This study investigated the effects of pretreatment with the hydroalcoholic extract of Tribulus terrestris seeds on the expression of pro-inflammatory genes (IL-1? and TNF-?) and the activity of hepatic enzymes (AST and ALT) in hepatocytes isolated from chicken liver under oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide. Hepatocytes were isolated from the livers of 2–3-week-old Leghorn chicks and cultured in DMEM medium. Oxidative stress was induced using 200 ?M hydrogen peroxide for 6 hours, and cells were subsequently treated with T. terrestris extract at a concentration of 80 ?g/mL for 24 hours.The activities of AST and ALT in the culture supernatant were determined spectrophotometrically, while the expression levels of IL-1? and TNF-? genes were measured using Real-Time PCR. The results showed that hydrogen peroxide significantly increased AST activity from 73 ± 1.3 to 147 ± 2.9 U/L and ALT activity from 38 ± 1.5 to 54 ± 1.8 U/L. Pretreatment with T. terrestris extract significantly reduced AST and ALT activities to 79 ± 3.5 and 41 ± 2 U/L, respectively. Moreover, the expression levels of IL-1? and TNF-? returned to 1.2- and 2-fold of the basal level, respectively. These findings indicate that the hydroalcoholic extract of Tribulus terrestris exerts strong protective effects against oxidative damage in avian hepatocytes by inhibiting inflammatory pathways and reducing hepatic enzyme leakage.

   This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing part of corn with oat (regular and autoclaved) and supplementing diets with the active dry yeast Saccharomyces boulardii on the productive performance, egg quality, and blood biochemical parameters of laying hens. A total of 192 Lohmann LSL-Lite hens, 36 weeks of age, were used in a completely randomized design with six dietary treatments and eight replicates, each containing three birds. Although the experimental period was originally planned for ten weeks, due to war-related constraints and management limitations, data collection was completed after six weeks. The experimental treatments included: (1) a basal diet without oat and without yeast (control), (2) basal diet with yeast, (3) diet with regular oat without yeast, (4) diet with regular oat and yeast, (5) diet with autoclaved oat without yeast, and (6) diet with autoclaved oat and yeast. In the oat-containing diets, 22% of the corn (on a dry matter basis) was replaced by oat. The yeast product used was S. boulardii (Parsylact Co., Iran) containing a minimum concentration of 3×10¹? CFU/g. Results showed that dietary inclusion of autoclaved oat and yeast significantly (P<0.05) improved egg production, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio compared to the control group. The highest production rate and the best feed efficiency were observed in hens fed diets containing autoclaved oat combined with yeast. Egg internal quality indices, including Haugh unit and albumen height, were significantly improved by these treatments, while eggshell thickness and egg weight were not affected. Moreover, hens receiving autoclaved oat and yeast exhibited lower serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels compared with the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, replacing 22% of corn with autoclaved oat, along with supplementation of Saccharomyces boulardii

  This study wasconducted as 2x4 factorial experiment with the aim of investigating the effect of adding chicory root powder,artichoke leaf and stem powder,and Bacillus subtilis bacteria to the basal diet of laying hens on production performance,egg quality traits,egg cholesterol levels,some blood serum parameters,and intestinal histomorphology at the end of the production phase. 336 Lohmann LSL Lite laying hens at the age of 77 weeks were distributed in 8 treatments with 7 replications and six birds in each replication and fed with experimental diets for 98 days. The control group (without additives) had lower egg production,egg mass,villus height,crypt depth,and serum uric acid,total cholesterol,HDL and LDL,and higher feed conversion ratio,cracked eggs,unmarketable eggs,and yolk cholesterol concentration compared to all experimental groups. The effect of the simultaneous presence of all three factors as feed additives on egg production,cracked eggs,unmarketable eggs,mortality,yolk ratio,albumin ratio,yolk to albumin ratio,shell ratio,crypt depth,and villus height was significant. The group that was fed the basal diet with chicory root powder alone had the highest levels of serum uric acid,total cholesterol,total protein,and LDL compared to the other experimental groups.The group that was fed the basal diet with the simultaneous presence of all three factors had the highest levels of serum triglycerides and HDL. Adding chicory root powder with Bacillus subtilis bacteria or adding artichoke leaf and stem powder with Bacillus subtilis bacteria to the basal diet of laying hens had a significant effect on villus width. The group that was fed the basal diet with artichoke leaf and stem powder alone had the highest villus height and crypt depth,and the group that was fed the basal diet and Bacillus subtilis alone had the highest villus width and villus height to crypt depth ratio. The presence or absence of experimental factors alone or together as additive to the basal diet had no statistically significant effect on egg weight produced,shell less eggs,small eggs,body weight change,egg shape index,Haugh units,yolk index,yolk weight,albumin weight,yolk height,albumin height,shell thickness,shell weight,breaking strength,egg specific gravity,and serum parameters including uric acid,triglycerides,total protein,blood glucose,total cholesterol,HDL,and LDL.

