This qualitative study aimed to analyze the challenges of marketing apple products in home businesses in Sahneh County in the villages of Sang-e-Safid and Sartakht. The participants in this study were the owners of the aforementioned businesses. Data were collected using in-depth individual interviews, focus group interviews, and participatory observation in the study villages. After conducting 25 in-depth individual interviews with home business owners and two focus group interviews with 12 of them in the two study villages, data saturation was achieved. After implementation, the interview notes were analyzed using conventional content analysis techniques. The status of home businesses processing apple trees in the study area showed that apple production in these villages dates back six decades and has been the main source of income for the residents of these villages until now. Also, most of these businesses are managed by rural women, and most women in these villages are engaged in the production and processing of apple cider, including dried apples, apple juice, and apple vinegar, as well as the collection of local aromatic and medicinal plants. An examination of the marketing routes of apple cider products in the studied villages (13 routes) showed that these routes start from relatives and reach ordering consumers. In the meantime, the role of village teachers, festivals, local tourists, local shopkeepers, social networks, and travelers cannot be ignored. The results of this study also showed that the studied businesses faced challenges such as lack of marketing skills as the main challenge to the owners of home apple processing businesses’ access to post-production equipment. Meanwhile, lack of liquidity, opposition from spouses, the presence of brokers, remoteness of the village, cultural problems, lack of appropriate brands, retailing, and finally climate change had prevented home apple processing business owners from delivering their products to consumers. By utilizing the solutions proposed in this study, extension and horticulture experts from the Agricultural Jihad Organization of Sahneh County can help resolve challenges and smooth marketing paths for home apple processing business owners, while being aware of the marketing paths of apple products in the region and the challenges facing marketing these products.

  Methodology: This research is applied in terms of purpose and is of a descriptive correlational type. The statistical population of this research includes 117 rural youth in Haft Ashian Rural District. These youth are active in various fields such as agriculture, handicrafts, rural tourism and local services. In this research, due to the limited statistical population (117 people), the whole count method was used to collect data. Information was collected in this research using two methods: library and field, and the research tools were lifestyle questionnaire; entrepreneurial capabilities; and entrepreneurship questionnaire, whose validity was determined in terms of content and reliability by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed in two parts: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, and in the inferential statistics section, correlation test, analysis were used using    software. Results: The findings of this research showed that the lifestyle of rural youth in Haft Ashian Rural District has a significant effect on the growth of their entrepreneurial capabilities. The lifestyle components of rural youth (such as materialistic, goal-oriented, and modern) have a significant effect on their entrepreneurial capabilities, but the traditional lifestyle does not have a significant effect on their entrepreneurial capabilities. There is a significant relationship between the entrepreneurial capabilities of rural youth (such as mastery of opportunities, tolerance of ambiguity, motivation for progress, leadership, risk-taking, and creativity) and their success in entrepreneurial activities. The obstacles and challenges faced by rural youth have a negative and significant effect on the growth of their entrepreneurial capabilities. It was also concluded that practical solutions can help improve the lifestyle and strengthen the entrepreneurial capabilities of rural youth.

  Abstract Introduction: Shallot is one of the medicinal and industrial plants that is harvested from natural habitats in our country. In Iran, this plant is considered an unauthorized plant in terms of exploitation of natural resources due to the special conditions of its habitat and reproduction. Given that most of this species is collected from nature, the increased demand for this type of species has caused their destruction and excessive exploitation in nature. Accordingly, the present study was conducted with the aim of identifying obstacles and solutions to the development of shallot cultivation in agricultural lands and pastures of Al-Ashtar County. Methodology: To achieve the research objectives, a qualitative approach was used. The participants in the study were experts from the Natural Resources Department and the Agricultural Jihad Department of Al-Ashtar County, residents of Dartang and Hindi villages of Al-Ashtar County, and farmers under the contract of the Zarrin Cooperative Company, and 22 people were selected as samples based on the Barez purposive sampling method. The data collection tool was semi-structured in-depth individual interviews and field notes, and interviews continued until data saturation was reached. For data analysis, the method of communicative content analysis and open and axial coding was used. Results: The results of the study showed that in relation to the obstacles and challenges of preserving and revitalizing shallots in the natural areas and habitats of Al-Shatar County, 13 categories were identified, including marketing and sales obstacles, advertising and information obstacles, financial and capital risks, human and social risks, infrastructure obstacles, skill and technical obstacles, standards and quality, information obstacles, knowledge and educational obstacles, management and support obstacles, organizational obstacles, production inputs, environmental and geographical conditions, and licensing of medicinal plants. Also, in relation to the strategies for cultivating shallots among the shallot farmers of Al-Ashtar County, 9 dimensions were identified: research and training strategies, advertising and information strategies, technical and agricultural strategies, structural and support strategies, policy strategies, strategies related to issuing licenses for the exploitation of shallots, economic and social strategies, trade and organizational strategies, and strategies related to marketing and sales. Discussion and Conclusion: As it was identified, the improvement and development of the medicinal plant market, especially shallots, requires cooperation and coordination between different organizations. Abstract, discrete and uncoordinated action in implementing policies and strategies in the research, promotion, production, trade, processing, health and treatment sectors makes it difficult to achieve goals. In order to make a coordinated, targeted and effective effort in organizing the medicinal plant market, efforts should be made to formulate a comprehensive program in which the goals are completely clear and the duties and responsibilities of the various sectors are determined. The development and implementation of this program will enable the evaluation of the performance of various organizations and prevent waste of time and capital. Keywords: Mustard, medicinal plants, Al-Shatar city.

