, clubs can strengthen long-term fan loyalty by applying strategies based on developing the fan experience, human and digital communication, social responsibility and sustainable revenue generation and ultimately achieve the economic, social and branding development of Iraqi professional football.   

   The present study was conducted with the aim of presenting a model of smart governance in Iraqi sports federations. This study was conducted with a qualitative approach and a data-based theory method with a constructivist approach. The statistical population included experts in sports management, sports sociology, and managers of Iraqi sports federations, and the sampling was purposeful and continued until theoretical saturation was reached. The field of study and having scientific publications related to the subject, having managerial positions and executive experiences in the field of sports management, and experts in the field of sports were among the indicators for selecting the initial list of experts. The sampling method was non-probability sampling, with purposeful selection and with maximum diversity or heterogeneity. The sample size in this study was 15 people based on the theoretical saturation index. The measurement tool in the qualitative stage was an open interview and was analyzed based on three stages of open, axial, and selective coding. Research findings: In the data analysis process, 105 initial open codes were extracted, which were organized and conceptualized in the form of these selective categories, which included five main selective categories including "technological and data-driven infrastructure", "tra  arency and supervisory system", "participation and human capital", "organizational structure and capacities", and "legal platforms and support". The results showed that Iraqi sports federations are in the transition stage from traditional management to smart governance and are facing challenges such as weak digital infrastructure, lack of integrated databases, lack of tra  arency and accountability, limited financial resources, and weak organizational structures. In contrast, capacities such as the existence of managerial and sports experiences, young human resources, international relations, and a tendency towards technological development have provided a suitable basis for the establishment of smart governance. Accordingly, the realization of smart governance requires the simultaneous development of digital technologies, reform of organizational structures, strengthening of the tra  arency and supervisory system, empowerment of human capital, and reform of laws and regulations. Finally, the presented model can be used as a practical framework for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of management in Iraqi sports federations.

   The aim of the present study was to explain the processes of professionalization of football and income generation of clubs in Iraq. The research method is qualitative (grounded theory). The statistical population of the present study is experts (professors, coaches and active athletes) in the field of football. For sampling, the snowdrop sampling method was used to conduct in-depth interviews. The research tool was a semi-structured interview. To collect data, 16 people were interviewed. The validity of the research tool (interview) was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and then by expert professors, and the intra-subject agreement method was used to measure reliability, which according to this method, the reliability value was equal to 0.89. The grounded theory method was used to analyze the data. The findings of this study showed that the processes of professionalization of football in Iraq include: professional governance of clubs, strategic management of the club, human resource development, meritocracy, technical specialization, talent acquisition, infrastructure development, financial discipline, institutionalization of legal requirements, digital transformation, professionalization of the league, and interaction with fans. Also, the processes of revenue generation of football clubs in Iraq include: sponsorship revenues, media management, development of fan experience, branding, sales of club products, club commercial partnerships, player development and transfer, and commercialization of club infrastructure. These categories themselves include 20 concepts and 99 factors or open codes. Based on the findings of this study, we conclude that professionalization of football and development of revenue generation mechanisms are among the most important prerequisites for the growth and sustainability of football clubs in Iraq. Therefore, paying attention to this issue can provide the basis for improving performance, increasing competitiveness, and sustainable development of football in this country.

   Abstract Introduction: Due to its high-intensity nature and frequent physical contact, football is considered one of the sports with the highest risk of sports injuries. Injuries can disrupt athletes’ training and performance and negatively affect their physical and psychological health. In this regard, resilience, as an important psychological characteristic, enables individuals to adapt effectively to challenging situations and quickly return to optimal performance. Investigating the relationship between resilience and sports injuries may help identify strategies for injury prevention and the promotion of football players’ physical and mental well-being. Methods: This study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in nature. The statistical population consisted of all football players participating in the Kermanshah Provincial Football League competitions. A total of 58 players were selected as the research sample using a multistage cluster sampling method. Data collection instruments included a demographic and sports background questionnaire, the standard sports injury registration form based on the guidelines of the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) and the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and the Connor–Davidson Resilience Questionnaire (CD-RISC). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation tests, and multiple regression analysis in    version 27 at a significance level of 0.05. Results: The findings indicated a negative relationship between resilience and the severity of sports injuries; however, this relationship was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the resilience subscales, including personal competence, tolerance of negative emotions, acceptance of change and adaptability, and internal control, were not significant predictors of sports injury severity (p > 0.05). Overall, the regression results demonstrated that these variables contributed only minimally to explaining variations in the severity of sports injuries. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that resilience alone does not play a determining role in predicting the severity of sports injuries, and that injury severity is more strongly influenced by physical and environmental factors. Nevertheless, resilience may contribute to improving psychological adaptation and facilitating the rehabilitation process of athletes following injury. Keywords: Sports Injuries, Resilience, Football, Football Players, Provincial League.

Abstract Background and Objective: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a prevalent cause of mobility disability in older women, leading to reduced function and independence. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of six weeks of aquatic-based cognitive–motor dual-task training (ACMT) versus conventional aquatic therapy (AT) in reducing pain, disability index, improving functional status, and enhancing lower extremity function in women with knee osteoarthritis. Methodology: In this quasi-experimental study, 32 women with knee osteoarthritis (mean age: 55.90 ± 9.35 years, height: 157.70 ± 4.80 cm, weight: 78.55 ± 8.66 kg, BMI: 31.61 ± 2.21) were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to either the ACMT group (n=16) or the AT group (n=16). Both groups underwent their respective interventions for six weeks, with three sessions per week. Outcome measures included pain intensity (VAS scale), disability index (WOMAC questionnaire), functional status (KOOS questionnaire, encompassing clinical symptoms, daily activities, recreation and sports, quality of life), and lower extremity function (FSDT stair-climbing test). These were assessed at pre-test and post-test stages. Data analysis was performed using a mixed-design ANOVA with repeated measures, and a significance level of p<0.05p < 0.05p<0.05 was used. Results: The results indicated a significant time × group interaction effect for pain intensity (VAS) and the WOMAC disability index (p<0.05), suggesting a relative superiority of the ACMT group in these variables. However, no significant time × group interaction effect was observed for lower extremity function (FSDT) and all subscales of the KOOS questionnaire (functional pain, symptoms, daily activities, recreation and sports, quality of life) (p>0.05). On the other hand, a significant main effect of time was found for all study variables in both groups (p<0.05), indicating significant within-group improvements from pre-test to post-test for both AT and ACMT interventions. Furthermore, the percentage change analysis revealed that the ACMT group exhibited a greater relative improvement compared to the AT group across all assessed indices. Conclusion: The findings suggest that both therapeutic approaches lead to improvements in patients with knee osteoarthritis. However, aquatic-based cognitive–motor dual-task training demonstrates greater effectiveness in reducing pain and functional disability compared to conventional aquatic therapy, likely due to its simultaneous engagement of neuro-motor control systems. Therefore, the ACMT approach is recommended as a complementary and effective intervention in the rehabilitation of women with knee osteoarthritis.   