   The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of alternatives of growth promotors   on the performance and intestine morphology of broiler chickens.A total of 480   one-day-old broiler chickens (Ross 308 strain) with the same average weight were used in a completely randomized design with 8 treatments, 6 replicates and 10 chick   per replicate. Experimental treatments including 1)negative   control (without additives), 2) positive controlbacitracin (antibiotic), 3) acidifier Parsid Plus in the amount of 1.5 g per Kg of feed, 4) acidifier Parsid Plus in the amount of 3 g per Kg of feed, 5) Novi Herb Plus in the amount of 0.75   grams per kg of feed, 6) Novi Herb Plus in the amount of 1/5   g per kg of feed, 7) Novi Herbin the amount of 750 grams per kg of feed, and 8) Novi Herb in the amount of 1.5 g per kg of feed. The results showed that in the first week of rearing, the birds that received the treatments containing Parasid Plus (3 g/kg) and New Herb and New Herb Plus had less feed consumption compared to the control group (P<0.01), In the entire rearing period (1-42 days), the addition of the antibiotic Bacitracin, New Herb (0.75 g/kg) and New Herb Plus (0.75 g/kg) led to a significant decrease in feed consumption (0.05 >P), other experimental treatments had no significant effect. Examining the body weight gain data showed that the use mode additives did not cause a significant change in body weight in the first week and the initial period. In the whole period (1-42 days), the treatment of 1.5 g/kg of new herb significantly increased the weight gain compared to the control and positive control (antibiotic) (P < 0.01). In the entire rearing period (1-42 days), the addition of New Herb and New Herb Plus at the level of 0.75 g/kg led to a significant improvement in the food conversion ratio compared to the negative control group (without addition) (P<0.05). The evaluation of the height of the jejunum villi showed that the addition of 1.5 g/kg New Herb Plus, 0.75 and 1.5 g/kg New Herb to the diet significantly increased the villus height compared to the negative and positive control (>0.05). ) The ratio of villus length to crypt depth in chickens fed with levels of 0.75 and 1.5 g/kg New Herb or New Herb Plus increased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.05). In general, the results of this experiment showed that the addition of Parsid Plus compound (butyric acid, formic acid, propionic acid, acetic acid and citric acid) along with their salts along with cinnamon essential oil) did not have a significant effect on the functional and morphological parameters of the intestine, But New Herb compounds (containing essential oils of oregano, thyme, zenyan in nanoencapsulated form) and New Herb Plus (containing microcapsulated essential oils (zenyan, thyme, peppermint), prebiotics (lactose + yeast cell wall), organic acids ( lactic acid and formic acid) and some plant compounds including turmeric powder, garlic and cinnamon) can improve the height of the villus and the ratio of villus elevation to the depth of the crypt. be effective on the growth and improvement of the food conversion factor.

   This research was conducted to investigate the effects of probiotics B. subtilis, B. coagulans, S. cerevisiae, and whey powder on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of egg, blood parameters, and histomorphological characteristics of ileum in Lohmann LSL-lite laying hens in two experiments. In both experiments, there were six repetitions and there were 6 birds in each repetition, for 12 weeks. The first experiment was conducted with 288 Lohmann laying hens. The experimental diets consisted of a basal corn-soybean meal, the factors examined in this research were: B. subtilis 109 CFU at the rate of one gram/kg, whey powder at the rate of one gram/kg, and S. cerevisiae at the rate of 3 grams/kg. The control group received a standard diet without any additives. The other groups received a standard diet with B. subtilis, WP, S. cerevisiae, or a combination of them. No synergistic effect was found between WP, B. subtilis, and S. cerevisiae in studied parameters other than malondialdehyde level. The triple interaction effects of whey powder, S. cerevisiae, and B. subtilis in the diet reduced the amount of malondialdehyde compared to the group that received whey powder or B. subtilis alone or a mixture of them (P < 0.05). In the birds receiving whey powder, the length of villus (ileum) increased significantly compared to the control group, as well as the egg weight and specific gravity increased significantly compared to the control group.In the birds receiving Bacillus subtilis, the length and width of the villus (ileum) increased significantly compared to the control group, and the calcium, total protein and TAC levels in the serum increased significantly compared to the control group. Egg weight (at week 81-86) was improved in the group that received S. cerevisiae compared to the control. The birds that received whey powder and B. subtilis simultaneously tended to increase the length of the villi compared to the control group. A synergistic effect on egg weight and mass, and an improvement in their serum calcium levels was observed. In the second experiment, 144 Lohmann laying hens were used. The birds were fed a basal diet (control, CON), the basal diet supplemented with 1 g/kg WP, 1 g/kg B. coagulans (4*106 CFU) probiotic, and 1 g/kg WP plus 1 g/kg B. coagulans probiotic. Hens fed B. coagulans exhibited greater villi width and yolk color than Hens not fed it, however, their shell thickness and percentage of shell decreased. Birds receiving whey powder and B. coagulans had a significant synergistic effect on performance (egg production and mass). They also showed a tendency to decrease FCR. In light of these results, the simultaneous use of the these factors investigated in this experiment has no harmful effects on production performance, egg quality, and blood parameters in Lohmann's laying hens.