 AbstractThe aim of this research was to identify mutations in growth hormone and myostatin genes using the PCR-RFLP method and to investigate their potential association with sperm quality traits and testis sizes in Sanjabi rams. For this purpose, blood and sperm samples were collected from 96 Sanjabi rams. After extracting DNA using a salt method, two specific primer pairs were used to amplify fragments of 422 and 337 base pairs for exon 2 of the GH gene and exon 3 of the MSTN gene, respectively. The digestion of PCR products was performed separately for each locus using the restriction enzyme HAEIII. The results of the enzymatic digestion indicated that there was no G to A mutation in the MSTN gene, and all samples at this locus exhibited a wild-type genotype (GG). Additionally, the results of enzymatic digestion for the GH gene revealed the presence of three genotypes: GG, GA, and AA, with frequencies of 84.38%, 14.58%, and 1.04%, respectively. A significant difference was observed at the 5% level between the GA genotype and other genotypes for sperm volume and total sperm count per ejaculation; however, no significant differences were found for other measured traits. Furthermore, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test showed that the studied locus in the GH gene is in genetic equilibrium. The results of this study can aid in identifying genomic regions responsible for sperm quality traits in rams and ultimately lead to improved fertility in these flocks.Keywords: Growth hormone, myostatin, polymorphism, reproduction, Sanjabi ram

aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

Abstract Introduction: The continuous use of antibiotics in the broiler production process is considered a great risk for the general health of society due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Because in recent years, chicken meat has become one of the most important sources of protein in the consumption basket of households. Undoubtedly, it is necessary to pay attention to the quality and health of chicken meat in the production process to improve the health and hygiene of the society. Objective: The research was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of social and cognitive factors on the use of antibiotics in industrial meat poultry farms of Kermanshah city based on Bandura's social cognitive theory. Methodology: This study was done by descriptive-correlation method. The statistical population of this study included the operators of industrial meat poultry farms active in Kermanshah city (N = 85), 70 of them were randomly selected for the study using Karjesi and Morgan's table. The measuring instrument of the research was a researcher-made questionnaire based on Bandura's theory of social cognition, whose validity was checked and confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability coefficient (all sections above 0.7). The data were analyzed quantitatively using descriptive and inferential statistics and structural equation modeling in    and SmartPLS software. Results: The results showed that sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim, colistin, erythromycin, enrofloxacin and salinomycin were the most widely used antibiotic drugs used in poultry units in Kermanshah. Intent, outcome expectations and self-efficacy of poultry farmers in using antibiotics were at a low level, and social structural factors (facilitators and barriers) affecting the use of antibiotics among poultry farmers were in good condition. In general, the poultry farmers got a passing grade in the way of using antibiotics. Also, the reported values ??of fit indices indicate that the structural equation model of relationships between poultry farmers has a suitable and acceptable fit and the components used in the research show the correctness and compatibility of the proposed model with the theoretical model and the relationships between the behavior of poultry farmers in using anti- Biotics in Kermanshah city (result expectations, intention, self-efficacy, social structure) confirms. Discussion: Based on this, it can be said that Bandura's theory of social cognition was a suitable theoretical framework for predicting the behavior of antibiotic use among chicken farmers, and in order to expand the activity of antibiotic-free chicken breeding, the government supported by giving subsidies, free loans, monitoring and evaluating organizations. related, implementation of educational plans, etc., to support chicken producers.   

   The significant increase of working women is an undeniable fact of Iranian society. Despite this evidence shows that few working women are entrepreneurs. Therefore, it is very important to provide suitable social and cultural conditions and contexts for starting entrepreneurial activities. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify the factors affecting the desire to be an entrepreneur in rural women of Miandarband village of Kermanshah province. The sample size is 250 people according to Karjesi and Morgan's table and cluster sampling method was used to select the sample. For this purpose, 22 villages were randomly selected from all the villages of this district and sampling was done according to the population of the village and the target age range. The current research is practical in terms of its purpose and is a quantitative research in terms of its approach. In order to collect information in the theoretical part, the documentary method was used, and in the field part, the survey method based on interviews and distribution of questionnaires was used, and their analysis was done using    and Amos software. In order to determine the validity of the form and content of the questionnaire, after its preparation, the initial control of the questionnaire questions was carried out by university professors and experts and experts from the women's affairs department of the agricultural jihad. Confirmatory factor analysis was also used to confirm the construct validity. The reliability of the research tool has also been measured through Cronbach's alpha. The results of the research showed that among all the investigated components in the studied community and the analysis of hypotheses through    and Amos software and the information obtained from descriptive statistics in general, knowledge and entrepreneurial characteristics accounted for 0.37 of the variance of the attitude variable. and explain 0.48 of the variance of the perceived behavior control variable. Also, knowledge has been able to explain 0.21 of the variance of the subjective norm variable, finally, all the variables of the structural model (entrepreneurial characteristics, attitude, economic factors, educational factors) explained 0.56 of the variance of the desire for entrepreneurship variable. The results showed that mental norm, perceived behavior control, family factors, organizational institutional factors, socio-cultural factors, and knowledge have no effect on the desire to be an entrepreneur in the studied society, but the effect of knowledge on mental norm (0.46), attitude (0.29) and perceived behavior control (0.41) were significant and the effect of entrepreneurial characteristics on perceived behavior control (0.44) and attitude (0.44) was also accepted. From the present research, it can be concluded that to increase the attitude and desire for entrepreneurship among rural women, there is a need to create favorable environmental conditions and improve the level of literacy regarding entrepreneurship and understanding of existing cultural and social conditions. These measures can help increase entrepreneurial and economic opportunities for women in rural areas. In general, if rural women are faced with a dynamic and receptive environment towards entrepreneurship and if the level of entrepreneurship literacy in that area increases, their inclination towards entrepreneurship will probably increase. One of the achievements of this research was the identification of some factors affecting the desire to be an entrepreneur, which had not been paid attention to before.