   The purpose of the present research was to identify the challenges and opportunities of the “One Hundred Competitions in one Hundred Days” program in schools (case study: Boys’ futsal). The research method was qualitative, based on Grounded Theory with Glaser’s approach. The statistical population consisted of experts (professors, teachers, school principals, event organizers, and district sports specialists) active in the field of student sports. For sampling and conducting in-depth interviews, the snowball sampling method was used. The main research instrument was interviews conducted with 16 participants. The validity of the interview tool was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and expert professors, while reliability was assessed through the intra-subject agreement method, with the reliability coefficient calculated as 0.85. Data analysis was performed using the Grounded Theory method. The findings revealed that the challenges of the “100 Competitions in 100 Days” program in schools include: managerial and executive challenges, financial and economic issues, infrastructural limitations, shortage of specialized human resources, cultural and social challenges, and unfairness. Meanwhile, the opportunities of the program (case study: Boys’ futsal) consist of individual skill development, infrastructure improvement, educational opportunities for teachers, social and cultural benefits, and economic opportunities. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that school administrators can create favorable conditions for fostering individual skills such as quick decision-making, stress management, accuracy, and motor coordination among boys through the implementation of this program.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of social media personalization on brand loyalty with the mediating role of perceived value among football fans in southern Iraq. The research method was descriptive and cross-sectional, and the data were collected quantitatively. The statistical population of the study included football fans in southern Iraq, and the sample size was determined using    Sample Power software, which ultimately selected 348 people as an acceptable sample. Standard questionnaires related to social media personalization, brand loyalty, and perceived value were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics tests and external and internal model analysis using    and PLS software, and the error level was considered to be 0.05. The results of the study showed that social media personalization has a positive and significant effect on brand loyalty of football fans in southern Iraq. Also, social media personalization has a significant effect on fans' perceived value, and perceived value as a mediator plays an important role in strengthening brand loyalty. In other words, increasing the level of social media personalization improves perceived value and, consequently, increases fan loyalty. The results also indicate the importance of clubs' strategic use of social media to directly and effectively interact with fans, strengthen brand attachment, and create lasting loyalty. The findings of this study are consistent with previous domestic and foreign research and indicate the practical application of the model under study in the football fan environment of southern Iraq.  

The overall objective of this study is to investigate the effect of social media marketing on the purchase intention of football fans by mediating consumer brand interaction among fans of Al-Zawra and Al-Jawiya teams in Iraq. The research method is descriptive-survey and applied in terms of purpose. In this study, the relationships between variables were examined based on the conceptual model of the research and with the approach of correlation analysis and structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all fans of Al-Zawra and Al-Jawiya football teams in Iraq who followed the official pages of these two clubs on the social network Instagram. The sampling method was non-probability and convenience sampling; in such a way that only people who (1) were fans of one of the two Al-Zawra or Al-Jawiya teams and (2) were active Instagram users and followers of their club's official page were included in the study. Given the uncertainty of the exact size of the statistical population, the Cochran formula was used to determine the sample size and finally 365 people were selected as the research sample. Standard questionnaires were used to collect data, including: the Social Media Marketing Questionnaire by Chung et al., the Purchase Intention Questionnaire by Han and Kim, and the Consumer Brand Engagement Questionnaire by Kaur et al. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (skewness, kurtosis, and structural equation modeling) and using    version 25 and Smart PLS version 3 software. The results of the study showed that social media marketing has a positive and significant effect on the purchase intention of football fans of Al-Zawra and Juyeh teams. The findings also indicate that consumer brand engagement plays a significant mediating role in the relationship between social media marketing and fans' purchase intention. Accordingly, it can be concluded that as the level of fans' interaction with the club brand through social media increases, their willingness to purchase the club's products and services will also increase.  

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of self-regulation and socialization on the sports participation of physical education teachers in Wasit, Iraq. This study was applied, quantitative, and cross-sectional, and used a deductive-hypothetical approach to examine the relationships between variables. The statistical population of the study included 208 physical education teachers, and the sample size was determined based on the Morgan table. Data were collected using standard and researcher-made questionnaires; including Ryan and Kennell's (1989) Sports Self-Regulation Questionnaire, Pellitier et al.'s (2013) Sports Participation Questionnaire, and Taormina's (1994) Organizational Socialization Questionnaire, as well as the researcher-made demographic characteristics questionnaire. To ensure the accuracy of the data, content and face validity, confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability with Cronbach's alpha coefficient were examined, all of which showed acceptable values ??(? > 0.77). Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling in    and Smart PLS software. The results showed that self-regulation and sociability have a significant positive effect on teachers' sports participation; self-regulation showed the highest direct effect and sociability showed the highest indirect effect on sports participation. Based on the findings, strengthening self-regulation skills and promoting sociability can help increase teachers' active and continuous participation in sports activities. This study provides valuable scientific evidence for educational and management planning of schools to improve sports activities.  

  Abstract Introduction: Knee osteoarthritis causes disability in the simplest daily activities and fatigue in the lower extremities. Based on the findings of previous studies, non-invasive brain stimulation as a new therapeutic strategy has played a significant role in increasing the excitability of motor neurons. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of closed motor chain training following seven consecutive sessions of non-invasive brain stimulation (tDCS vs. tPCS) on pain, balance, and motor function in women with knee osteoarthritis. Materials and Methods: In this study, 45 female patients with inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to one of the tDCS, tPCS, and control groups. The experimental group received real stimulation for 7 sessions and the control group received sham stimulation, then underwent closed motor chain training for 12 sessions (3 sessions per week) over a period of one month. Before and after the study interventions, pain intensity was assessed with the visual analogue scale (VAS), balance with the PT-Scan, knee joint proprioception with the inclinometer, quadriceps muscle electrical activity with the EMG, and motor function with the UGT and 40M tests were assessed by an evaluator. Findings:The findings of the present study, based on within-group comparison, showed that after five weeks of intervention, in all three groups of CKC exercises with tDCS stimulation, tPCS stimulation and the control group, the variables of static balance in the open eye state, knee proprioception, electrical activity and lower limb muscle strength had positive and significant improvements (p=0.001); and the results of the one-way ANOVA test in the between-group comparison of post-test data in these factors indicated a positive effect of the interventions on the aforementioned variables. However, there was no significant difference in the variables of pain intensity, fatigue, motor function (40-meter walk, going up and down stairs and UGT, WOMAC test), knee instability intensity, plantar pressure distribution and static balance in the closed eye state. Conclusion: According to the results obtained from the present study, the closed motor chain training protocol and non-invasive brain stimulation (tDCS vs. tPCS) both had a significant effect on the research variables. Keywords: Knee osteoarthritis, pain, fatigue, motor function, instability, proprioception, balance, closed-chain motor exercises, muscle electrical activity, tDCS, tPCS.