به منظور بررسي اثرات نيتروژن و رژيم هاي آبياري بر عملكرد، اجزاي عملكرد و برخي صفات فيزيولوژيكي كينوارقم سانتاماريا، آزمايشي به صورت فاكتوريل در قالب طرح پايه كاملاً تصادفي در پرديس كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي،دانشگاه رازي، در سال 1399 اجرا گرديد. فاكتورها شامل رژيم هاي آبياري )بدون تنش خشكي )در زمان 50 درصد7تخليه رطوبت قابل استفاده گياه(، تنش ملايم )در زمان 65 درصد تخليه رطوبت قابل استفاده گياه( و تنش شديد خشكي)در زمان 80 درصد تخليه رطوبت قابل استفاده گياه(( و مقادير نيتروژن )شاهد، ?? ، ??? ، ??? ، ??? و ???كيلوگرم در هكتا ر( از منبع اوره در چند نوبت بودند. اندازه گلدانها 50 × 50 × 50 سانتيمتر )طول، عرض و ارتفاع( واز جنس سيمان بودند. تاريخ كاشت 12 ارديبهشت و برداشت 9 مرداد بود. نتايج نشان داد كه عملكردهاي زيست تودهو دانه در شرايط بدون تنش و مصرف 200 كيلوگ رم در هكتار نيتروژن در بيشترين مقدار و در شرايط تنش شديد ومصرف 250 كيلوگرم در هكتار نيتروژن در كمترين مقدار بودند. ميزان كاهش عملكرد دانه در شرايط تنش ملايم درسطوح نيتروژن بين 1 / 80 - 9 / 32 درصد و در تنش شديد در سطوح نيتروژن در دامنه بين 9 / 87 – 0 / 73 درصد نسبتبه تيمار بدون تنش خشكي )شاهد( و 200 كيلوگرم در هكتار نيتروژن بودند. با افزايش تنش خشكي ساير صفات ازجمله وزن هزار دانه، شاخص برداشت، ارتفاع بوته، محتواي نسبي آب برگ و آنتي اكسيدان سوپراكسيداز كاهش وليآنتي اكسيدان پراكسيداز افزايش يافت. با افزايش نيتروژن محتواي نسبي آب برگ )تا 100 كيلوگرم در هكتار(،پراكسيداز و سوپراكسيداز و كاتالاز افزايش داشت. با افزايش نيتروژن، ميزان كلروفيل a ، b، كاروتنوئيدها، پروتئينهاي محلول، عملكرد كوانتومي و هدايت روزنه اي در شرايط بدون تنش خشكي افزايش ولي در شرايط تنش خشكي)ملايم و شديد( كاهش داشتند. در نهايت نتايج اين آزمايش نشان داد كه، اثر تنش خشكي بيشتر از اثر ميزان نيتروژنبر صفات مورد بررسي بود، بگونه اي كه در شرايط تنش خشكي ملايم و بخصوص شديد، مصرف نيتروژن چنداناهميتي نداشت.

  the aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of educational training courses and olive treatment at the beneficiaries of the olive orchards of dalaho countythe research method: this research was done by the type of research and descriptive - survey method. the questionnaire was made and its reliability validity was investigated. in order to evaluate the courses from two statistical population باغداران to 320 persons and experts and مروجان facilitator, 10 people were used in questionnaire. the questionnaire consisted of 14 questions to determine individual and professional characteristics of باغداران and the second part includes 19 گويه for determining the response from the viewpoint of people participating in the period; and the fourth part includes 34 گويه in the learning area. It is to be mentioned that the items on the questionnaire were designed in the questionnaire on a 3 - level Likert scale within the framework of the كرك كرك model

اين ازمايش به منظور ارزيابي تأثير كمپلكس آلي روي، منگنز، آهن، مس، كروم و كبالت بر عملكردتوليدي وفرآسنجه­هاي خوني جوجه­هاي گوشتي در يك دوره 42 روزه انجام شد.آزمايش در قالب طرح كاملا ًتصادفي با 3 تيمار و 6   تكرار و 12 پرنده در هر واحد آزمايشي طراحي و اجرا شد. تيمارهاي آزمايشي عبارتنداز: تيمار اول: گروه كنترل (بدون افزودن مكمل، تيمار شاهد)، تيمار دوم: افزودن كمپلكس آلي به مقدار 1گرم در كيلوگرم، تيمار سوم: افزودن كمپلكس آلي به مقدار 5/1گرم در كيلوگرم. نتايج نشان داد كه افزودن كمپلكس آليبر عملكرد (خوراك مصرفي، افزايش وزن روزانه و ضريب تبديل خوراك) جوجه­هاي گوشتي در سه دوره استارتر(1-10)، رشد (24-11) و پاياني (42-25) روزگي از لحاظ آماري تأثير معني­داري نداشته است (05/0<P). تاثير تيمارهاي آزمايشي در بين فرآسنجه­هاي خوني بر كلسترول و آلكالين فسفاتاز معني­دار شدند (05/0>P). ضمن اينكه غلظت گلوكز و تري­گليسريد نيز تمايل به معني­داري داشتند. غلظت كلسترول وآلكالين فسفاتاز، در تيمار حاوي كمپلكس آلي به مقدار 1 گرم در كيلوگرم با گروه كنترل اختلاف معني­داري داشت، بنابراين تيمار كمپلكس آلي به مقدار 1 گرم در كيلوگرم باعث كاهش معني­دارغلظت كلسترول وآلكالين فسفاتاز در مقايسه با گروه كنترل شد. تاثير تيمارهاي آزمايشي بر قابليت هضم مواد معدني آهن، مس، منگنز، روي، كبالت و كروم نشان داد كه بر آهن، منگنز، كبالت و كروم تاثير معني­داري داشت (05/0>P). نتايج نشان داد كه تيمارهاي حاوي كمپلكس آلي به مقدار 1 گرم در كيلوگرم و كمپلكس آلي به مقدار 5/1گرم در كيلوگرم باعث كاهش معني­دار قابليت هضم آهن و كبالت در مقايسه با گروه كنترل شد. در حاليكه تيمار متعلق به كمپلكس آلي به مقدار 1 گرم در كيلوگرم بر قابليت هضم منگنز با گروه كنترل تفاوت معني­داري داشت. علاوه بر اين، تيمار كمپلكس آلي به مقدار 5/1گرم در كيلوگرم بر قابليت هضم كروم با گروه كنترل اختلاف معني­داري داشت و باعث افزايش قابليت هضم كروم در مقايسه با گروه كنترل شد. اين پژوهش نشان داد كه استفاده از كمپلكس آلي بر افزايش وزن بدن، مصرف خوراك و ضريب تبديل خوراك تاثير معني­داري نداشت. اما باعث كاهش سطح كلسترول و آلكالين فسفاتاز و همچنين كاهش قابليت هضم آهن و كبالت و منگنز شد، و باعث افزايش قابليت هضم كروم شد.   

  مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسي تاثير استفادهاز پودر لارو سوسك زرد آرد Tenebrio molitor، غني شده با مخمرو يا باكتري درجيره­ي غذاييمرغ‌هاي تخم­گذار بهعنوان جايگزين بخشي از ذرت و سويا، بر عملكرد و صفات كيفي تخم‌مرغ انجام شد. دراين آزمايش از 180 قطعه مرغ تخم­گذار نژاد لوهمن سفيد Lohmann LSL-Lite در سن 68 هفته­اي با 5 تيمار و 6 تكرار و هر تكرار حاوي 6 مرغبه مدت 8 هفته انجام شد. تيمارهاي آزمايشي شامل 1) سطح صفر درصد پودر ميلورم به عنوانتيمار شاهد 2) جيره حاوي دو درصد ميلورم 3) جيره­هاي حاوي دو درصد ميلورم به همراهباكتري 4) دو درصد ميلورم به همراه مخمر 5) دو درصد ميلورم به همراه باكتري و مخمرغني سازي شدند.

Abstract    Separate exploitation and management of groundwater and surface water resources can cause serious damage to any of the resources and cause problems such as lowering the water level, increasing harvesting costs, damage to the environment and, etc. These problems and the effects of climate change on water resources can exacerbate the damage. For this reason, in this study, at the first, climate change was extracted based on the output of CMIP5 series models in Kermanshah plain and then the interaction of groundwater and surface water was simulated through dynamic connection of surface and groundwater resources and coupling with climate parameters. In this method, data and results are circulated any monthly time step between MODFLOW and WEAP models and the output of CMIP5 series models, so that in the basic period, the values ??of harvest, runoff, river level from WEAP model were entered MODFLOW model to calculate the level and volume of aquifer storage, etc. and returned to the WEAP model. In this shuttle between the two models, the output of climate change models (AR5) is added that the coupled model be simulate and predict surface and groundwater resources in the situation of climate change. The base period was selected from October 1991 to September 2018, then the first three periods (2018-2045), the second (2045-2072) and the third (2072-2099) under four release scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, RCP8.5 were simulated. The results in the base period show that the average groundwater level at the end of the period decreased by 4.3 meters and the final balance of the plain is negative 9.37 (MCM/Year). Rainfall changes at RCP2.6 scenario respectively in the first, second and third periods, the highest increase in precipitation in March, December and March by 7.79, 1.81 and 4.87 mm and the largest decrease in February, April and May will be 4.42, 8.74 and 13.37 millimeters. The simulation results of the model coupled with this scenario show that the Kermanshah aquifer increased by 19 cm in the first period and the positive balance that is 56,000 cubic meters per year, and in the second and third periods respectively decreased by 0.81 and 1.9 meters and the negative balance of 3.6 and 5.8 (MCM/Year), Will experience. In RCP4.5 the highest increase in precipitation in the first period and March by 5.1 mm and the highest decrease in the first, second and third periods in May, April and May will be 6.3, 12.1 and 16.9 mm, and in the simulation results, the reduction of the level, that forecast is respectively, 0.45, 2.82 and 2.62 meters, and negative balances of 1.73, 9.12 and 9 (MCM/Year). In RCP6.0, the highest increase of precipitation in the first period and March will be 6.39 mm and the highest decrease in the first, second and third periods in May, April and May will be 9.89, 12.25 and 16.07 mm. In the simulation results, the reduction of the level is respectively predicted to 1.02, 3.27 and 2.79 meters, and the negative balance is predicted that 3.2, 10.4 and 9.7 (MCM/Year). In RCP8.5, the highest increase of precipitation in the first period and March will be 3.31 mm and the highest decrease in the first, second and third periods in February, February and May will be 6.37, 14.28 and 18.9 mm. And in the simulation results, the level decrease is respectively predicted to be 1.12, 4.41 and 3.35 meters, and the negative balance is predicted of 3.37, 13.4 and 11.73 (MCM/Year). Keywords: Climate Change, Fifth Report (IPCC5), Conjunctive use, Surface and Groundwater Interaction, MODFLOW, WEAP, Balance      