This study was conducted with the aim of strategic analysis of the development of olive processing workshops in Rajab area of Dalaho city using SWAT analysis. The present study was conducted with a combined (qualitative-quantitative) approach. In order to achieve the goal of the research, which is "development of olive processing workshops in Rijab region of Dalaho city", at first, the SWOT analytical model was used. After identifying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, in the next stage of SWOT, using hierarchical analysis (AHP), the factors of the four points were weighted. Then the strategies were extracted. The current study population included all the olive growers of Rijab region of Dalaho city, based on the information obtained from the Agricultural Jihad Organization in 1402, 370 people were evaluated, of which 15 people were interviewed. Also, in order to obtain rich information, interviews were conducted with agricultural Jihad experts who were familiar with olive cultivation and the issues and problems of olive growers, and 7 people were selected as samples. The tools of data collection in this research were interviews and questionnaires. In general, the results of SWAT analysis showed that there are 4 broad categories for the development of olive processing workshops in Rajab region of Dalaho city, including: suitable environmental and geographical conditions of the region for the development of olives and its products, the high added value of olives compared to other horticultural products in the region. The ability to generate employment and the high human capital of olive growers were identified. Weaknesses include 4 categories, including: management problems of olive growers, lack of necessary capital and equipment in the process of olive production and processing, tra  ortation problems in the study area, professional problems of olive growers. The opportunities for the development of olive processing workshops also include 3 categories such as: supporting policies of the agricultural sector, technology development and investment in the study area, effective promotion and training were identified by the Agricultural Jihad Organization, and finally the threats for the development of olive processing workshops include 4 There are classes, these classes are: problems related to the market, climate changes, financial and credit problems, weak legislation and policy making.  

In the climatic zoning of the world, Iran isconsidered one of the dry and semi-arid regio The information ofmeteorological systems as well as the forecasts made of the country's climatestate, like in other parts of the world, indicate the occurrence of climatechange inrecent decades and the continuation of this trendin the future. Climate change is one of the most serious threats to ensure foodsecurity and sustainable development of agriculture. "Smart climateagriculture" has been proposed as a new approach to deal with the negativeeffects of this phenomenon at the international level since the last decade.Kermanshah province is considered the 9th climate vulnerable province where theeffects of climate change are clearly visible (Mohammadkhani and Jamali, 2014).Although, according to the statistics of the World Food Organization, sugarbeet as one of the most important agricultural and strategic products has animportant contribution to the food basket of Iranian households (Ababai, 2012).Therefore, in the present study, the aforementioned measures were investigatedamong the beet growers of Kangavar city, Kermanshah province. The researchmethod is qualitative-descriptive. Data analysis was done with    software.The mentioned measures have been collected separately in three dimensions ofproductivity, compatibility and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Finally,it was found that the beet farmers take more measures in line with the climatechange, which lead to an increase in yield and increase in productivity.  

   This study was conducted with the aim of feasibility of developing saffron cultivation in Javanrood city by using SWOT strategic analysis. This study is qualitative in nature and based on the SWOT analysis model. In this way, at first, the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities were extracted using the qualitative paradigm, and these points and strategies were weighted and prioritized. The results identified 7 broad categories for the strengths of the development of saffron cultivation, including the existence of suitable capacities for saffron production in the region, the possibility of a family production process, a healthy and environmentally friendly product, the high value of the saffron product, the low cost of saffron cultivation, the existence of a large and long-term local market. There are seven categories of weaknesses, including the low knowledge and experience of saffron growers from production to marketing, lack of skilled workers and high labor costs, bulk sales and lack of proper packaging, non-acceptance of saffron as a cultivation model, problems with onion preparation, its high cost, lack of income in the first years of production and low performance compared to other provinces were identified. The identified opportunities included access to wide markets, people's willingness to cultivate and consume saffron in the region, compatibility of saffron cultivation with the region's climate, and government support for the development of saffron cultivation. The threats include the lack of all-round government support in saffron production, the lack of protective laws and comprehensive and tra  arent government policy regarding the development of saffron cultivation, the weakness of the training and monitoring courses of the Jihad Organization in relation to saffron, the lack of necessary facilities and equipment for production and saffron transformation and complementary industries in the region, the existence of environmental and human risks in the region, the limited market, the lack of supply of sufficient inputs and tools for saffron cultivation by the Jihad Organization, the monopoly of the world market in the hands of other countries, and the lack of access to high-quality onions. Considering that the total of internal and external factors were both greater than 2.50, as a result, the strategies used were aggressive.

