The cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a key storage pest of legumes in tropical regions such as Iran, with losses reaching up to 90% during storage. Damage includes seed weight reduction, perforation, and secondary contamination. Using chemical insecticides such as malathion and thiamethoxam in storage faces challenges, including pest resistance and environmental pollution. Therefore, integrated pest management (IPM) with entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae is proposed to reduce the use of these insecticides. These fungi control pests by penetrating the cuticle and producing degradative enzymes, but their slow action requires a combination with insecticides. This study aimed to evaluate the individual efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (selected isolate) and two commonly used insecticides, thiamethoxam (a neonicotinoid) and malathion (an organophosphate), as well as their interactions on adult C. maculatus under laboratory conditions. After determining lethal and sublethal doses and other toxicological parameters using probit models for single agents, the impact of simultaneous application of the fungus with sublethal insecticide doses was assessed. Analytical methods such as the co-toxicity coefficient (CTC) and combination analysis models were used to evaluate the type of interaction (synergistic, additive, or antagonistic). The laboratory methodology included Iranian-native fungal isolates, pest rearing on chickpea (28°C, 75% RH), bioassays at various concentrations, and statistical analysis of synergy. Results showed that the selected fungal isolates were highly virulent; B. bassiana and M. anisopliae caused 70-85% mortality at 10^6-10^7 conidia/mL concentrations. In seed treatment, insecticides were more effective with thiamethoxam, having a lower LD50. Regarding compatibility, sublethal insecticide doses (LD25) had only minor adverse effects on mycelial growth (10-15% reduction), sporulation (20% reduction), and conidial viability (80-90% retained), with malathion being more compatible than thiamethoxam. Regarding mixtures, results showed that combining the fungus with LC25 of insecticides induced synergy, raising mortality to 90-95% and reducing lethal time from 7-10 days to 4-6 days. The interaction between thiamethoxam at a sublethal dose and M. anisopliae produced the most potent synergistic effect. This indicates that a very low dose of thiamethoxam (about one-quarter of LD50) amplified the fungus's pest-killing ability by more than threefold. This synergy is likely due to neonicotinoids weakening the insect's immune system, facilitating fungal penetration. Native isolates are effective, and co-application reduces pesticide use by 50-70%, manages resistance, and preserves the environment. Synergism is due to the weakening by insecticides and easier fungal entry. Compared to similar studies, Iranian native isolates perform better. Challenges include fungal persistence at low storage humidity and the need for commercial formulations. Recommendations include field trials and integration with other IPM factors for broader application in Iranian storage systems. This study lays the groundwork for combined biological-chemical formulations to enhance food security and sustainable agriculture.    Keywords: Malathion, thiamethoxam, toxicity, mixture, synergism, antagonism, fungal fitness, integrated pest management.   

   This study was conducted to assess the transgenerational sensitivity dynamics and bioefficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis su  . kurstaki (Bt) in the control of third instar larvae of the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) over four consecutive generations. Laboratory bioassays using various concentrations of Bt were performed on the parental generation (F0) and successive progenies (F1, F2, F3). Results indicated that cumulative mortality rates and sensitivity indices—including LC50, resistance ratio (RR), and lethal dose ratios—declined significantly in later generations. The parent and first filial generations were most susceptible to Bt spores and crystals, but with continuous selection pressure, resistance development was pronounced in the second generation (RR=2.92), reaching maximum resistance in the third (RR=7.25). The LT50 values rarely reached 50% lethality except at high concentrations in the initial generation; for most treatments and especially in later generations, this threshold was not attained. Statistical modeling was used to examine the relationship between LC~50~ and LT~50~ across all generations. All models confirmed a strong positive correlation (r=0.92), demonstrating that increasing resistance or reduced sensitivity under selection pressure substantially delayed larval mortality. Nonlinear power regression (R²=0.89) and generalized linear modeling with a gamma distribution (Deviance explained=85%) further validated the robust relationship between dependent and independent variables. These findings underscore that repeated use of Bt, without resistance management strategies such as refugia, accelerates resistance development and reduces biological control effectiveness. Therefore, sustainable pest management in field conditions should include insecticide rotation, creation of Bt-free refuges, and implementation of higher, targeted concentrations. This research demonstrated rapid transgenerational resistance evolution under laboratory selection, emphasizing the need for regular monitoring and prevention of both genetic and epigenetic resistance in key pest populations under greenhouse and field conditions. Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis, cotton bollworm, transgenerational resistance, bioassay, successive generations, statistical modeling, biological control

The parasitoid wasp, Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hym., Braconidae), plays a crucial role in the biological control of lepidopteran larvae. However, producers face significant challenges in storing and maintaining the quality of this wasp during cold storage, as the production process for both the wasp and its host takes approximately two months. Optimal cold storage is essential not only for preventing a decline in the wasp's quality but also for ensuring a constant supply of sufficient and timely quantities. This study investigated the impact of feeding during a four-week cold storage period on the mortality rate and biological characteristics of H. hebetor. This study was conducted experimentally under laboratory conditions. The host, Mediterranean flour moth larvae (Ephestia kuhniella Zeller), was reared at a temperature of 27±2°C, with a relative humidity of 65±5%, in darkness. The parasitoid wasp, H. hebetor, was reared at a temperature of 25±2°C, with a relative humidity of 65±5%, and a photoperiod of 16L:8D hours. Adult wa   of the same age were kept in a refrigerator at 5±1°C under two conditions: without feeding and with feeding using a diluted water and honey solution (1:5 every 48 hours). In each condition, at least 20 pairs of adult male and female wa   of the same age were observed. After verifying the normality of the data, statistical comparisons were made using one-way ANOVA, and treatments were grouped using the Tukey HSD test. The results of this study demonstrate that feeding the parasitoid wasp H. hebetor during cold storage positively impacts the quality and efficiency of the wa  . Specifically, providing a diluted water and honey solution reduced mortality, increased oviposition, and improved parasitism, without affecting the sex ratio. Feeding during cold storage can prevent high mortality rates and reduce quality loss and inefficiency in H. hebetor. These findings can assist producers in optimizing storage methods and maintaining wasp quality, ensuring a consistent supply of high-quality wa   when needed for biological control. Keywords: Feeding, storage, parasitoid wa  , mediterranean flour moth, and biological control   

كنه(Trombidiformes: Iolinidae)   (McGregor, 1932) Pronematus ubiquitus كنه كوچكي است كه قادر است به‌طور چشم‌گيري، جمعيت تعدادي از آفات و بيماري را كنترل كند. اين شكارگر اندازه بسيار كوچك و سرعت تحرك فوق‌العاده‌اي دارد. روي سطح برگ برخي گياهان، تعداد زيادي پرزهاي غده‌اي وجود دارد كه وجود اين پرزها مانع از استقرار و حركت مناسب شكارگرهايي مانند كنه‌هاي Phytoseiidae مي‌شوند. ولي كنه P. ubiquitus به‌دليل ويژگي‌هاي فوق‌الذكر، قادر است به راحتي پشت و روي برگ گياهان ميزبان حركت كرده و از آفات و عوامل بيماري‌زاي سطح برگ تغذيه كند. كاربرد اين شكارگر به عنوان يك عامل كنترل بيولوژيك، مي‌تواند به ميزان قابل توجهي از مصرف آفت‌كش‌هاي شيميايي بكاهد. نوسانات جمعيت و الگوي توزيع فضايي كنه‌يP. ubiquitus   روي درختان توت و بوته‌هاي لوبيا سبز در فصول بهار، تابستان و پاييز سال ???? در شهرستان كرمانشاه مورد مطالعه و بررسي قرار گرفت. نمونه‌برداري‌ها به صورت فواصل منظم و هفتگي صورت گرفت. نمونه‌برداري اوليه با در نظر گرفتن خطاي نسبي ??/? با ?? نمونه آغاز شد. در اين بررسي براي تعيين الگوي توزيع فضايي كنه‌ي P. ubiquitus، دو روش قانون توان تيلور و شاخص‌ رگرسيوني آيوائو مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. در اين مطالعه الگوي توزيع فضايي روي گياهان مورد مطالعه براي هر دو شاخص از نوع تجمعي به دست آمد. اثر دما و رطوبت نسبي نيز مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. براساس رگرسيون خطي، نوسانات جمعيت كنه با دما براي لوبيا معني‌دار نبود ولي براي توت تفاوت معني‌دار و رابطه‌ي منفي مشاهده شد. همچنين رگرسيون خطي بين رطوبت نسبي و نوسانات جمعيت كنه براي لوبيا معني‌دار نبود، ولي براي توت رابطه‌‌ي مثبت و معني‌دار مشاهده شد. مطالعه‌ي نوسانات جمعيت و الگوي توزيع فضايي كنه‌ها مي‌تواند به تنظيم برنامه‌هاي نمونه‌برداري و تخمين جمعيت آن‌ها در مديريت تلفيقي محصولات مختلف كمك كند.   

