Abstract Introduction: Shallot is one of the medicinal and industrial plants that is harvested from natural habitats in our country. In Iran, this plant is considered an unauthorized plant in terms of exploitation of natural resources due to the special conditions of its habitat and reproduction. Given that most of this species is collected from nature, the increased demand for this type of species has caused their destruction and excessive exploitation in nature. Accordingly, the present study was conducted with the aim of identifying obstacles and solutions to the development of shallot cultivation in agricultural lands and pastures of Al-Ashtar County. Methodology: To achieve the research objectives, a qualitative approach was used. The participants in the study were experts from the Natural Resources Department and the Agricultural Jihad Department of Al-Ashtar County, residents of Dartang and Hindi villages of Al-Ashtar County, and farmers under the contract of the Zarrin Cooperative Company, and 22 people were selected as samples based on the Barez purposive sampling method. The data collection tool was semi-structured in-depth individual interviews and field notes, and interviews continued until data saturation was reached. For data analysis, the method of communicative content analysis and open and axial coding was used. Results: The results of the study showed that in relation to the obstacles and challenges of preserving and revitalizing shallots in the natural areas and habitats of Al-Shatar County, 13 categories were identified, including marketing and sales obstacles, advertising and information obstacles, financial and capital risks, human and social risks, infrastructure obstacles, skill and technical obstacles, standards and quality, information obstacles, knowledge and educational obstacles, management and support obstacles, organizational obstacles, production inputs, environmental and geographical conditions, and licensing of medicinal plants. Also, in relation to the strategies for cultivating shallots among the shallot farmers of Al-Ashtar County, 9 dimensions were identified: research and training strategies, advertising and information strategies, technical and agricultural strategies, structural and support strategies, policy strategies, strategies related to issuing licenses for the exploitation of shallots, economic and social strategies, trade and organizational strategies, and strategies related to marketing and sales. Discussion and Conclusion: As it was identified, the improvement and development of the medicinal plant market, especially shallots, requires cooperation and coordination between different organizations. Abstract, discrete and uncoordinated action in implementing policies and strategies in the research, promotion, production, trade, processing, health and treatment sectors makes it difficult to achieve goals. In order to make a coordinated, targeted and effective effort in organizing the medicinal plant market, efforts should be made to formulate a comprehensive program in which the goals are completely clear and the duties and responsibilities of the various sectors are determined. The development and implementation of this program will enable the evaluation of the performance of various organizations and prevent waste of time and capital. Keywords: Mustard, medicinal plants, Al-Shatar city.

Abstract Rapid population growth and the increasing needs of society on the one hand, intensive production of agricultural products in arid and semi-arid regions, and the lack of use of fertilizers containing potassium (K) on the other hand have caused the depletion and reduction of the availability and varying rates of potassium release in Iranian soils. Also, the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and improper management in the agricultural sector have faced the country's soils with a shortage of organic matter. In a study conducted during 1402-1403, the effects of various organic fertilizers on potassium forms and biological activities in soil were investigated. Initially, two different soil samples were collected from a depth of 0-30 cm, considering mineralogical differences. Six types of organic fertilizers—cow manure, chicken manure, sheep manure, compost, vermicompost, and mealworm frass manure—were added to soil samples at a concentration of 1.5%. These samples were then incubated for 60 days under controlled conditions, with a temperature of 25°C and maintained at field capacity moisture. At the end of the period, measurements were taken for potassium forms, basal respiration (BR), substrate-indued respiration (SIR), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and metabolic quotient (qCO2). The results indicated that incorporating various organic fertilizers significantly influenced potassium forms and biological activities in both soils at a 5% probability level. In Soil 1, the highest levels of soluble potassium were found in the chicken treatment (173.8 mg kg?¹) and the frass treatment (167 mg kg?¹). The frass treatment also had the highest exchangeable potassium (542 mg kg?¹) and non-exchangeable potassium (1130.60 mg kg?¹), while the cow treatment showed the highest structural potassium (6580.06 mg kg?¹). In soil 2, the highest level of soluble potassium was found in the chicken manure treatment, measuring 303.5 mg kg?¹, followed closely by the frass treatment at 296.66 mg kg?¹. The frass treatment also exhibited the highest exchangeable potassium at 1343.66 mg kg?¹. In terms of non-exchangeable potassium, the chicken manure treatment had the highest value at 2326.66 mg kg?¹, while the frass treatment showcased the highest levels of structural potassium, measuring 7502 mg kg?¹.

   Abstract Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) has the largest cultivated area among legumes. It not only provides a cheap protein diet, but also can improve soil fertility due to its nitrogen fixation ability. Kermanshah province is one of the top provinces in the country in terms of chickpea cultivation area as this crop is considered the second crop of most rainfed farmers in the province. Therefore, conducting applied research in the field of chickpea cultivation is of great importance. This field experiment was conducted in Sarbekuh village, Homeyl district, West Eslamabad-e Gharb county, in split plots in a randomized complete block design. The land was divided into 4 blocks and each block had 28 plots. The main plots included the control (without zinc sulfate and humic acid), soil application of zinc sulfate at a rate of 20 kg/ha, soil application of humic acid at a rate of 5 kg/ha, and soil application of zinc sulfate +   humic acid at a rate of 20 and 5 kg/ha, respectively, and the subplots included the control (without foliar application), foliar application of zinc sulfate at a concentration of 2 kg in 1000 L at podding time and before and after flowering, foliar application of humic acid at a concentration of 2 kg in 1000 L at podding time and before and after flowering, and foliar application of zinc sulfate + humic acid at concentrations of 2 + 2 kg in 1000 L at podding time and before and after flowering. The results indicated that the highest 100-grain weight was related to the soil application of zinc sulfate + humic acid at a rate of 1.42 g, which was not significantly different from the zinc sulfate treatment. Comparison of the simple effects of soil treatments showed that the highest biological yield was obtained in the zinc sulfate + humic acid treatment with an amount of 3250 kg/ha. Comparison of the simple effects of soil treatments showed that the highest biological yield among foliar treatments was related to the zinc sulfate + humic acid before and after flowering with an average of 3364 kg/ha. The highest amount of grain nitrogen (3.3%) was related to the foliar application of humic acid before and after flowering without soil application of zinc sulfate and humic acid. In general, the results showed that the foliar application of zinc sulfate + humic acid before and after flowering had the greatest effect among the treatments on the yield and yield components of chickpea. The soil and foliar applications of zinc sulfate and humic acid significantly increased the amount of nitrogen and grain protein, while they had no significant effect on the amount of phosphorus, potassium and zinc in the grain. Keywords: Rainfed chickpea, Biological yield, Seed yield, Humic acid, Foliar application