   Abstract: Introduction: The creation of home gardens helps to create employment in the rural community and the production of organic agricultural products, besides this, educational and promotional activities can also help to develop this employment and production in this sector. One of the most important programs and priorities in the organization of agricultural jihad is training and the formation of training align="left">Objective: In this research, the effectiveness of promotional educational activities of the home garden project in Sanghar city has been investigated. Research method: Rural women are the study community of this research. This research includes interpretive paradigm with qualitative approach and discourse studies. The research method used in this study was conducted with a general qualitative approach, which used the interview tool and the narrative analysis method to analyze the information. The purposeful sampling method is of the type of special cases, which required data was collected through a semi-structured interview, and the data obtained was based on narrative analysis at two levels: 1- Primary analysis, 2- Integrated analysis, analyzed and discourse. Ghalib has been extracted. In this research, gaining a deep understanding of the studied phenomenon has been desired. The people studied in this research included 14 rural women who were active in the construction and creation of home gardens, as well as 3 experts and teachers active in this sector. Findings: In this research, most of the participants were married and housewives, the spouses of most of the people who were interested in creating home gardens were farmers, and most of them created home gardens in their yard, a significant percentage of the participants in period, the cultivated area of their gardens was less than 100 and the most types of vegetables cultivated were in the group of vegetables and summer vegetables. The results showed that the effectiveness of promotional educational activities in the discussion of home gardens includes 9 components and they are divided into 2 general categories according to the situation: 1) Components with positive and effective capacity 2) Components with crisis. The components examined in this research are effective in the quality of educational programs. Elements with positive capacity (effectiveness) have six components, which shows the effectiveness of the course in terms of these elements. Elements with crisis was another important concept in this research, which in the integrated analysis of the dominant discourses of the current research showed three types of crisis regarding the components of the elements of educational courses. Also, in this research, there are three types of align="left">Offers:Updating the information of teachers to know how to teach applicants, conducting training align="left">Keywords: effectiveness, home garden, rural women, educational-promotional activities

production of oilseeds in Iran provides only 10% of the country's oil consumption, while the country's climatic conditions have a high potential for the self-sufficient production of these seeds. Among the oilseeds, canola is a plant with a high percentage of vegetable oil (40-45%). Indeed, overcoming the obstacles of its production can lead to decreasing canola imports. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the obstacles to the development of canola cultivation in the central part of Khorramabad city. This qualitative study can be considered practical research since it provides useful information to improve canola cultivation. The study population was farmers in the central part of Khorram Abad, which were selected using a purposeful sampling method (15 individuals). The results revealed that the obstacles to the development of canola cultivation in the research area can be considered into five categories, including economic obstacles, lack of government support, climate, sales and marketing, and obstacles caused by the physiological nature of the canola. The highest number of obstacles identified in this research is in the category of economic matters, which include: the high cost of bed preparation, the high costs of fighting weeds, the low relative advantage compared to other products in the region, and the high cost of canola cultivation. Considering the significant overlap of the findings of this research with other related studies in the country, our suggestion for activists and also for future researchers, is that allocate their time and efforts to answer this question: Why are these barriers not being solved?

  Abstract Objective: Natural hazards (especially earthquakes) are a fundamental challenge in achieving the sustainable development of human societies. Such risks have the capacity to turn into a terrifying and devastating accident for human communities in the absence of risk reduction systems. Generally, this influence is widely diminished due to the very complex communication between different systems of human societies and causes many damage to various sectors, including body, community, culture and identity. Despite the lack of predictions for many of these hazards, it can be minimized by the vulnerability and comprehensive understanding of such events in a society affected. Increased resistance to natural disasters, especially earthquakes, is greatly effective in reducing these damages as well as the time of recovery of societies. For this reason, this study was conducted to analyze the impact of five capital (human, social, financial, physical and natural) capital on the resurrection of rural households after the earthquake in the city of Sar -e -Zahab. Research Methodology: This study is a descriptive and correlational research in terms of quantitative paradigm, and according to the research range, the design used in this study was cross -type. Statistical Research Journal, Russian households were difficult to do with Zahab, Benefit and Patriot (3196); Of these, and based on the table of Bartlett et al., 280 residents of the study area were selected as classified and appropriately assigned. A researcher -made questionnaire was used for data collection, with the validity and reliability of the questionnaire by the specialists panel and Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.94) and reconstruction. Also in software (  ) and (Excel), analyzes (descriptive and inferential) were performed. Results: Based on the results, it can be stated that the social, economic, institutional and physical stabilization of earthquake -prone villagers is above average and at an acceptable level. It was also found that among the variables of five capital capital (human, social, financial, physical), education level, average annual family income from agriculture, annual background, membership in social institutions, horticultural lands, agricultural activity, information resources In the field of earthquake and residential skeleton after earthquakes with livelihoods, positive and meaningful relationships between gender variables, irrigation system, earthquake insurance and unexpected accidents, earthquake intensity, type of residential home materials before earthquake Prior to the earthquake, there is a negative and significant relationship. But there was no relationship between natural capital and resilience. Conclusion: Overall, an area will be fully impaired when all the indicators, components and dimensions of the resignation in that area are in a better position and in the state of growth and upgrades. Keywords: Earthquake, Sadness, Sadness, Five Capital, Sar -e -Zabab County.