  Drought has numerous negative effects on the agricultural sector, and farmers, as the largest group of water consumers in the agricultural sector, are more exposed to the effects of drought. Therefore, in recent decades, various management strategies have been proposed to reduce the dimensions and effects of drought. One of the main strategies in the face of drought is the protection of water resources and in this regard, understanding the desire and behavior of farmers in the protection of water resources is one of the main components of demand management. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the structures affecting the water conservation behavior of farmers in the face of drought using conservation motivation theory. To achieve this goal, the specific objectives of analyzing the perception of farmers in the Mosian plain region of drought, explaining the pattern of water protection behavior of agricultural operators in the region, examining the factors affecting water protection behavior of agricultural operators and 4.69 and standard deviation = 0.54) and based on their experiences, surface water has decreased compared to the past (average = 4.67 and deviation). Criterion = 59/0).They also expect a quick solution for the region due to water conditions (mean = 4.56 and standard deviation = 0.77). The loss of blessings from the earth and the sky due to non-payment of zakat on agricultural products is also the most important memory of farmers in relation to drought (average = 3.80 and standard deviation = 1.09). According to the correlation coefficient test, the age and education of farmers have a significant relationship with their water conservation behaviors at the error level of one percent. There is also a significant difference in farmers' water conservation behaviors based on gender, marital status, participation in training 0.19, t = 3.77); The latent variable of perception of water crisis has a positive and significant effect on the level of error of one percent directly on water protection behavior among respondents (? = 0.41, t = 9.48); The latent variable of response effectiveness has a positive and significant effect on the level of one percent error indirectly on water protection behavior among respondents (? = 0.49, t = 10.92); And the latent variable of self-efficacy has a positive and significant effect on the level of error of one percent indirectly on the behavior of water protection among respondents (? = 0.41, t = 8.46).However, the significant effect of perceived variables of perceived vulnerability (? = 0.11, t = 1.95) and response cost (? = 0.10, t = 1.90) on water protection behavior among respondents has not been confirmed.

چكيده:    اين پژوهش به منظور بررسي عوامل مؤثر بر افزايش بهره وري توليد مرغ مرغداريهاي گوشتي استان   و راهكارهاي بهبود آن به اجرا درآمد. روش تحقيق در نظرگرفته شده براي انجام اين پژوهش، روش   تحقيق پيمايشي و از طريق نمونه گيري بود. به اين ترتيب از ميان جامعه مورد پژوهش(جامعه مرغداران گوشتي استان كرمانشاه)   تعداد70 واحد   با ظرفيتهاي مختلف به روش نمونه گيري خوشه اي طبقه بندي شده انتخاب گرديد و از آنها ، پرسشنامه اي بصورت حضوري حاوي اطلاعات كليه هزينه ها، درآمدها وخصوصيات مديريتي واحد پرورش تكميل شد. با استناد به اطلاعات جمع آوري شده، بهره وري متوسط يا ميزان بدست آوردن ستاده (محصول) به ازاي واحد داده ، بهره وري نهائي يا مقداري كه هر واحد عامل ورودي (داده) به ستاده كل اضافه ميكند وبهره وري كل عوامل توليد بدست آمد. نتايج حاصل از مطالعه جاري نشان دادكه هزينه دان، هزينه اصلي مرغداريها و در حدود 94 درصد از كل هزينه مرغداري ها را سه هزينه دان، خدمات بهداشت و درمان و خريد و حمل جوجه تشكيل مي دهند و واحدهاي پرورشي از نظر نوع و نحوه استفاده از وسايل گرمايشي در وضعيت نامطلوب اقتصادي قرار دارند. همچنين از انواع داروها و واكسنها بيش از حد مطلوب اقتصادي استفاده شده است و بنابراين بهره وري استفاده از اين نهاده در سطوح پاييني قرار دارد. ساير نتايج نشان داد كه هزينه مصرف دان بر بهره وري توليد واحدهاي پرورش مرغ گوشتي تأثير مثبت، معني دار و   با ضريب اهميت بالايي دارد و هزينه استفاده از اين نهاده در بين اكثر مرغداريها كمتر از حدمطلوب اقتصادي است. بررسي ضريب تبديل غذايي   در بين مرغداريهاي جمعيت نمونه نشان داد كه تنها 17 درصد مرغداريها در وضعيت ايده آل قرار دارند، 47 درصد در وضعيت نسبتا مطلوب و حدود28 درصد در وضعيت نامطلوب قرار دارند. بررسي وضعيت تلفات در هفته اول پرورش و در كل دوره نشان داد كه عمده تلفات از هفته اول به بعد اتفاق افتاده است، نتايج اين پژوهش نشان داد در اكثر مرغداريها استفاده از نهاده نيروي كار در حد كمتر از ميزان مطلوب اقتصادي بوده است.    واژه هاي كليدي: بهره وري ، مرغداري گوشتي، استان كرمانشاه   

This experiment was performed to investigate the effect of different levels of the amino acid arginine and the element nano-selenium on the production traits, carcass components and safety of broilers. Therefore, 810 one-day-old broiler chickens of Ross strain were tested by factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 9 treatments, 6 replications and 15 chickens. Experimental treatments including control treatment without additives, the second treatment containing 0.45 mg of arginine, the third treatment containing 0.9 mg of arginine, the fourth treatment containing 0.3 mg of nano-sellenium, the fifth treatment containing 0.45 mg of nano selenium, the sixth treatment Containing 0.3 and 0.45 mg nano selenium and arginine, the seventh treatment contains 0.3 and 0.9 mg nano selenium and arginine, the eighth treatment contains 0.45 and 0.45 mg nano selenium and arginine and the ninth treatment They contained 0.45 and 0.9 mg of nano selenium and arginine. The breeding period was 35 days. Weight gain and feed intake were also recorded weekly and feed conversion ratio was also calculated. On day 35, physiological reagents including albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose as well as blood enzymes aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde and blood safety were evaluated. Chickens were then slaughtered and their carcass components and weight were measured. The mean interaction of broiler chickens and also the weight of chickens receiving arginine and nano-selenium up to three weeks did not show a significant difference (P> 0.05). The interaction of these treatments was significant in the fourth and fifth weeks of the experiment (P <0.05). Weekly weight gain as well as final weight gain of broilers showed that there was no significant difference in the interaction of arginine and nano-selenium levels by three weeks (P <0.05). The mean of weight gain interactions in the fourth and fifth weeks as well as the whole period showed a significant difference (P <0.05). The mean of feed interactions of broiler chickens except the first week (P <0.05) in all experimental weeks and also in the whole period was affected      