   Abstract Introduction: Development activities impose risks on the environment, and the dimensions of these potential risks vary depending on the nature of the project and environmental sensitivities. Brick kilns have a high impact potential. Therefore, by assessing the environment and providing an appropriate management plan, the potential negative impacts arising from them can be reduced as much as possible and the affected environment can be improved. Accordingly, the present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the sustainable management of lands covered by brick kilns in three areas: land degradation, land use change, and land cover, in Godin Rural District, Kangavar County. Methodology: To achieve the research objectives, an integrated (qualitative-quantitative) approach was used. A qualitative method (phenomenology) was used to identify the threats of brick kilns and the lived experiences of residents of target villages of brick kilns, and to identify and prioritize the necessary solutions for sustainable management of lands covered by brick kilns in Godin Rural District, Kangavar County (Delphi and Analytic Hierarchy Process). The study population of the study was residents of target villages of brick kilns, brick kiln workers, kiln owners, and experts and specialists in this field, and 14 people were selected as samples based on the criterion-based sampling method. The data collection tool was semi-structured individual in-depth interviews and field notes, and the interviews continued until data saturation was reached. Content analysis and the seven-step Claise model were used to analyze the data, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and in the (  ) (Expert Choice) software environment. Results: Based on the research results, in relation to the threats posed by brick kilns, three thematic categories were identified: A. Land use change (land removal from the production cycle, creation of water storage ponds, damage and destruction of secondary roads, and desertification), B. Vegetation change (reduction of fertile soil for plant growth, reduction of plant growth and drying, reduction of fodder required by livestock, reduction of plant photosynthesis, and reduction in the quantity and quality of plant products), and C. Land degradation (severe soil erosion, landslides, and soil impoverishment) was identified, and in relation to the lived experiences of participants from brick kilns, five clusters were identified: 1. Disease (lung problems, spinal problems, and boredom and depression), 2. Expansion of social connections (connections with different ethnic groups and greater connection with the people of the village), 3. Economic benefit (reduction of unemployment, income generation, and job creation), 4. Conflict of interest (conflict with kiln owners and conflict with organizations), and 5. Hard work (hard and exhausting work, becoming addicted due to hard work, and not continuing education due to exhausting work). Also, the use of government facilities and support in the field of accelerating the provision of infrastructure facilities for the creation of agricultural projects such as greenhouses, the correct implementation of agricultural land use conservation laws regarding the activity of brick kilns, and the use of deterrents in the field of preventing further destruction and informing the villagers about the environmental risks of brick kilns were, respectively, the most important or, in other words, the most appropriate solutions for the sustainable management of lands covered by brick kilns in Godin Rural District, Kangavar County. Discussion and Conclusion:

   Introduction and statement of the problem: The problem of food waste is one of the main challenges in the world.   According to reports, in different countries, a significant amount of food that is produced and consumed at home is wasted due to improper consumption and storage practices.   Meanwhile, rural women play an important role in managing food resources at home.   As the managers of the house and food resources, they influence in reducing or increasing the food waste of households.   Therefore, the present research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the responsible behavior of women in the village of Dalaho towards reducing household food waste.   Materials and methods: The current research is based on quantitative-qualitative paradigm.   The research sample in the quantitative part includes 190 female households of Dalhousie city, who were selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling method.   Quantitative data were collected through a questionnaire, the validity of which was prepared with the opinion of experts, and the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's test.   The sample of the qualitative section was also selected from among the women of the Dalhouh city using a clear sampling method, and the data was collected through interviews, and after 15 interviews, theoretical saturation was achieved.   Data analysis of the qualitative part was done through content analysis and theme analysis and using the traditional open, central and selective coding method.   At first, in the first objective, qualitative method was used to identify examples of responsible behavior of women in Dalaho city towards reducing household food waste.   In the second objective, the amount of responsible behavior of village women towards the reduction of household food waste was investigated using a quantitative method.   that the data collected by means of descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, frequency and percentage) and inferential statistics (T and F test and determining the relationship between independent and dependent variable, Spearman's correlation and then step-by-step regression)   ) and was analyzed using    statistical software.   Finally, the third objective was to identify the reasons affecting the responsible behavior of rural women towards reducing household food waste at each stage using a qualitative method.   Findings and conclusions:

      Abstract: Considering the increasing rate of the world's population and the increasing demand for agricultural products, the cultivation of greenhouses in order to increase the production per unit area is very important. Environmental stresses such as high temperature, severe cold, drought, salinity and heavy elements have a negative effect on plant metabolism. Salinity is one of the most common environmental stresses that affects the growth and development of plants. Seeds are highly vulnerable to stress during the planting stage until the seedling is established. Biofertilizers have microorganisms that can help improve plant nutrition by methods such as fixing nitrogen, dissolving phosphate, releasing potassium ions, or providing iron and other required elements. In order to investigate the characteristics of greenhouse cucumber seeds (Nagin) under salinity stress conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with three repetitions, three levels of potassium (control, 100 and 200 mg/liter with potassium sulfate), two levels of fertilizer. Biology (control and bacillus sativa bacteria (CFU/ml) and three levels of salinity stress (control, 7 and 14 dS/m with sodium chloride) were carried out. The seeds were cultivated in Petri dishes and the treatments were applied and the germination percentage, germination speed, Average germination and seed strength index were calculated. Increasing the concentration of potassium in high salinity created positive effects in all the investigated traits. The interaction of treatments applied on greenhouse cucumber seeds increased seed vigor index, radicle length, seedling wet weight, shoot and seedling dry weight. However, biofertilizer in the laboratory did not have a significant effect on the examined traits. Keywords: greenhouse products, potassium sulfate, Bacillus sativa bacteria, sodium chloride, germination index