چكيده مقدمه: بسياري از آسيب­هاي رباط صليبي قدامي (ACL[1]) در شرايط غيرتماسي و در مانورهايي چون كاتينگ[2]، چرخش يا فرود به دنبال يك پرش، رخ مي­دهند. خستگي نيز به‌عنوان يك عامل شناخته شده در كاهش ظرفيت توليد نيروي عضله، مي­تواند كنترل حركات را تغيير داده و فرد را در معرض آسيب‌هايي چون پارگي ACL قرار دهد. تحريك جريان مستقيم فرا جمجمه‌اي (tDCS[3]) به‌عنوان روشي غيرتهاجمي در بهبود عملكردهاي عصبي - عضلاني مي‌تواند در مهار خستگي عصبي - عضلاني مؤثر واقع شود؛ بنابراين محققين در مطالعه حاضر به دنبال مقايسه اثرات تحريك آنودال نواحي قشر حركتي اوليه (M1[4]) و قشر پيش‌پيشاني جانبي (DLPFC[5]) بر حس عمقي مفصل زانو، تعادل ايستا، تعادل پويا و عملكرد حركتي پس از خستگي عصبي - عضلاني در زنان تمرين كرده بودند. روش­ها: در مطالعه نيمه‌تجربي حاضر، 45 ورزشكار زن تمرين كرده، با دارا بودن معيارهاي ورود به مطالعه، به‌صورت تصادفي ساده به سه گروه تحريكM1 ، DLPFC و sham (هر گروه 15 نفر) تخصيص داده شدند. پس از ارزيابي پيامدهاي مطالعه در پيش‌آزمون، پروتكل خستگي عصبي-عضلاني اعمال و با كاهش 20 درصدي ارتفاع پرش عمودي و كسب حداقل نمره 17 از مقياس Borg، مجدداً پيامدهاي مطالعه ارزيابي شدند. در ادامه، تحريك­هاي tDC   به مدت 5 روز متوالي با شدت ? ميلي‌آمپر و به‌مدت ?? اعمال شدند. پس از اتمام مداخلات، مجدداً قبل و پس از وقوع خستگي عصبي-عضلاني، پيامدهاي مطالعه بررسي شدند. پيامدهاي مطالعه شامل، حس عمقي مفصل زانو، تعادل ايستا و پويا و عملكرد حركتي اندام تحتاني بودند؛ كه به ترتيب با قدرمطلق خطاي بازسازي زاويه و ابزار اينكلاينومتر، دستگاه تكنوبادي، تست­هاي جهش تك پا،   جهش لي سه‌گام، پرش لي 6 متر در زمان و پرش لي متقاطع اندازه‌گيري شدند. جهت مقايسه ميانگين هاي درون‌گروهي و بين‌گروهي از آنواي مختلط (بين-درون‌گروهي) با استفاده از نرم افزار   27 استفاده شد. يافته­ها: بين گروه‌ها از نظر تغييرات حس عمقي، تعادل ايستا، تعادل پويا و عملكرد حركتي پس از اعمال مداخلات، تفاوت آماري معناداري مشاهده نشد (05/0<P). اما نتايج تحليل درون‌گروهي نشان داد كه در گروه M1 برخي از شاخص‌ها از جمله حس عمقي و عملكرد حركتي بهبود نسبي يافت شد اما درDLPFC   و شم اين تأثير كمتر بود. نتيجه­گيري: يافته­هاي پژوهش حاضر نشان داد كه تحريك tDCS طي پنج جلسه در شرايط خستگي، اثرات معناداري بر شاخص‌هاي عملكرد عصبي-عضلاني ندارد. پيشنهاد مي‌شود مطالعات آينده با افزايش مدت مداخله، استفاده از روش‌هاي تركيبي و بررسي اثرات ماندگار در پيگيري‌هاي بلندمدت انجام شود. كليد واژگان: تحريك جريان مستقيم فرا جمجمه‌اي، خستگي عصبي-عضلاني، حس عمقي، تعادل، اندام تحتاني. [1] Anterior cruciate ligament [2] Cutting

The aim of the present study was to identify the challenges and opportunities of the 100-match-in-100-days project in schools (case study: dodgeball game). The research method is qualitative (grounded theory with Glaser approach). The statistical population of the present study was experts (professors, teachers, school administrators, organizers, and area experts) active in the field of student sports. The snowball sampling method was used for sampling to conduct in-depth interviews. The research tool was an interview. It was conducted with 15 people. The validity of the research tool (interview) was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and then by expert professors, and the intra-subject agreement method was used to measure reliability, which according to this method, the reliability value was equal to 0.80. The grounded theory method was used to analyze the data. The findings of this study showed that the challenges of the 100-match-in-100-days project in schools include: equipment challenges for playing Dejball, skill and educational challenges for teachers, psychological, social, and behavioral challenges for students, participatory and gender justice challenges, and executive, organizational, and planning challenges. The opportunities of the 100-match-in-100-days project in schools include: educational and training opportunities, cultural and social opportunities, psychological and behavioral opportunities, educational and professional opportunities for teachers, infrastructure and logistics development opportunities, creating cooperation networks between schools, and personal development opportunities for students. Therefore, based on the findings of the present study in the field of educational and training opportunities, the implementation of this project can lead to improving basic sports skills, strengthening the spirit of cooperation, compliance with the rules, and increasing problem-solving abilities in students.   

   Introduction:   on-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with the epidemic of chronic liver disease, and its prevalence is continuously increasing. This disease follows a progressive course and could gradually lead to liver cirrhosis and death. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on selected inflammatory markers in women with NAFLD. Methodology: This semi-experimental study included 30 female subjects with NAFLD, selected through purposive and convenience sampling. Participants were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group. The experimental group performed MICT for eight weeks, three sessions per week. Serum levels of liver enzymes, inflammatory cytokines, insulin resistance, and cortisol hormone were measured before and after the intervention. Results: The findings of the present study demonstrated that eight weeks of moderate-intensity continuous training in individuals with NAFLD led to reductions in body weight, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and cortisol, along with an increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and maximal oxygen uptake (VO?max) (p<0.001). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it could be concluded that reducing liver tissue damage markers through moderate-intensity continuous training is one of the key mechanisms of exercise in the treatment of NAFLD. These outcomes may highlight the significance of continuous training with moderate-to-high intensity in the management of NAFLD. Keywords: Moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), inflammatory markers, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), cortisol. Introduction:   on-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with the epidemic of chronic liver disease, and its prevalence is continuously increasing. This disease follows a progressive course and can gradually lead to liver cirrhosis and death. This study aims to investigate the effect of eight weeks of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on selected inflammatory markers in women with NAFLD. Methodology: This semi-experimental study included 30 female subjects with NAFLD, selected through purposive and convenience sampling. Participants were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group. The experimental group performed MICT for eight weeks, three sessions per week. Serum levels of liver enzymes, inflammatory cytokines, insulin resistance, and cortisol hormone were measured before and after the intervention. Results: The findings of the present study demonstrated that eight weeks of moderate-intensity continuous training in individuals with NAFLD led to reductions in body weight, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and cortisol, along with an increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and maximal oxygen uptake (VO?max) (p<0.001). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that reducing liver tissue damage markers through moderate-intensity continuous training is one of the key mechanisms of exercise in the treatment of NAFLD. These outcomes may highlight the significance of continuous training with moderate-to-high intensity in the management of NAFLD. Keywords: Moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), inflammatory markers, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), cortisol.