  urpose: In recent years, due to the importance of food safety and the increase in environmental awareness, to healthy product production programs, the use of biological fertilizers and natural pesticides to reduce the use of pesticides. Chemically, much attention has been paid. Because using and replacing natural poisons instead of chemical poisons will produce healthy and organic products. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing farmers' perception of the effects of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and its effect on the willingness to use natural fertilizers and pesticides among farmers in Islamabad-Gharb city. Research methodology: The nature of this research is a quantitative descriptive-correlation type of research. The statistical population was all farmers living in the central part of Islamabad-Gharb city (18,536 people), of which 264 farmers were selected by two-stage cluster sampling and proportional assignment. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. In order to analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Findings: The results of descriptive statistics showed that farmers' perception of the effects of chemical fertilizers and pesticides on health is relatively low. This is despite the fact that farmers' perception of the effects of poisons and pesticides on the beneficial organisms of the farm and the environment is above average and relatively good. Also, based on the descriptive results, the most important obstacles to the use of natural fertilizers and pesticides are: the weakness of suitable infrastructure for the production of healthy and quality products, concern about the low performance of production with natural methods, and the inadequacy of laws related to Use of pesticides. The results of step-by-step logistic regression showed that farmers' understanding of the effects of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has no effect on their willingness to use natural fertilizers and pesticides with the same price. However, when the price of natural inputs is higher than chemical inputs, the results of logistic regression indicate that among the 3 independent variables, understanding of the effects of fertilizers and chemical pesticides on health, understanding of the effects of fertilizers and pesticides There is a significant relationship between chemical effects on useful farm organisms and the understanding of the effects of chemical fertilizers and pesticides on the environment with the dependent variable (tendency to use natural fertilizers and pesticides with a higher price). Also, the findings showed that the understanding of the effects on health and the understanding of the effects on the environment had a significant negative effect, and the understanding of the effects on the beneficial organisms of the farm had a significant positive effect on the willingness of farmers to use natural fertilizers and pesticides at a reasonable price. have higher In general, these 3 variables are predictors of farmers' willingness to use natural fertilizers and pesticides with higher prices. Conclusion: The results of this study can provide positive achievements for the development of healthy and organic agriculture and culturalization of this type of products among farmers. Keywords: perception, natural pesticides, organic agriculture, healthy agriculture, biological fertilizers.

  The purpose of this

      Abstract:    Due to the occurrence of drought in the country and the indiscriminate use of groundwater resources in agriculture, especially in Mahidasht plain of Kermanshah province, which has recently been recognized as a forbidden plain due to high water consumption and inappropriate utilization of water wells, it is important to manage groundwater resources in this region. For this purpose, installation of smart water gauge for optimal use of water wells in Mahidasht plain seems necessary. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the acceptance of smart meters among farmers in Mahidasht plain. In this study, survey method was used to collect the information of the questionnaire. To determine the sample size, random cluster sampling method was used and 185 farmers were selected. The questionnaire was given to experts of Kermanshah Regional Water Company and professors of agricultural extension and education department in order to confirm the validity. To determine the reliability, Kronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated by 30 questionnaires, according to which all the scales designed in the questionnaire had high reliability. Descriptive and inferential statistics were analyzed using    and AMOS statistical softwares. In the descriptive statistics section, the percentage of frequency and relative frequency percentage were used to describe the variables, and in the inferential statistics section, path analysis method was used to investigate the causal relationship between the variables of the conceptual framework of the research, and also the method of averaging and using z test, Man-whitney and Wilcoxon were analyzed and interpreted. The results showed that perceived usefulness, readiness of perceived use and attitude toward using smart meter had a positive and significant effect on tendency to use meters. The results also showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the underlying factors of perceived usefulness and the ease of perceived use. Based on the overall results, farmers' attitudes had the greatest impact on the tendency to use smart meters and thus accept it. According to the results of this study, which should be considered by relevant planners, it is suggested that programs be considered to increase farmers' attitudes toward accepting smart water gauge to manage optimal water consumption in Mahidasht plain.

  Currently, the corona virus has spread all over the world and its dimensions have affected all sectors and economic activities. The agricultural sector has not been spared from this impact. They provide food for the country, so harm to these communities can seriously endanger food security. , Is phenomenological in terms of research method and practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the present study consists of rural households in Miandarband district. Targeted sampling method and data collection method was focus group interview, observation and under special circumstances, telephone interview, a total of 17 households were interviewed. "Food security and the least impact on the" food preferences "dimension of food security. The results of the study can have benefits for rural health centers, jihad centers, aid organizations, and rural managers such as councils and villages.

  the aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of educational training courses and olive treatment at the beneficiaries of the olive orchards of dalaho countythe research method: this research was done by the type of research and descriptive - survey method. the questionnaire was made and its reliability validity was investigated. in order to evaluate the courses from two statistical population باغداران to 320 persons and experts and مروجان facilitator, 10 people were used in questionnaire. the questionnaire consisted of 14 questions to determine individual and professional characteristics of باغداران and the second part includes 19 گويه for determining the response from the viewpoint of people participating in the period; and the fourth part includes 34 گويه in the learning area. It is to be mentioned that the items on the questionnaire were designed in the questionnaire on a 3 - level Likert scale within the framework of the كرك كرك model