جنگل‌هاي زاگرس كه به‌عنوان اكوسيستم­هاي جنگلي نيمه‌خشك تقسيم‌بندي مي­شوند وسيع‌ترين اكوسيستم جنگلي   ايران به شمار مي‌روند كه 44درصد جنگل‌هاي كشور را تشكيل داده و مهم­ترين رويشگاه گونه­هاي بلوط در ايران به شمار مي­روند. پژوهش   حاضر براي بررسي تنوع عملكرد ميكروبي خاك در ارتباط با جزاير حاصلخيزي در جنگل­هاي شاخه زاد بلوط زاگرس انجام شد. منطقه مورد مطالعه، در استان كرمانشاه، جنگل­هاي شهرستان گيلان غرب منطقه دار بادام قرار داشت. به‌منظور نمونه‌گيري، تعداد 4 ترانسكت در منطقه مورد مطالعه با فاصله‌هاي 50 متر در نظر گرفته شد. سپس، در راستاي ترانسك­ها، نمونه­برداري‌ از خاك با توجه تيمار­ها انجام گرديد. تيمارهاي مورد بررسي شامل محدوده تاج جست‌گروه‌ها (جست گروه­هاي با تعداد جست­هاي 1 تا 3، 3 تا10، 10 تا20 و بيشتر از 20) و فواصل مابين جست‌گروه­ها (تاج درختان به هم چسبيده (بدون فاصله)، فاصله تاج درختان 1 تا 3 متر و 3 تا 5 متر) بود. در هر كدام از تيمار­هاي فوق، قطعات نمونه با مشخصات ابعادي 25/0 ×25/0 متر و از عمق صفر تا 30 سانتي­متري و به‌طور كاملاً تصادفي برداشت شدند. هر يك از اين تيمار­ها، در هر ترانسكت با 4 تكرار در نظر گرفته و در مجموع تعداد 28 نمونه براي منطقه مورد مطالعه برداشت شد. نتايج نشان داد كه نتايج به دست آمده از مقايسه ميانگين ويژگي­هاي فيزيكي و شيميايي خاك درون تاج و بيرون تاج نشان داد كه ميانگين ويژگي­هاي كربن آلي، پتاسيم و شن در درون تاج درختان بلوط به‌طور معني­داري بيشتر از ميانگين آن­ها در فضا­هاي بيرون تاج درختان است. ولي ميانگين ساير ويژگي­ها از جمله واكنش شيميايي خاك، هدايت الكتريكي، فسفر، رس، سيلت و آهك در محدوده بيرون تاج بيشتر از درون تاج بود. همچنين ويژگي­هاي تنفس پايه و كسر متابوليك در زير تاج درختان بلوط به‌طور معني‌داري بيشتر از ميانگين آن­ها در فضا­هاي بيرون تاج درختان مشاهده شد، ولي ميانگين ساير ويژگي­ها از جمله تنفس برانگيخته، كربن زيست‌توده ميكروبي و بهره ميكروبي در محدوده بيرون تاج بيشتر از درون تاج به دست آمد. نتايج به دست آمده از مقايسه ميانگين آنزيم­هاي خاك درون تاج و بيرون تاج نشان داد كه ميانگين آنزيم­هاي فسفاتاز قليايي و ساكاراز در زير تاج درختان بلوط به‌طور معني‌داري بيشتر از ميانگين آن‌ها در فضاهاي بيرون تاج درختان است ولي ميانگين ساير آنزيم­ها از جمله فسفاتاز اسيدي و اوره آز در محدوده بيرون تاج بيشتر از درون تاج است.   

Abstract Soils that undergo structural changes and experience a decrease in particle resistance and cohesion with the application of minimal force are known as problematic soils. One method of rehabilitating such soils is by incorporating certain amendment materials that possess high specific surface area and porosity, along with high reactivity, to influence soil properties. This study investigated the effects of four types of organic and mineral amendment materials on selected characteristics of a clay loam soil. The experiment was conducted at Razi University using a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments consisted of zeolite, biochar, compost, each at four levels (0, 1, 2, and 5% by weight), and nano-clay at four levels (0, 0.5, 1, and 2% by weight). After amending the soil, it was subjected to alternate wetting and drying cycles for a period of two months. Subsequently, certain physical and mechanical properties of the soil, including Atterberg limits, saturated hydraulic conductivity, shear strength, compressive strength, and particle size distribution were measured. The results showed that the use of different amendment levels had a significant effect on the measured parameters. Biochar at the 5% level had a significant impact on increasing the brittleness index, resulting in a 125% increase compared to the control, indicating a higher moisture range suitable for soil cultivation. Furthermore, the addition of nano-clay led to an increase in saturated hydraulic conductivity, with the highest value (7.49 cm/h) obtained at the 2% level. Overall, the addition of amendment materials can alleviate physical and mechanical constraints of the soil. Keywords: Amendment, Biochar, Compost, Nano clay, Soil physical properties, Zeolite   

   Abstract:

   Abstract Energy, as one of the most important and necessary production factors, has a significant impact. Considering that fossil fuel resources are running out, researchers are looking to replace biodiesel fuel as a renewable biofuel with properties close to diesel. The current research seeks to model electronic nose data in predicting the oxidation stability and physical and chemical characteristics of biodiesel and to investigate the oxidation stability of biodiesel samples with the Rancimat device and to apply algorithms based on artificial and statistical intelligence. In this research, biodiesel fuels were prepared from different sources of rapeseed and sunflower oil and cooking waste with methanol and KOH (potassium hydroxide) catalyst. Each of the fuels is mixed with diesel fuel at a volume percentage of 2, 5, 10 and 20, with the help of an electronic nose system equipped with 10 sensors that can analyze the volatile components in the empty space of the sample container, physical and chemical characteristics such as density , viscosity along with their oxidation stability were analyzed by standard Rancimat method in different periods of time (each test in one month). Also, with different methods such as artificial neural network (ANN), principal component analysis (PCA), linear and quadratic discriminant analysis (LDA and QDA), support vector machine analysis (SVM) and response surface method (RSM) each month. was analyzed. The obtained results showed that for the classification and separation of pure fuels, the ANN method is able to separate pure fuels with 100% accuracy every four months. Other SVM classification methods in each four months were 94, 95, 82, 84 respectively, for QDA 100, 100, 100 and 99, in RSM these orders were 100, 93, 98 and 96 and LDA respectively in each month with accuracy 100, 98, 100 and 100% pure fuels were separated and categorized. Also, to identify and place types of pure fuels (D100, K100, WCO100, SUN100) in one group (Pure) and types of impure fuels in another group (Impure), ANN method with 100, 98.8, 100 and 100% accuracy is able to Separation of pure fuel from diesel-biodiesel combination. Keywords:

   آگاهي از وضعيت تغذيه­اي باغات ميوه به منظور افزايش كميت و كيفيت محصول يك امر ضروري و اجتناب­ناپذير است. همچنين، مديريت پايدار حاصلخيزي خاك يكي از مؤلفه­هاي مهم مديريت خاك در راستاي كشاورزي پايدار است كه ارزيابي آن از طريق سنجش ويژگي­هاي شيميايي و زيستي امكان­پذير مي­باشد. اين پژوهش با هدف بررسي تأثير چالكودهاي تلفيقي مختلف از كودهاي آلي، شيميايي و زيستي بر رفع كلروز آهن در درختان هلو و شليل، تعادل عناصر غذايي در برگ و ميوه درختان تيمار شده و برخي ويژگي­هاي شيميايي و زيستي خاك انجام گرفت. پيش از اعمال تيمارهاي چالكود، نمونه­هاي خاك از دو عمق 30-0 و 60-30 سانتي­متري به ‌صورت مركب از باغ مورد مطالعه تهيه و ويژگي­هاي شيميايي (pH، EC، ماده آلي و فسفر و پتاسيم فراهم) و زيستي (تنفس پايه، كربن زيست­توده ميكروبي، تنفس ناشي از سوبسترا و كسر متابوليك) آن­ها تعيين شدند. اين پژوهش به صورت آزمايش فاكتوريل در قالب بلوك­هاي كامل تصادفي در 3 بلوك و 5 تيمار اجرا شد. اواسط اسفند 1398، تيمارهاي آزمايشي به صورت چالكود در يك سوم بيروني سايه­انداز درختان به اين صورت اعمال شدند: كود دامي كاملاً پوسيده (A)، كود دامي + اوره + فسفات آمونيوم + كلات آهن سكوسترين (B)، كود دامي + اوره + فسفات آمونيوم + كلات آهن سكوسترين + باكتري باسيلوس (C)، كود دامي + اوره + فسفات آمونيوم + كلات آهن سكوسترين + تيوباسيلوس + گوگرد پودري (D)، كود دامي + اوره + فسفات آمونيوم + كلات آهن سكوسترين + باكتري باسيلوس + تيوباسيلوس + گوگرد پودري (E). مقادير نيتروژن، فسفر، پتاسيم، آهن، منگنز، مس و روي در برگ و ميوه درختان در سال­هاي 1399 و 1400 و كلروفيل برگ در سال 1400 اندازه­گيري شدند. پس از برداشت ميوه­ها در تابستان 1400، نمونه­هاي خاك از دو عمق 30-0 و 60-30 سانتي­متر و از كنار محل چالكود با استفاده از اوگر برداشته شد. ويژگي­هاي شيميايي و زيستي در خاك­هاي تيمار شده، اندازه­گيري و با ويژگي­هاي خاك قبل از چالكود مقايسه شدند. نتايج نشان داد كه كمترين و بيشترين مقادير كلروفيل برگ و عناصر غذايي در برگ و ميوه هلو و شليل به ترتيب در تيمارهاي A و E به دست آمدند. بر اساس آناليز واريانس كيت-نلسون، عملكرد 1/50 و 2/43 كيلوگرم در درخت به عنوان عملكرد بحراني براي تفكيك جامعه با عملكرد بالا (تيمارهاي D و E) از جامعه با عملكرد پايين (تيمارهاي A، B و C) به ترتيب در درختان هلو و شليل به دست آمد. آهن و فسفر، محدودكننده­ترين عناصر غذايي در برگ و ميوه هلو و شليل در جامعه با عملكرد پايين بودند. همچنين، نتايج نشان داد كه pH خاك­هاي چالكود شده به طور معني­داري نسبت به خاك شاهد كاهش يافت و كمترين مقدار pH مربوط به تيمار E بود. همچنين، با افزايش عمق، مقدار pH در خاك­هاي چالكود شده كاهش پيدا كرد، در حالي­كه در خاك شاهد افزايش يافت. مقدار EC خاك­هاي چالكود شده به طور معني­داري بيشتر از خاك شاهد بود. با اين حال، افزايش EC در خاك­هاي تيمار شده به اندازه­اي نبود كه منجر به شوري خاك شود. اثر تيمارهاي چالكود بر افزايش مقدار ماده آلي خاك معني­دار بود. مقدار ماده آلي خاك در عمق 30-0 سانتي­متري، از 09/2 تا 23/2 درصد متغير بود كه بيشترين و كمترين مقدار آن به ترتيب براي خاك شاهد و تيمار E به دست آمد. دامنه اين پارامتر در عمق 60-30 سانتي­متري، 90/2-69/1 درصد بود كه بر خلاف لايه اول، بيشترين مقدار در تيمار E و كمترين مقدار در خاك شاهد اندازه­گيري شد. مقدار فسفر فراهم خاك به طور معني­داري نسبت به شاهد افزايش پيدا كرد، در حالي­كه بين مقادير اين پارامتر در خاك­هاي چالكود شده، تفاوت معني­داري وجود نداشت. مقدار پتاسيم فراهم در خاك­هاي چالكود شده به طور معني­داري نسبت به شاهد افزايش پيدا كرد و اين تفاوت در عمق 60-30 سانتي­متري چشمگيرتر بود. تيمارهاي چالكود به طور معني­داري تنفس پايه، تنفس ناشي از سوبسترا و كربن زيست­توده ميكروبي را نسبت به شاهد افزايش دادند، در حالي­كه اثر آن­ها بر كسر متابوليك معني­دار نبود. به طور كلي، مي­توان گفت كه مديريت تلفيقي چالكود در تيمار E، بيشترين تأثير را در بهبود كلروز آهن، تعادل تغذيه­اي درختان و كيفيت شيميايي و زيستي خاك داشت.

