This study investigated the effects of pretreatment with the hydroalcoholic extract of Tribulus terrestris seeds on the expression of pro-inflammatory genes (IL-1? and TNF-?) and the activity of hepatic enzymes (AST and ALT) in hepatocytes isolated from chicken liver under oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide. Hepatocytes were isolated from the livers of 2–3-week-old Leghorn chicks and cultured in DMEM medium. Oxidative stress was induced using 200 ?M hydrogen peroxide for 6 hours, and cells were subsequently treated with T. terrestris extract at a concentration of 80 ?g/mL for 24 hours.The activities of AST and ALT in the culture supernatant were determined spectrophotometrically, while the expression levels of IL-1? and TNF-? genes were measured using Real-Time PCR. The results showed that hydrogen peroxide significantly increased AST activity from 73 ± 1.3 to 147 ± 2.9 U/L and ALT activity from 38 ± 1.5 to 54 ± 1.8 U/L. Pretreatment with T. terrestris extract significantly reduced AST and ALT activities to 79 ± 3.5 and 41 ± 2 U/L, respectively. Moreover, the expression levels of IL-1? and TNF-? returned to 1.2- and 2-fold of the basal level, respectively. These findings indicate that the hydroalcoholic extract of Tribulus terrestris exerts strong protective effects against oxidative damage in avian hepatocytes by inhibiting inflammatory pathways and reducing hepatic enzyme leakage.

 AbstractThe aim of this research was to identify mutations in growth hormone and myostatin genes using the PCR-RFLP method and to investigate their potential association with sperm quality traits and testis sizes in Sanjabi rams. For this purpose, blood and sperm samples were collected from 96 Sanjabi rams. After extracting DNA using a salt method, two specific primer pairs were used to amplify fragments of 422 and 337 base pairs for exon 2 of the GH gene and exon 3 of the MSTN gene, respectively. The digestion of PCR products was performed separately for each locus using the restriction enzyme HAEIII. The results of the enzymatic digestion indicated that there was no G to A mutation in the MSTN gene, and all samples at this locus exhibited a wild-type genotype (GG). Additionally, the results of enzymatic digestion for the GH gene revealed the presence of three genotypes: GG, GA, and AA, with frequencies of 84.38%, 14.58%, and 1.04%, respectively. A significant difference was observed at the 5% level between the GA genotype and other genotypes for sperm volume and total sperm count per ejaculation; however, no significant differences were found for other measured traits. Furthermore, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test showed that the studied locus in the GH gene is in genetic equilibrium. The results of this study can aid in identifying genomic regions responsible for sperm quality traits in rams and ultimately lead to improved fertility in these flocks.Keywords: Growth hormone, myostatin, polymorphism, reproduction, Sanjabi ram

   This research was conducted to investigate the effects of probiotics B. subtilis, B. coagulans, S. cerevisiae, and whey powder on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of egg, blood parameters, and histomorphological characteristics of ileum in Lohmann LSL-lite laying hens in two experiments. In both experiments, there were six repetitions and there were 6 birds in each repetition, for 12 weeks. The first experiment was conducted with 288 Lohmann laying hens. The experimental diets consisted of a basal corn-soybean meal, the factors examined in this research were: B. subtilis 109 CFU at the rate of one gram/kg, whey powder at the rate of one gram/kg, and S. cerevisiae at the rate of 3 grams/kg. The control group received a standard diet without any additives. The other groups received a standard diet with B. subtilis, WP, S. cerevisiae, or a combination of them. No synergistic effect was found between WP, B. subtilis, and S. cerevisiae in studied parameters other than malondialdehyde level. The triple interaction effects of whey powder, S. cerevisiae, and B. subtilis in the diet reduced the amount of malondialdehyde compared to the group that received whey powder or B. subtilis alone or a mixture of them (P < 0.05). In the birds receiving whey powder, the length of villus (ileum) increased significantly compared to the control group, as well as the egg weight and specific gravity increased significantly compared to the control group.In the birds receiving Bacillus subtilis, the length and width of the villus (ileum) increased significantly compared to the control group, and the calcium, total protein and TAC levels in the serum increased significantly compared to the control group. Egg weight (at week 81-86) was improved in the group that received S. cerevisiae compared to the control. The birds that received whey powder and B. subtilis simultaneously tended to increase the length of the villi compared to the control group. A synergistic effect on egg weight and mass, and an improvement in their serum calcium levels was observed. In the second experiment, 144 Lohmann laying hens were used. The birds were fed a basal diet (control, CON), the basal diet supplemented with 1 g/kg WP, 1 g/kg B. coagulans (4*106 CFU) probiotic, and 1 g/kg WP plus 1 g/kg B. coagulans probiotic. Hens fed B. coagulans exhibited greater villi width and yolk color than Hens not fed it, however, their shell thickness and percentage of shell decreased. Birds receiving whey powder and B. coagulans had a significant synergistic effect on performance (egg production and mass). They also showed a tendency to decrease FCR. In light of these results, the simultaneous use of the these factors investigated in this experiment has no harmful effects on production performance, egg quality, and blood parameters in Lohmann's laying hens.