  

Abstract In the present study, the future of digital marketing of agricultural products in the post-corona era has been studied and the general approach of the research was mixed (qualitative-quantitative). The statistical population in this study was selected from among the experts, stakeholders and producers, 29 people from different sectors of agriculture and after a semi-structured interview method and a questionnaire whose validity and reliability through a panel of experts and reading notes for participants It was confirmed, , Which was identified by content analysis technique, parameters and key factors affecting the future of digital marketing of agricultural products, all factors in the form of "themes" and the most important key factors were separated and identified and then in the form of fuzzy Delphi technique. The key factors are identified and in the next step by forming a matrix of interactions in the form of Mick Mac technique, the type of effect of each of the influential and influential factors is identified and finally by forming the second matrix of thematic experts' surveys and polls. Impacts of each situation on each factor on other factors and data entry in ScenarioWizard software, possible scenarios in the future of digital marketing of agricultural products in order to provide useful solutions for better development of digital marketing management of agricultural products and hope to get results In order to achieve a comprehensive plan for the development and promotion of digital marketing of agricultural products, Amdeh achieved both among the bodies in charge of the agricultural sector and among agricultural producers. .  

  چكيده مقدمه اصلاحات ارضي يكي از مهم ترين برنامه هايي بود كه در زمان محمدرضاه شاه به اجرا درآمد و به عنوان جامع ترين و جدي ترين اقدام حاكميتي در تاريخ كشاورزي ايران، آثار شگرفي بر مناسبات ارضي، ساختار زراعي و مورفولوژي روستايي داشت. در اين راستا پژوهش حاضر به واكاوي اثرات اصلاحات ارضي بر ساختار اجتماعي و مورفولوژي دهستان شيان پرداخته است. روش تحقيق تحقيق پيش رو از نظر هدف كاربردي است و روش تحقيق از نوع توصيفي- تحليلي و با رويكرد كيفي، به واكاوي اثرات اصلاحات ارضي بر ساختار اجتماعي و مورفولوژيكي در دهستان شيان پرداخته است. در اين پژوهش سه هدف دنبال شد. در هدف اول و دوم با استفاده از پارادايم كيفي و روش تحقيق توصيفي- تحليلي به واكاوي تأثيرات اصلاحات ارضي بر ساختار اجتماعي و مورفولوژي پرداخته شد. جامعه مورد مطالعه را مطلعين و افراد بالاي 50 سال، بخصوص كشاورزان كهنسال منطقه در بر مي گيرد كه شناخت كافي نسبت به اصلاحات ارضي داشتند. نمونه ها به صورت هدفمند انتخاب شدند و نمونه گيري تا زمان رسيدن به اشباع داده ها ادامه يافت. جمع آوري داده ها از طريق مصاحبه هاي عميق فردي و گفتگوهاي نيمه ساختارمند صورت گرفت. براي تجزيه و تحليل داده ها از مفاهيم استخراج شده از گرافها و متن مصاحبه ها، عكسها و تصاوير استفاده شد. در هدف سوم، بررسي پيامدهاي اجتماعي ايجاد شده در جريان اصلاحات ارضي در منطقه با استفاده از پارادايم كيفي و روش تحقيق توصيفي- تحليلي صورت گرفت. در اين هدف نيز جامعه مورد مطالعه را كشاورزان كهنسال منطقه، مطلعين و افراد بالاي 50 سال تشكيل دادند. نمونه گيري به صورت هدفمند انجام شد و جمع آوري دادها تا زماني كه داده هاي به دست آمده تكراري شدند انجام پذيرفت. براي تجزيه و تحليل داده ها از تكنيك تحليل محتواي ارتباطي با استفاده از روش مرسوم كدگذاري باز و محوري بهره گرفته شد. نتايج نتايج واكاوي اثرات اصلاحات ارضي بر ساختار اجتماعي در دهستان شيان نشان داد، كسب منزلت اجتماعي، استقلال، خوداتكايي و اعتماد به نفس، حذف روابط ارباب- رعيتي و رهايي از سلطه مالكان و زمينداران بزرگ از دستاوردهاي مثبت اصلاحات ارضي در منطقه بوده است كه همگي به دنبال مالكيت شخصي كشاورزان ايجاد شد. از سوي ديگر حذف قدرت مالكان و ايجاد خلاء مديريتي، از مهمترين پيامدهاي منفي اصلاحات ارضي است. در راستاي هدف دوم، نتايج اين تحقيق نشان داد كه اصلاحات ارضي، مورفولوژي روستا را هم به لحاظ مساكن و بافت روستا و هم به لحاظ مورفولوژي زراعي دگرگون ساخته است. استفاده از معماري شهري و مصالح غير بومي در بازسازي مساكن، باعث تغيير كاربري مساكن و از بين رفتن هويت اصيل سيماي روستا گرديد. به طوري كه بدون در نظر گرفتن شرايط محيطي روستا، كاركرد و ساختار مساكن كه بر اساس رويكرد توليدي بود دستخوش تغيير و تحول نمود. و روحيه مصرف گرايي و تجمل گرايي را در دهستان ترويج نمود. همچنين نتايج بررسي مورفولوژي زراعي در دهستان شيان نشان داد كه كوچك شدن واحدهاي كشت، از بين رفتن شيوه كشت تجاري تك محصولي و ايجاد تنوع كشت، باعث تغيير در الگوي كشت در اين دهستان گرديد. در هدف سوم، نتايج اين تحقيق نشان داد كه افزايش بيكاري، مهاجرت، خلاء مديريتي، تغيير در تنوع و گونه هاي كشت، ايجاد استقلال، افزايش امكانات رفاهي، كاهش بي سوادي، تشكيل شركت هاي تعاوني و افزايش سطح بهداشت از پيامدهاي اجتماعي اصلاحات ارضي در دهستان است كه هر كدام به نوبه خود تاثيرات مثبت و منفي زيادي در منطقه بر جاي گذاشته است. بحث مهم ترين علت عدم توفيق برنامه هاي اصلاحي و عمراني روستايي علاوه بر مديريت كارآمد، توجه نكردن به ظرفيتها و اسنعدادهاي هر منطقه و عدم تناسب برنامه ها با شرايط محيطي و اقليمي و بسترهاي فرهنگي هر روستاست. لذا در راستاي توسعه و عمران روستاها، توصيه مي شود برنامه ريزان و سياست گذاران برنامه هاي توسعه روستايي، قبل از طراحي و اجراي برنامه شرايط محيطي و ظرفيتهاي منطقه را مد نظر داشته و متناسب با آن برنامه هاي كاربردي و اختصاصي ارائه دهند و از پتانسيل هاي هر منطقه براي بهبود وضعيت روستاها بهره كافي گرفته شود. كلمات كليدي: اصلاحات ارضي، ساختار اجتماعي، مورفولوژي، دهستان شيان