   This Research   was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of replacement of camelina meal (7, 14 and 21%) in rations and various processing methods (without processing, autoclave processing, copper sulfate processing, and autoclaving and copper sulfate) on Production performance, quality characteristics of eggs and some blood parameters of laying   hens. This research was conducted using 390 Bovans commercial laying hens at 30 weeks of age with 13 treatments, 5 replicates and 6 chickens per replicate for 56 days in a completely randomized design and a factoriel test 3×4+1. In this experiment, the effect of two factors level and processing of meal on the percentage of egg production was significant (p <0.05). so that 7% of processed meal and without processing and 14% of autoclaved and copper sulfate content produced the highest percentage of egg production، While 21% showed the lowest production. The interaction of level and processing had a significant effect on egg weight and egg mass (p <0.05) .The highest amount of egg weight and egg mass in control group and 7% replacement of camelina meal, regardless of processing, and the lowest egg weight in group 14 and 21% replacement of camelina meal, regardless of processing method were observed. The lowest amount of egg mass was observed in 21% of unprocessed camelina meal   .Different levels of the camelina meal had a significant effect on the   feed conversion rate, but the effect of processing on the   feed conversion rate was not significant (p <0.05). In fact, the lowest conversion rate was observed at 7% level of the camelina meal, and had a significant difference with levels of 14 and 21%.. Different levels of whole meal and different processing methods had a significant effect on feed intake, so that the highest feed intake was observed at 7% level and the lowest level was 21%. Also, in the untreated method, the lowest feed intake and in the processing method The autoclave had the highest feed intake. Different levels of meal had no significant effect on shell and shell thickness, yolk weight, and egg whites but had a significant effect on yolk color and different processing methods alone had a not significant effect on the shape of the index, shell thickness, and hawa color However, the interaction of two factors on egg Hao unit and egg shell weight was significant, so that the highest number   of Hao unit   was related to the 14% level without processing, and the lowest amount of   Hao unit was related to the level of 21% of autoclaved copper meal containing copper sulfate . Regarding shell weight, the highest egg shell weight was in the control group and the lowest   egg shell weight was related to the level of 21% of the untreated camelina meal. The use of different levels of meal did not have a significant effect on the level of cholesterol, glucose and total protein.   but had a significant effect on triglyceride levels, which was the highest at 7 and 14% levels, and showed the lowest levels of triglyceride at 21% level. various processing methods have a significant effect on triglyceride, glucose and total protein. The unprocessing group had the highest levels of triglyceride and autoclaved group and the copper sulfate group had the smallest amount of triglyceride.. The unprocessing group resulted in the highest glucose levels and the lowest levels of glucose in autoclaved and copper sulfate groups alone It was shown that there was no significant difference between the unprocessing group and the autoclaved group containing copper sulfate.   

  To investigate the effect of in ovo injection of carbohydrate supplementary into the albumen on the one day-old Body weight (BW), chick length, chick weight one day relative to egg weight and hatchability   in surrogate egg shell   this experiment was conducted used of 60 piece of fertile egg ROSS 308 broiler chicks (with the average weight 64±2 gr) that eggs were arranged factorially in completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 10 replication in each treatment .Maltose(M) and sucrose(S) in tow level were used in this experiment .treatment consist 1mlof   :1) control1 (without surrogate eggshell and   not injected) ,2) control2(not injected) ,3) 1.5% maltose (M) +1.5% sucrose (S), 4)1.5% M + 2.5% S,5) 2.5% M + 1.5% S,6) 2.5% M + 2.5% S in 0.75% saline .During the experiment the status of the viability and growth of the embryo chick weight. Chick weight relative to egg weight and hatchability were determined. The results showed that in ovo injection of carbohydrate supplementary increased body weight and chick weight   (p<0.05) on the first day of hatch compared to the control1 . BW and   CL   was maximized by injecting 2.5% M + 2.5% S. There were no significant effect of treatments on hatchability.Key words:   chicken embryo, hatchability, carbohydrate, chick weight one day-old

Evaluation of the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) role on alleviation of salinity stress in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)

  The role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on reduction of drought stress in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum).