Purslane is a valuable medicinal plant that has useful compounds and properties, which include omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, etc. Drought stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses that always has many negative effects on the productivity of agricultural products. In drought conditions, the appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer consumption can affect the growth and yield. For this purpose, the effects of drought and nitrogen stress on the growth and some agronomic and physiological traits of purslane were carried out in the research greenhouse of Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran in the crop year of 2022-2021. The experiment was designed as a factorial in base of a completely randomized design (CRD) in three replications. The treatments included drought stress levels (irrigation at 35, 50, 65 and 80% moisture depletion) and amounts of nitrogen (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1 from urea source). The examined traits included biomass, seed weight, harvest index, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, number of seeds per plant, 1000-weight seeds, plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, stem dry weight, leaf and stem weight ratio, seed nitrogen, leaf nitrogen, stem nitrogen, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen economic efficiency, nitrogen harvesting index, water use efficiency, chlorophyll a, b and total, carotenoid , chlorophyll fluorescence, stomatal conductance etc. The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of drought stress were significant on the traits of biomass, seed weight per plant, harvest index, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, number of seeds per plant, 1000-weight seed, plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, leaf dry weight, leaf weight ratio, stem weight ratio, seed nitrogen, leaf nitrogen, stem nitrogen, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen economic efficiency, nitrogen removal index, water use efficiency, amount of water used, chlorophyll fluorescence and stomatal conductance. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels was significant on plant dry weight, seed weight per plant, harvest index, number of seeds per capsule, number of seeds per plant, thousand seed weight, plant height, leaf dry weight, seed nitrogen, leaf nitrogen, stem nitrogen, nitrogen harvest index, Chlorophyll fluorescence and stomatal conductance. The interaction of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer was significant on stem dry weight, chlorophyll a, b and total, and also carotenoid. The treatment of 35% moisture depletion and of 100 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer had the highest values on plant dry weight (2.82 g), seed weight per plant (1.13 g), harvest index (40.04%), the number of capsules per plant (62/66), the number of seeds per capsule (72/33), the number of seeds per plant (4548/4), the weight of 1000-weight seeds (0.50 g), the dry weight of leaves (0.16 g), the dry weight of stems ( 2.37 g), seed nitrogen (11.02 %), leaf nitrogen (6.2 %), stem nitrogen (7.86 %), nitrogen harvesting index (57.75%). The 80% moisture depletion treatment increased the efficiency of water consumption (11.83 g kg-1). In general, the results showed that, in the treatment of 35% moisture depletion and 100 kgha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer was obtained the highest yield of purslane seeds. Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence, seed protein, water use efficiency, photosynthetic pigment  

   Abstract   Dairy products, renowned for their substantial nutritional value, are pivotal in general nutrition and the food industry. However, their considerable economic significance makes them susceptible to fraudulent practices. Standard deceptive techniques include dilution with water, substitution with different types of milk, fat content alteration, and cheese infusion into milk. Incorporating whey or whey solids into dairy products is a prevalent adulteration method. The notorious 2008 incident in China, involving the illicit adulteration of milk with melamine, resulted in kidney and urinary tract complications in 294,000 children, leading to six fatalities. Deliberate melamine contamination has been observed in milk, infant formula, pet food, and other items. These incidents have spurred the development of analytical methodologies for quantifying melamine in food and animal feed. This study employs an electronic olfaction technique to discern adulterated milk powder. Experimental protocols involve preparing and combining powdered milk, whey powder, and melamine at varying adulteration levels (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%). All tests are conducted across five different whey powder and melamine concentrations, employing both dry and water-boiled testing methods with the electronic nose apparatus. Data are subjected to rigorous analysis through Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) methodologies. The PCA loading plot for dry tests reveals the substantial influence of MQ136, MQ3, and TGS2602 sensors on the principal component, whereas MQ9, MQ3, and TGS822 sensors exhibit the highest impact in detecting milk powder adulteration. LDA analysis yields an accuracy rate of 86.67% for dry tests and an impressive 95.15% for wet tests in dir="RTL" >   Keywords: Milk Powder, Adulteration, Electronic Nose, Whey Powder, Melamine, Chemometrics

  This study was conducted to investigate the effects of planting date and application of chemical fertilizers and different amounts of seed application on yield and yield components of Kamlina oilseed plant in Razi University Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus Research Farm. The three-factor factorial experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Factors include four planting dates (27 September, 15 October, 2 December and 20 March), different levels of fertilizer mixture (NPK) in proportions of nitrogen 18%, phosphorus 54% and potassium 27% in four levels of control (without fertilizer), 50 kg Per hectare, 100 kg / ha and 150 kg / ha, which were added to the soil at planting, and the third factor was three seed levels (40 kg / ha, 80 kg / ha and 120 kg / ha). The results of this study showed that the effect of planting date, seed content and fertilizer amount on plant height, number of sub-branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000-seed weight and grain yield were significant. The three opposite effects of planting date * seed amount * fertilizer amount on plant height and 1000-seed weight were significant. The results of comparing the mean of the data showed that the highest height of Kamelina plant was obtained on the 15rd of October with the application of 12 kg of seeds per hectare and also the application of 150 kg of NPK fertilizer per hectare at the rate of 91 cm. Also, on the 15rd of October, with the application of 150 kg / ha of NPK fertilizer, the highest number of sub-branches per plant was obtained as 10.77 sub-branches. Among all experimental treatments, the highest number of pods per plant was obtained in the treatment application of 12 kg / ha of camellina seeds and in the date of sowing on October 15, 281 pods per plant and in all four planting dates the application of NPK fertilizer increased to 150 kg / ha Caused more pods to form per plant. The application of 150 kg / ha of NPK fertilizer on the date of planting on 15 October caused the highest number of seeds per pod to be 16 seeds per pod. Among all the experimental treatments, the application of 150 kg of NPK fertilizer along with the application of 12 kg of seeds sown on the date of sowing on 15 October obtained the highest 1000-seed weight of 1.56 g. Increasing seed application per unit area led to increased grain yield in the plant Camellina and among all experimental treatments, the highest grain yield of 1381 kg was obtained on 15 Octobre with 150 kg / ha NPK fertilizer. Based on the results of this study, it was found that in order to achieve higher yield of camellia in Kermanshah region, 12 kg / ha of seeds and 150 kg of NPK fertilizer should be used and the planting date should be in the range of 15 October.

