در اين پژوهش، عملكرد ستون‌هاي سنگي به عنوان روشي موثر در تقويت خاك‌ها و افزايش پايداري شيب‌ها مورد بررسي قرار گرفته است. هدف اصلي تحقيق، تحليل سه‌بعدي راندمان ستون‌هاي سنگي با توجه به آرايش‌هاي هندسي مختلف در شيب‌هاي مختلف مي‌باشد. بهسازي و تقويت شيرواني‌هاي خاكي در برابر تغييرمكان‌هاي جانبي، نشست و كاهش ضريب اطمينان از موضوعات مهم در مهندسي ژئوتكنيك است. ستون‌هاي سنگي به‌عنوان يكي از كارآمدترين روش‌هاي بهسازي زمين، با ايجاد محصورشدگي جانبي، بهبود زهكشي و افزايش سختي توده خاك، نقشي مؤثر در افزايش پايداري شيرواني‌ها ايفا مي‌كنند. با وجود اين، كارايي ستون‌هاي سنگي تا حد زيادي به آرايش هندسي، طول ستون، قطر و نحوه اندركنش آن‌ها با لايه‌هاي خاكي وابسته است. در اين پژوهش، عملكرد سه آرايش هندسي ستون‌هاي سنگي (مثلثي، مربعي و شش‌ضلعي) و همچنين تأثير طول ستون، به‌صورت عددي و سه‌بعدي با استفاده از نرم‌افزار PLAXIS-3D   مورد بررسي قرار گرفته است. نتايج نشان داد كه آرايش‌هاي هندسي مختلف اثر قابل توجهي بر رفتار مكانيكي شيب دارند. آرايش مثلثي بهترين عملكرد را از نظر كاهش جابه‌جايي افقي و افزايش ضريب اطمينان پايداري ارائه كرد؛ به‌طوري‌كه بيشترين مقدار ضريب اطمينان برابر با 6/1 براي اين آرايش به‌دست آمد. در مقابل، آرايش شش‌ضلعي ضعيف‌ترين عملكرد را داشته و كمترين ضريب اطمينان برابر با   28/1 ثبت شد. اين اختلاف بيانگر بهبود حدود 25 درصدي ضريب اطمينان در آرايش مثلثي نسبت به شش‌ضلعي است. بررسي تأثير طول ستون نيز نشان داد كه افزايش طول ستون از 3 متر به 6 متر موجب افزايش حدود 2/21 درصدي ضريب اطمينان پايداري شيب مي‌شود. همچنين با افزايش طول ستون، جابه‌جايي افقي به‌طور معني‌داري كاهش يافته و رفتار شيب پايدارتر شده است. از نظر تنش‌ها نيز مشاهده شد كه آرايش مثلثي بالاترين مقدار تنش برشي پيك را در حدود 390 كيلوپاسكال ايجاد مي‌كند، در حالي‌كه آرايش مربعي مقدار مياني حدود 350 كيلوپاسكال و آرايش شش‌ضلعي كمترين مقدار را نشان داد كه ناشي از محصورشدگي جانبي كمتر است. به‌طور كلي، نتايج تحقيق نشان داد كه انتخاب آرايش مناسب ستون‌هاي سنگي و بهينه‌سازي طول آن‌ها مي‌تواند كاهش قابل توجهي در نشست قائم، جابه‌جايي جانبي و افزايش چشمگيري در ايمني شيب ايجاد كند. يافته‌هاي اين پژوهش مي‌تواند به‌عنوان مرجعي براي طراحي بهينه ستون‌هاي سنگي در پروژه‌هاي عمراني به‌ويژه در شرايط خاك‌هاي سست و لايه‌اي مورد استفاده قرار گيرد.   

   Slope stabilization is one of the important challenges of geotechnical engineering, and failure to pay attention to it can lead to dangerous subsidence and collapse of soil. In the Shahu region, frequent landslides and increased slope displacement have made it more evident than ever before the necessity of investigating and selecting appropriate stabilization methods. The present study investigated and compared three slope stabilization methods, including anchorage, anti-slip piles, and retaining walls, using finite element numerical analysis and PLAXIS 2D software. The main objective of the study was to determine the effectiveness of each method in reducing total slope displacement, increasing the safety factor, and controlling failure lines. In the analyses, geometric and mechanical parameters such as anchor angle and length, pile center distance, and the distance of the retaining wall from the slope toe were examined as key variables. The results showed that the anti-slip pile had the greatest effect in reducing total displacement and increasing the safety factor; the maximum safety factor of 1.405 was recorded at a distance of 0.5 m from the highest point of the slope, which is beyond the design criterion limit (1.25). The anchoring method has a good performance in stabilizing the surface layers of the slope, but excessive increase in the anchoring length causes stress concentration and increased local settlement. While the retaining wall has limited control over the total displacement and is more suitable for surface stabilization and local control of displacements. The analysis of the failure lines also showed that the combination of the load transfer mechanism, system stiffness and failure depth plays a decisive role in the stabilization performance. The findings are consistent with previous studies and emphasize that the selection of the optimal method should be based on the geotechnical properties of the soil, failure depth and implementation constraints. This research also suggests that the combination of methods, 3D modeling and intelligent monitoring can increase the prediction accuracy and efficiency of slope engineering designs. Keywords: Slope stabilization, anti-slip pile, anchorage, retaining wall   

One of the important issues in excavation in urban environments is the monitoring of the pit wall, which, if not monitored accurately, can lead to irreparable loss of life and property. Pit wall monitoring is a vital aspect in geotechnical and civil engineering that can have significant effects on the safety and sustainability of construction projects. This study investigates the effect of time on changes in the shape and position of semi-deep pit walls using a total station camera and Plaxis software, using the Mohr-Columbus behavior, and emphasizes the importance of master monitoring and time-based analysis. By simulating real construction and loading conditions in Plaxis software, the behavior of pit walls over time is analyzed under the influence of various factors such as soil type, loading, environmental conditions, etc. In this type of monitoring, by considering the effect of time in the analyses, more optimal solutions are provided for the design and implementation of excavation operations and will reduce potential risks. In this study, a project (under construction) during the semi-deep excavation operation (12.5 m) was considered, and with increasing excavation depth, ten reference points were examined as selected monitoring points, and with the information obtained from the monitoring, we modeled it in Plaxis software and examined the driving and resisting forces and the rupture wedge by considering the effect of time in the analyses. In this software, the different stages of pit construction are accurately modeled and the time changes in lateral pressures, settlements and deformations of the pit wall are examined. Among the outstanding results of the study, the following can be mentioned: 1- In time-dependent analysis, it always predicts a greater displacement than the instantaneous analysis. 2- The greatest deformation usually occurs at half the height of the pit wall. 3- The pause between excavation stages has a significant effect on increasing the deformation of the pit wall. 4- In soft fine-grained soils, creep behavior is very effective. 5- Field monitoring results are usually closer to time-dependent analysis than static analysis. 6- The speed of project implementation due to weather conditions is the main controlling factor of pit wall deformation. 7- Time-dependent analysis usually shows the actual likely failure pattern better.   

  In developing countries, construction waste accounts for a large part of urban waste, which, in addition to being very expensive to dispose of, has adverse consequences on the environment. Recycling construction waste not only helps to preserve natural resources and the environment, but also has economic justification by using scientific methods. In the present study, an attempt has been made to study the mechanical properties of construction waste at the laboratory level and to evaluate the possibility of reusing these materials in road construction as sub-base materials. For this purpose, 19 samples of mixtures including concrete, brick, ceramic and gypsum materials with different weight percentages were selected for the study. The results of the compaction tests showed that with increasing the amount of brick and gypsum in the mixtures, the tendency to absorb water in them and the optimum moisture percentage increase and the dry specific gravity of the mixture decreases. After conducting California bearing ratio tests on the mixtures, it was found that all 19 mixtures could be used as base layers. In addition, mixture 19 could also be used as base layers. Next, the mixtures with the highest and lowest CBR values ??were subjected to direct shear tests, the results of which indicated the existence of an internal friction angle and their high potential for engineering applications, including road construction. Finally, using genetic, particle swarm optimization, and differential evolutionary metaheuristic algorithms, the percentages of materials were determined to achieve the optimal mixture.

         اين پايان نامه به بررسي عملكرد و اثربخشي سازه هاي كنترل سيل، به طور خاص بر ديوارهاي حفاظتي در امتداد سواحل رودخانه ها از ديدگاه مهندسي عمران مي پردازد. سيل يكي از مخرب ترين مخاطرات طبيعي است كه تهديدهاي قابل توجهي براي زندگي و زيرساخت هاي انسان به شمار مي رود. براي كاهش اين خطرات، اجراي سيل بندها و ديوارهاي حفاظتي ساحلي ضروري است. اين تحقيق به يك شكاف انتقادي در ادبيات مربوط به ارزيابي جامع اين ساختارها مي پردازد. اين پايان نامه با استفاده از رويكرد مطالعه موردي به ويژه حادثه سيل فروردين 1397 در شهرستان پلدختر به ارزيابي عملكرد ديوارهاي حفاظتي حاشيه رودخانه كشكان مي پردازد. اين مطالعه از روشهاي ارزيابي دقيق و تكنيكهاي تجزيه و تحليل دادهها براي تجزيه و تحليل يكپارچگي سازه، راندمان هيدروليكي، و اثرات اجتماعي-اقتصادي ديوارهاي حائل استفاده ميكند. در اين تحقيق از نرم افزار پلكسيس دو بعدي براي بررسي پايداري ديوار ساحلي استفاده شده است. دو حالت ديوار بنايي و بتني براي بررسي پايداري استفاده شده است.همچنين ابعاد ديوار نيز تغيير كرده است. نتايج تحليلها بهروشني نشان ميدهد كه ديوارهاي بتني در مقايسه با ديوارهاي بنايي از نظر عملكرد سازهاي در برابر نيروهاي سيلابي كارآمدتر هستند.       واژه هاي كليدي : ديوارهاي محافظ ساحلي ، سيل ، شهر پلدختر