AbstractThe aim of this research was to present an interpretive structural model of student sports development. This research was applied in terms of research orientation and was a mixed research (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of research philosophy. The statistical population of the present study included all professors of sports management, student sports officials, and sports activists at universities in Kermanshah. Theoretical sampling was used to determine the number of people and find the research path, and theoretical saturation was achieved after conducting 15 in-depth interviews. In the qualitative part of the research, in-depth interviews were used to collect information, and in the quantitative part, the instrument used was a questionnaire. To analyze the information in the qualitative part, three overlapping processes of open, axial, and selective coding were used, which were based on the data-driven method and the Glaser approach, and to analyze the information in the quantitative part, the interpretive structural modeling method was used with the help of ISM software. The findings in the qualitative section showed that the electronic marketing model for selling online sports products was based on 89 initial concepts and the results obtained from the final coding showed that the core codes of the research were fourteen factors (factors of financial resource development, development of places and infrastructure, development of the scientific environment, development of the legal environment, development of the cultural environment, social factors, structural factors, management factors, recreational and public factors, prospects for the development of student sports, motivational incentives, promotion and information about the benefits of sports).Also, the results of the structural-interpretive model in the quantitative section showed that financial resources, development of places and infrastructure, structural factors and management factors were at the first level, human resource development at the second level, cultural factors, social factors and development of the scientific environment at the third level, development of the legal environment, intramural competitions, recreational and public factors, motivational incentives and promotion and information about the benefits of sports were at the fourth level and the prospects for the development of student sports were at the fifth level.Keywords: Sports development, student sports, interpretive structural model

      The effect of twelve weeks of light aerobic exercise on cognitive and motor performances in women with non-severe Multiple sclerosis.    Introduction: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is on autoimmune disease of the central nervous system on which the neurons of the central nervous. Which the neurons of the central nervous. system are attacked by the patient's immune system and depending on the severity of the damage , it causes different symptoms in the patient. The highest rate of prevalence is in young people between 20 and to years old. And disabilities such as fatigue , imbalance, visual, impairment, cognitive problems such as memory loss, ect. Are amorg the complications of this disease. Methods: This reseaech was conducted on 30 female patients with MS who were randomly divided in to two control and experimental groups of 15 peoples, bimanual coadination, memory and reaction time were simple, they gave a pre- test. Then the experimental group performed light aerobic exercices protocal for twelve weeks and two sessions every week. The control group did not do any exercise during this period. After this interventions, a post – test was conducted for both groups. Results: The vesults of the research indicated the sidnificant effect of aerobic sports on all cognitive and motor functions examined in this research, There fore, submaximal to MS patients in order to improve the factors examined in this reavch.

  The purpose of the present research is to identify the challenges and opportunities of conducting in-service courses for physical education teachers in the context of cyberspace. The mixed research method is exploratory (quantitative and qualitative) and practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population in the qualitative part is 15 high-ranking education experts knowledgeable about the research topic (until reaching theoretical saturation), and the quantitative part includes all physical education teachers in the country (29,000) who, using the sample size determination table of Karjesi and Morgan, The number of 377 people will be considered as a quantitative statistical sample. In the qualitative part, the challenges and opportunities of conducting in-service courses for physical education teachers in the context of virtual space will be identified and the relevant model will be designed. In the quantitative part, with the structural equation modeling method and Smart PLS software, the relationships between the elements and components of the model will be subjected to a quantitative test.

   Abstract Research has shown that direct transcranial stimulation, which is a non-invasive method without side effects, increases cognitive and motor functions. In fact, TDCS is an effective method to increase working memory and improve brain function in fatigue conditions, which has been researched in healthy and injured people. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute non-invasive brain stimulation on cognitive and executive functions in a single bout of endurance activity in semi-endurance runners. The method of the current research was experimental and the subjects of this research included 14 adult male half-endurance runners who were selected as available. Data analysis was done by one-way analysis of variance at a significant level (p?0.05), and by    test. The results of the present research showed that the group that received electrical stimulation had a significant difference compared to the sham group in the phase of obtaining the results. Anodal stimulation of the left DLPFC significantly increased the time to reach paralysis (p = 0.022), decreased understanding pressure (p = 0.027), reduction of pain (p = 0.016) and even though it did not reach a significant level in the following components, but its positive effects were clear, for example, reduction in heart rate (p = 0.253) p), increasing the sense of pleasure (p = 0.391), increasing the arousal level (p = 0.597), improving hypofrontal function (p = 0.597) (in the countdown test), increasing the bimanual coordination score (43. p = 0) and (F = 0.66) reducing the choice reaction time (p = 0.235) and (F = 1.549), reducing the time to perform the Stroop test (p = 0.235) and (1.549 = F) compared to the sham stimulation condition. Findings: The results of the correlated t test showed that the time to retardation (TTE) in anodal stimulation conditions was significantly higher than in sham stimulation conditions (p = 0.022). And also according to the confirmation of the normality of the data distribution in the flexibility variable based on the results of the Shapiro-Wilk statistical test (p?0.05), in order to analyze the results of this variable from the statistical test of the dichotomy with size [2x2] repeated measures, condition factor with two levels (two types of stimulation) and time factor with two levels (pre-test and post-test) were used. In the bimanual coordination variable, the interaction effect of conditions and time was not statistically significant (p = 0.43). Due to the non-significance of the interaction effect, the main effect of condition and time was used for analysis. The results of the main effect of condition showed that there was no significant difference in bimanual coordination between the two conditions (p = 0.81). On the other hand, the results of the main effect of time showed that the values of two-handed coordination decreased significantly from pre-test to post-test (p = 0.0001). Conclusions: According to the available results, it can be said that anodal stimulation of the left DLPFC area can have ergogenic effects on submaximal endurance activity by influencing the central and peripheral mechanisms. Of course, it is important to note that this study is the first study that investigated the acute effects of non-invasive brain stimulation on the athletic, cognitive and perceptual performance of semi-endurance runners, and therefore it is necessary to conduct further research in order to confirm these results.

  The purpose of the present research was to determine the effect of perceived social responsibility on brand equity with the mediating role of team identity and online community identity in Iraqi Naft al-Wasat futsal team fans. The current research is in terms of practical purpose and in terms of descriptive method, it is of survey type, in terms of correlation between variables, and in terms of time, it is cross-sectional. The statistical population of this research consists of all the fans of Iraq Naft Al Wasat futsal team who were members of online virtual groups or online communities of fans of Iraq Naft Al Wasat Futsal Team. According to Mueller's optimal sample size rule, 277 fans participated in this research as a sample. The data collection tool was the standard questionnaires of perceived social responsibility, team identity, online community identity and brand equity Kim and Manoli (2022). The validity and reliability of the measurement tool was confirmed using content validity, convergent validity, divergent validity, combined reliability and Cronbach's alpha. In order to test the statistical assumptions, the variance-oriented structural equation model was used. The results of the research showed that perceived social responsibility has a positive and significant effect on brand equity (?=0.322), team identity (?=0.652) and online community identity (?=0.695). Also, team identity (?=0.315) and online community identity (?=0.311) have a positive and significant effect on brand equity. Finally, the perceived social responsibility has a significant effect on the special value of the brand with the mediating role of team identity and online community identity in the fans of Naft al-Wasat futsal team (?=0.422). According to the results of the research, managers of Iraqi Naft Al-Wasat futsal team can increase their level of social responsibility to improve their brand value and strengthen the fans' team identity and the fans' identity in the club's online communities.