Abstract  

   Findings: In this research, more than 83% of the experts expressed their satisfaction with the involvement of beneficiaries in the extension centers during the Covid-19 era. According to the findings of the research, teachers' familiarity with the Internet as a teaching and learning tool and users' familiarity with virtual space have increased. Based on the findings of the research, the factors of financial-equipment status, experience and expertise of virtual education, communication, planning-management and contextual factors have explained 61.6% of the challenges of the centers during the Covid-19 era to provide services to farmers. Based on the findings of the qualitative section, the factors affecting the educational performance of agricultural Jihad centers are divided into two categories, promoting and hindering. The development of virtual space and online education became one of the important factors for winning the title. Also, according to the results, remote work and shift work have had a positive effect on the performance of the centers. According to the findings of this research, the economic efficiency of online education is one of the leading factors affecting the performance of agricultural jihad centers. Another issue that has maintained the performance of the centers and is effective in its feedback is that the level of health and health knowledge of experts and farmers has increased, and this has facilitated the continuation of work in the centers. Based on the results, increasing coordination and work order has been another effective factor on the performance of the centers during the Covid-19 era. Another group of factors affecting the performance are the inhibitors and include the lack of facilities and equipment of the centers to adapt to the conditions of the Covid-19 disease, the low access of users to the services and requirements of online education, the compulsion to adjust the level of the centers' services and several other factors that include These are the cases. The lack of planning in compiling the content and updating the necessary equipment in the implementation of effective training courses is one of the obstacles that, due to the reduction of the training content, the reduction of two-way communication in virtual training, the weak or incomplete transfer of information to the main farmers, The reduction in the use of educational aids, and the interference of educational programs with the peak activity of the centers has occurred. According to the results, the increase in dissatisfaction and lack of motivation of employees, which is another inhibiting factor, is caused by dissatisfaction of employees in terms of salaries and wages and not using employees in the right position. Regarding the management of the activities of agricultural jihad centers, there is a solution that can be used to improve the activities of these centers.

  

   FastQC and Trimmomatic software were used to check the quality of data in terms of readings and readings and to detect contamination and edit them. Then, in order to locate the readings on the reference genome, the reference genome file and its annotation were needed, for which the latest updated version of this information from the Ensemble database and STAR software was used. HTSeq-Count software was used to count the readings to compare genes in different situations, which is a necessary step, and Calling      indels with Samtools Bcftools software was used to detect and identify   , which led to the identification of raw   sites. And from SAMTOOLS-01. 19_VCF-Utilities software were used to identify the final   , which were detected in Fayoumi and Leghorn 613871 and 492049   chickens. And from ASE-   software to identify ASE-   , and final files with BED (Browser Extensible Data) fret, using DESeq2 statistical package in R environment, ASE-   in two breeds of Leghorn and Fayoumi specifically And significant P<0/05

   The presentstudy was conducted for a systematic review and subsequent meta-analysis toestimate the genetic parameters for growth traits in sheep across three breedgrou   meat, wool and dual-purpose breeds. The results from 221 articlespublished between 1371 and 1399 in and international databases were obtained.The investigated parameters were direct and maternal heritability as well asgenetic and phenotypic correlations between growth traits (birth, weaning, six-month,nine-month and twelve-month weights). After checking the quality of the extracted data, meta-analysiswas performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Version2) software package anda random-effects model. The mean, standard error and 95% confidence limit of heritabilityas well as, genetic and phenotypic correlations between growth traits were estimated.The results showed that the mean of direct heritability for growth traits in meatbreeds ranged from 0.190 ± 0.004 (for birth weight) to 0.264 ± 0.01 (for12-month weight), in wool breeds ranged from 0.198±0.033 (for birth weight) to0.304 ± 0.005 (for 12-month weight), and in dual-purpose breeds   ranged from 0.196 ± 0.004 (for birthweight) to 0.285 ±0.020 (for 9-month weight). Mean of maternal heritability in meat breeds ranged from 0.085 ± 0.003 (for12-month weight) to 0.122 ±0.008 (for birth weight), in wool sheep ranged from0.055 ± 0.002 (for 12-month weight) to 0.164 ±0.002 (for 6-month weight), andin dual-purpose sheep ranged from 0.052 ± 0.005 (for 12-month weight) to 0.162± 0.04 (for 6-month weight).Weighted average of genetic and phenotypiccorrelations between growth traits in meat breeds were in the range of 0.320 to0.847 and of 0.225 to 0.809, respectively. For wool breeds, the genetic andphenotypic correlations between growth traits were in the range of 0.290 to0.755, and 0.232 to 0.711 respectively. For dual-purpose breeds, the geneticcorrelation ranged from 0.329 to 0.879 and the phenotypic correlation rangedfrom 0.240 to 0.820. Considering the 95% confidence interval of the estimated geneticparameters in meta-analysis and the differences in the reported parameters acrossthe articles, it was obvious that aggregation of the results of the studies couldrestrict the range of parameters. Further, the standard error of parameters in meta-analysiswas sharply reduced compared to each of the studies which could be associatedwith the increase in sample size. In conclusion, combining the results of multiple studies could reducethe standard error and increase the accuracy of the estimates. Hence, theresults of meta-analysis studies could be more reliable and useful for breeding