   Abstract

   چكيده: نيترات يك شكل طبيعي از نيتروژن و بخش جدايي­ناپذير از چرخه نيتروژن در محيط زيست است. مصرف بيش از اندازه كود­هاي شيميايي و آلي، آبشويي نيترات از خاك و تجمع آن در محصولات كشاورزي يكي از مشكلات زيست­محيطي مهم جوامع امروزي است. به دليل اثرات سوء نيترات بر سلامتي انسان، امروزه به تجمع اين يون در سبزيجات توجه زيادي شده است. در اين مطالعه اثر سطوح مختلف كود­ شيميايي (اوره) و آلي (بخش جامد بيوگاز،كود دامي، كمپوست زباله شهري) بر تجمع نيترات در خاك، سه نوع سبزي شاهي، جعفري و ريحان سبز و همچنين ميزان آبشويي نيترات از خاك بصورت هفتگي در 6 هفته بررسي شد و طول ساقه، ريشه و وزن گياه ريحان، جعفري و شاهي در تيمارهاي شاهد و كودهاي اوره، بيوگاز، كود دامي و كمپوست زباله شهري اندازه­گيري شد. تجزيه واريانس داده­ها با استفاده از آزمايش فاكتوريل در قالب طرح كاملاً تصادفي در چهار تكرار در شرايط گلخانه انجام گرفت. مقايسه ميانگين با استفاده از آزمون دانكن در نرم­افزار    انجام شد. غلظت نيترات در گياه ريحان در تيمارهاي شاهد، كمپوست زباله شهري، اوره، كوددامي و   بيوگاز به ترتيب 68/147، 30/237، 66/278 ، 23/512 و 45/883 ميلي­گرم بر كيلوگرم وزن خشك و در گياه جعفري به ترتيب 49/131، 74/750، 84/720، 26/622 و 31/311   ميلي­گرم بر كيلوگرم وزن خشك بود. اين مقادير در گياه شاهي به ترتيب 172، 42/165، 99/166، 57/128 و 43/160 ميلي­گرم بر كيلوگرم وزن خشك اندازه­گيري شد. غلظت اين آنيون در خاك­هاي تحت كشت ريحان در تيمارهاي شاهد، بيوگاز، كمپوست زباله شهري، كود دامي و اوره به ترتيب 11/48، 88/63، 45/75، 35/75 و 16/54 ميلي­گرم بر كيلوگرم وزن خشك و در خاك تحت كشت گياه جعفري به ترتيب 02/39، 49/126، 96/71، 46/79 و 06/51 ميلي­گرم بر كيلوگرم و در خاك تحت كشت شاهي به ترتيب 02/39، 80/33، 52/31، 21/27 و 02/34 ميلي­گرم بر كيلوگرم بود. غلظت نيترات در زه­آب خروجي از خاك­ها در هر سه گياه ريحان، جعفري و شاهي در هفته اول بيشترين مقدار و با افزايش دفعات آبياري از مقدار آن كاسته شد. در هفته نخست در زه­آب خروجي از خاك تحت كشت ريحان غلظت نيترات در تيمارهاي شاهد، بيوگاز، كمپوست زباله شهري، كود دامي و اوره 11/1، 95/44، 35/17، 76/36 و 45/32 ميلي­گرم بر ليتر بود كه در هفته ششم به ترتيب به 7/1، 2/3، 37/4، 1/6 و 6/3 ميلي­گرم بر ليتر رسيد. در زه­آب خروجي از خاك تحت كشت جعفري در هفته نخست غلظت نيترات در تيمارهاي شاهد، بيوگاز، كمپوست زباله شهري، كود دامي و اوره به ترتيب 06/17، 23/48، 49/36، 92/17 و 44/40 ميلي­گرم بر ليتر بود كه در هفته ششم به ترتيب به 36/0، 11/0، 14/0، 05/0 و 17/0 ميلي­گرم بر ليتر اندازه­گيري شد. غلظت اين آنيون در زه­آب خروجي از خاك تحت كشت شاهي در هفته نخست غلظت نيترات در تيمارهاي شاهد، بيوگاز، كمپوست زباله شهري، كود دامي و اوره به ترتيب 10/1، 16/51، 13/28، 34/29 و 23/38 ميلي­گرم بر ليتر بود كه در هفته آخر از پژوهش به 36/0، 11/0، 14/0، 05/0 و 2/0 ميلي­گرم بر ليتر رسيد. نتايج نشان داد كه غلظت نيترات در استفاده از كود اوره در هيچ يك از سه سبزي مورد مطالعه از تيمارهاي كود آلي بيشتر نبود. همچنين در اين پژوهش با استفاده از تيمارهاي كود آلي به خصوص تيمار بيوگاز ميزان آبشويي نيترات از خاك بيشتر از تيمار كود اوره بود.