  Abstract In developing countries, construction waste accounts for a large part of urban waste, which, in addition to the high cost of disposal, also has adverse consequences on the environment. The volume of construction waste is so large that this issue is now a social and environmental problem not only in Iran but also in developed countries. Recycling construction waste not only helps to preserve natural resources and the environment, but also has economic justification by using scientific methods. Construction waste is the most common type of waste produced in the world. Therefore, insufficient attention to this type of waste can be raised as an environmental problem in the future. Today, the use of materials made from recycled construction waste is an important issue. The use of this type of waste (waste) can reduce the need to exploit natural resources. In the present study, the possibility of recycling these materials and using them directly as base or sub-base materials is investigated. For this purpose, after obtaining the necessary waste from the desired location and determining the waste compositions based on weight percentage (the lowest is 5 percent and the highest is 45 percent), 19 samples of the selected waste compositions were selected with different weight percentages, and then the necessary physical tests including grading, sand equivalent, modified density, elongation and splitting, water absorption, and abrasion were performed on the selected materials to examine the quality of recycled waste as road construction materials. The results show that the selected grading was in the coarse-grained range and it is necessary to modify the grading. The sand equivalent results indicate that it is usable for the sub-base layer. The density shows that the samples containing a higher percentage of gypsum and brick have a higher optimal moisture content and a lower maximum specific gravity. The elongation and splitting results indicate that these compositions are usable for the base and sub-base layer. The results of the water absorption test show that brick and gypsum have a higher water absorption capacity than concrete and ceramics. The abrasion results show that the selected materials with the selected percentage are not of good quality and the amount of concrete should be increased and the amounts of plaster and brick should be reduced. Keywords: waste, base, road construction, recycled materials, construction waste, physical properties.

   چكيده با توجه به اهميت پايدار سازي گود در فضاهاي شهري و ساخت و ساز هاي رايج شهري ، از بين روش هاي موجود جهت پايدارسازي گود روش نيلينگ به دليل سرعت در اجرا و نيز عدم جاگير بودن در فضاي گود مورد اقبال بيشتري قرار گرفته است از اين رو درپژوهش حاضر با در نظر گرفتن ب ار استاتيكي ناشي از سازه هم جوار گود و فاصله ان از لبه گود و با كمك نرم افزار اجزا محدودپلكسيس دو بعدي ، اقدام به بررسي تاثير ارتفاع لايه خاك و نيز چسبنده يا غير چسبنده بودن خاك و تعدا لايه خاك با در نظر گرفتن سطح آب زيرزميني بر روي عملكرد روش پايدار سازي گود به روش نيلينگ گرديده است و در نهايت با تحليل نتايج به دست آمده تاثير ارتفاع و تعداد و جنس لايه هاي خاكي،ضخامت شاتكريت،ضخامت ديواره پشت گودومدل رفتاري مورد استفاده بر جابه جايي افقي و قائم ديواره گود و ضريب اطمينان آن مورد بحث وبررسي قرار گرفته است.

In linear projects with long paths, such as roads and railways, encountering unstable infrastructures such as sedimentary layers and soft soils is inevitable. This issue leads to problems such as excessive settlement, reduced load-bearing capacity, and the destruction of pavement layers. This research will examine the impact of implementing deep stone heel structures on the sides of existing pavement sections at various distances and geometric dimensions in reducing the amount of settlement. For this purpose, two-dimensional modeling was carried out using numerical modeling methods in the Midas GTX NX software. The results of various models were compared in three general scenarios: a section without the use of deep stone heel structures, a section with deep stone heel structures of variable dimensions, and a section with deep stone heel structures of variable dimensions combined with geosynthetic enclosures, under three different heights of soft layers of 2, 4, and 7 meters.  

در اين مطالعه هدف مدلسازي اثرات سختي لايه خاك ماسه اي شيب دار بر رفتار تغييرشكلي شيب و پي سطحي مجاور شيب است. سختي ارتجاعي خاك كه متناظر با تغييرات سرعت موج برشي و موج فشاري مصالح ماسه اي است در تحليل هاي عددي پارامتري مختلف منظور شده است. در اين پژوهش، حدود 10 مدل عددي با تغيير سختي ارتجاعي خاك ماسه اي كه معادل چهار نوع زمين مندرج در آيين نامه زلزله 2800 است گسترش داده شده است. مدل هاي عددي در قالب كرنش مسطح و در برنامه نرم افزاري تجاري-تحقيقاتي PLAXIS 2D ايجاد شده اند. ركورد زلزله نزديك-گسل شامل مولفه افقي طولي زلزله ازگله-سرپل ذهاب در ايستگاه لرزه نگاري شهر سرپل ذهاب به عنوان تحريك لرزه اي ورودي مدل هاي عددي منظور شده است. با مقايسه نتايج نسبت تنش هاي برشي دو نمودار خروجي كه اختلاف مدول ارتجاعي آنها 63/15 برابر است، نتيجه مي شود كه با افزايش ميزان سختي ارتجاعي مدل عددي، از ميزان تجمع و تمركز تنش هاي برشي نسبي زير پي در ناحيه گوه گسيختگي پي سطحي، كاسته مي شود و به توزيع تنش هاي برشي بخش ناپايدار شيب و قوس لغزش شيب افزوده مي شود. با افزايش مقادير سختي خاك، تغيير محل تنش هاي برشي تا آنجا پيش مي رود كه مقدار زيادي از تنش زير پي كاسته مي شود و علت آن نيز اثر همزمان وجود سربار استاتيكي (100 كيلوپاسكالي) روي پي سطحي (بار معادل ساختمان يا سازه) و سخت شدن ناشي از بارگذاري ديناميكي و وقوع كرنش هاي برشي سيكلي در مصالح ماسه اي است.   از طرفي، با مقايسه پاسخ جابه جايي جانبي براي نقاط چهارگانه در مدل با سختي ارتجاعي E=500MPa و در مدل با سختي ارتجاعي E=1000MPa، بازهم رفتار كلي مدل عددي، شاهد كاهش جابه جايي هاي نقطه C در بالادست تاج شيب است. در واقع نكته قابل برداشت از اين نتايج آن است، كه جابه جايي هاي لرزه اي جانبي شيب بيشتر از آن كه با افزايش سختي مصالح، كاهش پيدا كند، به طور غالب تحت تاثير دوري يا نزديكي نقاط به تاج شيب و قسمت شيب دار است. به گونه اي كه هر چه قدر نقاط مورد بررسي از تاج شيب فاصله بيشتري داشته باشند، بيشتر هم تحت تاثير افزايش سختي مصالح ماسه اي خشك قرار مي گيرند و از جابه جايي هاي لرزه اي وقوع يافته در آنها (به مقدار بيشتري) كاسته مي شود و هر چه قدر به تاج شيب و قسمت شيب دار نزديك تر باشند، تحت تاثير ناپايداري ذاتي هندسي شيب قرار مي گيرند و افزايش دو يا چند برابري سختي مصالح كمتر از موضوع اوليه ناپايداري شكل-هندسي شيب (در اثر رخداد بارگذاري لرزه اي جانبي) آنها را تحت تاثير قرار مي دهد. البته خاطرنشان مي گردد كه نكته مهم در خصوص تغيير سختي لايه خاك ماسه اي در حين بارگذاري هاي لرزه اي آنست كه با تغييرات سختي لايه خاك ماسه اي خشك در شيب، فركانس طبيعي ارتعاش آن نيز كه تاثير مستقيم بر بزرگنمايي يا تضعيف دامنه پاسخ هاي شتاب لرزه اي ناشي از امواج لرزه اي دارد، تغيير مي كند. به همين دليل است كه در زمان هاي آغاز و نزديك به پايان بارگذاري لرزه اي، اغلب مدل هاي عددي مختلف پاسخ هاي بزرگنمايي مختلفي بدست داده اند.   

   خاك‌هاي تورمي جزء خاك‌هاي مسئله‌دار هستند كه به‌طور وسيعي در سرتا سرجهان با آب‌وهواي مختلف از جمله ايران پراكنده ‌شده اند. در اينگونه از خاك‌ها تغييرات رطوبت، سبب تغييرحجم شديد و باعث آسيب و حتي خرابي سازه‌هاي واقع برروي آنها خواهد شد. يخبندان يكي از عوامل موثردر تغييرات رطوبت در مناطق سرد مي‌باشد و امروزه شناسايي و روش تثبيت جزء مسائل مهم در مهندسي ژئوتكنيك در مناطقي سرد (يخبندان فصلي) محسوب مي‌شود و همچنين در مناطق گرم خشك تغييرات رطوبت به‌علت تبخير در مناطق گرم بررسي رفتار خاك تورمي و روش تثبيت مناسب يك امر مهمي در دنيا مي‌باشد. به همين منظور هدف اصلي از تحقيق آزمايشگاهي مطالعه تأثير چرخه انجماد وذوب و سيكل تر و خشك بر روي چرخه انجماد وذوب بر خاك تورمي و خاك تورمي تبيت شده با سه ماده آهك، پودر متا و پودر آلفام مي‌باشد. و لذا براي دست يابي داده‌هاي اين تحقيق مجموعه از كار‌هاي آزمايشگاهي به شرح ذيل مد نظر مي‌باشد: 1- تثبيت خاك تورمي با آهك، پودر متا و پودر آلفا. 2- تاثير چرخه انجماد و ذوب بر پتانسيل تورم و پتانسيل فشار تورم و مقاومت فشار تك محوري (ucs) روي خاك تورمي تثبيت شده. 3-تاثير سيكل تر وخشك بر چرخه انجماد و ذوب روي خاك تورمي تثبيت‌شده.