  امروزه اثرات تغيير اقليم و گرمايش جهاني به دليل افزايش گاز‌هاي گلخانه‌اي در جهان به اثبات رسيده‌است. وقوع اين شرايط، فرآيند‌‌هاي هيدرولوژيكي را كه از منابع اصلي تامين كننده آب حوضه است را تحت تاثير قرار مي‌دهد. در اين تحقيق مقادير ماهيانه دما، بارش و دبي سد جاميشان در سال‌هاي ????-???? به عنوان دوره پايه در نظر گرفته شده‌‌‌است. شبيه سازي منابع و مصارف حوضه آبريز سدجاميشان   با استفاده از مدل   WEAP و روش SVR با الگوهاي كشت موجود در منطقه مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. براي ارزيابي تاثير تغيير اقليم بر پارامترهاي بارش و دما در اين منطقه از خروجي‌هاي سناريو RCP8.5 مدل هاي HADGEM2_ES ، FLO_ESM، MIROC5 و CNRM_CM5 از سري مدلهاي گزارش پنجم   CMIP5 استفاده شد و خروجي اين مدل‌ها براي منطقه مورد نظر ريزمقياس شد. در اين پژوهش با استفاده از روش عامل تغيير داده‌هاي مدل اقليمي ريزمقياس شده و پارامترهاي ماهانه دما و بارش سد جاميشان براي دوره‌ي ????-????   توليد گرديد. به منظور بررسي رواناب منطقه مورد نظر در اثر تغييراقليم به بررسي و مقايسه‌ي مدل‌هاي SVM، GEP و IHACRES پرداخته‌شد. نتايج مدل‌ اقليمي به طور ميانگين افزايش دماي ?/? تا ? درجه سلسيوس را نشان مي‌دهد. همچنين نتايج بارش شبيه سازي شده نشان مي دهد كه   ميانگين بارش ماهيانه تحت سناريو ?/?   RCP در دوره آتي به جز در مدل HADGEM2_ES با كاهش بين ? تا ? درصدي نسبت به دوره پايه همراه بوده است كه بيشترين كاهش مربوط به مدل MIROC5 و كمترين كاهش مربوط به مدل CNRM_CM5 مي باشد. به طور كلي بررسي نتايج حاصل از پيش‌بيني دبي در هر سه مدل SVM، GEP و IHACRES حاكي از كاهش رواناب است كه بيشترين كاهش رواناب مربوط به SVM در مدل اقليمي FLO_ESM با ?/?? درصد و كمترين كاهش رواناب مربوط به IHACRES با ? درصد مي‌باشد و در اين پژوهش مدل‌هاي IHACRES و GEP نسبت به روش SVR از دقت مطلوب‌تري برخوردار است. شبيه‌ سازي الگو كشت‌هاي مختلف در WEAP نشان مي‌دهد بيش‌ترين تامين برابر با ?/?? درصد در مدل GEP و كمترين تامين برابر با ?? درصد در مدل SVR كه به ترتيب مربوط به الگوي كشت يك و الگوي كشت سه مي‌باشد. همچنين در شبيه‌سازي تحت سناريوي الگو كشت‌هاي مختلف در WEAP بيش‌ترين درصد پر بودن مخزن در الگوي كشت سه و برابر با ?/?? درصد و بيش‌ترين درصد خالي بودن مخزن در الگوي كشت يك و برابر با ?/?? درصد كه به ترتيب   مربوط به مدل‌هاي IHACRES و SVR مي‌باشد. . همچنين در اين پزوهش با استفاده از روش SVR   به پيش‌بيني تامين ماهيانه نيازهاي كشاورزي   پرداخته شد. نتايج تامين نيازهاي كشاورزي منطقه در همه ي مدل هاي اقليمي حاكي از آن است كه بيشترين تامين مربوط به مدل   GEP در الگوي كشت شماره سه(بيشترين ميزان درآمد) و كمترين تامين مربوط به مدل   SVR   الگوي كشت شماره يك(شرايط موجود) مي باشدواژه­هاي كليدي:

Abstract The sheep mitochondrial genome is 1661 bp in length. The sequence length can vary due to the difference in the number of long consecutive repeats of 75 bp, which contains two symmetric octamers. Due to the fact that many genes have been affected by fertility traits, but a limited number of these major genes have been reported to be associated with sheep reproductive traits, including the ATPase6 gene from the mitochondrial genome. One of the objectives of the present study is to investigate and identify possible polymorphisms in the gene ATPase6 in Sanjabi rams using PCR-RFLP technique and to investigate relationship of ATPase6 gene polymorphism with sperm quality characteristics and testicular dimensions. The study was performed on 96 rams in Kermanshah, Kuzran, Mahidasht and Mehregan research station in Kermanshah province. Blood samples were taken in vacuum tubes with the relevant registered animal number, containing ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid ( EDTA), which inhibits blood coagulation, were stored in dry ice and transferred to a freezer at 2 ° C. PopGen32 software was used to estimate allelic frequency, genotype, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and population indices. GLM proc SAS (9/4) software was used to investigate the relationship between traits related to sperm quality and testicular dimensions and ATPase6 gene polymorphism. After DNA extraction , a specific primer was used to amplify 896 bp fragment of ATPase6 gene. Digestion of PCR products was performed by AlwnI restriction enzyme. The results of digestion of AlwnI restriction enzyme showed the presence of C to G mutation in ATPase6 gene and indicated two genotypes CC and GC with frequencies of 0.21 and 0.79, respectively. The results of data analysis also showed that Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is not in the desired position There werenot association between ATPase6 gene polymorphism and traits related to testicular size and sperm quality and also with sperm volume, mass movement, total ejaculate sperm There was no significant relationship between sperm membrane integrity, morphology, concentration, viability and sperm index. However, there was a significant relationship between gene polymorphism with individual movement and water test, so that animals with GC genotype had the highest percentage of water test compared to CC genotype (P> 0.05). Also, rams with CC genotype had the highest rate of individual movement compared to GC genotype (P> 0.05). The results of this study suggested that further studies should be performed to identify mutations in other parts of the mitochondrial genes to detect genomic regians affecting sprm traits in order to improvement of fertility in herds. Keywords: sperm quality, testicular biometric traits, ATPase6, squirrel sheep

  Abstract Breeding programs basically target economic efficiency of production systems. It is not possible to set optimum method without considering relative significance of traits economically. Using economic coefficients of respective traits to determine contribution of genetic growth to the improvement of production system efficiency helps to specify relative importance of each trait to the breeding programs. Present research set the following items as major objectives of breeding programs and production systems for Sanjabi sheep: improved growth and optimal production of milk, meat, wool, manure and blood. Based on stockbreeders' views, this study attempted to evaluate milk and meat production as breeding targets in addition to economic coefficients of such morphological traits as body weight (BW), body length (BL), head length and breadth, bone focal length, length of ears, length and breadth of rump, etc. in three age groups. Results showed that body weight of the third age group (>3yr) with negative economic efficiency was given the first rank followed by those of both the first and second age groups (<1yr; 1  age 3) with positive economic efficiencies.