   چكيده: آتش­سوزي يك عامل طبيعي در جنگل به شمار مي­رود كه به­ طور موقت باعث كاهش پوشش گياهي سطح خاك مي­شود.آتش­سوزي مي­تواند ريزجانداران و خصوصيات شيميايي خاك را در جهت مثبت و يا منفي تحت تأثير قرار دهد. اين مطالعه جهت بررسي اثر آتش­سوزي بر جنگل­هاي زاگرس در استان كرمانشاه، شهرستان گهواره در منطقه لريني انجام گرفت. از اين رو چند نقطه روي ترانسكت­ها با استفاده از متر مشخص شد و در فواصلي منظم (مهر، آذر، بهمن، فروردين و خرداد)، نمونه­برداري انجام گرفت حد فاصل رديف­هاي مورد مطالعه از هم 50 متر و فاصله هر نقطه از نقطه بعدي 20 متر بود. سه رديف در منطقه مورد آتش­سوزي و يك رديف در منطقه شاهد مشخص شد. نتايج ‌نشان‌ داد ‌آتش‌­سوزي‌ در هر دو محل زير تاج و خارج تاج سطحي بوده و تأثير چنداني بر ويژگي­هاي شيميايي و زيستي خاك نداشت. از اين رو در شاخص­هايي چون كربن آلي و هدايت الكتريكي خاك تغيير قابل توجهي ديده نشد و آتش­سوزي تنها موجب افزايش فسفر در مناطق سوخته نسبت به شاهد شد. به دليل رخ­ داد آتش­سوزي سطحي، احتراق موجب افزايش نه چندان چشمگيري در شاخص­هاي زيستي شد. در اين پژوهش در اثر آتش­سوزي جمعيت باكتري­هاي خاك پس ازگذشت 9 ماه تقريباً به سطح خاك شاهد رسيد اما جمعيت باكتري­هاي تثبيت­كننده ازت افزايش يافت. اين در حالي است كه جمعيت باكتري­هاي اسپوردار روند مشخصي در بازه­هاي زماني پس از آتش­سوزي را دنبال نكرد.       آتش­سوزي يك عامل طبيعي در جنگل به شمار مي­رود كه به­ طور موقت باعث كاهش پوشش گياهي سطح خاك مي­شود. آتش­سوزي مي­تواند موجب اثرات منفي و يا مثبت بر خصوصيات شيميايي و ريزجانداران خاك ­شود. اين مطالعه جهت بررسي اثر آتش­سوزي بر جنگل­هاي زاگرس در استان كرمانشاه، شهرستان گهواره در منطقه لريني انجام شد. بدين منظور نقاط با اندازه­گيري به وسيله­ي متر بر روي ترانسكت­ها مشخص شد و به صورت منظم و با فواصل زماني مشخص (مهر، آذر، بهمن، فروردين و خرداد)، نمونه­برداري از آ­ن­ها صورت گرفت. فاصله نمونه­ها در هر دريف 20 متر و فاصله رديف­ها از هم50 متر است به گونه­اي كه سه رديف در منطقه سوخته و يك رديف در منطقه شاهد مشخص شد. نتايج ‌نشان‌ داد ‌آتش‌­سوزي‌ در هر دو محل زير تاج و خارج تاج سطحي بوده و تأثير چنداني بر ويژگي­هاي شيميايي و زيستي خاك نداشت. از اين رو در شاخص­هايي چون كربن آلي و هدايت الكتريكي خاك تغيير قابل توجهي ديده نشد و آتش­سوزي تنها موجب افزايش فسفر در مناطق سوخته نسبت به شاهد شد. به دليل رخ­ داد آتش­سوزي سطحي، احتراق موجب افزايش نه چندان چشمگيري در شاخص­هاي زيستي شد. در اين پژوهش در اثر آتش­سوزي جمعيت باكتري­هاي خاك پس ازگذشت 9 ماه تقريباً به سطح خاك شاهد رسيد اما جمعيت باكتري­هاي تثبيت­كننده ازت افزايش يافت. اين در حالي است كه جمعيت باكتري­هاي اسپوردار روند مشخصي در بازه­هاي زماني پس از آتش­سوزي را دنبال نكرد.

  

  Humic acid is the active ingredient in humus, which is gray to dark brown in color. Humic acid macromolecules have a predominant aromatic characteristic and have a high content of functional groups such as phenolic, carboxyl and quinone, which leads to the surface charge and reactivity of this compound.This factorial experiment will be performed in a completely randomized design with three replications. Initially, humic acids will be extracted from five different organic sources (bovine manure, municipal waste compost, vermicompost, sheep manure, poultry manure) with 0.1 M NaOH. Extraction with distilled water will also be performed to compare the extraction with NaOH and to calculate the extraction efficiency. In the next step, the properties of the extracted humic acids such as spectroscopic absorption at different wavelengths, ash percentage, carbon content, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen and total sulfur with the elemental analyzer (Elemental Analyzer) and groups The factor will be determined with the FTIR device and the results will be compared. Then, a sample of surface layer calcareous soil (depth 0 to 20 cm) is prepared and after applying different concentrations of humic acids (four concentration levels, 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 g of humic acid per kg of soil) extracted from various sources, and will be incubated for 70 days. Finally, the availability of the three main consuming elements (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) will be determined at the end of the incubation period. After collecting the results, they will be analyzed using    software.Keywords: humic acid, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium

  آتش¬سوزي يك عامل اكولوژيك در جنگل به شمار مي¬رود كه طي آن اكثر گياهاني كه در حال رويش هستند، آسيب مي بينند. آتش¬سوزي با سوزاندن پوشش گياهي سطح خاك، مي¬¬تواند موجب اثرات منفي و يا مثبت بر خصوصيات فيزيكي، شيميايي، ميكروارگانيسم¬ها و پوشش گياهي خاك شود. قارچ¬هاي ميكوريزا از اصلي¬ترين ميكروارگانيسم¬هاي موجود در محيط خاك محسوب مي¬شوند كه رابطه همزيستي با گياه دارند. اين موجودات از اهميت بسياري در اكولوژي خاك برخوردارند. آتش محيط زندگي قارچ¬ها را با اثر بر ساختمان خاك، مواد غذايي در دسترس، مواد آلي و غير آلي لايه¬هاي زيرين خاك و ساير اجزاء زنده كه با قارچ¬ها ومخصوصاً ساير ريز موجودات در ارتباط مستقيم و يا غير مستقيم هستند تغيير مي¬دهد. اثر آتش بر قارچ¬ها به شدت متفاوت است و به عواملي مانند نوع خاك و گياه ، فاصله زماني بين آتش و تفاوت درشدت آتش بستگي دارد. نتايج بررسي¬هاي صورت گرفته نشان مي¬دهد آتش سوزي كه در منطقه مورد مطالعه (زير تاج و بيرون از تاج درختان منطقه زاگرس) رخ داده است سطحي بوده و قادر به ايجاد تغييرات چنداني در فاكتورهاي فيزيكي، شيميايي و زيستي خاك نبوده است. علاوه بر اين تأثير قابل توجهي از آتش سوزي سطحي بر شاخص هاي مورد مطالعه (تعداد، فراواني و چيرگي و ...) قارچ مايكوريزا ديده نشد.