  AbstractThe issues related to ownership and to bit lands, disputes created by land revoloutions are major challenges in agriculture section. Cadaster is a strategy that its use in Iran agriculture condition can be caused safe condition. On the other words, list ordered is associated to land parts that contain area, dimensions, application type, registration properties. Iran has not been paid much attentions cadaster up to 2014 years. Seemingly, cadaster plane has conducted from 2015 years in the country for imroving problems created on agriculture parts. For these reasons, cadaster has not still been evaluated. Thus, the present study was conducted to evaluate the cadaster in Mahidasht townshi   in Kermanshah province. This study was conducted in qualitive form. The participants were ownerships and farmers in Mahidasht township, expertises in special section (companies conductor cadaster), in governmental section (Agriculture Jihad) and elites in agriculture section). To collect the data, semi-structured, group, observational and documental interviews were used. The results showed that the most important purpose for cadaster is to fix ownerships, and preparation of agriculture document. The most important disputes in Mahidasht was associated to heritance and application change. To obtain the purposes, not only private and governmental sections must be involved in conducting cadaster, but other people that benefite must be involved. It can be stated that cadaster is successive plane and can decreases disputes among farmers. The obatined results can have acheivements for Agriculture Jihad organization and the use of cadaster can be used for improving the purposes.   Cadaster can promte sustainable agriculture without the effect on disputes.Keywords: Cadaster, land cadaster,   roperty rights, land conflict, right to own land, land disputes, qualitive capability     