   The Mesquites shrub is the dominant forest cover in the south of Sistan and Baluchestan province. This shrub has many uses for the indigenous people of these regions by producing animal fodder, wood production, green space and medical uses. The fauna of mites associated with Mesquites shrub has not been studied in Iran so far and there is no knowledge of the existence of beneficial or harmful species of mites in this region. During a study from 1401 to 1403, samples were taken from the branches and leaves of trees and also the soil under the shade of Mesquites shrubs in the Konarak region of Sistan and Baluchestan province to collect the fauna of mites associated withMesquites, then the samples were transferred to the laboratory for slide preparation and microscopic identification, in the laboratory the samples were separated and cured with lactic acid and microscopic slides were prepared from them by Hoyer. The obtained samples were separated according to the family and identified using a valid internal and external key. Also, some samples were sent to the relevant specialist for confirmation. In this study, a total of 15 species belonging to 12 families and seven superfamilies were collected and identified, with species new to the world marked with (*), species new to Iran marked with (**), and species new to Sistan and Baluchestan marked with (***) as follows: Superfamily Trtranychoidea Donnadieu, 1857: Family Tetranychidae Donnadieu, 1875: Magdalena   .**, Superfamily Raphignathoidea Kramer, 1877: Family Eupalopselidae Willmann, 1952: Exothoris sp.***, Family Caligonelidae Grangjean, 1944: Neognayhus eupalopus Meyer & Ueckerman, 1989,*** Molothrognathus mehrnejadi Liang & Zhang, 1977, Family Camerobiidae Southcott, 1957: Neophyllobius sp., Family Raphignathidae Kramer, 1877: Raphignathus zhaoi Hu, Jian & Liang, 1995, Raphignathus sp., Superfamily Tydeoidea Kramer, 1877: Family Tydeidae Kramer, 1877: Neolorryia pandana Baker, 1968,** Lorryia sp.*, Family Iolinidae Pritchard, 1956, Pronematus ubiquitous McGregor, 1932,*** Superfamily Bdelloidea: Family Bdellidae Duge?s, 1834, Spinibdella cronini Baker & Blocker, 1944, Family Cunaxidae Thor, 1902: Cunaxa capreolus Berlese, 1889, Superfamily Erythraeoidea: Family Erythraeidae Oudemans, 1902: Andrevella sp.Superfamily Caeculoidea: Family Caeculidae: Allocaeculus sp. Superfamily Phytoseioidea: Family Phytoseiidae Berlese, 1916: Neoseiulus marginatus.

The study aimed to explore how various levels of protected vitamin AD3E supplementation impact the performance, blood parameters, ruminal fermentation, carcass characteristics, and diet digestibility of fattening lamb. Twenty-four male lambs with an average weight of 34.11±3.64 kg and an age range of three to four months were divided into three groups eight in each, using a completely randomized design and kept in individual pen for 70 days. In the experiment, there were three groups of treatments. The first group served as the control and received a base diet without vitamin supplements. The second group received one kilogram per ton of protected vitamin AD3E mixed in the feed. The third group received two kilograms per ton of the same vitamin mixed in the feed. During the experiment, growth performance parameters were evaluated weekly and rumen fermentation and blood parameters were assessed at the end of the study. The results showed that supplementing the diet with protected AD3E improved daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio of male lambs, and was significant in the second treatment compared to the control (P<0.05). The final weight of lambs receiving the protected vitamin supplement was higher than the control group (P<0.05). Adding two kilograms per ton of the AD3E supplement to the diet increased volatile fatty acids, gas production, and degraded organic matter in the rumen compared to the control (P<0.05). The concentration of ammonia nitrogen in lambs receiving the AD3E supplement was higher than that of control (P<0.05). Digestibility of the diet and quantitative carcass traits were not affected by the experimental treatments. The total protozoa population and entodiniomorphs in the second group of lambs were higher than the others (P<0.05). The third group of lambs had higher total protein and lower cholesterol and LDL concentrations compared to the other experimental groups (P<0.05). Overall, the results of this study showed that the use of protected AD3E vitamin supplement in the diet of lambs improved the performance of fattening lambs through positive effects on rumen fermentation and blood parameters, although it had no effect on diet digestibility.   

  چكيده: با توجه به اهميت و نقش درختان در اكوسيستمهاي نواحي غربي كشورمان فون كنههاي پيشاستيگما كه قسمت مهمي از كنههاي آفتزاي گياهي و همچنين كنههاي شكارگر را شامل ميشوند مورد مطالعه و تحقيق قرار گرفت. براي رسيدن به اين هدف نمونهبرداريهايي از بهمن 1400 تا بهمن 1401 از شاخ و برگ و خاك و غيره درختان ميوه منطقه چرداول انجام و سپس نمونهها براي تهيه اسلايد ميكروسكوپي به آزمايشگاه انتقال يافت. در اين مطالعه در مجموع 20 گونه متعلق به 11 خانواده جمعآوري و شناسايي شدند كه گونههاي شناسايي شده در اين مطالعه به شرح ذيل است: Super Family: Tetranychoidea Donnadieu, 1876, Family: Tenuipalpidae Berlese, 1913, Tenuipalpus punicae Pritchard & Baker, 1958 Tenuipalpus granti Sayed, 1946 Family: Tetranychidae Donnadieu, 1875 Oligonychus sp. Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 Eotetranychus frosti (M cGrego, 1952) Super Family: Bdelloidea Family: Bdeliidae Duges, 1834 Spinibdella cronini (Baker and Balock, 1944) Family: Cunaxidae Thor, 1902 Cunaxa sp. Coleoscirus simplex (Ewing, 1917) Super Family: Tydeoidea Family: Iolinidae Peritchard, 1956 Neopronematus rapidus (Kuznetzov, 1972) Neopronematus kamali Darbemamieh-Hajiganbar, 2015 Pronematus ubiquitous (McGregor, 1932) Family: Ereynetidae Oudemans, 1931 Ereynetes sp. Super Family: Raphignathoidea Kramer, 1877 Family: Caligonellidae Grandjean, 1994 Molothrognathus mehrnejadi Liang & Zhang, 2015 Molothrognathus sp. Family: Raphignathidae Kramer, 1877 Raphignathus gracilic (Rack, 1962) Raphignathus sp. Super Family: Erythraeoidea Family: Erythraeidae Oudemans, 1902 Erythraeus sp. Abrolophus sp. Family: Anystidae Oudemans, 1936 Erythracarus pyrrholeucus Hermann, 1804 Super Family: Eupodoidea Family Eupodidae Koch, 1882 Eupodes sp.

   Judas thrips, Thrips vulgatissimus Haliday is one of the species living on Judas trees and shrubs. In this study, in addition to the faunistic investigation of thrips associated with Judas trees, population fluctuation and spatial distribution of this species were studied in the Arghavan Strait located in Ilam city during the years 2022-2023. Four branches of 20 cm on each tree in different geographical directions were selected as the sampling unit. Sampling was done every three days, the branches of Judas trees were shaken on a white plastic tray, and then the thrips were transferred with a soft brush into an Eppendorf tube containing 75% ethyl alcohol. Totally, 10 thrips species belonging to six genera from four different families were collected and identified from the flowers of the Judas trees located in the Arghavan Strait. The results showed that the Judas thrips population has two population peaks. The first population of Judas thrips was observed on the first day of April 2023. The highest population density of Judas thrips was obtained in the first peak with an average of 30.60 ± 6.23 and the highest density in the second peak with an average of 73.75 ± 7.64 thrips per sampling unit. The results of spatial distribution based on Taylor’s power law methods showed that the spatial distribution was aggregated. In addition, geographical directions had no significant effect on the density of Judas thrips. In general, the results of this study showed that the population density of Judas thrips is higher at the beginning of the season and in the first generation, which is proportional to the flowering time of Judas trees.