   تحليل ديناميكي پايداري شيرواني­هاي مسلح و غير مسلح يكي از مهمترين شاخه­هاي مهندسي ژئوتكنيك است. وقوع ناپايداري و لغزش در شيرواني­هاي طبيعي و مصنوعي از جمله پديده­هايي است كه در ايران و در بسياري نقاط جهان به وفور رخ مي­دهد. گسيختگي شيرواني ممكن است در شرايط طبيعي و صرفا تحت اثر وزن توده ناپايدار رخ داده و يا ممكن است در اثر عوامل ديناميكي مانند زلزله به وقوع پيوندد. امروزه روش­هاي گوناگوني براي پايدارسازي و كم كردن تغيير مكان هاي جانبي شيرواني­ها وجود دارد . پايدارسازي شيرواني­ها تابع تعادل بين نيروهاي محرك و مقاوم مي باشد كه با كاهش نيروهاي محرك، افزايش نيروهاي مقاوم و يا هر دو انجام مي­شود. در اين پايان نامه   اثر زلزله ازگله – سرپل ذهاب بر تحليل شيرواني و كاهش ميزان تغيير شكلهاي آن در حالت بارگذاري ديناميكي توسط نرم افزار المان محدود آباكوس بررسي شده است. همچنين اثر برخي از پارامترها از جمله فاصله شمع ها، طول شمع ها، قطر شمع ها، بررسي تغيير مدل رفتاري خاك بررسي تأثير تغيير پارامترهاي لايه زيرين شيرواني در ميزان پايداري شيرواني بررسي گرديده است. نتايج تحليل نشان مي دهد كه استفاده از شيرواني­هاي مسلح نقش مؤثري در كاهش تغيير مكان هاي افقي و قائم شيرواني ايفا مي­كند.

Accordingly, in this research, 4% waste motor oil and 20, 15, 10, 5% calcium lignosulfonate were added to the bitumen. Then, in order to check the performance of the asphalt mixture at low temperatures, the fracture toughness test (at three temperatures), the middle temperature of the modulus of elasticity test and high temperature, a dynamic creep test was performed on asphalt samples. The results showed that the use of 15 and 20 percent calcium lignosulfonate along with 4 percent waste engine oil has the best performance at low and medium temperatures, and considering the results of the creep test Dynamically (high temperature), the best percentage of calcium lignosulfonate use was 15%.  

Purpose: Today, one of the most important problems of cities is the insufficiency of the tra  ortation system and urban traffic. With the expansion of the city of Ilam in the last few decades, the bus organization serves the citizens from the old stations with the same layout and number of buses, which has not been responsive and this has caused people to switch to private vehicles, which itself has led to traffic on the streets and There has been an increase in costs and waste of citizens' time, noise and air pollution, and an increase in fuel consumption, etc. According to the stated contents, in order to provide the best possible services to the citizens and save time and costs and to maximize the coverage of the public tra  ortation (bus) network, the placement of bus stations and the routing of inner-city buses are of special importance. The main purpose of the current research is to investigate and analyze the bus stations in the city and their proper location and routing based on the theory of the traveling salesman and the use of the genetic algorithm and the use of the SWOT technique (case example: Ilam city.( Research Methodology: This research is "applied" in terms of type and is descriptive-analytical in which library and field methods are used. In this research, first the information and data of the existing situation were examined, then Cochran's formula was used to obtain the size of the statistical population, and then the questionnaire was adjusted according to 5-point Likert and the validity and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed through Cronbach's alpha and analyzed. An exploratory factor was carried out to obtain the factors, which had three output factors, then the questionnaires were analyzed through the SWOT technique, and using this technique, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats were obtained and scored and weighted. The criteria for locating and routing bus stations have been achieved. Then, based on the theory of the traveling salesman, which is considered one of the NP-hard problems and is used for the vehicle routing problem, and while being the most difficult problem, it gives us the best answer, meta-heuristic algorithms have been used to solve it on a large scale. The genetic algorithm, which has a lower percentage of errors and has a better response, has been selected, and the appropriate routing of the bus stations in the city of Ilam has been done. Findings: The findings of this research showed that according to the exploratory factor analysis, there are three factors, and the findings showed that according to the SWOT technique, the inner city bus system of Ilam city has many weaknesses and threats, and the most important criteria that people have stated is that the stations Ilam's intra-city buses are not located in a suitable place and do not cover the entire city and routes, and the access of all people to the bus is not possible, and the routes on which the bus travels are not optimal and have maximum coverage. The waiting time of people is very long and the routes do not go back and forth at the same time and the number of buses is very few. Then the location of the stations was done, which was added to the number of existing stations, and finally based on the traveling salesman theory and new routing genetic algorithm, the number of buses was increased.

In recent decades, we have seen a rapid increase in population growth. For this reason, the high combination of social and economic activities in large urban areas has led to the emergence of different services and tra  ortation methods. Urban traffic congestion has become a challenge for cities around the world. Excessive delays, slow travel speeds, increased travel costs, increased driver anxiety and frustration, high fuel consumption, and air pollution are just a few of the consequences of traffic congestion. Traffic demand fluctuates significantly throughout the day, especially during peak traffic hours, which is one of the main causes of traffic congestion. The reduction of travel time when considered overall and at the network level shows very important results. One of the main ones is economic issues. Reducing travel time is a win-win equation for the user and the provider. The users are the passengers and users of the tra  ortation network of the cities, and this will reduce their costs for tra  ortation. On the other hand, when the travel time of the entire network is reduced and the number of traffic jams per day is reduced, the need to spend large amounts of money on improving road infrastructure and tra  ortation services will be reduced, which is economical. The savings will be enormous. This research was done with the aim of determining the impact of using the routing program on reducing the travel time of the entire network. For this purpose, Aimsun software was used and a part of Kermanshah city was modeled in this software. The percentage of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 of the users who use the router program is defined and at the end the results for these five modes are compared. It has decreased by 25%.   

Currently, heavy machinery is used in the world to tra  ort and construct roads. To speed up the implementation of road construction, fabric concrete was investigated. One of the ways to speed up the implementation of asphalt is to use fabric concrete, which is easier to carry, higher transfer speed, and does not require a lot of time to gain strength, making fabric concrete more attractive than other methods and materials. In this research, using the software analysis method, it has been tried to investigate the effect of using fabric concrete on asphalt tensile strength and pavement strains. This research is expected to reduce the thickness of the asphalt layers, the base and sub-base and the use of fabric concrete, the cost and time of the projects will be reduced and it will also increase the tensile strength of the asphalt. On the other hand, this change will increase the pavement life and reduce Damages and settlement of the asphalt layer. Research methodology: In the current research, the analysis method is finite elements using ABAQUS software. Now we intend to reduce the thickness of the asphalt layer, base and sub-base by using fabric concrete reinforced with aramid fibers and adding it with asphalt. And increase the tensile strength of the asphalt pavement, which our modeling has been done using the available past articles and researches. In this research, we have made 8 pavement models, one without fabric concrete and four other models It is with fabric concrete with different thicknesses and three end models by reducing the thickness of the asphalt and removing one of the base and sub-base layers, and we compare the results and analyzes obtained from the Abaqus software with each other. Conclusion: According to the obtained results: with the addition of fabric concrete, the tensile strength of asphalt is increased and the thickness of the base and sub-base layers can be reduced, and the strains created in these layers experience a significant reduction. Reducing the strain and increasing the tensile strength of the layers has reduced the damage caused to the surface of the pavement and controls the settlement of the asphalt layer and has created roads with higher safety and less risk of accidents.   

  The increasing construction of high-rise structures in cities and the placement of buildings on soils with different layers show the need for engineers to pay attention to the effect of different conditions of soil layers on the seismic response of structures. In this study, after validating the 3D numerical model using the previous shaking table test, the effect of soil layering on the seismic response of resistant concrete buildings has been investigated by considering the soil-structure interaction (SSI). Using Abaqus finite element software, a set of numerical modeling for a 15-story building placed on layered soil with different values of shear wave velocity has been simulated. Nonlinear dynamic analysis under seismic motion has been performed in a direct way and the results have been compared and discussed in terms of maximum lateral displacement, shear force, maximum relative displacement of floors and acceleration response spectrum. The results showed that the deeper the soil layer with the lower shear wave speed and the closer it is to the ground surface, the higher the values of lateral displacement and shear force, the relative displacement of layers and the acceleration response spectrum. Also, according to the results, soil layering has a major contribution to the seismic response of buildings by considering SSI, and considering SSI ensures the safe and economical design of structures. Keyword: soil-structure interaction, numerical modeling, soft soil, abacus, relative displacement, floor shear

Abstract: The ever-increasing population growth in megacities has changed human lifestyle and the need to create high-rise buildings for optimal use of urban land has increased. Therefore, many deep and semi-deep excavations are carried out in these cities. In some areas, the presence of surface and subsurface water in the area of excavation operations causes issues and problems for the implementation of the project, each of which requires the investigation of all aspects affecting the stability and deformation of the pit. The most important forces that cause the instability of pit walls in urban areas with high groundwater levels are (1) gravitational force (2) water leakage force. The presence of water flow around the pit restrained by the nailing system can cause destruction of the pit or damage to nearby buildings. Therefore, one of the practical and economic solutions to create stability in the restrained pit wall is to lower the underground water level to the extent of the excavation stages. This is despite the fact that each excavation operation and reduction of the underground water level alone causes a change in the state of tensions in the soil and can lead to large deformations in the wall and subsidence of the ground around the pit. In this research, with Plexis, Midas and Geostudio software, the step-by-step excavation operation of a pit under the influence of underground water was modeled, and by using the finite element analysis of the stresses in the soil, the deformation of the wall, the bottom of the pit, and the soil affected by the excavation operation. And we have calculated and investigated the forces entering the Niles. According to the findings of the research, the higher the underground water level, the changes in the walls, bottom of the pit and the surrounding ground, the force acting on the Niles increases, the safety factor of the stability of the pit wall decreases. The output of Plexis software differs by up to 50% from Geostudio and Midas, but the process of groundwater impact on pit stability and deformations is the same. Using the hardening behavior and the small strain hardening behavior have almost the same output. The amount of output in Good simulation models with Mohr-Columb behavior pattern is 50% of the output of the same model with hardenable and small strain hardening behavior patterns. And the previous findings regarding the weakness of the Mohr-Columb behavior model were also proven in this research.   