چكيدهرشد روزافزون جمعيت جهان، دستيابي همه افراد به تغذيه كافي و مطلوب را دچار مشكل ساخته است. موضوع كمبود مواد پروتئيني در اغلب كشورها، اهميت توليد و مصرف حبوبات را، مورد تأكيد قرارمي­دهد. افزون بر آن، حبوبات در تقويت حاصلخيزي خاك، تأمين علوفه دام و ايجاد پوشش گياهي مناسب و جلوگيري از فرسايش خاك نيز در ايران، موثراست (حسيني،   2008). نخود از نظر سطح زيركشت در بين حبوبات مقام اول را دارد كه بطور عمده بصورت ديم در غرب وشمال­غرب كشور كشت مي‌شود. نخود در عمده مناطق ايران بطور معمول در فصل بهار كشت مي­گردد. محققان معتقدند، انجام كشت پاييزه نخود بهتر از كشت مرسوم بهاره است و عملكرد محصول را افزايش مي­دهد. زيرا در كشت پاييزه مزاياي متعددي از بهره­مندي از نزولات آسماني پاييز و زمستان، ماشيني­كردن توليد، مقابله با خشكسالي، كاهش هزينه و افزايش توليد و درآمد وجود دارد. بنابراين اقداماتي از جمله، شناسايي و معرفي ارقام نخود پاييزه، طراحي و عرضه ماشين آلات وتجهيزات مورد نياز، انجام فعاليت­هاي تبليغي و ترويجي، واگذاري يارانه وتسهيلات كم­بهره، و ترويج فرهنگ مصرف نخود، توسط دستگاه­هاي زيربط از جمله سازمان جهاد كشاورزي استان كرمانشاه و مديريت جهاد كشاورزي روانسر، انجام شد. شواهد نشان مي­دهد پس از گذشت بيش از يك دهه از معرفي زراعت نخود پاييزه در بين كشاورزان روانسر و با وصف تلاش­هاي صورت گرفته در نشر، پذيرش و توسعه زراعت نخود پاييزه توفيق چنداني حاصل نشده­  hy; است بطوري­كه سالانه كمتر از 20 درصد از سطوح زراعت نخود ديم شهرستان روانسر، بصورت پاييزه اجرا مي­گردد. به نظر ميرسد پذيرش و توسعه زراعت نخود پاييزه از سوي كشاورزان روانسر از جنبه­هاي متعدد اقتصادي، اجتماعي، زراعي و زيست محيطي، حائز اهميت باشد. بنابراين بررسي و شناسايي عوامل موثر بر پذيرش اين محصول در ميان كشاورزان روانسراحساس ميگردد. بنابراين تحقيق حاضر، از نظر ماهيت از نوع پژوهش‌هاي كمي- كيفي، با غالبيت كمي و از لحاظ اهداف از نوع كاربردي مد نظر قرار گرفت. جامعه آماري تحقيق در بخش كمّي شامل 170 نفر از نخودكاران شهرستان روانسر مي­باشند، كه در سال زراعي 1396-1395 در دهستان‌هاي بدر و حسن‌آباد حداقل براي دومين بار، اقدام به زراعت نخود پاييزه نموده­اند. در اين مرحله محقق با ارائه آمار توصيفي و با استفاده از مدل پذيرش راجرز (1995) به تحليل پذيرش زراعت نخود پاييزه در شهرستان روانسر مي­پردازد. به عبارت ديگر، ويژگي­هاي پنج­گانه نوآوري راجرز (مزيت نسبي، پيچيدگي، سازگاري، مشاهده­پذيري و آزمون­پذيري) در فرايند پذيرش و انتخاب زراعت نخود پاييزه توسط نخودكاران روانسر، مورد تحليل و تبيين قرار گرفت. در ادامه به منظور اطمينان و اعتبار بخشي به يافته­هاي كمي از روش كيفي، با بهره­گيري از تكنيك مطالعه موردي استفاده شد. نتايج فاز كمي تحقيق نشان داد، از نظر نخودكاران پاييزه روانسر زراعت نخود پاييزه داراي ويژگي­هاي نوآورانه تئوري راجرز مي­باشد و اين ويژگي­ها نقش موثري در پذيرش اين زراعت داشته است. در اين ميان بيشترين نقش به ترتيب مربوط به ويژگي مشاهده­پذيري، آزمون­پذيري، سازگاري، مزيت نسبي و پيچيدگي است. يافته­هاي فاز كيفي تحقيق، بطور عميق نقش و تاثير خصوصيات پنجگانه نوآوري راجرز را در پذيرش زراعت نخود پاييزه   را نشان داد و به نتايج فاز كمي اعتبار بخشيد. بطور كلي نتايج تحقيق مؤيد نقش تاثير گذار ويژگي­هاي نوآورانه زراعت نخود پاييزه در پذيرش اين زراعت مي­باشد بطوري­كه نخودكاران پاييزه ابتدا متكي به مشاهدات عيني خود از منافع زراعت نخود پاييزه هستند. سپس ترجيح مي­دهند در صورت امكان، آنرا آزمون و امتحان نمايند و چنانچه با شرايط آنان سازگاري داشته و از مزيت نسبي برخوردار بود، اين زراعت را پذيرفته و در جهت كاهش پيچيدگي آن تلاش مي­نمايند. به عبارت ديگر ويژگي­هاي مشاهده­پذيري و آزمون­پذيري در پذيرش اوليه و ابتدايي زراعت نخود پاييزه نقش بسزايي دارد و ويژگي­هاي سازگاري، مزيت نسبي و پيچيدگي در تداوم و پذيرش نهايي مؤثرتر هستند.

 Being the second most important vegetable crop, Tomato (Sol lycopersicum) is an excellent source of health-promoting compounds that its production adversary affected by ranges of biotic and abiotic stresses worldwide. Amongst, parasitic weed Orobanche sp. (=Phelipanche sp.) is one of the most important threats that causes heavy economic losses both in greenhouse and fields. The present study shows the effects of Orobanche parasitism on tomato through differential expression analysis via Oligo-dT anchored cDNA-SCoT technique to identify differentially expressed fragments in 2 tissues of tomato during 4 developmental stages. Amongst 36 evaluated SCoT primers, 11 primers showed a clear differential display. Comparison of expression pattern between infested and corresponding control samples showed both down- or up-regulation of fragments resulting in the following identification of functional genes involved in the interaction of tomato with the parasite.

  The research was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of informal vocational training of wheat farming in the province of Kermanshah. The study population of this study is trained farmers in the field of wheat farming in Kermanshah province, which was trained in the field of wheat cultivation in 1395-1393. They are unaware of wheat farming. This research was carried out using qualitative method. For sampling and collecting data, a semi-structured interview was used. In this regard, 22 of the participants in the dir="RTL">  

پيش بيني پذيرش نظام كشاورزي حفاظتي در اقليم كردستان عراق با استفاده از قضييه بيز:مطالعه موردي منطقه گرميان

ارزيابي عملكرد شركت هاي خدمات بيمه اي كشاورزي در استان كرمانشاه