  In this study, in order to investigate the relationship between mitochondrial Cytochrome b gene polymorphism and sperm quality traits and testicular dimensions, blood samples were taken from 96 Sanjabi rams. DNA was extracted frim whole bloods to evaluate mitochondrial cytochrome b gene polymorphism. At the same time, sperm samples were taken from the animals and sperm quality traits were analyzed. Testicular dimensions and animal age were also recorded. Using a pair of primers, PCR was performed (979bp) and then PCR products were digested by the restriction enzyme (Nde1).   If there was a mutation, a pieces of length 561 and419 bp if there was no mutation, piece of length 980 will be visible on the agarose gel. Digestion results showed no polymorphism in the studied area. The regian was not polymorphic so that it was not possible to investigate its relationship with sperm quality traits and testicular dimensions.Due to the importance of mitochondria in male fertility, it is recommended that using the sequencing method, other mutations of this gene as well as other genes of this organ be used to evaluate the relationship with sperm quality and testicular dimensions and even the whole genome scan for these traits should be examined.

مقدمه:پس از غلات، حبوبات با سطح زيركشت 770 هزار هكتار وتوليد 700 هزار تن، دومين سطح زير كشت را در كشور ايران دارا هستند و نقش مؤثري درتأمين پروتئين مورد نياز كشور ايفا مي­كنند. عدس از مهم­ترين حبوبات در سيستم­هاي كشت ديم بهخصوص در تناوب با جو و گندم در مناطق با بارندگي كم تا متوسط به حساب مي­آيد.ارزيابي سيستم­هاي مختلف تغذيه گياه يكي از نيازهاي مهم در برنامه‌ريزي زراعي است. عناصر كممصرف با وجود نياز كم، جايگاه ويژه‌اي در توليد محصولات كشاورزي دارند. علي­رغم نقش معني­داراين عناصر در رشد گياهان، كمبود اين عناصر در اغلب مناطق كشاورزي ايران به چشم مي­خورد.اهدافباتوجه به نقش مهم عدس در تغذيه انسان­ها و تأثيركود­هاي آهن و روي بر جنبه­هاي مختلف رشد گياهان از جمله عدس، اين آزمايش جهت مقايسه اثر محلول­پاشي غلظت­هايمختلف كود رايج و نانو سولفات آهن و سولفات روي در ابتداي مراحل رويشي و گلدهي بر عملكرد،اجزاء آن   و برخي صفات فيزيولوژيك عدس درشرايط ديم اجرا خواهد شد. روش تحقيقاين تحقيق در سال زراعي 98-1397در مزرعه­ي پژوهشي دانشگاه رازي انجام خواهد شد. آزمايش مورد نظر به‌صورت فاكتوريل در قالب طرحبلوك­هاي كامل تصادفي با سه تكرار خواهد بود. فاكتور اول شامل محلول­پاشي سولفات آهن   و روي نانو و سولفات آهن و روي معمولي هركدام درپنج سطح   شامل: 2،0، 4، 6 و 8 گرم در ليترو فاكتور دوم مرحله رشدي اعمال تيمار كودي در دو مرحله شامل: ابتداي رشد رويشي وابتداي گلدهي خواهد بود. رقم عدس مورد مطالعه نيز رقم كيميا مي­باشد. پس از نمونه برداري ازتيمارهاي مختلف آزمايش، صفاتي مانند عملكرد دانه، عملكرد زيست­توده، شاخص برداشت، تعدادبوته در واحد سطح، تعداد دانه در بوته، وزن هزار دانه، ارتفاع بوته، محتوي كلروفيلو كارتنوئيد­ها و پروتئين­هاي محلول برگ، درصد پروتئين دانه و عملكرد آن، سرعت فعاليتآنزيم­هاي آنتي اكسيدان شامل: كاتالاز، پروكسيداز و سوپراكسيدديسموتاز، پراكسيدهيدروژن، پايداري غشاء سلول­هاي برگ‌ و محتوي آهن و روي موجود در دانه اندازه­گيري