The stability of seismic earth dams is particularly critical to the integrity of downstream areas. This thesis describes a numerical study related to both the seismic response and the analysis of earth dams using the finite element method. In this thesis, we will study the effect of the hydrodynamic stresses of an upstream reservoir on the elastic seismic response of dams. A methodology will be proposed in which the reservoir field is modeled with a particular focus on the accurate prediction of the hydrodynamic pressures on the upper dam face. The main part of the thesis is related to the study of the design of the Shehabi dam under study and their hydrological and historical seismic data, which will be analyzed in order to validate the numerical model and get a good agreement between the recorded and projected data. Obtaining dam response during an earthquake with different acceleration and duration using Geo-Studio Seep/w and Quake/w software. Subsequently, using as a reference the calibrated model, parametric studies are performed in order to obtain a better insight into the dynamic response and analysis of the response of the embankment of the dam under consideration during an earthquake with different acceleration, duration and water reservoir level. It is better that we will conduct a three-dimensional seismic analysis of the Shehabi dam by adopting the initial values of the shear stiffness. This will enable insight into the effects of the dam-valley interaction it will confirm whether the \\amount" of stiffening adopted in this study is appropriate.

Using ambient vibration measurements in studies of seismic site effects and microzonation big cities have great development. The role of site effects in the destruction and damage caused by the earthquake is no secret today And many researchers have confirmed the above question on the role of such studies have emphasized. Among the various methods in the study site effect there Measuring vibrations easily cost in terms of economic environment and the ability to measure large areas in a short time is valuable and important. Among the various methods of spectral H / V is Maybe one of the easiest and most practical methods. In this study, using the microtremor measurement method, the natural frequency of the earth for accelerometer stations in Ilam province was determined, and on the other hand, using the relation f0 = Vs30 / 4H, the natural frequency of the earth for accelerometer stations was determined. It was extracted and it was observed that the frequencies obtained from the two methods do not correspond to each other in the stations but are close to each other in some stations.    Keywords: Microtremors, Earth natural frequency, Accelerometer station, Ilam province, Shear wave velocity   

Today, due to the expansion of cities and the value of time, the need for quality tra  ortation is one of the most important human needs. Among the mandatory daily trips that are of great importance are business and study trips to university. Despite the impact of university trips on urban tra  ortation and traffic in the neighborhoods around the university, planning to improve its quality has received less attention from experts in the field of tra  ortation and traffic. Identifying the models of vehicle selection and the factors affecting it is one of the most important things that can help planners in this field to make appropriate decisions to improve the quality of traffic of citizens, especially the academic community. The main purpose of this study is to model the vehicle selection of Razi University members in Kermanshah in daily trips to the university. In addition, finding solutions to increase the tendency of university members to use non-motorized tra  ortation methods is one of the most important goals of the present study. For this purpose, the effect of different demographic, socio-economic variables of the means of travel on the travel method of university members was evaluated. Also, the attitude of individuals towards using a personal car and evaluating incentives and deterrents to change the way of traveling to public tra  ortation and dynamic tra  ortation were studied. In this regard, a questionnaire was used to collect the required data. In this questionnaire, which was provided to Razi University members online, the options of selected vehicles for traveling to the university, including private cars, buses, university services, taxis (line, telephone and internet), traveling with friends and family, motorcycles, It was cycling and walking. Due to the discretization of the dependent variable, the modeling of the device was performed using dual-logit, multiple-logit and backup vector discrete-selection models. According to the analysis for multiple mode, the most effective factors on the model of vehicle selection include available vehicle, distance from residence to university, being in Kermanshah and having a driver's license, and for the binary response variable, whether or not to use Public tra  ortation was defined, access to a private car, the use of buses in ideal conditions and the distance from the residence to the university were the most influential factors on the models of choosing the means of travel.   

Today, the issue of energy and its scarcity in the world has become an important issue, which has led architects to turn more to plans to reduce energy, including the sustainability and use of Energy audits in commercial, office and residential buildings. One of the solutions used in the field of architecture can be the use of simulation software such as design builder software. It has been tried to study how to reduce energy in this building without considering the addition to Razi Engineering Technical Building and using Builder Design software.  The results of this study, which have been reviewed in four stages, indicate that it is important to reduce the energy consumption of the building without attachment and by using drape curtains or luminescent glass, as well as upgrading the facility's energy facilities.

   Abstract One of the important applications of identifying the dynamic Properties of earth dams is to determine the modi frequencies, Damping ratio and mode shapes, which eventually leads to a better understanding of the system. Seismic behavior of earth dams is usually studied in four ways Using recorded accelerograms of the dam's response to real earthquakes, laboratory methods on small-scale models, vibration experiments in situ, and finally numerical analysis. Because among the types of in-situ vibration experiments, the use of accelerograms recorded on earthen dams at the time of earthquake has a special place in the study of numerical model of dams.The existence of strongmotion located in Darian Dam and recording earthquake records (albeit weak) in recent years, has provided a special and privileged position to use the records to extract the dynamic characteristics of the dam and perform numerical analysis. Therefore, in the present study, using the recorded response of the dam to Sarpol-e-Zahab earthquake, which was weak in this construction, in the range of linear behavior, while investigating the numerical model in the range of small strains, to extract dynamic parameters, especially Gmax   , GGmax   , ?   with Shear strain was treated which matched very well with the actual results. recorded accelerograms processing, in addition to classical methods, one of the advanced methods in the time-frequency domain is to extract the dynamic characteristics of the dam (including frequencies, damping and modal shapes) and also to compare the answers obtained from numerical analysis and the answers recorded in different parts of the body.

  One of the methods for stabilizing earth slopes or excavated ditches is soil nailing, which has been used around the world for about fourteen decades, and many advances have been made in the use of this method. Has been. However, the use of this method in cold regions is more limited than other places with normal temperature conditions due to lack of sufficient studies and lack of necessary information about the response of the nailed earthen wall due to the experience of freezing and thawing cycles. Therefore, in the present study, in order toachieve a comprehensive plan for the proper design of nailed earthen walls in cold regions, using ABAQUS finite element software, numerical modeling of a nailed earthen wall in Brunswick, Maine The United States has made this region one of the coldest regions. The purpose of this study was to numerically investigate the effect of freezing phenomenon on the behavior of nailed earthen wall, to investigate the stresses caused by freezing activity in the nails that strengthen the earthen body, the amount of pressure on the top wall and the amount of body displacement. Soil is the result of experiencing the freezing process. The results obtained in this study are validated based on the results of field operations performed in Brunswick (Duchesne 2003). Finally, in orderto achieve more comprehensive results, the effect of different nailing conditions inside the soil body under the .mentioned conditions has been investigated

   پايدارسازي گود و شيب ها در مناطق مختلف به دليل گسترش جمعيت ،رشد شهرسازي و راهسازي جهت تامين امنيت جاني و جلوگيري از خسارات مالي   امروزه مورد توجه بسياري از محققين قرار گرفته است . يكي از رايج ترين روشهاي پايدار سازي به دليل مزاياي بسيار ديوارهاي ميخ كوبي شده است. اخيرا برم بندي در ديوارهاي ميخ كوبي مورد پژوهش قرارگرفته و نتايج مثبت آن به وسيله مطالعات دوبعدي نشان داده شده است. باتوجه به هندسه هاي مختلف و مؤثر بر رفتار ديوار نظير گوشه ها و قوس ها با انجام مطالعات سه بعدي ميتوان رفتار ديوارهاي ميخ كوبي شده در اين شرايط را بهتر شناخت و منجر به ديد مفيد تري از عملكرد آنها شد . دراين پژوهش با استفاده از نرم افزار پلكسيس سه بعدي و دوبعدي اثرات ديوارهاي ميخ كوبي برم بندي شده را در حالت همزماني با گوشه در گود ها ، در يك تحليل عددي مورد بررسي قرار گرفته و نتايج مثبت همزمان ناشي از وجود گوشه و برم بندي وهمچنين تغييرات عرض آن بر روي نشست ها(از مقدار 9 سانتيمتر نشست به 1 سانتيمتر در عرض سه متر كاهش يافته)، تغيير مكان هاي افقي ديوار و پايداري بررسي   قرارگرفته و مدل رفتاري بررسي و ضعف مدل موركولمب نشان داده شد .

   In this study an experiment has been done for assessment of Mersad's park soil swelling and presenting a suitable method to settle it. According to the importance and profits of this project and external observations of the town's soil and reports related to crack, swelling during the absorption of humidity, soil shrinkage, created problems in access and substructural ways of this town we decided to recognize geotechnique specification of its soil by physical, mechanical, chemical and mineralogy experiments and quality predicting swelling methods (indirect such as chen,USBR and…)and standard method ASTM 04546 by A method with odometer machanism (direct method) to proceed swelling potential assessment, swelling pressure, settlement of soil. In this study in addition to the assessment of mentioned parameters, effects of humidity percent, special dry unit weight and disturbance of samples on swelling potential,swelling pressure and considering total settlements in samples have been a assessed. The following considering of different reclaim methods for this soil and propriety of lime and cement stabilization of these two matter in different pecents and their effect on quantitative parameters like; swelling potential, swelling pressure, settlement, atterberg limits and considering fabric of soil samples before and after the stabilization with electronic microscope(SEM) have been preceded. By using indirect methods, soil in death of 2 meters has the high and very high swelling intensity. Indirect assessment method, soil swelling intensity is affected by an initial humidity, dry unit weight and disturbance factor. By increasing initial humidity and decreasing dry unit weight the swelling potential and swelling pressure will decrease and so ever we have deduction of an initial humidity and accretion of dry unit weight in samples and soil get disturbanced we will have swelling potential intensity and swelling pressure. Disturbance in this soil causes double swelling potential stabilization with lime and cement was done on this soil (number 2 disturbanced sample,19% initial humidity,7.1gr/cm3 dry unit weight) with specifications Swelling potential and pressure potential respectively in number 2 disturbed sample have been 7/21 percent and 5/10kg/cm2 in which by adding 4 percent lime and 6 percent cement unit dry weight by 7 days maturing of swelling potential samples, swelling pressure and settlement about 98,98 and 95 percent.