   Oak forests located in the western part of country represent a significant ecological advantage due to their rich biodiversity. These forests include diverse species of oak, Quercus   . Mismanagement and adverse climatic factors make this valuable ecosystem prone to attack by pest insects and the pest insects also accelerate the process of forest deterioration. These pest insects not only cause damage to the forests but also expedite the process of forest deterioration. One of the major pests that target oak trees in the Zagros region is the acorn weevil, Curculio glandium Marsh (Col.: Curculionidae). The larvae of this insect feed on the internal contents of the oak fruits, leading to their damage. Consequently, this disturbs the natural process of the regeneration and hampers the forest's ability to regenerate naturally. This study was conducted in 2022-2023, simultaneously in Dalahu and Islamabad oak forests. From the beginning to the end of the growing season, oak trees were regularly visited and sampled. Oak fruits were randomly collected, than the data were collected and recorded. In the laboratory, infested samples were dissected under a microscope. The biological stages of the pest, such as the place and time of egg laying, the hatching time, the larval stages, the occurrence of the adult insect, morphological characters and natural enemies were investigated. Based on the collected data and climatological data of the region, the peak population in Dalahu was determined on the 20th of Mehr (2022) and in Islamabad West on the 12th of Mehr (2022).The acorn weevil, Curculio glandium, shows an annual life cycle, completing one generation per year. The spatial distribution pattern in Dalahu was determined to be of the cumulative type, while in Eslamabad-e  Gharb it was found to be of the random type. The results of this study are effective in improving management measures to control this acorn weevil pest. Keywords: Biological agents, Forest, Acorn feeders, Oak, Western country, Kermanshah

   The greater wax moth is one of the most important pests of stored products and honeybee colonies especially honeybee wax combs in the hives or stored wax combs which this pest inflicts heavy damage on beekeepers every year by feeding on wax combs inside the hives as well as stored wax combs. The present study aimed to investigate different methods of integrated management of large wax moths in beehives and storage warehouses during the spring to summer of 1402 in 35 Iranian honey bee colonies in the climatic conditions of Marivan city of Kurdistan province, Iran. This study was carried out in the form of a completely randomized design with six treatments (including strong apiary, weak apiary, dark warehouse, light warehouse, organic acid treatment, and control treatments) and five replications. Field surveys were conducted for 20 days on experimental treatments. Variance analysis of data was done using    V.22 software, and a comparison of averages was done based on the LSD method. The results of the variance analysis of the number of wax moths in the strong apiary showed that there is a significant difference between the groups (P < 0.05). Based on the results of the average comparison, the highest number of wax moths was observed in the control treatment, and the lowest its was related to treatments 1 and 4. The results of the variance analysis of the number of wax moths in the poor apiary showed that there is a significant difference between the groups (P < 0.05). Based on the results of the average comparison, the highest number of wax moths was observed in the second treatment, and the lowest its was in the control treatment. The results of variance analysis of the mortality rate of wax moths in the treatment of organic acids showed that there is a significant difference between the groups (P < 0.05). Based on the results of the average comparison, the highest and lowest number of dead wax moths were related to formic acid and control treatments, respectively. The results of the variance analysis of the number of adult wax moths seen in the dark warehouse showed that there is a significant difference between the groups (P < 0.05). Based on the results of the average comparison, the highest number of wax moths was observed in treatment 5, and the lowest was related to the control treatment. The results of variance analysis of the number of adult insects observed in the bright warehouse showed that there is a significant difference between the groups (P < 0.05). Based on the results of the average comparison, the highest and lowest number of observed wax moths were related to the control treatment and second treatment, respectively.

   In this research, sequential sampling of different species of thrips was done in three important rangelands of Javanrud (Kermanshah province) from March 2023 to June 2023. These pastures included Deh-Sarkh (1500 meters), Massander (1370 meters) and Gandab (1270 meters). Sampling was done weekly by shaking selected plants between three sites into a white tray. Plants of the three sampling sites included wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis), oats (Avena fatua L), chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L), shepherd's purse (Capsella bursapastoris) and wild barley   (Hordeum spontaneum). The results showed that among the total number of 10,503 samples collected from the three sites of Javanroud, 18 species of thrips belonging to four families, including Aeolothripidae (four species), Melanthripidae (one species), Thripidae (nine species) and Phlaeothripidae (four species) were found on five abundant plant species were identified.   Among these 18 species, the four dominant species in the region were Rhipidiothrips brunneus, Melanthrips knechteli, Thrips meridionalis (Priesner) and Haplothrips reuteri (Karny). Results based on critical indicators such as Shannon-Wiener and Simpson Ds showed a difference between the three sampling sites in terms of biodiversity. Based on both Shannon- (2.76) and Simson Ds (0.93) indices, the highest diversity of thrips species is found in the Gandab pasture. The two sites of Deh Sarkh and Massander have almost similar species diversity. The equitability index (=j) for Gandab (0.95) and Deh Sorekh (0.92) was higher than Massander (0.90). The results of the Principal Component Analysis showed that the tendency of thrips species to disperse among the three regions is different from each other. The species similarity index based on the Chekanovsky coefficient showed that the highest species composition is the same between Deh Sorkh and Massander pastures, which are closer to each other in terms of height than the sea level. The Shannon-Wiener Biodiversity Index showed that the highest biodiversity of thrips species in the Deh Sorekh site is on A. fatua L (2.69), H. spontaneum (2.67) and S. arvensis (2.43) plants, respectively. According to the Simson index, the highest diversity of thrips species in the Deh Sorekh site is on A. fatua (0.92) and H. spontaneum (0.92) plants. On the other hand, considering that the lowest Simson diversity index recorded on the rest of the plants was in the range between 0.81 and 0.88.   Therefore, all five selected plants are important host plants for thrips collected, but A. fatua, H. spontaneum   and S. arvensis plants are more key plants in relation to the biodiversity of different species of thrips in Deh-sorkh. The highest pillo uniformity index (equitability=j) in Deh Sarkh was on C. bursapastoris (0.95), in Massander on H. spontaneum   (0.95) and C. bursapastoris (0.95), and in Gandab on A. fatua (0.96) and H. spontaneum   (0.96). In all three sites of Javanroud, the highest carrying capacity in relation to multiple species of thrips was related to wild mustard plant. The similarity index results of thrips species on selected host plants based on the PCA method and the NMDS in the three sampled sites showed that R. brunneus Williams and F. intonsa (Trybom) species had a higher abundance on A. fatua in the Deh-sorkh pasture. Rhipidiothrips brunneus, Frankliniella intonsa, Thrips meridionalis (Priesner) and Haplothrips reuteri (Karny) species are seen with the same abundance on S.arvensis, A. fatua   and H. spontaneum   lants.   However, the species Melanthrips knechteli

  Wheat is a strategic crop; therefore, its storage, especially in storage, encounters particular importance. The khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Evert (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), is a crucial polyphagous pest that causes irreversible damage, especially to wheat. Biological pest control agents that can be established in warehouse conditions are essential from the point of view of healthy food production. The predatory mite Celacaropsis sp. was reported first from the Entomology lab of the Razi University of Iran in 2019; for this reason, there was little information about it. Therefore, this research was aimed to precisely evaluate the morphology of different stages, prey preference, and age stage two-sex life table of the mentioned mite on two prey species, T. granarium, and the mill moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), for introducing an easy and affordable method for the mass rearing of the predator. Accordingly, it was determined that the number of mite stages is sex-dependent. Females had five stages (egg, larvae, protonymph, deutonymph, and adult), and males lacking deutonymph had four stages. Moreover, male adults had morphological dimorphism. No-choice test showed the predatory mite prefers egg to larval instars. In this condition, the predator consumed, on average, 5.9 eggs of the khapra beetle and 3.5 eggs of the mill moth during the 24-hour test, while it did not show any desire to feed on four- and five-year-old larvae and pupae. The egg of both prey species was the most preferred stage for the predator in the way that the prey preference index values (Manley's ?) were obtained at 0.76 and 0.47, respectively. In choosing between the eggs of both prey species, the predator preferred the egg of the khapra beetle to the egg of the mill moth. The life table study of predatory mite on eggs of both species showed that the percentage of pre-adult survival rate and the mean fecundity were higher in T. granarium than E. kuehniella. On the contrary, the mean of the adult pre-oviposition period was more in the mill moth treatment than in another treatment. Also, females constituted only 28% of the adult mites that had fed on E. kuehniella, while they accounted for 65% of the population in the opposite treatment. Feeding on the khapra beetle egg increased the mean of all population parameters compared with providing on the mill moth's egg and, on the contrary, decreased the mean generation time. The ratio of intrinsic mean increase (r) in T. granarium to E. kuehniella as the most critical population parameter was 3.32. This research showed that the khapra beetle egg is a desirable prey for the predatory Celacaropsis sp. and has the potential for use in the mass rearing of this mite. However, before making a definite recommendation, more studies are needed. Key words: The predatory mite, Cheyletidae, Trogoderma granarium, Ephestia kuehniella, preferred prey, two-sex life table

Stonefruit trees are very important in Iran and play an important role in the country's economy. Various pests and diseases reduce the performance of these products. Mediterranean fruit fly with the scientific name Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Dip: Tephritidae) is one of the most damaging pests of kernel trees in the world. o control this pest, the use of chemical methods is not appropriate due to the side effects, and it is necessary to use methods such as mass trapping using traps and different attractants. This study was conducted in 2022 as a complete random block design in a mixed fruit garden (peach, nectarine, plum, apricot, and almond) in the agricultural research center and natural resources of Kermanshah with an area of two hectares. In this study, the performance of several types of attractant compounds (Seratrope, Trimedlor, Biolor, Protein hydrolyzate, Sugar beet molasses, and Ammonium acetate) in attracting Mediterranean fruit fly was investigated using McPhail trap.    software was used to analyze the variance of the data obtained from the study of different Mediterranean fruit fly attractants and the average treatments were compared with the Tukey test at the five percent level. The trend of weekly changes in the mediterranean fruit fly population in different treatments and sampling dates was drawn using Excel software. The results of this research showed that the first female Mediterranean fruit fly was caught on 10 July 2022 and the first male Mediterranean fruit fly was caught on 16 July 2022. The peak population date of this pest was 11 September 2022 with 234 flies. Based on the results of the analysis of variance, there was a significant difference between different attractants in terms of the number of trapped pests (df=4; f=249/97; pvalue<0.01). Baylor treatment attracted the highest average of Mediterranean flies, and Baylor treatment attracted the highest average of Mediterranean flies, and Baylor treatment, Trimedlor®, and Ammonium acetate treatments were placed. In addition, the amount of damage caused to the desired garden was 35%. Baylor and Trimedlor attractants, which had the highest hunting of Mediterranean fruit flies, are recommended to control this pest.      