   The grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.: Vitaceae) is a commercially important fruit crop of Iran.  This temperate crop which believed to have originated in Iran, has worldwide distribution. Various pests damage the grapes. One of the important pests in the vineyards of Iran is grape leafhopper, Arboridia kermanshah Dlabola (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Adult and nymphs of this pest cause white spots on the top surface of the leaves and bring about fall off by settling on the back of grape leaves and feeding on the cellular contents. Severe contamination of the leaves leads to fall earlier than expected. In this research, for the purpose of field biological study, sampling was done in a grape garden located in Dehpahn village, during two crop seasons 2017-2018. In 2017 Sampling was done weekly from mid-July and in 2018 simultaneously after emergence of adults. In order to identify the natural enemies of grape leafhopper, parasitized eggs were collected at each sampling date and were investigated in laboratory conditions. Two predators and three egg parasitoids from two different families were collected as natural enemies. This pest had three generations per year in Kermanshah climatic conditions. Adult were active in the garden until mid-November and entered the hibernation phase with exposure to the cold weather. The growth period of different biological stages was studied in laboratory. In this study, population dynamics of A. kermanshah immature stages were studied in relation to mid temperature and relative humidity. Relationship between population dynamics of grape leafhopper and temperature for all biological stages of pest except 2nd and 3rd stages nymphs were significant in 2017. Otherwise, this relation with relative humidity was significant only for 5th stage nymphs. There were significant relationship between temperature and population dynamics of eggs, 5th stage nymphs and total immature stages in 2018. Relative humidity changes has also this significant relation with all stages except 4th and 5th stages nymphs. The spatial distribution pattern of immature stages of grape leafhopper was determined by two methods. Spatial distribution pattern was random according to Iowa patchiness regression method for 1st, 2nd and 3rd nymph stages in 2018 and for 1st and 2nd nymphal stages in 2017. According to Taylor power law regression method distribution pattern was random for all stages of nymphs except for immature stages in 2018 and for all stages of nymphs except 2nd stages in 2017.

  

  Abstract:  Coastal protection against erosion is one of the main objectives of river training in the sustainable development of water resources. Because the erosion of river banks, damages to agricultural lands, damage to adjacent structures, such as bridges and roads, the flow of waterways and environmental issues are significant. This causes a large amount of money to be spent annually on protecting the shores of the river from erosion. Coastal conservation methods are divided into two general categories of direct and indirect protection from the viewpoint of the performance of structures. In the indirect method, the stabilization of the rivers is carried out by the construction of transverse structures or spillways along the erodible coastline.Groynes structures are designed with the aim of sedimentation and preventing the erosion of the edges and edges of the river and the stabilization of the river's position. The groynes are well-structured and adaptable to the diverse river conditions that are widely used in planning training, and in particular the stabilization and restoration measures of the sides. Therefore, it is important to study the process of erosion and sedimentation within the range of groynes from different aspects of design, conservation and maintenance. Much research on scour and flow pattern around the groynes is done by different researchers, but to scouring around hokey-shaped groyne is not well studied experimentally.`Given that the use of three-dimensional models in flow pattern analysis in rivers is accurate, but economically and time-consuming. On the other hand, single-dimensional models are generally associated with significant errors because they do not take into account the three-dimensional nature of the flow. Because of the time and cost savings, two-dimensional models are always used as a substitute method but less accurately used by researchers. Therefore, in the present research, in order to check the ability of the SRH-2D model to simulate the erosion pattern around the hokey groynes, first, using the experimental data, the erosion and sedimentation values ??around the groyne will be measured for at least two different hydraulic conditions.The collected data is used to validate and calibrate the numerical model. After the model calibration and ensure to the model accuracy, with the implementation of numerous models, flow patterns and sediment patterns around the hokey groyne are analyzed with different geometric conditions and in different locations along the 90° bend. Finally, the effect of various forms of hokey in different locations is compared to the flow and sediment pattern. The SRH-2D model is a two-dimensional model and is particularly suited for issues where two-dimensional effects are important. Its model include use in-stream structures, flow in the bends, flow in the drains with lateral channels and backflow in the agricultural channels.This model is preferred in cases where the study area is wider than the three-dimensional model in a shorter time frame. The required mesh is provided using the SMS model and the mesh generated in the SRH-2D environment is called.Key Words: River Organization, Hokey Groynes, SRH-2D model, flow and sediment model, 90° Bend

To evaluate the relationship between weeds and with the lentil to predict yield using Artificial Neural Network approach and also showing spatial variability of weeds and yield using geostatistical method, an experiment was conducted on one of the lentil fields of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of Razi University in Kermanshah. Sampling was systematically carried out in two stages in a network of regular points that the geographic coordinates of each sampling point were recorded using a GPS device, once in the pre-flowering stage of lentil and the second time at the end of the growing season. In these two stages, traits including density, height, canopy percentage and dry weight of weed species, and also canopy percentage, grain yield and biomass of lentil was measured and recorded. In addition, weeds diversity and evenness indices were calculated based on their density. In total, 45 weed species in the first stage and 28 species in the second stage was observed that most of which were annual and broad leaves. The results showed that, among the studied factors, density, canopy and dry weights of weeds had a significant negative effect on lentil yields, which in some cases also positive effect of some weed species was observed. The results also showed the positive effect of increasing the weed species diversity and evenness on lentil yield. In addition, according to the results, crop yield variations affected by weeds at the each area of the field, was different and the geostatistical method was showed that very good. The results showed that artificial neural network method is acceptable for predicting yield and biomass of lentil using weed traits as input of model. The best network to predict the yield was PCAs neural network, made from standard data with Steps learning law, with correlation coefficient of 80% and root normalized mean square error of 5.85%. However, the accuracy of the neural network for biomass prediction was not as effective as yield, so that the correlation coefficient and normalized root mean square error in its best network were 78% and 11.36%, respectively. The results generally showed that the neural network approach could use in lentil yield prediction under weed interference conditions, assuming that other conditions are desirable (non-outbreak of pests and diseases and occurrence of non-biological stresses).  Keywords: Spatial interpolation, Multi-species competition, Regression, Canopy, Site-specific management