چكيدهپايدارسازيگودبرداري ها در مناطق شهري و غير شهري به دليل تغييرشكل، ريزش، لغزش و واژگونيهاي محتمل و تأثيرات آن بر سازه هاي مستقر در نزديكي آن ها و مخاطرات مالي و جانيامري ضروري است. تسليح و پايدارسازي گودها به روش هاي متعددي صورت مي گيرد، كه دراين بين روش ميخكوبي خاك، به دليل مزاياي زياد اقتصادي و اجرايي از جايگاه ويژه ايبرخوردار است. بطور معمول در روش ميخكوبي خاك، ديوار? گود قائم و زمين بالادست تختاست. اما، گاهاً   به علت محدوديت ها، شرايطاقتصادي و محسنات زيبايي اجراي گود ها با هندسه هاي ديگر، مطلوب و يا ملزوم ميباشد. كه در اين شرايط تغيير هندس? گود و زمين بالادست، رفتار گود و شالود?بالادست آن را تحت تأثير قرار خواهد داد. از اين رو، در پژوهش حاضر، به مطالع?تأثيرات هندسي (هندس? پله بندي) بر عملكرد آن ها پرداخته شده است. به اين منظور،يك گود به ارتفاع 4 متر، كه در حالت مرجع داراي هندس? معمول ديوار? قائم و خاكريزتخت مي باشد، با مقياس 10/1 و شرايط كرنش مسطح در آزمايشگاه مدلسازي شده و پس ازمقايس? نتايج حاصل از مدلسازي فيزيكي با مدل هاي عددي متناظر و صحت سنجي آن ها،مدلسازي عددي در مقياس واقعي و با هندسه هاي مختلف (شامل پله بندي ديواره) موردمطالعه قرار گرفته است. مدلسازي فيزيكي گود، با استفاده از خاك ماس? شمار? 161فيروزكوه با وزن مخصوص خشك 1.49 گرم بر سانتي متر مكعب و 6 درصد رطوبت، ميخ ها وديوار? آلومينيومي و نيز يك پي نواري فولادي به عرض 8 و ضخامت 1 سانتي متر انجامشده است. شالوده پس از اتمام گودبرداري تا حد ظرفيت باربري تحت بار استاتيكيمتمركز قرار مي گيرد. مدلسازي هاي عددي كوچك مقياس و بزرگ مقياس نيز، در شرايطكرنش مسطح و با دو مدل رفتاري موهركولمب و خاك سخت شونده براي مصالح خاكي و باشرايط يكسان و متناظر با مدل هاي فيزيكي ساخته شده اند. نتايج حاصله نشان ازتأثيرات مثبت تغييرات هندسي و علي الخصوص پله بندي و كاهش زاوي? شيب ديواره، برعملكرد گود و پي نواري استقرار يافته در همسايگي آن دارند. تأثير پله بندي عمدتاًبه صورت افزايش پايداري ديوار? گود، كاهش تغييرمكان افقي ديواره، كاهش نشست پينواري و بهبود ظرفيت باربري آن و همچنين كاهش نشست هاي رخ داده در كف گود مي باشد.در شرايط احداث دو پله تغييرات بهتري نسبت به حالت يك پله اي ايجاد مي شود. اين درحالي است كه، تغيير هندس? زمين بالادست گود و افزايش زاوي? آن، تنها ظرفيت باربريپي نواري را بهبود بخشيده است. همچنين، نتايج حاصل نشان مي دهند كه، تأثيراتتغييرات هندسي در حالت استفاده از مدل رفتاري موهركولمب، با شدت و دامن? بيشتريايجاد مي شوند و تغيير شكل ها در حالت اين مدل، از مقادير مربوط به مدل رفتاري خاكسخت شونده بسيار بزرگ تر مي باشند، كه با كاهش زاوي? شيب ديواره (ديواره ها) نتايجتغييرشكل نهايي دو مدل رفتاري مورد استفاده براي مصالح خاكي به يكديگر نزديك تر وحتي برابر مي شود. اين امر مستقل از مقادير بدست آمده براي پايداري است، كه مستقلاز مدل رفتاري بوده و براي هر دو مدل رفتاري مورد استفاده برابر مي باشند.كلمات كليدي : گودبرداري، ميخكوبي خاك، پله بندي،هندس? گود، مدلسازي فيزيكي، مدل رفتاري     

Abstract    In recent years, a new technology has been developed as Warm Mix asphalt (WMA) in the pavement industry. The main purpose of producing this type of mixture is to reduce emissions and reduce energy consumption in line with the Tokyo Agreement. In addition, other benefits such as the possibility of implementing pavement in cold weather, improve efficiency, faster return of traffic, reduce harmful pollutants for workers and reduce the likelihood of aging due to lower production temperatures. Although these benefits have encouraged pavement managers to use this technology, the various behavioral aspects of this technology have not been well understood. One of these behavioral aspects is the potential for rutting in the long-term performance of pavements made with Warm Mix asphalt (WMA) technology. Although asphalt concrete mixes are made Warm, the initial cost of making asphalt is lower due to making asphalt at a lower temperature than hot asphalt. Due to the fact that the Warm asphalt mixture is produced at low temperatures, relatively weak adhesion is created between the aggregate and bitumen materials in the mixture, and this phenomenon increases the moisture sensitivity of the Warm asphalt mixture and the occurrence of nudity on the pavement surface. It is one of the materials that can optimally improve the moisture sensitivity of this type of asphalt mixture by an optimal amount of 0.1% by weight of bitumen, but the use of nano-zycotherm not only does not help the hardness of Warm asphalt mixture at high temperatures, but also reduces the hardness of the mixture. Asphalt is exposed to dynamic loads, thus increasing the potential for rutting and permanent deformation of the Warm asphalt mixture. One way to improve the performance of a Warm asphalt mixture containing nano-zycotherm against dynamic applied loads is to use additives. The present study evaluates and analyzes the laboratory results of the effect of LDPE-film light polyethylene powder (LDPE-200) on improving the rutting strength of Warm asphalt mixtures containing the optimal percentage of nano-zycotherm. For this purpose, bitumen performance tests (penetration degree, softening point, tensile Flexibility and testing of rotating thin layer of bitumen in that RTFOT) and Sharp tests (rotational viscosity test, DSR dynamic cutting rheometer test, aging test of bitumen samples in a PAV pressure chamber, BBR bending beam rheometer test) on modified bitumens containing different percentages Light ethylene and experiments (Marshall strength and fluidity and resilience modulus test) were used on Warm Mix asphalt samples containing different percentages of light polyethylene.The results showed that the application of light polyethylene improves the functional and rheological properties of pure bitumen and bitumen hardness And reduces the thermal sensitivity of bitumen at high temperatures and significantly increases the rutting strength of semi-hot asphalt mixtures containing the optimal percentage of nano-zycotherm at high temperatures under dynamic loads per 7% of polyethylene. In addition, the modulus of resistance of Warm Mix asphalt containing light polyethylene is much higher than that of semi-hot asphalt mixture without this addition, which indicates an increase in stability and durability of the modified asphalt mixture against dynamic loads.          Keywords: Warm Mix asphalt (WMA), Rutting, Lightweight polyethylene, Nano-zycotherm     

The environment is constantly exposed to various pollutants. Oil pollution is one of the pollutions that can lead to irreparable damage to the environment. Every day, a large amount of petroleum products enter the environment in various ways, including oil extraction, tra  ortation, leakage from storage tanks and pipelines. In addition, oil pollution affects the mechanical, chemical and dynamic properties of the soil. Changing the geotechnical properties of the soil is an important issue for structures adjacent to or on contaminated oil soil that can cause cracking or increase soil resistance. Investigating and evaluating the velocity of waves in soil structure can provide useful and significant information about the behavior of small soil strains to researchers and engineers. Since the behavior of many structures and foundations during dynamic loads is in the range of small strains, the study and calculation of parameters representing the behavior of small strains of soil has been of great importance for civil engineers. The importance and value of oil industry structures in Iran, as one of the active countries among oil exporting countries and also as a country with a high level of seismicity, has led to the importance of conducting research in order to improve the design level and accuracy of structures exposed to pollution.In the present study, the basic concepts of wave propagation in contiguous environments a digitally controlled triaxial testing apparatus was utilized as a host device and equipped by two Bender Elements, under different confining pressures to measure the shear wave velocity and finally identify the shear modulus of clay contaminated with crude oil with different percentages of contamination and to compare them with non-oil contaminated clay soils on small-strain range.  

Abstract : Every year, human losses and irreparable economic catastrophes caused by earthquakes in different parts of the world are imposed on nations. Population growth and improved quality of life have led to an increase in the number of buildings and urban infrastructure, as well as an increase in public demand, which directly and indirectly increases the likelihood of various damages due to major earthquakes. In the meantime, the excavations located in the city and the effects of their existence on other adjacent structures are not ineffective in increasing the probability of various damages. The aim of this study was to investigate the two-dimensional combination of topographic effects and soil characteristics on the seismic response of excavations and adjacent structures. For this purpose, 48 hollow models with different geometric conditions of rectangular and trapezoidal shape located on the bedrock as well as a layer of sediments with 4 different impedance ratios were evaluated. The geometry of the rectangular pits was considered in 5 aspect ratios and the trapezoidal pits were considered in 5 different angles. It should be noted that parametric studies have been performed using two softwares. First, hybrid software is used to evaluate the seismic response of the structure by combining the finite element method in the near field and the boundary component method in the distant field Then, using Abacus software, the accuracy of the results is checked. In each of the excavation models, first the critical points were determined under the influence of the various factors mentioned and then the behavior of these points were analyzed and evaluated more and more comprehensively. Finally, practical diagrams for engineering uses are presented so that the spectral response of the pits can be estimated in a simple way Also, in order to improve seismic regulations in order to reduce the damage caused in the known conditions, the results can be used to complete seismic geotechnical studies.   