   Scale insects are important pests of agricultural, horticultural and forestry plants. This group of insects, has more than 8000 identified species in the world and more than 300 species in Iran. Scale insects often damage directly by feeding on plant sap; and indirectly by transmitting virus or by producing honeydew and disrupting photosynthesis. In this research, random sampling of plants and trees, was carried out in warm climatic area, including, Qasr-Shirin, Sarpol-Zahab and Gilan-Gharb regions. At the same time as collecting, recording information and field characteristics of the samples, photographing and transferring to the laboratory, some of the samples, in 75% alcohol, some for the breeding of scales and natural enemies related to them and some also mounted as microscope slides. The samples were identified using reliable sources at the genus and species level; The images and drawings of some samples, based on macroscopic and microscopic characters, were sent to the specialists for verification. In total, 14 plant scale insects from 4 families and 12 related natural enemy species were identified. Addition to the field research, the quarantine scales were divided into three categories based on location, including eight external quarantine scale species, one internal quarantine species, two species with internal quarantine potential of Kermanshah province and one species with external quarantine potential and updated. Among the samples, the species Lepidosaphes ulmi was found for the first time in the hypogeic form on the underground parts of Sorghum halepens in the world, and the species Phenacoccus solenopsis and Parthenolecanium persicae were found for the first time on wild lettuce (Lactuca serriola) and common Ash tree (Fraxinus excelsior) are reported in Iran. Parlatoria crypta, Planococcus ficus and Coccus hesperidum species are reported for the first time on raurel rose (Nerium oleander), fig (Ficus sp.) and judas tree (Cercis siliquastrum) respectively in Kermanshah province. In the following list, scale insects marked with one asterisk are reported for the first time from Iran and others with two asterisk are reported for the first time from Kermanshah province. Additionally, the natural enemies which associated with Kermes spatulatus marked with three asterisk are new for the science; and other natural enemies, which are marked with two asterisk, are new records for Iran. Diaspididae: Aonidiella orientalis**, Lepidosaphes ulmi, Parlatoria blanchardi, Parlatoria crypta, Parlatoria pergandii**, Odonaspis sp.** Pseudococcidae: Antonina graminis** (Natural enemies: Coccinellidae: Diomus rubidus**; Nephus sp.**), Nipaecoccus viridis** (foes:­ Aphelinidae: Marietta  leopardina**; Encyrtidae: Anagyrus sp.; Anagyrus pseudococci), Phenacoccus solenopsis** (foes: Coccinellidae: Nephus bipunctatus**; Scymnus sp.; Encyrtidae: Anagyrus orbitalis**), Planococcus ficus Coccidae: Coccus hesperidum, Parthenolecanium corni, Parthenolecanium persicae Kermesidae: Kermes spatulatus* (foes: Coccinellidae: Exochomus undulatus***; Eulophidae: Aprostocetus protasovi***; Phlaeothripidae: Haplothrips globiceps***) Keywords: Economic pests, morphology, external quarantine, biological control

Oilseed rape, Brassica napus L. (Brassicaceae), is one of the most important oilseed plants in the world. The false chinch bug, Nysius cymoides (Spinola) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), is a polyphagous insect whose nymphs and adults severely reduce crop yield and cause economic damage by feeding on rapeseed. Therefore, chemical control is considered one of the best ways to manage this pest due to its immediate effect. But considering the importance of food safety and the need to protect the environment, it is better to replace reduced-risk pesticides with broad-spectrum pesticides or use a combination of these compounds. In addition, mixing insecticides is a useful solution to delay pest resistance and reduce production costs. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of acetamiprid against the rapeseed false chinch bug and compare it with malathion, which is used in Iran to control this pest. The results of bioassays against adults in two application methods in greenhouse conditions showed that the insecticidal activity of both compounds as foliar spraying (Sp) is more than the soil application (SA). Also, acetamiprid was more toxic than malathion to N. cymoides. The interaction between the two insecticides was antagonistic in all tested cases, except where the recommended concentration of both was applied in an equal volume ratio in the soil, and the result was an additive interaction. Moreover, the persistence of insecticides was investigated for 21 days after treatment at one-week intervals. Accordingly, the mortality caused by the recommended concentration of malathion (RC) Sp decreased significantly within a week of the treatment and reached from 100% to 16.07%; however, acetamiprid was more durable, and the resulting mortality decreased from 92.71% to 34.82%. But in the SA method, on the contrary, malathion (RC) was much more persistent, and after one week, it still killed 53.13% of the treated insects. At the same time, acetamiprid (RC), even during the first 48 hours, caused only 60.71% mortality, but it did not lose much in terms of durability and caused 32.14% mortality after one week. Acetamiprid (2RC) SA and malathion ?2 RC (SA)+ malathion ?2 RC (Sp) had effective control and good durability that can be used alternately. Given the effectiveness in controlling the pest and delaying its resistance and environmental safety, the best combination treatments of two insecticides were firstly malathion (SA) RC + acetamiprid (SA) RC and then malathion 1/2 RC (Sp) + acetamiprid 1/2 RC (Sp). Four-hour, seven- and 14-day residues of the two mentioned treatments led to more than 78%, 41% and 12% mortality in rape seed false chinch bugs, respectively. Therefore, selected single and combination treatments can be used alternately for better control of this pest. This research's results can help improve the chemical control method of N. cymoides.   

The false chinch bug, Nysius cymoides (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), is one of the important pests of oilseed rape worldwide, severely reducing crop yield in aggressive attacks. At present, broad-spectrum insecticides such as organophosphates are used to control it in Iran, which endangers human food security and leaves environmental pollution. On the other hand, the correct use of a mixture of pesticides is one of the solutions that not only reduces the consumption of pesticides but also delays the resistance of pests to insecticides or breaks it. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the new and reduced-risk pesticide spirotetramat for controlling N. cymoides and its simultaneous use with chlorpyrifos by combining two application methods at two recommended concentrations (RC) and half of it in greenhouse conditions. The results of the bioassays showed that spirotetramat in the foliar application was more toxic than in soil application and generally more toxic than chlorpyrifos in both methods. At the same time, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos was similar in both application methods. Also, the interaction of two insecticides was estimated as the additive in all the combined treatments, except for chlorpyrifos (?2 RC) SA+ spirotetramat (?2 RC) Sp, which was antagonistic. Further, the persistence of insecticide residues with one week-intervals from the time of application to three weeks later in different treatments showed that chlorpyrifos RC was the most durable treatment among the single treatments throughout this period in both methods. However, the persistence of the mixed treatments of two insecticides was equal, and during this period, from 22.87-100% of losses (two-hour residues) to 50.39-44% (one-week residues), then It reached 27.78-17.78 % (two-week residues) and finally three to eight percentage (three-week residues). In terms of persistence, no difference was observed between the two application methods of chlorpyrifos during three weeks. Regarding spirotetramat, the effectiveness of the two-hour residues of the foliar spraying method was higher than that of the soil application method. Still, it was equal in the first to the third week. The results of persistence tests also determined that spirotetramat degrades faster than chlorpyrifos in both application methods. Finally, due to the high efficiency and good durability for controlling N. cymoides, foliar application chlorpyrifos RC and soil-applied spirotetramat 2RC were selected from among the single treatments, which should be used alternately to prevent the occurrence of resistance. Due to the less pollution for the environment, the additive interaction and the possibility of more encounters between the insects and the insecticide, two treatments of chlorpyrifos (?2 RC) SA + spirotetramat (RC) SA and chlorpyrifos (?2 RC) Sp+ spirotetramat (?2 RC) SA are the most suitable among the mixture treatments. This research helps to improve the chemical control method of the false chinch bug.