Abstract:The aim of this study was, the Possibility of using high-density    markers for improving the genetic diversity in populations with a bottleneck, determination of the minimum   required marker density for evalution of genetic diversity in these populations and determine the best strategy for using the genetic markers in the improvement of genetic diversity. This study   was performed with simulation computer   y using of R programming language. First, a populatio     in the size of   100 individual non-relatives (male and female same) was simulated, than this population structure were randomly mating together to 50 generations and in all generations the number of offspring was fixed, after that the genome with a length of 5 morgan and 5 chromosomes 1 morgan was simulated with the same length. In order to create a marker density respectively, the number of 5000،500،50   markers    in equal distances was on the chromosome. Then the base population over four generations was incresed to 1600 individual. At this stage of the study,   three scenarios of bottleneck   , moderate, severe and very severe on the population was applied and the remaining population in the influence of bottleneck, according to distant relatives (pedigree) and according to distant relatives (  ), was mated randomly. The results showed that in random mating, inbreeding in small populations increased greatly and mating in the distant relatives increased less intensity. Also mating in distant relative   that people was calculated based on coefficient of distant relatives and mated according to data obtained from the (  ), value of inbreeding was less than population that were crossed with each other according to data obtained from the pedigree. So, we can conclude that in a small population, individuals mate with each other   ased on the coefficient of distant relatives which obtained from the (  ),because of genomic inbreeding may reflect real inbreeding in the population, which could be a useful tool to evaluate population inbreeding and, also genomic information and better information based on pedigree. Finally the rate of inbreeding in small populations in the low density of markers (Population 16) in comparsion with high density increased, but this increase was not significant(P>0/05). However, in larger populations (Population 80, Population 160) along with increasing the density of markers, the rate of inbreeding decreased and the results showed that in the very small population density of marker doesnt have notable impact on the controll of inbreeding. But at high densities of markers in big populations, it can help   to controll inbreeding rates and maintain the genetic diversity of individuals.key words: Bottleneck, Genetic diversity, Molecular markers,       

  To carry out this genomic study, 5 chromosomes of 100 centimeters with a marker density of 10 markers were simulated in each    centimeter with similar intervals. In order to achieve a continuity imbalance in a thousandth generation, a base population with an effective size of 200 individuals was simulated. After 1000 generations of randomized individuals and formation of haplotypes, the effect of genes replacement was calculated based on the variation in the number of genetic alleles affecting quantitative traits. From these, the true correction values ??of the individuals were obtained . Also, the r2 criterion was used to measure the degree of imbalance between the markers and also the minimum frequency of allele in individuals of the 1000th generation. In this double-populational study, simulations will be made and three modes will be considered for race history. In the first and second modes, the generic origin will be 50 and 500 generations, and in the third state there will be no generational generation. Simulations were repeated 40 times due to the use of a randomized model, and their average was reported as the result. In order to study the trend of increasing the accuracy of correction values ??for traits with different heritability, the number of different individuals and with different number of densities showed the reliability of corrective values. The results of this study showed that as the reference population goes away, with the increase of generations from 1001 to 1005, the estimation of genomic correction values ??is reduced, but the amount of accuracy increases with the number of individuals. Also, by increasing the heritability from 0.1 to 0.5 with similar QTL numbers in the generations 1001 to 1005, it also increases the density of the marker from 3 to 4 vertebrate.Keywords: genomic selection, reference population, markers, small population

  The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of administration of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) and human chorionic gonadotropin ( hCG )   to improve Ovsynch protocol in dairy cows . Forty eight dairy cows with body condition scored ( BCS ) between 2.75 and 3.5 were divided into 6 groups in a completely randomized design: GPG group ( n = 8 ; GnRH - 7d   -   PGF2?   -   2d - GnRH - 16-20 h - TAI);   EPG group (n = 8    eCG - 7d - PGF2?   - 2d   - GnRH - 16-20 h - TAI);   GPH group (n = 8; GnRH - 7d -   PGF2? - 2d   -   hCG   - 16-20 h   - TAI)   EPH group (n = 8; eCG   - 7d   -   PGF2?   -   2d   -   hCG - 16-20 h   - TAI);   GPEG group (n = 8; GnRH - 7d   - PGF2? + eCG -   2d   -   GnRH   -   16-20 h   - TAI)   GPEH group (n = 8; GnRH   - 7d   -   PGF2? + eCG -   2d   -   hCG -   16-20 h   - TAI).   lood samples were taken on 13 day   after insemination and analysed for serum progesterone (P4) concentrations. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed 50 days post-insemination by means of rectal palpation . Our study clearly demonstrates that parity has a significant effect on pregnancy rate ( P < 0.1). Markedly   lower   pregnancy rate   was observed in animals of higher parity. Pregnancy rate at 50 days after insemination did not differ   (P > 0.05 ) between GPG, EPG, GPH, EPH, GPEG and GPEH groups. However, pregnancy rate was higher in the cows that received EPG, EPH and GPEG protocols ( 37%; 3/8)   than the cows that received   GPG, GPH and GPEH protocols (12%;1/8). Serum progesterone concentration 13 days after insemination for pregnant cows did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatments. Whereas, the serum progesterone concentratio   for pregnant cows were higher in the EPG and EPH groups tha   GPG, GPH, GPEG and GPEH groups. Serum progesterone concentration 13 days after insemination for non-pregnant cow   was found to be different (P < 0.05) between the GPG, EPG, GPH, EPH, GPEG, and GPEH groups. Furthermore, the serum progesterone concentratio   for non-pregnant cows were   higher (P < 0.05) in the EPH and EPG groups than the   GPG, GPH, GPEG and GPEH groups. Our results do show that the use of eCG   to induce ovulation in a timed artifical insemination protocol (Ovsynch ) may increase serum progesterone levels and improve fertility in dairy cows.     