  رمبندگي خاك به ريزش و كاهش حجم ناگهاني خاك در موقع اشباع شدن آن اطلاق مي­شود. خاك­هاي رمبنده مناطق وسيعي معادل 15 درصد توده‌هاي قاره‌اي جهان را شامل شده است. خاك­هاي رمبنده در مناطق خشك و نيمه­خشك جغرافيايي از جمله ايران مشكلات بيشتري ايجاد مي­كنند. پديد? رمبندگي زماني اهميت مي­يابد كه نفوذ آب­هاي سطحي، نشت آب از لوله­ها، بالا آمدن سطح آب زير­  hy;زميني، باعث اشباع شدن خاك رمبنده شود و تغيير حجم ناگهاني خاك براي ابنيه احداثي مجاور آن خطر آفرين باشد. آلاينده­  hy  hy  hy;هاي زيست محيطي فراواني مانندNa2SO4   و   H2 SO4   وجود دارند كه مي­توانند با نفوذ در خاك، به مرور باعث تغييرات عمد? خصوصيات فيزيكي و شيميايي خاك­ از جمله شاخص رمبندگي آن   شوند.بر اساس استاندارد ASTM D5333-03 شاخص رمبندگي ، شاخصي است كه به­ منظور تعيين بزرگي رمبندگي خاك حين اشباع شدن نمونه در تنش سربار 200 كيلوپاسكال در دستگاه ادومتر ارزيابي مي­شود. هدف از انجام اين پژوهش، بررسي تأثير جابه­جايي ترتيب لايه­هاي رسي و ماسه­اي بر تغييرات شاخص رمبندگي خاك رمبنده طبيعي در حضور نمك سولفات سديم و سولفوريك اسيد است.در اين پژوهش خاك ماسه‌اي و رسي از محل فروچاله عظيم روستاي كِردآباد همدان تهيه شد. پس از تفكيك ريزدانه و درشت دانه خاك‌ها، نمونه‌ها در سه حالت تك لايه ماسه‌اي، دو لايه و سه لايه با چينش‌هاي مختلف لايه‌اي با وزن‌هاي مخصوص 3/1 و 5/1 و 7/1 گرم بر سانتي‌مترمربع درون رينگ‌هاي پنج سانتي‌متري دستگاه ادومتري تهيه شد و طبق استاندارد ASTMD5333-03 مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت. سپس به مقدار 4 و 8   درصد وزني به نمونه‌ها نمك سولفات سديم اضافه شد و مجدداً طبق روال قبل، شاخص رمبندگي نمونه‌ها اندازه‌گيري شد. براي اشباع سازي نمونه‌ها در تنش 200 كيلو پاسكال هم از آب خالص و هم از اسيد سولفوريك رقيق با غلظت يك مولار استفاده شد.با انجام تعداد قابل توجهي آزمايش تعيين شاخص رمبندگي مشخص شد وجود نمك سولفات سديم در نمون? تك لايه خاك ماسه طبيعي، شاخص رمبندگي را به شدت افزايش مي‌دهد. به طوري‌كه بيشترين شاخص رمبندگي در بين تمام نمونه‌هاي اين پژوهش، در خاك ماسه‌اي تك لايه حاوي 8 درصد وزني سولفات سديم با شاخص رمبندگي 80/24 درصد اتفاق افتاده است. همچنين وجود يك لاي? رسي حاوي آهك به علاوه 4 درصد تا 8 درصد وزني نمك سولفات سديم بين لاي? ماسه حاوي سولفات سديم، شاخص رمبندگي را   به مقدار قابل توجهي كاهش مي‌دهد.در مورد   خاك‌هاي چند لايه شامل ماسه و رس حاوي آهك، در حالتي‌كه در نمون? دو لايه، رس بالاي ماسه قرار گيرد (چينش C-S) ودر نمونه سه لايه در حالتي‌كه ماسه مايبن دو لاي? رس قرار گيرد (چينش C-S-C)، جود نمك سولفات سديم باعث كاهش شاخص رمبندگي مي‌شود. اما در حالت چينش سه لايه در حالتي‌كه رس بين دو لايه ماسه قرار مي‌گيرد (چينش (S-C-S، وجود نمك سولفات سديم در نمونه‌ها منجر به افزايش شاخص رمبندگي مي‌شود.كلمات كليدي: شاخص رمبندگي، سيستم چند لايه خاك، وزن مخصوص خشك خاك، نمك سولفات سديم، سولفوريك اسيد، آهك

  AbstractThe stabilization of the slope is one of the most important branches of geotechnical engineering. The occurrence of instability and slip in the natural and artificial slopes is one of the phenomena that occur in Iran and in many parts of the world. The slope failure may occur under normal conditions and only under the influence of unstable mass, or may occur due to dynamic factors such as earthquakes. Today, there are various ways to stabilize and reduce the displacements of the slopes, one of which is the use of concrete piles. Stabilization of the slopes is a function of the balance between the driving forces and the rigid ones, which are performed by reducing the propulsion forces, increasing the strength of the forces, or both. In this thesis, the effect of the presence of concrete piles on the stabilization of the slopes and the reduction of its deformation in dynamic loading mode has been investigated by the abaqus finite element software. Also, the effect of some parameters such as the distance between the piles, the length of the piles, the diameter of the piles, the study of the modification of the behavioral model from Mohar-Columbus to Dragar-Prager and the study of the effect of the variation of the layers of the lower layer of the gable on the level of girder stability has been studied. The results of the analysis show that the use of pile plays an effective role in reducing horizontal and vertical displacements.  Keyword: Slope stabilization, Numerical analysis, Pile, Dynamic analysis, Abaqus

  Abstract: Due to increased energy consumption and environmental protection, Warm Mix Asphalt is used to produce asphalt mixtures. By reducing the temperature in the production of WMA, in addition to reducing environmental pollution and saving energy, better conditions in the workplace for workers are provided in terms of lower temperatures and less toxic emissions. In this study, we tried to measure the performance of WMA performance against moisture susceptibility, which is one of the weaknesses of this technology. Also, resistance to fatigue cracks, which is one of the most important parameters of asphalt quality measurement, is measured by bituminous refining with the help of synthetic zeolite and Nano Clay. In this study, Marshall samples were made by modified bitumen. For moisture susceptibility test by modified Lathnem method. Then, based on the acceptable percentages of the results of the moisture susceptibility test, fatigue tests were performed to evaluate the fatigue performance of asphalt mixtures. The best performance of the moisture susceptibility of the asphalt mixtures tested in this study is related to a mixture containing 5% zeolite and 7% Nano Clay by %87 of TSR which had a high increase compared to samples with no Nano Clay. Repetitive loading beam tests are the most common method for evaluating fatigue behavior of asphalt mixtures. The maximum tensile stresses and the number of loading cycles with controlled stress in the stress ratios equal to 0.2 and 0.5 of maximum tensile stresses for asphalt mixtures without additive and with different additive percentages were measured by Four-point fatigue test. Fatigue test results showed that the addition Nano Clay increases the fatigue of asphalt mixtures. The results show that the addition of Nano Clay to (3%) increases the fatigue of asphalti mixtures in all stresses ratio of the test. Keyword: Warm Mix Asphalt, Moisture Susceptibility, Fatigue, Synethic Zeolite, Nano Fe2O3.

  Every year earthquakes occur around the world. In the province of Kermanshah, during the history has occurred a lot of earthquakes. Earthquakes including 4 earthquakes in 2013 with magnitude 5.2,5.7,5,4 and 5.3 in Qasr Shirin, 2 earthquakes with magnitude 7.3 and 5.3 in 2017 in Ezgele, 10 earthquakes with magnitude 5.6 and 6 in Taze Abad, 5.1,5.1,5.3,5.2 In Sumar and earthquakes of 6.4 , 5,5.1 and 5.2 R in Qasr shirin in 2018, there are important recent earthquakes in Kermanshah province .This subject show the importance of determining the seismic vulnerability of Kermanshah Province to help urban planners to rehabilitation, urban development, also Crisis Management during an earthquake. In this regard, this study analyzes the physical seismic vulnerability of Kermanshah city with the combination of three methods of Analytical Hierarchy process (AHP), fuzzy logic and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The purpose of this study was to determine the regions of Kermanshah which have high vulnerability and more critical conditions than other areas during an earthquake. The proposed method has a parametric approach and, in addition to considering uncertainties due to incomplete or inaccurate information, provides an independent approach to the study area. In each study, which uses several criteria for determining the results, the significance of each of these parameters and criteria must be determined. Determining the importance of each criterion in the analysis process is done using the AHP method. In most studies, especially studies that determine the vulnerability of the regions, there may be incomplete or inaccurate data. These uncertainties can be considered using fuzzy logic techniques. Finally, using the Topsis method, can determine the ultimate vulnerability of each unit. The results estimate the vulnerability of the city of Kermanshah in most areas within a high vulnerability. Only in parts of the city that is new build to other area , there is little damage. In these areas, in addition to the proper conditions of the construction parameters, the conditions of seismic hazard parameters such as litology are appropriate, which indicates that it is suitable for the expansion of the city.

  Abstract  ources of fresh water are limited. In high-resource countries with rich resources and highly developed technical infrastructure, there are many ways to protect, recycle and reuse it. In many other areas, however, the availability of water for further development is higher than the satisfactory level, and it is essential for the rapid growth of the population to survive even existing communities or to meet the ever-growing demand. In these areas, humans can not be dumped from the dams and water reservoirs exploiting water resources.The study and interpretation of precise instrument data is one of the most important dams monitoring and safety assessment processes during the operation period of the dam. In spite of the great importance of these equipment, the data obtained during the operation of the dam, little attention has been paid to this category, and few studies are available in this area.In addition to designing and implementing them, the most important challenges in development projects are safety and stability of various components throughout the building. To achieve this, in all large dams, installing necessary tools for pore volumes, soil pressures and changes The shapes are measured during the three years of construction, the first dewatering and the operating time, and the performance of the dam is evaluated and analyzed. In this thesis, the results of the designed tool in Jamishan Dam were evaluated and the structural performance and stability were evaluated. For the instrument installed in different parts of the dam body, FLAC software was used to determine the numerical model.The behavioral models used in the analysis are linear elastic model and elastic-plastic elastic model of Moore-Coulomb. In order to make the model more realistic, the step-by-step technique of the dam layers has been considered. Horizontal and vertical displacement, vertical stress and cavity water pressure were interpreted and the results showed the correctness of the Jamyshan dam performance and the elements of the sealant. Also, the results of modeling and instrumentation suggest that its dam is in a stable and safe condition.  Comprehensive review of dam failures in dams, different causes of soil dams destruction and recognition of leak phenomena as the main causes of soil dams destruction are other important parts of this research.