  Abstract Objective: Natural hazards (especially earthquakes) are a fundamental challenge in achieving the sustainable development of human societies. Such risks have the capacity to turn into a terrifying and devastating accident for human communities in the absence of risk reduction systems. Generally, this influence is widely diminished due to the very complex communication between different systems of human societies and causes many damage to various sectors, including body, community, culture and identity. Despite the lack of predictions for many of these hazards, it can be minimized by the vulnerability and comprehensive understanding of such events in a society affected. Increased resistance to natural disasters, especially earthquakes, is greatly effective in reducing these damages as well as the time of recovery of societies. For this reason, this study was conducted to analyze the impact of five capital (human, social, financial, physical and natural) capital on the resurrection of rural households after the earthquake in the city of Sar -e -Zahab. Research Methodology: This study is a descriptive and correlational research in terms of quantitative paradigm, and according to the research range, the design used in this study was cross -type. Statistical Research Journal, Russian households were difficult to do with Zahab, Benefit and Patriot (3196); Of these, and based on the table of Bartlett et al., 280 residents of the study area were selected as classified and appropriately assigned. A researcher -made questionnaire was used for data collection, with the validity and reliability of the questionnaire by the specialists panel and Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.94) and reconstruction. Also in software (  ) and (Excel), analyzes (descriptive and inferential) were performed. Results: Based on the results, it can be stated that the social, economic, institutional and physical stabilization of earthquake -prone villagers is above average and at an acceptable level. It was also found that among the variables of five capital capital (human, social, financial, physical), education level, average annual family income from agriculture, annual background, membership in social institutions, horticultural lands, agricultural activity, information resources In the field of earthquake and residential skeleton after earthquakes with livelihoods, positive and meaningful relationships between gender variables, irrigation system, earthquake insurance and unexpected accidents, earthquake intensity, type of residential home materials before earthquake Prior to the earthquake, there is a negative and significant relationship. But there was no relationship between natural capital and resilience. Conclusion: Overall, an area will be fully impaired when all the indicators, components and dimensions of the resignation in that area are in a better position and in the state of growth and upgrades. Keywords: Earthquake, Sadness, Sadness, Five Capital, Sar -e -Zabab County.

Coccinelidae with the English name, Ladybird, belong to the (Colleoptera: Coccinellidae) Both, adult insects and larvae of Coccinellidae are often predators of important agricultural pests and play an important role in controlling Aphids, Scale insects and even mites. In this research, the faunal survey of Coccinellidae and associated parasitoids in Kermanshah province were carried out during a trip to some parts of the province in 2020 to 2022. More than 4250 samples from different plant ecosystems were collected by multiple methods. Their identification was based on new and valid sources and keys. The species identified in the list below include 28 species and belong to 4 subfamilies: Chilocorinae (5 species: 3 genera: 1 tribe), Coccinelinae (11 species: 7 genera: 3 tribe), Scymninae (9 species: 5 genera : 4 tribe), Sticholotidinae (1 species : 1genera : 1 tribe). Four species of parasitoides related to ladybird has also been identified and presented separately in the list below. These two lists are related to a small number of ladybugs and their parasitoids in Kermanshah province. But surely the fauna of ladybugs and their natural enemies is much richer than this, so it is suggested to complete this study with more facilities in the future. In addition, the identification of two species: Nephus species A and B, which are probably new to the world and 4 parasitoid species is under identification prosses. Those has been sent abroad for identification and molecular work. The list of species is as follows: Key words: Biodiversity, Predator, Biological control, Checklist and Distribution Chilocorus bipustulatus (Linnaeus,1758), Exochomus quadripustulatus Linnaeus, 1758, Exochomus undulatus Weise, 1878, Parexochomus pubescens (Kuster, 1848), Parexochomus nigromaculatus (Goeze, 1777), Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus,1758, Hippodamia variegata (Goeze, 1777), Oenopia coglobata (Linnaeus, 1758), Oenopia onica (Olivier , 1808), Propylae quatuoredecimpunctata Linnaeus, 1758, Adalia bipunctata linnaeus, 1758, Adalia decimpunctata Linnaeus, 1758, Ceratomegilla undecimnotata D.H. Shneider, 1793, Psyllobora vigintiduopunctata (Linnaeus, 1758), Coccinula elegantula (Weise, 1890), Coccinula redmita (Weise 1885), Stethorus gilvifrons Mulsant, 1850, Scymnus flavicolis Redtenbacher, 1843, Scymnus rubromaculatus Goeze,1777, Scymnus apetzi Mulsant, 1846, Scymnus subvillosus (Goeze, 1777), Scymnus pharaonis Motschulsky, 1851,   Clitostethus arcuatus (Rossi, 1794), Hyperaspis pseudopustulata Mulsant, 1853, Diomus rubidus Motscholsky, 1837, Pharoscymnus pharoides (Marsuel, 1868), Nephus sp A, Nephus sp B. Parasitoids: Encyrtidae: Homalotylus turkmenicus Myratseva, 1981, Ooencyrtus sp. Pteromalidae: Pachyneuron muscarum (Linnaeus, 1758) Aphelinidae: Marietta picta (Andre, 1878)  

Most scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) are agricultural pests and natural resources in different parts of the world and cause great damage to important crops and other plants each year. Mites (Arachnida: Acari) associated to scale insect, plays several roles such as predator, parasite, decay eater, carcass eater, fortic, honeydew eater, symbiotic and use of waxy cover as shelter on plants. mites can feed on some Diaspididae scale insect or use some Pseudococcidae and Coccidae as shelters, therefore, some mites can reduce the pest population without the use of pesticides. In this study, which was conducted between 2019 to 2021, relationships between mites associated to scale insects in Kermanshah region were studied and identified. For this study , parts of the host including the trunk, twigs and leaves infected with scale insect were cut with garden shears and transferred to the laboratory. under binocular mites associated with scale insect were isolated and stored in 70% ethanol. Also, the lice were separated from the twigs and transferred into 70% alcohol glass with the same number as the related mites glass. Labels with sampling information installed on glass. Microscopic slides were prepared to identify scale insects and mites. during this study, 17 mites species from 16 genera belonging to 11 families related to 10 scalre insects species of nine genera and five families were identified as follows and relationships between them were determined. one of these mites is a new species for the world and one species for fauna mites in Iran is a new report. The new species in the world is displayed with ** and a new report in Iran with *:Order: Trombidiformes   #Family: Anystidae Oudemans, 1936 +- Anystis baccarum Von Heyden, 1826 Family: Erythraeidae Oudemans, 1902 +- Abrolophus Berlese, 1891- Callidosoma Womersley, 1936 - Leptus sp. nov.**. + Family: Eutrombididae Thor, 1935- Eutrombidium Verdun, 1909+ Family: Iolinidae Pritchard, 1956- Pronematus ubiquitus (McGregor, 1932)- Pronematus rykei Meyer & Rodrigues, 1966    + Family: Smarididae Kramer,1878- Fessonia Heyden, 1826+ Family: Tenuipalpidae Berlese, 1913- Aegyptobia eriogonum Baker & Tuttle, 1972* - Cenopalpus pulcher (Canestrini and anzago, 1876) + Family: Tetranychidae Donnadieu, 1875- Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836- Eotetranychus Oudemans, 1931Order: Mesostigmata #+ Family: Phytoseiidae Berlese, 1916- Typhlodromus bagdasarjani Wainstein & Arutunjan, 1967 + Family: Parasitidae Oudemans, 1901- Rhabdocarpais consanquineus (Oudemans & Voigts, 1904) - Parasitus kampersi Oudemans, 1902 + Family: Uropodidae Kramer, 1881- Urobovella Berlese, 1903+ Family: Pachylaelapidae Berlese, 1913- Pachylaelaps Berlese, 1888Collected scale insect:+ Eriococcidae-   Eriococcus isacanthus (Danzing, 1975)+ Coccidae

   Abstract Objective: Plants of the Asteraceae family have a variety of species, sometimes as weeds and sometimes as crops and even medicinal plants. These plants are associated with many insects. For example, it has been observed that weevils of the genus Larinus, especially in the pastures of Kermanshah with the plants of the genus Echinops   . , Are related, due to the importance of sugarcane and our productive insect that has made this plant as a medicinal plant, so the present study aims to biology of Larinus weevils on sugarcane and also to identify its natural enemies in the province. Kermanshah is important. Research Methodology: During 1397 and 1398, some habitats of sugarcane that host Larinus weevils, including Mahidasht and stage intermediates, were sampled to collect Larinus weevils and its parasitoids. Thus, during the growing season, the mentioned habitats were referred to and Larinus weevils as well as its parasitized larvae were collected in the sugarcane plant. Regular sampling at 10-day intervals from early spring to late March was selected from three suitable locations and each site or block was divided into four replicates, the main stem sampling unit of a floor plant It was according to it. Each sampling unit was recorded under a stereomicroscope to evaluate the number of infections and to observe different ages of larvae and weevil eggs of our producer. Each sampling unit was recorded under a stereomicroscope to evaluate the number of infections and to observe different ages of larvae and weevil eggs of our producer. Results: In the present study, two weevil species Larinus hedenborgi and Larinus onopordi (Fabricius, 1787) were reported with Echinops. In this study, two types of parasitoid bees Torymoides kiesenwetteri and Bracon sp. is identified. After transferring the pupae and larvae of the bee Torymoides kiesenwetteri (formed inside the sugar beet), were reared in the laboratory. Statistics obtained from the regression relationship between the logarithm of variance and the mean population (Taylor's law) and the Iowa method showed that the coefficient of explanation of the regression equations in the Taylor method was higher than the Iowa method. Therefore, it can be said that Taylor coefficient was a good indicator for estimating both weevil distribution and parasitoid bee distribution. On the other hand, based on the present study, it was found that in both regions and in two consecutive years, the average temperature and humidity had effects on population changes at different stages of weevils and parasitoid bees. So that in 1397 and 1398, with changes in temperature and humidity at each sampling date on the majority of biological stages caused the population trend in all biological stages of insects to change. Conclusion: Finally, this study showed that Larinus hedenborgi was an abundant genus and species of weevil in Mahidasht and Mianrahan regions. There was a positive and significant correlation between the mean temperature fluctuations with humidity and the population of weevils and parasitoid bees studied in this study.    Keywords: Rangelands, Hard-winged, Host-specific, Monophage insects, Compositae, Kermanshah