  In this study, semen samples were collected from 96 Sanjabi rams in order to investigate the exon3 leptin, 5` flanking of IGF-1 and exon 3 IGF-1 gene polymorphisms and their relationship with the characteristics of sperm quality and testicular size. Simultaneously, the dimensions of length, width and scrotal circumference were measured over two years and during autumn and spring seasons. Blood samples were taken from a sheep jugular vein to extract DNA. PCR was performed using specific primers to amplify intended fragment. PCR products were digested by restriction enzymes. Leptin gene polymorphism in G170A locus had a significant effect on individual motility trait, water test and scrotal circumference (P<0.05) and animals with the AA genotype had significantly the highest the individual motility compared with GG and GA genotypes (P<0.05). Also, animals with AG genotype had significantly the highest water test compared with GG and AA genotypes (P<0.05). Animals with GG genotype had significantly the highest scrotal circumference compared with GA and AA genotypes (P<0.05). The G286T in leptin gene polymorphism had significant effect on individual motility as animals with GG genotype had significantly the highest individual motility compared other genotypes (P<0.05). Leptin gene polymorphisms in the G332A had a significant effect on viability trait, water test and scrotal circumference as animals with GA genotype had significantly the highest viability, and water test and scrotal circumference compared with GG genotype (P<0.05). The exon 3 of IGF-1 gene had significant effect on individual motility, concentration, percent morphology and water test traits. As animals with CT genotype had significantly the highest, concentration (P<0.1) and water test (P<0.05) compared to CC and TT genotypes. And CC genotype had significantly the highest individual motility(P<0.05). Also, animals with TT genotype had significantly the highest percent morphology compared other genotypes (P<0.05). The 5` regulatory region of IGF-1 gene polymorphism in the studied population had significant effect on gross motility, individual motility and% morphology traits as animals with AB genotype had significantly higher individual motility (P<0.05) and gross motility compared with AA genotype (P<0.1). Also, animals with AA genotype had significantly the highest% morphology compared with AB genotype (P<0.1). The different reproduction traits can be associated with leptin and IGF-1 genotypes in future and polymorphisms in these genes may be used to develop useful markers for selection of better animals under maskers assisted selection program.

infuence of quantitative feed restriction in pellet and mash diets on performance, metaboli disorders occearance and blood parameters in broiler chichins.

  The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity and structure in three Iranian goat breeds (Markhoz, Mohabadi and Lori), one imported breed (Bital) and their singleton and twin-bearing subpopulations using ISSR markers. Blood samples were collected from 210 animals. 17 primers were used that 5 primers were selected due to number of clear bands and polymorphic properties. In total, 86 fragments were observed,   which 78 fragments were polymorphic, revealing 80/70% polymorphism. Allele frequencies, number of observed allels (Na), number of effective alleles (Ne), gene diversity (H), Shannon information index (I) and Neis standard genetic distance (D) were calculated and UPGMA phylogenetic tree was constructed based on allel frequencies. The average number of observed alleles was 1.91±0.29, ranging from 1.71±0.46 to 1.80±0.40. The average values of Ne, H and I of all primers were 1.46±0.35, 0.27±0.18 and 0.41±0.24 respectively. A UPGMA dendrogram based on the Neis standard genetic distance was indicated two separated groups. One included Mohabadi, Lori in a branch and then Markhoz. Another consisted Bital. This clustering was consistent with the geographical distribution and production goal of the studied breeds. In constructed dendrogram between subpopulations in the studied breeds, singletone and twin bearing subpopulations per breed are in same cluster. Actually ISSR markers that was used in this study couldnt distinguish singleton and twin bearing subpopulations. According to the indicators of genetic diversity, it seemes that the studied goat breeds have relatively similar genetic diversity.

Myostatin gene or a transforming growth and differentiation factor 8 (GDF8) the play an essential role in the regulation of muscle growth and reproductive system regulation prossing of livestock. This regulation is via the inhibition of myoblast proliferation and differentiation, specifically in skeletal muscles during embryonic development. The objective of this study was to investigate polymorphisms of the myostatin gene and their relationship with towning and growth traits in 150 individuals from Markhoz goat (take size and litter size) of Iran. After DNA extraction, two set of specific primers were designed and used to amplify 573 and 475bp fragments of the myostatin gene 5`UTR-Exon 1 and Exon 3 respectively. A 573bp fragment of the myostatin gene, which contains a deletion 5bp indel (206 TTTTA/), single nucleotide polymorphism of substitution (339 T/A) in region 5`UTR and exon1 and so, single nucleotide polymorphism of substitution (169T/G) in region exon 3respectively. The PCR products were separately digested using restriction enzyme endonuclease DraI, HinIII and HindIII the digestion results indicate two genotypes AA and AB in 5`UTR region, three genotypes AA, AT and TT in exon1 and three genotypes TT, TG and GG in exon3. Odds Ratio criteria for twing trait in the first parity compared to second and third parity was 1.4 (P>0.05) and 4 (P<0.1) respectively. Also, this criteria was 4.60 (P<0.05) when the second parity was compared to the third parity the amounts of OR estimated and Chi-square statistics for twining rate were 1.84 and 13.6 for the AA genotype on TT and also 0.28 and 8.46 for the TT genotype on AT. These amounts were estimated 0.07 (P<0.1) The Chi-Square statistics equal to 2.65 demonstrated significant differences between two TT and GG genotype groups for twining rate in Markhoz goat. The allele freguency analyses the associated to two groups take size and twning showed result which B and T alleles have significant effect on towning into twinig population at compared with B and B allele into take size population in 5`UTR and exon3, respectively. AA and GG genotypes had significantly in (BW180) and ADG days of age compared to AT and TT (P<0.05), TT and TG (P<0.1) genotypes in exon1 and exon 3 the respectively.   ut no were genotypes found to be significantly associated with growth traits in 5`UTR region. The statistical analyses showed positive and significant effects of the A allele for W6 trait, as well as negative and significant effecs of the G allele for ADG. The according, results of this research demonstrate that the myostatin gene can be considered as a candidate gene to improve twning rate and body weight in breeding programs of Markhoz goat.   Keyword: Myostatin, Odds ratio, Allelic substitution effect, Twining, growth traits, Markhoz goat, PCR-RFLP