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of in ovo injections of albumen, amino acid supplementary and calcium lactate pentahydrate into the albumen on the one day-old chick weight, chick weight one day relative to egg weight and hatchability of ROSS 308 broiler chicks.A total of 63 piece of fertile egg broiler (with the average weight 64±2 gr) used the technique of surrogate shell that eggs were arranged factorially in completely randomized design with 6 treatments.In ovo injection nutrition run to two experiments. First experiment treatment consisted of 4 albumen sources with two control treatments that they are include:1. Non-injected eggs (control)2. Non-injected eggs surrogate shell (control)3. Eggs injected with 2.5ml albumen in surrogate shell4. Eggs injected with 2.5ml albumen+250 mg calcium lactate in surrogate shell5. Eggs injected with 1ml albumen in surrogate shell6. Eggs injected with 1ml albumen+250mg calcium lactate in surrogate shellNext experiment treatment consisted of amino acid source and two control treatment that they are include:1. non-injected eggs (control)2. non-injected eggs surrogate shell (control)3. Eggs injected with 2.5ml amino acid supplementary in surrogate shellDuring the experiment the status of the viability and growth of the embryo chick weight. Chick weight relative to egg weight and hatchability were determined.The results showed that in ovo injection of albumen and amino acid supplementary increased body weight (p<0.05) on the first day of hatch compared to the control. There were no significant effect of treatments on hatchability.Key words: chicken embryo

AbstractThis study was coducted to evaluate the effect of adding leaf powder of eucalyptus globulus and althaea officinalis to diet on performance, carcass traits and some blood biochemical parameters of broiler chicks. Based on a completely randomized design, a total of 200 one-day-old broiler chickens (Ross-308) was randomly alloted to 20 replicate cages (n=10). Chicks in every 5 replicate cages were fed one of the four experimental diests including: 1- control diet (without additives), 2- control diet + 0.5% eucalyptus leaf powder, 3- control diet+ 0.5% althea officinalis leaf powder and 4- control diet+ 0.5% eucalyptus leaf powder and 0.5% althaea officinalis leaf powder. On 41th day of age, one bird per each cage was randomly selected and bled to measure cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL, albumin, uric acid and glucose in sera samples. The data were analyzed using GLM procedure of SAS. There was no significant effect of dietary treatments on body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (P>0/05), although numerically using eucalyptus powder and althaea officinalis caused reduce feed intake and improved feed conversion ratio (P>0/05). Reduced abdominal fat was observed in chicks fed the diet contained eucalyptus powder and the diet with both eucalyptus and althea officinalis (P>0.05). The lowest LDL levels were detected in chicks fed the eucalyptus-included diet and the highest LDL was observed in the control chicks. Simultaneous usage of eucalyptus and althaea officinalis in diet significantly reduced cholesterol and increased HDL (P<0.05). The lowest level of blood holesterol and the highest level of HDL were detected in chicks fed the diet included both eucalyptus and althea officinalis (0.5% eucalyptus and 0.5% althaea officinalis). There were no significant effect of experimental diet on serum levels of albumin, triglyceride, uric acid and glucose concentrations in chicks. (P> 0.05). In conclusion based on the results of the presdent experiment, the dietary usage of eucalyptus and althaea officinalis leaf powder had favorable effect on blood lipids with no detrimental effect on the performance and carcass traits of broiler chicks.

  AbstractThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation vitamin C and Zinc sulfate on performance, egg quality characteristics and blood parameters in laying hens reared in cold stress condition. A total of 144 laying hens (Lohman-LSL Lite 65 weeks old) was arranged in factorial experiment with 4 dietary treatment and 6 replicates per each treatment. Exprimental treatments included Two levels of vitamin C (0, 250 mg/kg) and two levels of zinc sulfate (0, 40 mg/kg). In this study, adding zinc sulfat had significant effect on FCR, EW and EM The whole period. Also Significant interactions between vitamin C and zn sulfat in first month on FCR, EW and EM were observed(P<0.05). The EM and EW increased, whereas FCR decreased (P<0.05). There were significant interactions between vitamin C and zn sulfat on the shell thickness, Haugh unit and serum level of triglycerides observed(P<0.05). heterophil to lymphocyte ratio increased in the hens fed the diets including zn sulfat compared to those fed the basal diet. In conclusion, the use of dietary supplementation vitamin C and zinc sulfat had impact on performance, quality of egg and serum metabolites in cold stress conditions. key words:Cold stress, Zinc sulfate, Vitamin C, Performance, Laying hens     

  The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of administration of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) and human chorionic gonadotropin ( hCG )   to improve Ovsynch protocol in dairy cows . Forty eight dairy cows with body condition scored ( BCS ) between 2.75 and 3.5 were divided into 6 groups in a completely randomized design: GPG group ( n = 8 ; GnRH - 7d   -   PGF2?   -   2d - GnRH - 16-20 h - TAI);   EPG group (n = 8    eCG - 7d - PGF2?   - 2d   - GnRH - 16-20 h - TAI);   GPH group (n = 8; GnRH - 7d -   PGF2? - 2d   -   hCG   - 16-20 h   - TAI)   EPH group (n = 8; eCG   - 7d   -   PGF2?   -   2d   -   hCG - 16-20 h   - TAI);   GPEG group (n = 8; GnRH - 7d   - PGF2? + eCG -   2d   -   GnRH   -   16-20 h   - TAI)   GPEH group (n = 8; GnRH   - 7d   -   PGF2? + eCG -   2d   -   hCG -   16-20 h   - TAI).   lood samples were taken on 13 day   after insemination and analysed for serum progesterone (P4) concentrations. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed 50 days post-insemination by means of rectal palpation . Our study clearly demonstrates that parity has a significant effect on pregnancy rate ( P < 0.1). Markedly   lower   pregnancy rate   was observed in animals of higher parity. Pregnancy rate at 50 days after insemination did not differ   (P > 0.05 ) between GPG, EPG, GPH, EPH, GPEG and GPEH groups. However, pregnancy rate was higher in the cows that received EPG, EPH and GPEG protocols ( 37%; 3/8)   than the cows that received   GPG, GPH and GPEH protocols (12%;1/8). Serum progesterone concentration 13 days after insemination for pregnant cows did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatments. Whereas, the serum progesterone concentratio   for pregnant cows were higher in the EPG and EPH groups tha   GPG, GPH, GPEG and GPEH groups. Serum progesterone concentration 13 days after insemination for non-pregnant cow   was found to be different (P < 0.05) between the GPG, EPG, GPH, EPH, GPEG, and GPEH groups. Furthermore, the serum progesterone concentratio   for non-pregnant cows were   higher (P < 0.05) in the EPH and EPG groups than the   GPG, GPH, GPEG and GPEH groups. Our results do show that the use of eCG   to induce ovulation in a timed artifical insemination protocol (Ovsynch ) may increase serum progesterone levels and improve fertility in dairy cows.     