   Quercus   . is the most important and most abundant tree species in west of Iran, especially the Zagros region and Bisotun natural preserved area. Bisotun natural preserved area with an area of ??82100 hectares is located in a mountainous part in the Zagros Mountains in Kermanshah province. This area is located in height of 1320 meters above sea level. Mites are active arthropods in oak forests that have different roles, like pest, predator and decomposer. Due to the importance and role of oak in the western ecosystem of the country the fauna of Prostigmata associated with Quercus   . investigated in Bisotun natural preserved area. Samples were taken from the soil and aerial parts of the oak forest in 2018 -2019. Specimens were transferred to the laboratory, segregated using Berlese funnel or stereomicroscope, clarified in lactic­­ acid and mounted in Hoyer’smounting media. In this study totally,12 species and 16 genera belonging to 12 families were collected and identified. Among these species, Anystis baccarum L. belonging to the family of Anystidae and Tetranychus urticae Koch belonging to the family of Tetranychidae, had the highest relative baundance then to other collected species. Identified species in this study listed as below: Anystidae: Anystis baccarum Linnaeus, 1758; Bdellidae: Cyta coerolipes (Duges, 1834); Cunaxidae: Pulaeus glebulentus Den Heyer, 1980; Tydeidae: Lorryia woolleyi (Baker, 1968), Tydeus caudatus (Duges, 1834); Ereynetidae: Ereynetoides amplectorus Hunter, 1964; Iolinidae: Pronematus ubiquitus (McGregor, 1932), Pronematus rykei Meyer & Rodrigues, 1966; Erythraeidae: Parerythraeus sp., Abrolophus sp.; Smarididae: Smaris sp., Fessonia sp.; Raphignathidae: Raphignathus sp.; Tetranychidae: Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836; Tetranychus turkestani (Ugarov & Nikolski), 1937, Eotetranychus frosti (McGregor, 1952); Trombidiidae: Allothrombium sp.; Cheyletidae: Acaropsellina sollers Kuzin, 1940.

   Abstract Food security and self-sufficiency is very important to any country in the world. Iran is highly dependent (up to 90%) on importing oilseeds. Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz (Brassicaceae) is introduced Iran at 2016 for the first time. C.sativa is a cold-tolerant oilseed crop with minimal input requirements. According to the world studies, some pests are reported on C.sativa which are the same with Brassica napus and brassicacea crop pests. C.sativa is not a well-studied crop in Iran because it is only few years that it has cultivated in the country. We tended to collect and identify relative insects to C.sativa in order to investigate the relationship between pest density and different (136) camelina lines yield. To reach this goal, 136 lines of camelina cultivated in 3-rows plots, 1.0 m in length, using randomised complete block design. 3 seedlings in each plot selected, randomly and we counted the number of thripses, aphids and bugs observed. After collecting enough data, assessments about the resistance mechanisms of different lines of camelina started.   Line 54 is identified as the most resistant line against thrips population because it showed both antixenose and antibiose resistance. Investigation of yield/damaged capsul and seed percentage correlation, considered significant at P< 0/01.   It is also revealed that the presence of thrips population effected negatively yield crop. Using multiple linear regression of population density of three kinds of observed   pests and yield, we find out that the density of thrips population did not play a part in the yield of camelina lines (t=0.07). According to this regression, the relation between damaged capsules and thrips population is significant   at 0.01 level (t=3.17) and it is not for the rest. It is noticeable that the impact of aphid and bug populations on damaged seed percentage was significant (respectively, t=4.64 and t=2.48) but it is not the same for thrips. Finally regarding to rare studies about the pests of this crop in Iran it is needed to use more assessments to understand the exact defence mechanisms of camelina.   

   The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of suspected rodent and pesticide rodents in controlling the most harmful rodents in farms of Kermanshah compared to common pesticides in randomized complete block design and kennel method using Henderson Tilton formula and conventional statistical methods. For this purpose, by visiting the infected farms of Kermanshah city, appropriate test fields were selected and after identifying the damaging rodent, measures were taken to evaluate the efficacy and comparison of shookboom suspected rodents with natural resin and calcium sulfate active ingredient and the new PASAK pesticide in common pesticide form in pesticides. Four replications were performed and the blocks were plotted in each block and then each block was formed according to the number of treatments in 5 plots that were formed which were equal in size so that at least 70 holes were observed in each of them. After randomization and mapping, the rats were plated at a distance of approximately 5 m between the plots and were sprayed with phosphorus poisoned prey. Then the nesting operation was performed to identify the active nests in each treatment and the next day the active nests were counted and recorded. The UTM coordinates of the nests were recorded in order to describe the spatial information using ArcGIS software that immediately a sufficient dose of each rodent was used inside the nests. The control treatment without the use of rodenticide and the rest of the treatments according to the effect, regarding phosphorusazate immediately and other treatments were beaten 5 days after the rodent application. Census was performed on the first, third, fifth, seventh, tenth, fifteenth and twentieth days after the nests were closed. Experiments were conducted in two stages of the struggle to estimate the best time and effect of seasonal conditions on rodent yield. According to the results of Brodifacum and Pescac, the highest yield and then vegetable and phosphorous extract were obtained in the second degree and the lowest yield was related to shookboom. Rodent herbicide production is considered acceptable with all aspects and can be prescribed in place of common pesticides, however, the use of shookboom for field control is not recommended.

   Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies is dependent on continuous monitoring of the pest population, this is not only time-consuming, but also highly dependent on human judgment and costly.On the other hand, traditional methods for identifying insects are time consuming and costly. Due to the expansion of the industry and its rapid growth, human beings have always sought to accelerate their work with greater accuracy. The use of artificial intelligence techniques instead of manual and human decision-making, in addition to increasing productivity, also has a high degree of accuracy. Pistachio is a commercial product, and many manufacturers of this product, are damaged by the insects each year. A group of pistachio's pests mainly feed on pistachio, which Idiocerus stali Fieber, 1868 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is very important for this group. In this research, I. stali was selected as target insect for identification using image processing algorithm. Sticky yellow cards were used for collecting samples. To prepare the image processing algorithm, the color and shape characteristics of the objects were used.A total of 357 color properties and 20 shape's features for identification of I. stali were extracted by image processing algorithm. Color properties were divided into two categories of mean and standard deviation and characteristics related to vegetation indices. The mean and standard deviations are the average of the first, the second and the third component, the mean of the components of the first, second and third, the standard deviation of the first, the second   and the third component of 17 Color spaces such as RGB, HSV, YIQ, YCbCr, CMY, HSI, Improved YCbCr, L*a*b*, JPEG-YCbCr, YDbDr, Y  r, YUV, HSL, XYZ, Luv, LCH and CAT02 LMS. The characteristics of the vegetation indices are including the first component of the normalized RGB, the second component of the normalized RGB, the third component of the normalized RGB, the gray channel, the Excess Green, the Excess Red, Color index for vegetation cover extraction, the difference between the excess green and excess red parameters, Normalized Difference Index, Green Minus Blue Indicator, Red-Blue Contrast, Excess Red Index, Excess Green Indicator, and Excess Blue Indicator. shape's Characteristics used are also including length, width, area, perimeter, logarithm of length to width ratio, Ratio of the object's perimeter to the object surrounded by the rectangle's perimeter, width to length ratio, Area to length ratio, eccentricity, Orientation, Convex Area, Filled Area, Equivalent Diameter, Euler Number, Solidity, Extent, Elongation, Compression, Aspect Ratio and length to perimeter ratio. Artificial Neural Network hybrid method - Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (ANN-PSO) was used to select the effective features. The selected effective characteristicscolor space, normalized difference index for LCH color space, gray channel for color space YCbCr, second component index minus third component for color space YCbCr, area and mean of the first, The second and third components of color space Luv. The detection rate of the designed image processing algorithm is 99.72%. Artificial neural networks of multilayer perceptron have the ability to classify insects into two classes of I. stali and Anthaxia Sp. Eschscholtz, 1829 with a precision of 99.59 percent. The results showed the feasibility of the new method for identifying the pest insects without destroying them in the farm and in natural light conditions and in the shortest time and with very high accuracy.