   Abstract Purpose: today, the importance of strategic products such as oilseeds and especially rapeseed, has increased the necessity of paying attention to the role of effective factors on the improvement of the production value chain of this product. Accordingly, the purpose of this study has been the analysis of the value chain of rapeseed production and providing solutions to improve it.    Research Methodology: This research is an applied type and it has been done   with a combined approach(qualitative-quantitative). The study community consists 15 key informants in qualitative part. Data collection method was in the form of semi-structured interviews. In the quantitative part, data were collected using a questionnaire tool using two methods of survey(farmers N=130) and census(experts N=25).    Findings: The findings of this study showed that currently the rapeseed production value chain in Biston district includes 9 loops including rapeseed farmers, shopping centers, service centers, research centers, banks, supply and distribution of inputs. Tra  ortation, and insurance companies and most of them have been in unsuitable condition.   The first and most important challenge of this chain in Biston distric has been the shortage of machinery, especially harvesters, and   traditional operating system dominance, weakness in technical knowledge has increased production costs and negative profit margins for the producer loop. And reduced productivity of the chain.   Conclusion: all the loops in the value chain of rapeseed production have not achieved the expected performance in the studied dimensions and the effectiveness of the governing department by creating protections and constraints in policies and planning and monitoring how the activities are done is quite obvious. Therefore, it is necessary for the government and government institutions at the top and all actors in the chain to take a systematic look to optimize their actions in the chain and solve problems in the region. One of the achievements of this study was the identification of dysfunctional, missing and extra loops in the rapeseed production value chain in Biston district, which has not been addressed before. Keywords: Agricultural Development, Value Chain, Supply Chain, Rapeseed, Biston district.            

Plants’ seeds are a natural storage organ that is considered by genetic engineers as an ideal target for the expression of recombinant genes. Therefore, controlling the expression of transferred genes in this organ is one of the most important steps toward the development of the molecular farming strategy. A practical solution for this purpose is to identify, isolate and use the seed-specific promoters in important commercial species such as rapeseed. Oleosin is one of the most abundant proteins in the seed proteome of rapeseed and its expression is controlled by highly spatiotemporal promoters. The promoter of this gene causes strong expression of the reporter gene such as GUS in embryonic tissue and seed endosperm. In this study, in order to apply and identify the regulatory elements in the Oleosin promoter, this sequence was isolated from the canola genome and cloned into the   K+ vector. Comparing the sequence of the cloned fragment with the sequences in the NCBI database showed that, this sequence has significant similarities with the two categories of identified sequences. One group is the Oleosin gene-like sequences and the other is the methionine sulfoxide reductase gene-like sequences. This means that this fragment is present in an intergenic region that justifies the bidirectional function of this promoter. Drawing the phylogenetic tree and calculating the genetic distance of the cloned fragment with these sequences showed that the genetic distance of the cloned fragment with the existing sequences for the Oleosin gene is much less than the methionine sulfoxide reductase genes. Sequence analysis of this fragment showed that this fragment contains a large number of regulatory elements in both sense and antisense strands such as TATA-box, RY element, prolamin-box and Skn-1 motif. Most of these regulatory elements were identified in the 400 terminal nucleotides of this fragment (the region corresponding to the promoter of the Oleosin gene), while its 540 primary nucleotides bear a striking resemblance to the CDS region of the methionine sulfoxide reductase genes. Further studies showed that the density of regulatory sequences in the sense strand (Oleosin gene promoter) was higher than in the antisense strand and many regulatory elements such as napin motif, pyrimidine-box, E-box, SEF3 and SEF1 binding sites were present only in the sense strand. This means that this promoter has a completely different function in expressing the two genes under its control so that most of the regulatory elements that are present in the sense strand (but not in the antisense strand) are found in seed-specific promoter  

   Phytoremediation is one of the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly ways to reduce adverse effects of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in the environment. The present study was conducted to investigate the bioaccumulation factor (BF) and translocation factor (TF) of Cd and Pb in muskweed (Myagrum perfoliatum) and foxtail sophora (Sophora alopecuroides). The impact of contamination on some growth responses of plants and soil biological indicators was also evaluated. A non-contaminated soil sample was divided into several subsamples: one subsample was left as control (without contamination) and the others were separately contaminated with three levels of Cd (3, 5, and 10 mg kg1) and Pb (100, 300, and 600 mg kg1). Pot experiments were performed under greenhouse conditions. The BF values of Cd were greater than 1 at all contamination levels indicating the potential of muskweed and foxtail sophora for the uptake and phytostabilization of Cd. The only TF > 1 was obtained for Cd in muskweed grown at the highest Cd contamination level. The TF values of Pb were much lower than those obtained for Cd indicating that Cd was more translocated from root to aerial parts of muskweed and foxtail sophora compared to Pb. The highest contamination levels of Cd and Pb did not significantly affect growth responses of muskweed and foxtail sophora. Furthermore, the cultivation of muskweed and foxtail sophora reduced the impact of Cd and Pb contamination on biological indicators including carbon mineralization ratio (CMR), substrate-induced respiration (SIR), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and metabolic quotient (qCO2).

چكيده:    اين پژوهش به منظور بررسي عوامل مؤثر بر افزايش بهره وري توليد مرغ مرغداريهاي گوشتي استان   و راهكارهاي بهبود آن به اجرا درآمد. روش تحقيق در نظرگرفته شده براي انجام اين پژوهش، روش   تحقيق پيمايشي و از طريق نمونه گيري بود. به اين ترتيب از ميان جامعه مورد پژوهش(جامعه مرغداران گوشتي استان كرمانشاه)   تعداد70 واحد   با ظرفيتهاي مختلف به روش نمونه گيري خوشه اي طبقه بندي شده انتخاب گرديد و از آنها ، پرسشنامه اي بصورت حضوري حاوي اطلاعات كليه هزينه ها، درآمدها وخصوصيات مديريتي واحد پرورش تكميل شد. با استناد به اطلاعات جمع آوري شده، بهره وري متوسط يا ميزان بدست آوردن ستاده (محصول) به ازاي واحد داده ، بهره وري نهائي يا مقداري كه هر واحد عامل ورودي (داده) به ستاده كل اضافه ميكند وبهره وري كل عوامل توليد بدست آمد. نتايج حاصل از مطالعه جاري نشان دادكه هزينه دان، هزينه اصلي مرغداريها و در حدود 94 درصد از كل هزينه مرغداري ها را سه هزينه دان، خدمات بهداشت و درمان و خريد و حمل جوجه تشكيل مي دهند و واحدهاي پرورشي از نظر نوع و نحوه استفاده از وسايل گرمايشي در وضعيت نامطلوب اقتصادي قرار دارند. همچنين از انواع داروها و واكسنها بيش از حد مطلوب اقتصادي استفاده شده است و بنابراين بهره وري استفاده از اين نهاده در سطوح پاييني قرار دارد. ساير نتايج نشان داد كه هزينه مصرف دان بر بهره وري توليد واحدهاي پرورش مرغ گوشتي تأثير مثبت، معني دار و   با ضريب اهميت بالايي دارد و هزينه استفاده از اين نهاده در بين اكثر مرغداريها كمتر از حدمطلوب اقتصادي است. بررسي ضريب تبديل غذايي   در بين مرغداريهاي جمعيت نمونه نشان داد كه تنها 17 درصد مرغداريها در وضعيت ايده آل قرار دارند، 47 درصد در وضعيت نسبتا مطلوب و حدود28 درصد در وضعيت نامطلوب قرار دارند. بررسي وضعيت تلفات در هفته اول پرورش و در كل دوره نشان داد كه عمده تلفات از هفته اول به بعد اتفاق افتاده است، نتايج اين پژوهش نشان داد در اكثر مرغداريها استفاده از نهاده نيروي كار در حد كمتر از ميزان مطلوب اقتصادي بوده است.    واژه هاي كليدي: بهره وري ، مرغداري گوشتي، استان كرمانشاه   