   This research was carried out with the aim of "thematic analysis of studies related to sports startups in Iran and drawing its scientific map in sports". The research method is analytical-applicative, which is designed in two parts: thematic analysis and then drawing the road map. The research method was based on thematic analysis, which was used to analyze qualitative data in the field of sports startups and to categorize meaning patterns from the data set, and then based on Ravar Matrix software. A scientific map was drawn and Centrality and betweenness indices were determined. The statistical population of this research was all published articles with the keyword sports startup. For this purpose, by using the purposeful sampling method, by referring to the internal site (all sports publications) and foreign scientific sites (Science Direct, Research Gate, and Google Scholar), the desired articles were collected. Finally, 6 articles in domestic publications and 37 articles in foreign publications were identified. In this research, sampling was not done and all 43 articles were examined and analyzed. Data analysis was done using Excel software to draw graphs and Ravar Matrix software. The findings of the research showed that sports start-up is a new topic, and the articles published in this field are categorized in the thematic areas of starting start-ups, development ways and support ways. Most of these articles have been done analytically and the modeling articles have the lowest number among the research methods of the articles. It was also done based on coding in the Visual Studio program, and 81 repetitive words (including: strategy, founder, investment, work teams, individual characteristics, expertise, market, etc.) were identified. According to the thematic analysis, 85 cases of primary concept were identified. These badges were categorized in 85 concepts, 13 themes and 3 main categories according to thematic and conceptual proximity in the axial coding stage. Finally, in drawing the scientific map of start-ups, you identified centrality and betweenness indices for 14 variables with high repetition in all texts and drew its diagram. What was shown in this research is that in recent years, it has been paid attention to by sports science and marketing researchers and this field is a new field that can be used as a trick to develop the society's economy.

   چكيده پيش زميـنه و اهداف: اعتياد به موادمخدر به عنوان يك بيماري مزمن و عودكننده كه از اثرات طولاني‌مدت داروها برمغز ناشي مي‌شود، تعريف مي‌شود. اعتياد به موادمخدر به طور غيرمستقيم و مستقيم عامل8/11 ميليون مرگ در سال درجهان است. براساس مطالعه بار‌جهاني بيماري، اين تعداد بيشتراز مرگ‌و‌مير ناشي از سرطان است و يك پنجم كل مرگ‌و‌ميرها در سراسر جهان را تشكيل مي‌دهد. از اين رو، علاوه بر روش­هاي درمان دارويي، توجه به انواع استراتژي­هاي غير دارويي در اين زمينه همواره مورد توجه بوده است. فعاليت بدني و تحريك غير تهاجمي مغز هريك به­نوعي آثار مثبتي را بر روند درماني اعتياد و عدم تمايل به مصرف مجدد داشته­اند اما تا كنون مطالعه­اي كه به بررسي آثار همزمان اين دو استراتژي بر متغيرهاي مهم در بيماري اعتياد پرداخته باشد؛ انجام نشده است. از اين رو، هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسي اثر تحريك جريان مستقيم فراجمجمه­اي و تمرين دايره­اي بر ولع مصرف مواد مخدر، تكانشگري و تصميم­گيري ريسك­پذير در زنان وابسته به مواد مخدر در دوره بازتواني بود. روش­ تحقيـق: پژوهش حاضر داراي طرح تحقيق درون گروهي، موازن? متقابل، به­صورت دوسويه­كور و كنترل اثر دارونما (شَم) بود. تعداد 11 زن داراي سابقه اعتياد كه پس از مرحله پاك­سازي در حال سپري نمودن دوره بازتواني در كمپ ترك اعتياد بودند در اين پژوهش شركت نمودند. هر آزمودني در فاز اجرايي پژوهش با ترتيب تصادفي و با فاصله زماني يك هفته بين هر جلسه در معرض چهار شرايط مداخله­اي شامل 1) تحريك آنودال + تمرين؛ 2) تحريك شم + تمرين؛ 3) تحريك آنودال؛ 4) تحريك شم قرار گرفت. در شرايط 1 ابتدا 20 دقيقه تحريك آنودال مغزي به شدت 2 ميلي­آمپر بر روي ناحيه DLPFC راست اعمال و سپس آزمودني­ها برنامه تمرين دايره­اي را انجام دادند. در حالت 2، ابتدا آزمودني­ها 20 تحريك شَم را دريافت كرده و سپس برنامه تمرين دايره­اي را انجام دادند. در حالت 3، آزمودني­ها 20 دقيقه تحريك آنودال را مشابه شرايط 1 دريافت كرده و سپس در مدت زمان برابر با تمرين ورزشي يك ويديو آموزشي را مشاهده نمودند. در حالت 4 نيز شرايط مشابه با حالت 3 بود با اين تفاوت كه آزمودني­ها ابتدا 20 دقيقه تحريك شم دريافت كردند. متغيرهاي ولع مصرف موارد، حس لذت و انگيختگي در زمان­هاي قبل از اعمال مداخله و 1، 2، 4، 24 و 48 ساعت بعد از اعمال مداخله اندازه­گيري شدند. متغيرهاي تكانشگري و تصميم­گيري ريسك­پذير قبل و بعد از اعمال مداخلات اندازه­گيري شدند.   يافتـه­ها: نتايج پژوهش در ارتباط با ولع مصرف مواد نشان داد كه در مقاطع زماني 1، 2 و 4 ساعت پس از اعمال مداخلات ميزان ولع مصرف در شرايط تحريك آنودال+تمرين و تحريك شم+تمرين به شكل معني­داري كمتر از حالت تحريك شم بود. در مقطع زماني 4 و 24 ساعت پس از تمرين ميزان ولع مصرف در شرايط تحريك آنودال+تمرين به شكل معني­داري كمتر از هر سه شرايط ديگر بود. نتايج پژوهش در خصوص تكانشگري نشان داد كه پس از اعمال مداخلات ميزان تكانشگري در شرايط تحريك آنودال+تمرين به شكل معني­داري كمتر از حالت تحريك شم بود. همچنين، پس از اعمال مداخلات، امتياز تصميم­گيري ريسك­پذير در شرايط تحريك آنودال+تمرين به شكل معني داري بيشتر از شرايط تحريك شم بود. مقادير حس لذت در حين تمرين در شرايط تحريك آنودال+تمرين؛ تحريك شم+تمرين و تحريك آنودال به شكل معني­داري بيشتر از حالت تحريك شم بود. بلافاصله بعد از اعمال مداخله، حس لذت در شرايط تحريك آنودال+تمرين به شكل معني­داري بيشتر از حالت تحريك آنودال و تحريك شم بود. در مقاطع زماني 1 و 4 ساعت پس از اعمال مداخلات نيز حس لذت در شرايط تحريك آنودال+تمرين به شكل معني­داري بيشتر از حالت تحريك شم بود. نهايتاً، ميزان انگيختگي در حين و بلافاصله پس از اعمال مداخلات در شرايط تحريك آنودال+تمرين و تحريك شم+تمرين به شكل معني­داري بيشتر از حالت تحريك شم بود. 1 ساعت پس از اعمال مداخلات، ميزان انگيختگي در شرايط تحريك آنودال+تمرين به شكل معني­داري بيشتر از حالت تحريك شم بود. در مقاطع زماني 2 و 4 ساعت پس از اعمال مداخلات نيز ميزان انگيختگي در شرايط تحريك آنودال+تمرين به شكل معني­داري بيشاز از حالت تحريك شم و تحريك آنودال بود. نتيـجه­گيـري:

  AbstractIntroduction: In recent years, the consumption of carbohydrates and caffeine, the use of various mouthwashes have been seriously considered, so the purpose of the present research is the combined carbohydrate-caffeine mouthwash on exercise, cognitive and perceptual performance during and after endurance activity under The condition was mental fatigue.Research method: The current research has a within-group research design, randomly in four groups of mental voice induction + combined carbohydrate-caffeine mouthwash during the implementation of two residual effects; 2) mental induction + placebo during the implementation of two stimulants 3 (combined carbohydrate-caffeine mouthwash during the implementation of two stimulants (without mental stimulation); 4) placebo during two stimulants (without mental induction) has been investigated .Findings: The results of the present study showed that the time to adherence was higher than the Placebo and MF+Placebo conditions. Also, no significant difference in EMG was observed between the four different conditions. RPE in the CCMR condition was significantly lower than in the MF+PLA condition. On the other hand, the Stroop test in the CMR condition was significantly lower than the Placebo condition and the MF+Placebo condition as well as the MF+CCMR condition, but the reaction time Choice in CCMR conditions was significantly lower than MF+Placebo, as well as MF+CCMR and Placebo. Finally, the best sense of pleasure and the amount of pleasure in CCMR conditions was significantly higher than the other four conditions.Conclusion: According to the available results, it seems that carbohydrate-caffeine mouthwash can have an ergogenic effect on submaximal endurance activity in mental work conditions by affecting the central and peripheral mechanisms.

   Abstract The aim of the current research was to investigate and analyze the role of mass media in raising awareness of women's inclination towards sports in Kermanshah province. The research method is qualitative (data-based theory). The statistical population of this research includes experts (media experts, sports experts of Kermanshah province and professors) in the field of women's sports. For sampling, the snowball sampling method was used to conduct in-depth interviews. The research tool was an interview that was conducted with 27 people. The validity of the research instrument (interview) was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and then the expert professors, and the intra-subject agreement method was used to measure the reliability, and according to this method, the reliability value was equal to 0.87. In order to analyze the data, the data-based theory method was used. The findings of this research showed that the role of mass media in raising awareness of women's tendency towards sports in Kermanshah province includes: raising awareness through the media, increasing the motivation to attract sponsors, proper infrastructure management, culture building, development obstacles and It is media strategies. These categories include 17 concepts and 78 factors or open codes. Based on the findings of this research, we conclude by emphasizing the findings of the research and the identified concepts, macro-policies and effective measures should be taken to promote mass media among women, as well as provincial managers with Awareness through the media to make women aware of the positive benefits of exercising.

   Abstract    The current research was conducted with the aim of analytical study of sports and leisure spaces for women, with an emphasis on women's park in Kermanshah province. This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection method. Library and field methods were used to collect data and information. The research tool was a questionnaire, which was a combination of two questionnaires taken from similar researches, and then the professors of the university checked the validity of the content, and by conducting a pre-test, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the reliability of the questionnaire were calculated as 0.9. The statistical population of the research includes all women referring to It was Kermanshah Women's Park. The size of the statistical sample was estimated through the t-tech test of two domains using the Sample power software of 128 people, and the same number of questionnaires were distributed among the samples. One-sample t-test and central indices were used to analyze the data. The findings showed that based on the results of the sample T-Tech test and according to the Likert evaluation, the physical, cultural, sports and management facilities of Kermanshah Women's Park have an unfavorable situation; In contrast, the components of the level of security, social relations and mental health have a favorable situation. According to the obtained results, it is recommended to implement a project regarding the optimization of women's park in Kermanshah based on the results obtained from this research and practical suggestions in order to continue and increase the presence of women.

The purpose of this research is to examine the challenges and opportunities of sports clubs in the post-corona era and to provide solutions to the sports managers of the Sports and Youth Department of Kermanshah province. A mixed research method (qualitative-quantitative) will be used to collect data. This research is practical in terms of purpose. In terms of data collection, it will be an interview study.The statistical population includes experts in the field of sports (university professors, presidents and vice presidents, experts, athletes, coaches, sports experts, club managers and employees of sports and youth departments) in the field of challenges and opportunities of sports clubs in Kermanshah province. It is the post-corona era. The sampling method will be snowball type. In this research, the researcher will interview 15 knowledgeable people in the field of sports in Kermanshah province. The research was conducted in the period of 1400-1401. The interviewees will be asked to express their opinions about the challenges and opportunities of sports clubs in the post-coronavirus era in Kermanshah province and according to the knowledge, experience and expertise they have in this field, with correct and logical identification. The challenges and opportunities that have arisen during the corona era, it is possible to provide solutions to avoid challenges and use the opportunities to help club owners in the post-corona era. And according to the obtained results, it is possible to provide solutions to the managers and heads of sports boards of Kermanshah province for better management of this field in the post-Corona era. Therefore, sports managers are advised to use the results of this research in order to reduce the challenges and use the opportunities created due to the corona disease in the field of sports in the province.   

  The present research explains the model of electronic sports tourism in Kermanshah city based on the theory of foundation data. This research is applied in terms of development goal, in terms of qualitative data and cross-sectional survey in terms of nature. In addition, the plan is exploratory. The statistical population of this research was made up of experts in the field of electronic tourism and sports, who participated in the research by using the purposeful and snowball sampling method after reaching the theoretical saturation limit. The research data collection tool was semi-structured interview. In this research, data analysis was done using three stages of open, central, and selective coding based on Strauss and Corbin's approach. These coding steps were done by using Max Kyuda version 18 software. According to the results obtained from the conducted interviews, in total, 88 open codes were obtained from the interviews that were conducted with the samples under investigation, in the form of 16 central codes and 5 selective codes of causal factors (being attractive to tourists, being more comfortable, mental developments and tourism attractions of the province), contextual (emphasis on friends and family, other people's experiences and the capabilities of the website), interventionist (security weaknesses, management and government weaknesses and individual characteristics), strategies (advertising strategies, infrastructure development, offering discounts, management strategies and development of e-sports tourism) and consequences (tourist communication, economic development, reducing costs and making travel easier) were categorized. . Key words: model, e-sports tourism, Kermanshah, foundation data theory.

The purpose of this research was to examine and diagnose corruption in sports in Kermanshah and to provide a suitable management model and ways to deal with it. In terms of purpose, the present research was applied, research method was descriptive and it was a survey type of study that was conducted in a field and in a mixed manner. In the qualitative part, the statistical population includes 17 people from the province's sports management elites and champions, coaches and sports managers, and in the quantitative part, it includes 384 people from university professors, presidents and vice presidents, experts, athletes, veterans, coaches and employees of the Sports and Youth Department. They were at the level of Kermanshah. In the qualitative part, the open, axial and selective coding method was used based on the Strauss and Corbin (1998) paradigm model, and in the quantitative part, the structural equation method was used. The findings of the research were examined in all five dimensions of contextual factors, causal factors, intervening factors, strategies and consequences. The results showed that the strategies resulting from the model include: dealing with corrupt people, dealing with corruption in the media, planning to fight corruption, revising laws, processes and structures, appointing competent people, creating a culture to reduce corruption, monitoring and evaluation. The proper continuous is the clarification of the processes. Therefore, it is recommended to use the results of this research in order to reduce the damage caused by corruption and its management in sports of the province.   