   The grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.: Vitaceae) is a commercially important fruit crop of Iran.  This temperate crop which believed to have originated in Iran, has worldwide distribution. Various pests damage the grapes. One of the important pests in the vineyards of Iran is grape leafhopper, Arboridia kermanshah Dlabola (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Adult and nymphs of this pest cause white spots on the top surface of the leaves and bring about fall off by settling on the back of grape leaves and feeding on the cellular contents. Severe contamination of the leaves leads to fall earlier than expected. In this research, for the purpose of field biological study, sampling was done in a grape garden located in Dehpahn village, during two crop seasons 2017-2018. In 2017 Sampling was done weekly from mid-July and in 2018 simultaneously after emergence of adults. In order to identify the natural enemies of grape leafhopper, parasitized eggs were collected at each sampling date and were investigated in laboratory conditions. Two predators and three egg parasitoids from two different families were collected as natural enemies. This pest had three generations per year in Kermanshah climatic conditions. Adult were active in the garden until mid-November and entered the hibernation phase with exposure to the cold weather. The growth period of different biological stages was studied in laboratory. In this study, population dynamics of A. kermanshah immature stages were studied in relation to mid temperature and relative humidity. Relationship between population dynamics of grape leafhopper and temperature for all biological stages of pest except 2nd and 3rd stages nymphs were significant in 2017. Otherwise, this relation with relative humidity was significant only for 5th stage nymphs. There were significant relationship between temperature and population dynamics of eggs, 5th stage nymphs and total immature stages in 2018. Relative humidity changes has also this significant relation with all stages except 4th and 5th stages nymphs. The spatial distribution pattern of immature stages of grape leafhopper was determined by two methods. Spatial distribution pattern was random according to Iowa patchiness regression method for 1st, 2nd and 3rd nymph stages in 2018 and for 1st and 2nd nymphal stages in 2017. According to Taylor power law regression method distribution pattern was random for all stages of nymphs except for immature stages in 2018 and for all stages of nymphs except 2nd stages in 2017.

  بالاخانواده Coccoidea حشراتي كوچك با انواع دگرديسي، دوشكلي جنسي و پارتنوژنز هستند. ماده­ها بي­بال بوده، فاقد تحرك، داراي ترشحات پودري و يا پوشش سپرمانند با بدني بيضوي يا گرد هستند. خصوصيات كوتيكولي ماده­هاي بالغ در رده­بندي آن­ها نقش دارد. در ماده­هاي بالغ خصوصيات لاروي باقي مي­ماند اما در نرها در مراحل بلوغ يك جفت بال دارد. نرها قطعات­دهاني ندارند و تغذيه نمي­كنند. انتهاي شكم نرها داراي زايده بلند است. بال­هاي عقب نرها به زايده هالتر­مانندي تبديل مي­شوند. ماده­ها 2-3 سن پورگي و نرها 4 سن پورگي دارند. گونه­هايHypogaeic scale insects از خانواده­هاي مختلف شپشك­ها با تغذيه از ريشه و قسمت­هاي زير­زميني ميزبان موجب كاهش رشد گياهان آلوده مي­شوند. با توجه به اينكه اندازه كوچك دارند توسط كشاورزان ناديده گرفته مي­شوند، با تهيه اسلايدهاي ميكروسكوپي از شپشك­ها مي­توان آن­ها را شناسايي كرد. اهداف پايان­نامه معرفي، جمع­آوري و شناسايي شپشك­هاي روي ريشه گياهان در شهرستان سنقر، توصيف شپشك­هاي جديد روي ريشه گياهان در اين شهرستان و نيز جمع­آوري و شناسايي پارازيتوئيد و شكارگرها هستند. پس از جمع­آوري نمونه­ها و نوشتن مشخصات در جدول، در آزمايشگاه شپشك­ها جداسازي شده و نمونه­هاي زنده را در تركيبي از Ethyl Alcohol و Glacial Acetic Acid ثابت كرده و با سوزن نازك نمونه را سوراخ مي­كنيم و بعد به محلول پتاس10% انتقال داده و بعد نمونه­ها را به آب­مقطرمي­شوييم، در ظرف ديگر آب­مقطر،GAA را تا 70% افزوده و بعد نمونه­ها را به GAA100% انتقال داده و محلول Acid Fuchsin را به­GAA اضافه كرده و بعد با GAAمي­شوييم و بعد يك قطره Xylen افزوده و با يك قطره كانادابالزام اسلايد درست مي­كنيم. با قرار دادن در آون، اسلايدها خشك شده و برچسب مي­زنيم.كليد واژگان: شپشك­هاي ريشه،Hypogaeic scale insects ، Coccoidea، ريخت شناسي، سنقر.

  AbstractThe nut scale, Eulecanium tiliae (Linnaeus, 1758), is widely distributed in the most parts of Iran, including western parts, to occur in orchards, and to be a potential threat to a variety of fruit trees, including sweet cherry,such as Prunus   , and Malus    (Rosaceae). During 2016-2017, the biology of the pest was studied in natural conditions (Ahmad-abad sweet cheery orchard). Sampling intervals were each ten days throughout the year (excluding winter monthes). The reprodutive adult females were collected and reared in laboratory condition microscopic slides were made for species identification. It was found to infest many fruite trees, Winter was passed by second nymphal instars on the ligneous parts (one or two year old twigs). Sampling and observations showed that no male detected. The reprodutive female occurred in April, and began to oviposit in early May and continued to do so until early June. The number of eggs per female on estimated, 200-1000 eggs. The first instars appeared at the end of May, spread out and settled on both surfaces of the leaves. They moulted at the end of August and migrated to the young twigs, where they overwintered. There was only one generation a year, but this species appeared in considerable density on the twigs of individual sweet cheery tree. This species reproduce parthenogenetically.The observations shows that heavy infestation caused premature yellowing of the leaves and drying up of twigs. There is no male detected during life history study;. The following associated natural enemies detected:Encyrtidae: Blasthotrix brittanica (Girault, 1917)Pteromalidae: Pachyneuron muscarum (Linnaeus, 1758)Phytoseiidae: Paraseiulus talbii (Athias-Henriot, 1960); Typhlodromusbagdasarjani (Wainstein & Arutunjan, 1967)Iolinidae: Pronematus ubiquitous (McGregor, 1932)Caligonellidae: Molothrognathus sp.(Summers & Schlinger, 1955) Cheyletidae: Cheletogenes ornatus (Canestrini & Fanzago, 1876) Phlaeothripidae: Cephalothrips coxalis (Bagnall, 1926).

Weeds or invasive native plants that adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems, agriculture and forestry. In this study, weeds College of Agriculture and Natural resources include field bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis L .; licorice, Glycyrrhiza glabra L.; amaranth, Amaranthus deflexus L .; weed, Chenopodium album L .; datura, Datura stramonium L. , wild mustard, Sinapis arvensis L .; cocklebur, Xanthium strumarium L .; oats, Avena fatua L .; Gheyagh Sorghum halepense L. and Shlmy All. (Rapistrum rugosum (L. were studied. The aim of this study was to collect and identify insects associated with the above-mentioned weeds and insects for biological control of introduced species of weeds target. For this purpose, the sampling insects Tiny microscopic slides were prepared and were sent for identification to the relevant experts. based on the result of the result, 17 species of Svsk¬Hay families Chrysomelidae, (Radymna persica (Faldermann, 1837), Chaetocnema sp., Altica sp., Spermophagus sp. and Burchidius sp.), Curculionidae, (Alcidodes karelini (Boheman, 1844), Lixus sp., Ceutorhynchus sp. and Microlarius sp.) and Coccinelidae, (Scymnus frontalis (Fabricius, 1787)), Sn¬Hay family Tingidae , (Galeatus scrophicus (Saunders, 1876)); Anthocoridae, (Orius niger (Wolff, 1811)); thrips family Aeolothripidae, (Aeolothrips mongolicus (Pelikan, 1985)); Thripidae, (Chirothrips kurdistanus (zur Strassen, 1967) , Chirothrips manicatus (Haliday, 1836) and Chirothrips africanus (Priesner, 1932)) and Phlaeothripidae, (Haplothrips ganglbaueri (Schmutz, 1913)) were identified. As well as field bindweed seeds and Shyryn¬Byan in appropriate containers in the laboratory Ng·h¬Dary and seed insects and parasitoids were collected. Of the seeds respectively, field bindweed and Shyryn¬Byan weevil Alcidodes karelini (Boheman, 1844) and seed beetle Burchidius sp. Out. Also parasitoid sex Eurytomidae family through infected seeds beetles A. karelini and Burchidius sp. Collected and identified.