  In this study, adding Mg and Cr to diet did not significantly influence feed intake and egg production (P>0.05). Adding 300 or 600 ppm Mg improved feed conversation ratio and egg mass before and after heat stress condition. Dietary supplemental 800    Cr increase egg weight before heat stress condition. Egg characteristics such as shell weight, Haugh unit, egg yolk color, gravity and yolk weight were not affected by dietary Mg and Cr supplementation. A significant interaction between Mg and Cr supplementation on yolk index and albumen weight before heat stress and on egg index in periods of before stress and heat stress was observed. Adding 600 ppm Mg increased shell thickness compared to control group under heat stress condition. There were no significant effect of Mg and Cr supplementation on concentration of serum blood total protein and glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity between different treatments. A significant interaction between Mg and Cr supplementation on blood albumen and insulin was observed under heat stress. Insulin concentration decrease when two minerals used together compared with using them separately. Adding 800    Cr decrease cholesterol and glucose concentration under normal temperature or heat stress, and also adding 400 or 800    Cr decrease triglyceride and uric acid content of blood in laying hens under heat stress condition compared with control group. Mg supplementation decrease blood uric acid concentration of laying hens under heat stress condition. Mg supplementation increase the levels of serum Mg significantly, and Cr supplementation increase serum Cr concentration in laying hens compared with control group. Results of this study showed that Cr and Mg supplementation can alleviate some negative effects of heat stress in laying hens without negative effects on performance, egg characteristics and blood parameters.

چكيدهاين آزمايش به منظور بررسي اثرات افزودن اسانس آويشن و سلنيوم آلي در جيره­ي غذايي بر عملكرد رشد و برخي فراسنجه­هاي خون جوجه هاي گوشتي، انجام شد. آزمايش در قالب طرح كاملاً تصادفي به صورت فاكتوريل (2×2) شامل اسانس آويشن در دو سطح (صفر، 250 ميلي گرم بر كيلو گرم جيره) و سلنيوم آلي (صفر و 3/0 ميلي­گرم در هر كيلوگرم جيره)   با شش تكرار و بيست قطعه جوجه گوشتي راس 308 در هر تكرار انجام شد. داده ها با استفاده از شيوه­ي GLM از نرم افزار آماري SAS مورد تجزيه و تحليل قرار گرفتند. اثر اصلي افزودن سلنيوم آلي و اسانس آويشن بر خوراك مصرفي در دوره ي آغازين (21-10 روزگي) معني­دار نبود. اما مصرف خوراك در دوره­ي رشد (42-21) و كل دوره (42-11) در گروه داراي سلنيوم به طور معني­داري كمتر بود(P<0.05). وزن پايان دروه در دوره­ي رشد در گروه آويشن از نظر آماري به طور معني­داري بالاتر   بود(P<0.05). اثر اسانس آويشن بر ضريب تبديل خوراك در هيچ يك از دوره­هاي آزمايشي معني دار نبود. اثر متقابل افزودن سلنيوم آلي و اسانس آويشن بر درصد لاشه و اجزاء آن مانند درصد سينه و ران به صورت درصدي از وزن زنده معني­دار نبود. اثر اصلي و متقابل افزودن اسانس آويشن و سلنيوم آلي بر وزن اندام­هاي داخلي مانند كبد، قلب، پانكراس و چربي محوطه­ي شكمي و اندام­هاي لنفي مانند تيموس و طحال معني­دار نشد. اثر متقابل افزودن سلنيوم آلي و اسانس بر وزن نسبي بورس معني­دار شد (P<0.05) به طوريكه كمترين وزن بورس مربوط به تركيب سلنيوم آلي و اسانس آويشن بود. اثر متقابل و اثرات اصلي افزودن سلنيوم آلي و اسانس آويشن بر غلظت گلوكز، كلسترول و آلبومين سرم معني دار نبود. افزودن آويشن به جيره باعث كاهش معني­دار تري­گليسربد شد(P<0.05). اثر   افزودن سلنيوم آلي و بر غلظت اسيداوريك معني­دار شد(P<0.05)، بطوريكه جوجه هاي تغذيه شده با سلنيوم آلي داراي كمترين غلظت اسيداوريك سرم بودند.نتايج اين مطالعه نشان داد افزودن اسانس آويشن و سلنيوم آلي به جبره­ي جوجه­هاي گوشتي بر برخي خصوصيات عملكردي و فيزيولوژيكي مؤثر بود.  واژگان كليدي: آويشن، سلنيوم آلي، عملكرد، خصوصيات لاشه، فراسنجه هاي خوني