   Abstract Purpose: Corona virus is a disease that affects various organs of the body, including the respiratory system. Breathing exercises and consumption of omega-3 can also help due to their physiological role. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of respiratory muscle training with omega-3 consumption on lung capacity and quality of life of people who have recovered from the corona virus in Kermanshah. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 48 patients recovered from corona virus with an average weight of 0.75±15.1 and an average body mass index of 87.4±3.3 were randomly divided into four groups (n=12) 1-omega-3+exercise, 2-omega-3 They were divided into 3-control, 4-exercise. The breathing training program for the training group included three days a week and 60 minutes of breathing training daily, and the supplementation program included the daily consumption of one 1000 mg omega-3 tablet, which was taken daily and at the time of starting the exercises, and the control group did not have any intervention. 48 The desired variables were measured one hour before and after the research, and the Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine the normality of the data. To analyze the data, the analysis of variance with the between-group factor was used, and the level of significance was equal to (P<0.05). Results: The results of the research showed that FVC caused significant changes in the exercise group with control and the control group with exercise+ supplements compared to other groups, and also TV caused significant changes among the control group with supplements, but the other groups did not show any difference, and there were significant changes in the MVV index among the control group. with the supplement+ exercise group, but it did not show any difference in the other groups, and there was a significant change in the quality of life index among the three main groups compared to the control, but the other groups did not show any difference, and the sleep quality index showed significant changes in the control group with the supplement+ exercise group, the control group with Exercise was created, but it was not observed in the other groups, and significant changes in the depression index were found between the control group and the supplement+ exercise control group with exercise, but there was no difference in the other groups. Conclusion: The general results of the research showed that 8 weeks of breathing exercises along with omega-3 consumption have a significant effect on respiratory indicators, quality of life, sleep, and depression.

The purpose of the current research was to develop a model for the development of sports economy in Kermanshah province. The research method is qualitative (data-based theory). The statistical population of this research includes experts, experts, experts and professors in the field of sports economics. For sampling, the snowball sampling method was used to conduct in-depth interviews. The research tool was an interview that was conducted with 16 people. The validity of the research tool (interview) was examined and confirmed by the interviewees and then the expert professors, and the intra-subject agreement method was used to measure the reliability, and according to this method, the reliability value was equal to 0.89. In order to analyze the data, the data-based theory method was used. The findings of this research showed that the formulation of the sports economy development model in Kermanshah province includes: causal factors (the development of sports in society and the development of economic factors); contextual factors (privatization, legal-support requirements and readiness to acquire hosting); Intervening conditions (obstacles and challenges and environmental factors); strategies (economic development, research and development in sports economy and culture-building in sports) and finally consequences (economic-political and cultural-social). These categories themselves include 26 concepts of 91 agents or open codes. Based on the findings of this research, we conclude that for the development of the sports economy in Kermanshah province, it should be focused on the categories extracted from this research, so that the officials and planners of the sports economy of the province can understand the needs, priorities and requirements of development. Identify the sports economy and according to the known indicators, take suitable and appropriate measures in this direction so that they can ultimately help the development of the sports economy in the province  

This research was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of brand personality and interpersonal relationships on addiction to sports brands. The method of this research is descriptive and of the type of correlation studies. The statistical population of this research is all the buyers of Iranian sports brands. The sampling method is accessible, which was selected from the customers of sports brands in the virtual space. Since the number of the population cannot be counted and it takes a high amount, therefore, the sample size is considered unlimited based on the population. Since the number of the population is not known, Cohen's formula was used to estimate the sample size(385 people). to measure brand personality; From the questionnaire of Karol and Ahoya (2006) including 8 questions and one component; measuring brand addiction; Through Marad and Kiwai (2017) questionnaire including 7 items and interpersonal relationshi   Royan and Weiss (2015) questionnaire including three questions was used. The face and content validity was confirmed using the opinion of 8 professors. The validity of the construct was confirmed using the confirmatory factor analysis test, and the reliability of the variables was confirmed by the Cronbach's alpha test. In this research, two methods of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data, in the descriptive statistics section (mean, standard deviation, tables, etc.) and in the inferential statistics section, the Kolmogorov Smirnov test was used to detect the normal distribution of the data. Pearson's correlation coefficient test was used to determine the relationship between research variables, regression analysis test was used to predict variables and construct validity Also,    and LISREL software were used to present the model. Based on the findings of the above table, all paths are positive and meaningful. Also, the significant coefficient shows that the indicators are more than 1.96 and it can be concluded that each variable of brand personality and interpersonal relationships have a positive and significant effect on addiction to sports brands. The results of the model fit show that all the indicators are in the optimal level. This means that the desired model has a significant degree of reliability. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that in order to improve the brand and maintain customers, a brand with a personality should be created and through communicating with customers, make them loyal to the brand

Corruption is a very pervasive issue that has affected the entire world as a major threat.   The present study aims to investigating and analyzing the various challenges facing the media in the fight against corruption in the country's sports. The method of this research was practical in terms of purpose, in terms of qualitative approach and in terms of method, field and using interview tool. The statistical population was all journalists who reported on corruption, which was selected by the theoretical sampling method of 15 journalists, as the study sample, and semi-structured interviews were conducted. After conducting 15 interviews, gradually special concepts were identified in the participants' point of view. the data obtained qualitatively and using the coding method of analysis and their views and opinions about the various challenges facing the media in the fight against corruption in 4 main themes and 10 main categories and on They were categorized based on their importance. The findings from the implementation and analysis of the interviews using the coding method show things like; Challenges related to media independence in sports corruption reporting (with three categories), challenges related to work motivation (with two categories), challenges related to interests and conflict (with two categories) and challenges related to media support. have been of great importance in the sports corruption report (with three categories).

  Investigating the effect of Extended Technology Acceptance Model developed on the use of online education during the covid-19 in Physical Education students

  Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of High intensity interval training (HIIT) program and citrulline malate (CM) supplement on nitric oxide levels and exercise performance in elite wrestlers. Materials and Methods: In a randomized, placebo-controlled design, 28 elite males’ wrestlers (age, 21.9±2.4 y; height 174.5±3.8 cm) were randomly assigned to CM+training, placebo+training and training, while also all groups participating in 6 weeks of HIIT based on wrestling techniques. Participants completed testing sessions for body composition and aerobic and anaerobic tests before and after 6 weeks of HIIT program. Venous blood samples were obtained before and after 6 weeks. Results: Nitric Oxide level after six weeks of HIIT and CM supplementation showed significant increase comparing to placebo+training (P=0.001) and training (P=0.035) groups. There is no significant difference between other groups for NO (P> 0.05). There was a significant difference between upper body anaerobic power (peak power, Mean power and fatigue index) of CM group and placebo group (P=0.22), and there was no significant difference between the other groups (P>0.05). Among all body composition data after six week HIIT just FFM of CM+training group showed significant increase comparing placebo and training group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Daily CM supplementation during six weeks of HIIT training increases serum NO levels and upper body anaerobic power in elite male wrestlers comparing HIIT alone.   

   Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of strategic leadership on performance improvement with emphasis on the mediating role of organizational learning. The descriptive-survey research method and the statistical population of this study consisted of all employees of the General Directorate of Sport and Youth Affairs of the three provinces of Kurdistan, Kermanshah and Hamadan (250 people). According to Krejcie and Morgan (1970), the sample size was 150 individuals. Data were collected using standard questionnaires of strategic leadership of Lear (2012), Kaplan & Norton (2001) organizational performance questionnaires and Gomez et al. (2005) organizational learning capability assessment. Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression tests were used to test the research hypotheses. Finally, the research model was validated using SMART PLS software. The results showed that strategic leadership directly affects the organizational performance of employees and indirectly through organizational learning on the organizational performance of employees. It can be concluded that managers of sport organizations can provide the ground for enhancing organizational learning among employees by providing essential attention to organizational learning factors and using strategic leadership style in the organization and thus improve organizational performance.

  Review Adventurous tourism is a kind of tourism that has a somewhat accompanied risk and has a special physical activity and skills in it, the nature is a person to challenge and strive to take the effort. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of tourism based on adventure sports Is Kermanshah. Research in terms of nature is an exploratory and applied research and is also used in qualitative study phase of the grounded theory. The population of this study was 14 experts and experts in the field of sport tourism, using qualitative method and snowball and theoretical saturation index was used to sample of the research community. Data collection tool was a library study and a deep interview. In the present study, the method of agreement within the subject to calculate the reliability of the interviews has been used that the reliability between the two Kdgozar was determined using the formula, 76%. In the data analysis phase, after reviewing and library studies as well as data coding in qualitative, open and axial coding were performed. In this research, territorial and regional factors, as causal conditions, laws and regulations, human resource training as the underlying conditions, management factors, support and informing as confounding conditions, investment, training and advertising, tourism management as a strategy to control, The management and response to the phenomenon are adopted, are considered. Also, in this theory, economic, social, cultural categories are considered as consequences and outcome. The results of this study showed that Kermanshah Province has high natural potentials for tourism adventurous sports, but in the sub-manufacturing sector are deficient. It also showed that the development of adventure tourism in the province has positive and influential consequences. Key words: Adventure tourism, qualitative research, feasibility study, Kermanshah, sport

  AbstractAs a recent variable, strategic entrepreneurship has found a special place among many researchers in the world as a key factor for growth and acquisition of wealth and satisfaction of customers of different institutions, including sport organizations. the main purpose of this study is the effect of strategic entrepreneurship on performance by emphasizing the strategic role of competitive advantage in sport clubs in the west of the country. the present study is descriptive - survey. the population of this study consisted of managers and heads of all western sports clubs in the west. The sampling method in this research was stratified random and was considered as the sample based on the Cochran formula 261. The research tools included the Strategic Entrepreneurship Questionare of Malek Ehlagh (2014), the competitive advantage Questionare of Lili et al. (2006) and the business performance Questionare of Holly et al. (2009). For analyzing data, descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, dispersion and center-to-center) and inferential (Structural Equation Modeling Methodology) were used with    22 and Amos 24 softwares. It should be noted that quantitative statistical analysis was performed with a level of error of 0.05. based on the results, strategic entrepreneurship has a significant positive impact on competitive advantage and on employee performance of western sports clubs. Competitive advantage has also a positive and significant impact on the business performance of employees of western sports clubs in the country. Furthermore, among the components of strategic entrepreneurship, only entrepreneurial mind was not competitive, as well as the elements of the resources administration and innovation on performance. As it is clear, the survival and growth of each organization in terms of various factors including: growth, innovation, performance evaluation, and improving it in competitive market and so on. It has to be noted that there has never been a research with this field in sport organisations. therefore, the researcher suggests that the results of this research can be considered the attention of many organizations and sport institutions in order to obtain factors such as profit and wealth, growth of innovation, acquisition and retention of customer satisfaction, acquisition and retention of customers ' competitive market and etc. Overall, the results of this study indicate that strategic entrepreneurship and its components can play a very important role in meeting the goals and improving the performance of any organization, particularly in terms of financial and financial performance, in addition to the aforementioned factors. according to the results, managers of western sports clubs have more emphasis on improving the impact of strategic entrepreneurship and competitive advantage in the organization to increase their business performance.Keywords: Strategic Entrepreneurship, Competitive Advantage, Business Performance, Sports Club, West Country.

The study of objective and subjective variables of overtraining in female soccer players during the soccer premier league

  One of the factors influencing learning and performing motor skills is attention and focusing it is a way to increase productivity and learning. One of the competitive conditions that can have an impact on the performance of the athlete is the presence of the spectator. The purpose of this study was to investigate the internal, external, and self-regulating attention on the dribble performance (speed and accuracy) of the Mamolan city’s futsalists. The research population is composed of 14-17 year-old expert futsalists from the Mamolan city. 32 futsalists of the mentiond population were selected as the research sample by available method. The Futsal Dribble Skill Test was taken into consideration from all individuals in different situations. The scores of accuracy and speed of athletes performance were enterd and analysed in    version 22 software. To assess the distribution of scores and descriptive statistics, Shapiro Wilk test, mean and standard deviation were used. Considering the significance of Shapiro Wilk test, non-parametric Wilcoxon and Friedman tests were used to test the research hypotheses. The results of this study showed that internal and self-regulated attention does not affect performance of dribbling accuracy and speed of athletes (p> 0.05). However, external attention showed a significant effect on the accuracy and speed performance of athlete dribbling (p <0.05). Also, the comparison of the differential effects of attentional focus showed that there was a significant difference between the accuracy and speed performance in the attentional focus of internal, external and self-regulating. According to the results, it can be argued that the focus of attention on performance is influenced by the presence of the spectator and should be considered as an important variable.

  The purpose of this study was the Codification of Strategic Plan of Women Sport in Kermanshah Province with Looking at the Sixth Development Plan.This study is based on the diseriptive-practical. The statistical sample of this research were 100 individuals, included: Physical education Professors, Managers and senior officials of the General Directorate Sports and youth the province and the city province, Heads of Sports Committees province, a group of coaches and administrative staff of womens sport in Kermanshah Province. For gathering data a verified questionnaire contained 74 ranked questions about weaknesses, strengths, opportunities and threats of Women Sport. Some of the professors and experts have confirmed currency of the questionnaire and its permanency was confirmed by Coronbakh Alfa (?=0/91). For analyzing data, more over the descriptive indexes the comparative averages test and Freedman test and internal and external evaluation matrix were used. The results located of the study showed that the Women Sport in Kermanshah Province is in SWOT coordinate in SO position and from the view point of the internal and external factors is in strengths and opportunity position respectively. Hence, Offensive strategies are recommended to development the Women Sport in Kermanshah Province. Also by using the analysis of matrix 5 SO Strategy, 4 ST Strategy, 4 WO Strategy and 4 WT Strategy to convert the weaknesses to strengths and threats to opportunities. Also, it was defined that in strengths position the uppermost rank was related to the Acquisition Championship titles in Different sports By women in the national and international level, and about weaknesses it was related Inability to attract sponsors for the championship and the womens teams in league. For the opportunities position the rank was Attend of women of the province in the Asian Games, World and Olympic. In the threats position the monopoly of the media by addressing the most popular sports men, especially football, wrestling and ... as the uppermost rank.Key words: Codification, Strategy, Women Sport, SWOT