       Chestnut (Quercus sp) is a forest tree with medicinal properties that is grown in heavy, low depth, calcareous, clay soils with alkaline PH. During performed surveys in Qalaje region, one of tributaries of west Islam Abad Town, in 2015 to 2016, the only species of crab louse (Hem: Asterolecanidae), Asterodiaspis quercicoala, was identified on chestnut trees (Quercus sp). of important morphological characteristics of this species, we can refer to having pores with 8 shapes at the margin of body and existence of two long hairs at the end of body. In order to biological study of this pest, weekly and regular inventory on shoots of chestnut in different stages all the year has been done and recorded.Adult female insects, first age instar and second age instar were appeared on 2016/4/9, 2016/5/21 and 2016/7/25, respectively and peak of their population were on 2016/5/14, 2016/8/8 and 2016/8/12. Adult female insects on shoots contained 16-66 semen. Biology of pest showed crab louse has one season in year in weather condition of west Islam Abad Town and it spends winter as unfertilized female substance on shoots. The most important natural enemy of this species in the region was parasitoid bee Habrolepis dalmanii that (Hym: Encyrtidae), has significant role in reducing adult population.      Chestnut (Quercus sp) is a forest tree with medicinal properties that is grown in heavy, low depth, calcareous, clay soils with alkaline PH. During performed surveys in Qalaje region, one of tributaries of west Islam Abad Town, in 2015 to 2016, the only species of crab louse (Hem: Asterolecanidae), Asterodiaspis quercicoala, was identified on chestnut trees (Quercus sp). of important morphological characteristics of this species, we can refer to having pores with 8 shapes at the margin of body and existence of two long hairs at the end of body. In order to biological study of this pest, weekly and regular inventory on shoots of chestnut in different stages all the year has been done and recorded.Adult female insects, first age instar and second age instar were appeared on 2016/4/9, 2016/5/21 and 2016/7/25, respectively and peak of their population were on 2016/5/14, 2016/8/8 and 2016/8/12. Adult female insects on shoots contained 16-66 semen. Biology of pest showed crab louse has one season in year in weather condition of west Islam Abad Town and it spends winter as unfertilized female substance on shoots. The most important natural enemy of this species in the region was parasitoid bee Habrolepis dalmanii that (Hym: Encyrtidae), has significant role in reducing adult population.      Chestnut (Quercus sp) is a forest tree with medicinal properties that is grown in heavy, low depth, calcareous, clay soils with alkaline PH. During performed surveys in Qalaje region, one of tributaries of west Islam Abad Town, in 2015 to 2016, the only species of crab louse (Hem: Asterolecanidae), Asterodiaspis quercicoala, was identified on chestnut trees (Quercus sp). of important morphological characteristics of this species, we can refer to having pores with 8 shapes at the margin of body and existence of two long hairs at the end of body. In order to biological study of this pest, weekly and regular inventory on shoots of chestnut in different stages all the year has been done and recorded.Adult female insects, first age instar and second age instar were appeared on 2016/4/9, 2016/5/21 and 2016/7/25, respectively and peak of their population were on 2016/5/14, 2016/8/8 and 2016/8/12. Adult female insects

Tra  lanting is one of the basic methods resulting in crop earliness and increases yield. Regarding that among crop plants in Kermanshah province, sunflower, maize, sugar beet and squash with multiple uses have higher cultivated area, so, the experiment was aimed to increase yield of the plants by tra  lanting at research greenhouse and field, campus of agriculture and natural resources, Razi University, Kermanshah during two years (2015 and 2016). In 2015, the experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Factors were three planting methods (seeding, 4-week tra  lanting and 6-week tra  lanting) and two planting dates (early planting and common planting date). In 2016, the experiment was a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments included tra  lanting (6-week tra  lanting at early planting for maize and sugar beet, 4-week tra  lanting at early planting for sunflower, early seeding for squash) and seeding (control). In the first year, results showed that 6-week tra  lanting at early planting, 6-week tra  lanting at early planting, 4-week tra  lanting at early planting and early seeding produced the highest biological yield in maize, sugar beet, sunflower and squash, respectively. The treatments were selected to repeat for year two.   In the second year, results showed that tra  lanting compared to direct seeding increased biological yield, chlorophyll, leaf area and seed yield in sunflower and maize and sugar yield in sugar beet. In squash, early seeding had higher biological yield, chlorophyll and stomatal conductance compared to seeding at common date. There was no significant difference between seeding and tra  lanting in terms of sugar content in sugar beet. So, to increase yield, 6-week tra  lanting at early date for maize and sugar beet and 4-week tra  lanting at early date for sunflower is recommended for earliness in Kermanshah. Planting dates and tra  lant ages except studied ages and dates in the experiment were suggested for the next experiments.

  Ash tree, Fraxinus   rotundifolia Mill. (Oleaceae) is beautiful shade trees, planted nearly nationwide, everywhere in urban area, parks and public spaces in the most parts of Iran. During 2013-2015, A total of 8 species and 3 genus of harmful and useful insects, associated with ash tree, were recorded in Kermanshah, are including: Psyllopsis discrepans Flor (Hem.: Psyllidae), Parlatoria oleae (Hem.: Diaspididae), Salicicola sp. (Hem.: Diaspididae), Melanaspis inopinata (Hem.: Diaspididae), Paracoccus sp. (Hem.: Pseudococcidae), Thrips tabaci (Thy.: Thripidae), Thrips hawaiiensis (Thy.: Thripidae), Frankliniella sp. (Thy.: Thripidae), Oenopia conglobata (Col.: Coccinellidae), Exochomus undulates (Col.: Coccinellidae), Coccinella septempunctata (Col.: Coccinellidae) and also some collected but unidetified species belong to Miridae, Staphilinidae, Geometridae, Cicadidae and Noctuidae. In addition, a noumbers of unknowen phytophagous and predatory mites were collected on ash tree. The   jumping plant-louse Psyllopsis discrepans, exclusively is associated with F. rotundifolia Mill. and is a sap sucking insects which induces galls on leaves and buds. This pest is causing aesthetic injurious rather than health harm on ash tree in Kermanshah. In ash, this jumping plant-louse can be found by uncurling the leaves gall revealing various stages of green colored nyphal instars and adult insects. When abundant, plant-louses remove large quantities of sap, reducing the growth and vigor of the tree. This insect cause the leaf curl gall and distort. Heavy infestations will result in leaf scar and aesthetic apearence of ash canopy. Morphological, biological description and also some bioecological aspect of of P. discrepans as a key pest were studied. Some chemical and physical methods in control of the composition of the pest were evaluation in order to provide suport for natural enemies at the fied codation. The psylla generations per year, overwintering, the peak population time associated with temperture, humidity, chmical and yellow card trap were discussed.   Key word: Psyllopsis discrepans, population dynamism, Acetamipride, imidaclopride, yellow sticky card    

  AbstractTomato second important vegetable crop in the world and The first product is a vegetable with 3512 hectares in the city of Kermanshah and Tomato leafminer moth is a serious pest of tomatoes in the world and Iran. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma brasicae (Hym; Tricogrammatidae) in the biological control of tomato leafminer moth Tuta absoluta (Lep; Gelechiidae) in field conditions is discussed. For this purpose, a piece of agricultural land in the village district Ahmadvand Allahyarkhani that was assigned to tomato cultivation was, This land was bordered with no tomato farm and So it did not affect the neighboring farm pesticides. In this study, a randomized complete block design (Randomized complete Blok Design) was used. This project is one of the most important projects that widely used in agricultural research. The design of field experiments in which treatments are used. RCB design with a block size that each of them with all the treatments. For projects or repeat 4 blocks, 10 plots and 10 treatments was determined as follows, 133 m size of each block was determined at 9 m, The primary purpose of the block, reduce experimental error by helping to remove the known factors Among the experimental units. Blocks one and four 39 m from the beginning and end are the farm, Each block of adjacent blocks 30 meters was considered the least affected by the surrounding blocks accept. 10 cards with dimensions of 7 meters by 9 meters was placed inside the block, Are often adjacent plots of 7 m., And at the end of 10 treatments with 9 variables and one control each block were distributed randomly among the plots. Pests and parasites is fragmented habitat type, Due to the biology of the pest and parasitoid sampling units and Adequate information from sample, Plant were considered. At the time of the study, 480 samples were collected from 40 plots in 6 innings.As a result of the project revealed Release of Trichogramma in the number of times in this project and was conducted The pest density of at least 8.3 up to 36% lower. Therefore, if the tomato leafminer moth pest is not in revolt, The use of biological control, contrary to some beliefs, It is quite economical and cost-effective. Balancing can be lower densities of the pest below the economic injury level.