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are secondary substances of probiotic bacteria whose role in plant growth and control of plant diseases has been proven. Bacterial volatiles have high vapor pressure and react rapidly in the environment; the purpose   of this study was to formulate volatile compounds by modeling from other sciences. Initially, a greenhouse test was carried out to control the disease caused by Gaeumannomyces tritici. The highest reduction of disease than the control was observed in benzothiazole and acetone treatments, which reduced the disease index by 60.9 and 57.4%, respectively. Sodium alginate, gum arabic-maltodextrin and iron nanoparticles were used as carriers. Electron imaging was used to ensure the appearance of the formulations prepared, the formulations being spherical and with small cavities, allowing the compound to escape with controlled release. According to spectrophotometric results, these carriers were able to hold volatile compounds for up to 14 days and FTIR was also used to confirm the volatile confinement in high carriers, which also confirmed the confinement of volatile compounds.

  AbstractSince the late 1980s, Micro financial institutions have been given special prominence as one of the most effective and efficient strategies for financial development or in developing countrie's development and the number of these institutions increased sharply. The history of micro-credit funds for rural women Iran goes to the year 1378 returns. Designing a micro credit Fund in Iran Using Grameen Bank Bangladesh Experiences "Pattern of   group savings and lending" as a successful model in rural community and after localization by experts of Research Center of Ministry of Jihad – e – agriculture, a pilot experiment was carrued out in two provinces in Mazandaran and kermanshah. After the success of the program implemented in Stelen   Mazandaran province, the socoal development approach has been expanded since the beginning of the year. From year 1380   the development of its expansion in the country took a social approach. Also fram about 87 year, Representation of the United Nations Office in Iran with the aim, Sustainable human development (Deprivation and job creation) transmitted and promoted suitable   in ternational development ideas and solutions. The goals of micro credit programs, increase the income of poor by creating self – employment, providing educational services for optimal use of resources and empowering rural women has been through job creation. Target groups include micro-credit, poor and low- income individuals and families, as well as rural women. However, the micro- credit fund for rural women in Iran has generally not been successful. Most of them have failed. The purpost of the present study is to analyze the factors driving the development of micro-credit women funds.The present study is descriptive analytical in terms of the nature of qualitative research and in terms of data collection. In terms of purpose as well in area is included in applied research. The samples were purposefully selected fram the members of rural women micro credit fund by snowball method. Data werw collected through semi- structured interviews, focus groups, direct observation, personal experiences, existing documents. Rliability and validity of information were abtained by triangulation technique in data collection and member control technique. Data analysis was performed using open, axial and selective coding steps. The findings of study indicate that exploring the role of developing rural women micro credit funds 20 lnitital topic in open coding these topics were categorized into 6 categories at the axial coding stage; deterrents36 primary issues identified in the open coding step and in the axial coding phase, the initial topics were grouped into 6 categorie   and finally at the selective coding stage in a model in the form of three time clusters include ed before the formation of clusters, it was categorize during and after the formation of the rural women micro credit fund. According to the results, the most important driving force prior to the establishment of the rural women micro credit fund was the investment of fund members. And the most important driving factor that was identified at both the time during and after the fund was formed, trust was among the members of the fund. Among the inhibitory factors extracted, the most important deterrent bfore the fund is formed, the issue was the absence of members in the meetings. the deterrent factor identified at the time the fund was formed was the amount of concessional facilitie and the deterrent factors that were extracted in the post- fund phase were the failure to repay the facilities by the rural wome's micro credit fund mersmbe.Key world

  The grapes is from one important products of garden in the words and Iran. This value crop use, of for certain reason product is fresh, ra  erry, oil and so on. The most important limiting factor the growth   of fruit trees in arid and semi arid regions is deficit   available water. The use of nutritional, such as the of appropriate fertilizes, can improve plant Performannce   in underwater conditions. This research was carried out to investigate of seedless grapes under water stress conditions with 4 treatments and 2 water treatmeant in 4 replications was conducted as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design. The treatments including of: control treatment (without fertilizer) and potassium sulfate, compost and biochar treatments ( 10 g, 5 and 10 %), water treatment 40 and 80(control), field capacity, till the occurrence of stress indication was done. Collected data was analyzed by SAS software. The results showed that potassium sulfate increased soil and plant potassium. The compost increased phosphorus, sodium, electrical conductivity, soil organic carbon and nitrogen, iron, zinc and copper. Biochar also increased potassium. Organic carbon, potassium and phosphorus plants. Biochar and compost under water stress conditions increased leaf RWC, photosynthesis, tra  iration, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll and protein. Peroxidas enzymes and superoxide dismutase had the lowest amount under water stress conditions in biochar fertilizer treatments. Compost and biochar are more effective in improving the condition of grapes under the conditions of water stress chemical fertilizers of potassium sulfate.

  The role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on reduction of drought stress in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum).

Evaluation of the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) role on alleviation of salinity stress in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)