در حوزه‌ي عمران و به خصوص شاخه‌ي ژئوتكنيك پي‌ها از اهميت بسيار بالايي برخوردار هستند. از اين‌رو در چند دهه‌ي اخير، نوعِ جديدي از پي‌ها به‌نامِ پي‌هاي پوسته‌اي مطرح شده‌اند كه در تحقيقاتِ انجام گرفته نشان داده شده‌است داراي عملكردي مناسب‌تر در زمينه‌ي ظرفيت باربري و نشستِ مجاز در مقايسه با ساير پي‌ها مي‌باشند. در اين پژوهش نيز، قصد شده است تا با مدل‌سازيِ فيزيكي و عدديِ چندين نمونه از پي‌هاي پوسته‌اي بر روي خاك ماسه‌اي و با در نظر گرفتنِ دو پارامترِ عمق مدفونِ پي و مسلح‌سازيِ نمونه‌ي خاك توسط ژئوگريد، مقايسه‌اي بينِ ميزان و چگونگي فرآيندِ نشست در پي‌هاي پوسته‌اي با پي‌هاي تختِ صورت گيرد تا ابعاد جديدي از خصوصيات وعملكرد اين‌گونه پي‌ها مشخص شود.   در مدل‌سازيِ فيزيكي، سه نمونه پي پوسته‌اي هرمي با زواياي رأس 120، 90 و 60 درجه و يك نمونه پي تختِ مربعي به‌عنوان نمونه‌ي شاهد، همچنين سه نمونه پي پوسته‌اي مخروطي با زواياي رأس 120، 90 و 60 درجه و يك نمونه پي تختِ دايروي به‌عنوان نمونه‌ي شاهد بر روي ماسه‌ي 161 فيروزكوه، در قالبِ 32 آزمايشِ متفاوت درون يك جعبه‌ي آزمايشگاهي تحت بارگذاري قرار گرفتند. اين آزمايشات بر اساس دو پارامترِ عمقِ مدفونِ پي و عمق مدفونِ ژئوگريد به 4 دسته تقسيم مي‌شوند؛ دسته‌ي اول شاملِ پي‌هايي است كه بر رويِ سطحِ خاك قرار دارند و عمق مدفونشان صفر است، همچنين خاك غير‌مسلح است. دسته‌ي دوم در عمقِ مدفوني برابر با نصفِ عرضِ پي و در خاكي غيرمسلح قرار دارند. دسته‌ي سوم دارايِ عمق مدفون صفر هستند اما   بر روي خاك مسلح با عمقِ ژئوگريد برابر با نصفِ عرضِ پي مي‌باشند و دسته‌ي آخر كه در عمقِ مدفونِ نصف عرض پي قرار گرفته و عمقِ ژئوگريدِ خاكِ مسلح برابر با نصفِ عرضِ پي از زير سطحِ پي مي‌باشد. همچنين تماميِ تست‌ها به‌صورت عددي در نرم‌افزار آباكوس مدل‌سازي مي‌شوند.    به صورت خلاصه نتايجِ حاصل شده از 32 تست آزمايشگاهي و مدل‌سازي‌هاي عددي متناظر با آن‌ها، از اين قرار مي‌باشد: 1. در حالتي كه پي‌ها روي سطحِ خاكِ غيرمسلح قرار دارند، بارِ گسيختگي نهايي براي پي‌هاي پوسته‌اي از پي‌هاي تخت بيشتر است؛ اگرچه ميزان نشستِ كمتري را نشان مي‌دهند. 2. همواره با مدفون كردنِ پي‌ها و مسلح‌سازيِ خاك، بارِ گسيختگي نهايي افزايش و نشست كاهش مي‌يابد. در اين حالت بار گيسختگي نهاييِ پي‌هاي تخت از پي‌هاي پوسته‌اي بيشتر و ميزان نشست‌ِ آن‌ها به يكديگر نزديك مي‌شود. 3. پارامترِ مسلح‌سازيِ خاك در ترازِ نصفِ عرضِ پي از روي سطح خاك نسبت به مدفون كردن پي‌ها در عمقِ نصف عرضِ پي از سطح خاك، تأثير بيشتري در كاهشِ نشست و افزايشِ بار گسيختگيِ نهايي از خود نشان مي‌دهد.          4. در تماميِ حالات، بار گسيختگيِ نهايي پي‌هاي پوسته‌اي هرمي از همتايِ مخروطيِ خود بيشتر و نشستِ آن‌ها كمتر است.

  Experimental study and CFD modeling of using inserts in microtubes for heat transfer rate enhancement

اين تحقيق به منظور نشان دادن تاثير زواياي گوشه و هندسه گودبرداري بر روي تغييرشكل­ ها و سطوح گسيختگي اطراف گود ميخ­ گذاري شده، انجام شده­است. در اكثر تحقيقات صورت گرفته به بررسي و تحليل عناصر پايدارسازي ديواره‌ي گود با فرض كرنش مسطح و به‌صورت مسئله دوبعدي پرداخته شده­ است، حال آن‌كه مسئله‌ي پايداري در گوشه‌هاي گود و اثرات هندسه و شكل گود از جمله موضوعات مهم و تاثيرگذار بر پايداري و كنترل تغييرشكل‌ها و سطوح گسيختگي مي­ باشد. در اين تحقيق از نرم‌افزار اجزاء‌محدود Abaqus CAE-2016 استفاده شده و مدل­رفتاري مورد استفاده در اين تحقيق موهر-كولمب در نظر گرفته شده ­است. عمده تمركز اين تحقيق بر تغييرشكل سه ­بعدي گود و نشان دادن اثر گوشه‌ي گود است به همين منظور بررسي تغييرشكل‌هاي افقي و قائم گود و سطوح گسيختگي آن انجام ‌مي‌گردد. در اين تحقيق براي بررسي اثر هندسه و گوشه گود، 4 حالت مختلف براي گوشه گود در نظر گرفته ‌شده ­است؛ حالت گود مقعر با زاويه­ ي گوشه 60درجه، 90درجه، 120 درجه و حالت گود محدب با زاويه ­ي گوشه 270 درجه؛ كه براي هر كدام از حالت‌هاي ذكر شده از سه مدول الاستيسيته مختلف براي ميخ‌ها بررسي گرديده كه بتوان تاثير همزمان بازدارندگي گوشه گود را با تغيير مدول الاستيسيته ميخ‌ها بررسي كرد. با استفاده از تحليل­هاي عددي اثر مدول الاستيسيته و اثر زاويه گوشه گود بر‌روي تغييرمكان‌ها و نشست‌هاي ايجاد شده با فاصله گرفتن از سطح ديواره‌ي ميخ‌گذاري شده و تغييرشكل ديواره گود در گوشه‌هاي گود با ديوار ميخ‌گذاري شده و محل سطوح گسيختگي بحراني در حالت سرويس مورد ارزيابي قرار مي‌گيرد. در اين تحقيق بار سرويس متشكل از بار يكنواخت 135kpa بر روي سطح كل گودبرداري است. كه نتايج كلي مشهود از اين تحقيق، تاثير بازدارندگي گوشه‌هاي گود مقعر مي باشد، به‌طوري كه هرچه گوشه گود داراي زاويه‌ي كمتري باشد اين تاثير بازدارندگي در نشست‌هاي سطحي و تغييرمكان افقي ديواره­ي گود بيشتر است اما با كم شدن بيشتر زاويه گوشه اين تغييرات كمتر شده و بهينه نيست، بهترين زاويه كه تاثير بازدارندگي بهينه را دارد زاويه 90 درجه مي­باشد. براي حالت محدب عكس اين موضوع اتفاق مي‌افتد و اثر تحدب در گوشه باعث ناپايداري در گود افزايش در مقدار نشست‌ها خواهد­شد. تاثير سختي ميخ‌ها نيز مشابه تاثير گوشه گود است به طوري كه با افزايش سختي، كاهش در مقدار نشست‌هاي سطحي و تغييرمكان افقي ديواره­ ي گودبرداري مشهود مي‌گردد. در حالت محدب كه گود به حالت ناپايداري نزديك مي‌شود مي توان با ميخ‌هايي با سختي زياد اين اثر افزايش نشست را   تا حدود زيادي كاهش داد. كرنش­ هاي برشي پلاستيك باعث ايجاد 2ناحيه در گودبرداري مي­گردد،­ با نزديك شدن به گوشه گود، ناحيه 2 كه ناحيه­ اي فعال و محرك است به تدريج از ناحيه 1 كوچك‌تر شده و گود پايدارتر مي­گردد، اين اثر زاويه گوشه بر روي گوه­ هاي گسيختگي به اين شكل است كه با كوچك‌تر شدن زاويه گوشه تا 90درجه اين تاثير چشم گير است اما با كاهش بيشتر آن تغيير زيادي نسبت به مدل 90درجه مشاهده نمي­ گردد. براي حالت محدب نيز گوه­ هاي گسيختگي بسيار به لبه گود نزديك شده و حالت بحراني رخ مي­ دهد.

هدف اين تحقيق، ايجاد يك سيستم كامپيوتري مؤثر سيستماتيك آموزشي براي طراحي اشكال ساده براي افراد نابينا است (پروتوتايپ)، بنابراين ما يك سيستم آموزشي براي كودك عرب ايجاد كرديم كه در همان زمان، قرآن كريم را نجات داد. طراحي ELMS بايد به حداكثر رساندن نتايج آموزشي براي كانديد نامزد ما در اينجا، روش برنامه نويسي پويا با توجه به مجموعه اي از حروف شناخته شده است. صداي نزديك به كلمه واژگاني با مقايسه كلمه كليدي با تمام الگوها در كتابخانه گوگل و انتخاب آن كه داراي حداقل فاصله (مشابه) با بستر مطلق است و سرعت پاسخ به سرعت بستگي دارد از اينترنت يك حالت كد در صدا و كد ديگري در متن است. تبديل كد در نرم افزار python انجام شده است كه با كد API گوگل كار مي كند. تعويض بين (Speech to command) (متن به گفتار) چندين مرحله دارد. اما در دسته كلي، دو مدل اصلي كه عبارتند از: 1-متن به گفتار 2- گفتار به فرمان. اولين گام ورود به متن عربي به كامپيوتر و شناسايي متن و تبديل متن به فايل صوتي است. بيشتر خطا در مرحله دوم به دليل اين ماژول بسته به دستگاه ورودي (ميكروفون)، سرعت اينترنت و سر و صدا در اطراف فرد و كيفيت صدا رخ مي دهد، تمام دستورات در سيستم عمل مي كنند (بازي سوره قرآن) و غيره تا زماني كه تمام سوره هايي كه در LMS ما ذخيره مي شوند، اين 10 قرآن سورات كوتاه (سوره القطار، سوره فلاع، سوره النس، سوره الطوف، سوره الفيل، سوره النشره، سوره آل -Asr، سوره القرية، القادر و سوره الاخلا) پس از آن درصد خطا در ماژول STC در بيست افراد عرب 10? براي سوره القرية، 5? سوره الاراي، 40? براي سوره النشره، 5? براي سورات الفيل، 0? براي سوره آل نوجوان، 0? براي سوره النس، 0? براي القاد، 15? براي سوره القوث، 25? براي سوره الاخلا و 5? براي سوره الفلق، ما الگوريتم اين ELMS را ساختيم، اما مشكل بزرگي كه من با آن مواجه شدم، معرفي زبان عربي به برنامه بود. دليل اين امر اين است كه زبان عربي زود هنگام در جهان vo تشخيص يخ در مقايسه با زبان انگليسي.  

تثبيت خاك رس نرم با استفاده از پسماند صنعتي آهك و سيليكات سديم

مقايسه عددي بين عملكرد لرزه اي سدخاكي با هسته رسي(FCRD) و سد سنگريزه اي با رويه بتني (CFRD) با استفاده از نرم افزار FLAC3D

<  gt;<STRONG>ارزيابي پتانسيل روانگرايي خاك با استفاده از آزمايش <I>CPT &am  am  و </I></STRONG><?xml:namespace prefix = "v" /><v:shapetype id=_x0000_t75 stroked="f" filled="f" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" coordsize="21600,21600"><v:stroke join></v:stroke><v:formulas><v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></v:f></v:formulas><v:path o:connecttype="rect" gradientshapeok="t" o:extrusionok="f"></v:path><?xml:namespace prefix = "o" /><o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></o:lock></v:shapetype><v:shape id=_x0000_i1025 type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata src="file:///C:\\\\Users\\\\saeideh\\\\AppData\\\\Local\\\\Temp\\\\msohtmlclip1\\\\01\\\\clip_image001.png" chromakey="white" o:title=""></v:imagedata></v:shape><  gt;&am  am  و دسته&am  hy;بندي&am  hy; داده&am  hy;هاي ناقص با استفاده از طبقه&am  hy;بندي ميانگين مركزي فازي (<I>FCM</I>)</B></P>

Current design of Geo­ synthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) walls, shows that the horizontal deformations in the walls increases rapidly with height. To take advantage of both the aesthetics and the economics of GRS walls while considering high heights, multi-tiered walls are often used. In this context, 12 models of the walls were constructed and their performance was determined under static loading. This study presents a series of model tests on the GRS walls in a tiered configuration, to evaluate the effects of factors, including the offset distance between adjacent tiers and number of tiers, on the lateral displacements of the wall facing and ultimate bearing capacities of the strip footings on the multi-tiered GRS walls. The ultimate bearing capacity and wall deflection can be significantly improved by increasing the number of tiers wall and increase of tier-offset. Interaction between the upper and lower walls significantly influences the tier-offset, and the interaction between the walls, significantly increase in the horizontal deformation in the wall face for the upper wall. With an increase in the offset distance, the lateral displacement decreased significantly, particularly in the upper tier. The experimental results showed that, the Performance in Four layers of reinforcement, and two tier walls, the optimum offset distance obtained for D/H= 0.35. When the offset becomes significantly large, each tier functions independently.  KeywordsGeogrid, Retaining walls, Multi-tiered configuration, offset distance    

  Usually pile foundatios in addition to vertical load, because of some reasons such as earthquake force, wind effects, sea waves and soil pressure affected under the influence of considerable horizontal forces. Although the applied load to pile foundations is usually a combination of vertical and lateral components, there have been few investigations on the behavior of piles subjected to combined loadings. In common methods of pile design, due to the complexity of the analysis of piles under combined load and interaction between them, the analysis of piles under combined load is ignored. This matter is acceptable if the lateral load applied to the piles was small but for lateral loads with larger quantities, study the effects of applied combined vertical and lateral loads seems necessary.In this study the influence of vertical loads on the   lateral response of a 3×3 group pile for piles used in Arvand jahan ara steel making plant located in khoramshahr that connected together by a concrete cap is studied through finite element analysis. The analysis focus on the three piles in the middle row of pile group. The response of piles to pure lateral loads was first evaluated and then the response of piles to combined loads is examined for different values of vertical loads. The soil profile contains five layers and the Mohr-Coulomb model was adopted to simulate the behavior of soil. The piles are modelled as Linear-elastic material.The results have shown that increases in horizontal soil stresses around the piles is the main affective factor in changing the lateral response of pile group under combined loads. The effect of vertical loads on the lateral response of piles depends on the pile position. The vertical loads lead to increase in the horizontal bearing capacity of piles and thus lead to more economical design of pile foundations. Bending moment and shear force values in the piles under lateral load shown that the values of these parameters also depends on the value of vertical loads applied to the piles.

ثبتيت خاك ماسه اي آلوده به نفت خام با استفاده از سيمان و پودر شيشه بازيافتي

مطالعه عددي تاثير عملكرد قوسي در پايداري گودبرداري عميق با سيستم شمع نگهبان

ارزيابي پتانسيل روانگرائي خاك با استفاده از آزمايش (اس پي تي)و دسته بندي داده هاي ناقص با استفاده از

بهسازي خاك هاي ماسه اي بوسيله ي رسوب ميكروبي كلسيت

  Small strain shear modulus of the soil dynamic parameters in geotechnical science is the foundation design and liquefaction assessment and dynamic loadings and other issues play a major role.This parameter can be measured and calculated by field research experiments or in the laboratory using a borehole or bender elements or column resonance, etc…Factors affecting the shear modulus can be confining pressure, void ratio, the average grain size and shape and arrangement of the particles noted.In this study, the experimental approach using bender elements; the influence of grain size on shear wave velocity and therefore the shear modulus dry sandy soils under pressure from all sides at different frequencies investigated.The results indicate that the shear modulus is sensitive to changes in grain size, as in a range of dimensions with its increase, the shear modulus increases and decreases in other domains.The purpose of this factor, which is a measure of grain to the highest shear modulus in the range of their own. In general, sandstone samples tested for maximum shear modulus for the range is about 1 mm of dimensions.

In this study titania-supported tungsten catalyst for oxidative desulfurization of model oil containing dibenzothiophene, using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant and acetonitrile as a solvent extraction, over 90 min was investigated. Response surface methodology based on Box–Behnken design was used to evaluate the main operating parameters, including temperature, Amount of catalyst, oxygen to sulfur molar ratio, extraction phase to oil phase ratio. The optimum operating conditions had been attained at temperature of 80C, 0.04gr of catalyst, oxygen to sulfur molar ratio of 12.4, extraction phase to oil phase ratio of 0.68, respectively with the highest conversion of 97%.

  Abstract  The primary means of transmission pipeline systems for gas and other fuels are liquid.Most of these pipelines are buried underground and heavily influenced by sudden movements of the earth caused by earthquakes and landslides are located.Applied to pipeline damage during any of these events, if severe, can lead to the breakdown of instruments and therefore are large economic lossesThe subject of this thesis numerical modeling and analysis of buried pipe reply in motion a reverse faultWith regard to large deformations in the pipeline, nonlinear finite element analysis is conducted using Abaqus softwareWith each move the pipeline to one or all forms of axial loads, bending and shear is Thi  loads may lead to large compressive stresses, which in fact leads to local buckling or are generalIn this work the interaction between the pipe and the surrounding soil due to sudden movement of the earth, with a connection between pipeline and soil type, soil nonlinear response, call nonlinear material and nonlinear geometry is studied.The most important parameter for determining the performance level and the amount of damage to pipelines buried in an earthquake, the maximum strainVital artery regulations also determine the maximum strain, seismic behavior pipelines have been buried.That the relationship of stress and strain values obtained Regulations and have been compared with the results of the software.

abstractIn this thesis, the effect of slope instability on the behavior of buried gas pipeline is investigated. Slope instability as one of the geotechnical hazards Has alwayas threatened lifelines. Slope instability is considered as the permanent ground displacement and damage from that is severe but limited to a small area. In The first part of the thesis, case study of instability of the slope adjacent the Ziviyeh earth dam is done. The instability is started by drilling of the toe slope and the pipe is affected. Actions Such as geometry modification of slope,instalation Drain and cantilever retaining wall,had been ineffective in reducing displacement of slope and finally the pipeline is moved to the upper level. Numerical Modeling of Finite Element Analysis to help the Abaqus software, shows the impact of the pipeline on the reduction of displacement in the state of saturation. Moving the Pipeline to the higher level reduced the displacement and stress of the pipeline and has provided it’s safety, also The retaining wall modeling has shown the inability of this stabilization method   In the second section, sensitivity analysis of pipe presence in soil slope by examining the parameters such as geometric position of the pipe in the slope, burial depth, diameter and type of soil is done. To evaluate the effect of soil strength parameters including internal friction angle and cohesion, soil contains clay sand and sensitive clay. Pipe stress and pipe displacement and slope movement is studied, presence of the pipe in slope Cause the increse of slope displacement in some case and in others reduced that. Pipe displacement also show different patterns in different scenariosKeywords: buried pipeline, lifeline, slope instability, finite element method, ABAQUS software

AbstractRolling is a process that sheet metal into the space between the roller and the pressure of two roller compiled reduced thickness and then goes out. In this process, it is important to calculate the amount of torque and a lot of research has been done about it. In this thesis, the upper bound method is assumed to be used and the effect of work hardening material is included in the calculations. The border between the sheet and roller bearings for smooth line is assumed in the next state, work hardening assumption about it is applied. In the third case and the assumed exercise of the border for work hardening roller curve, the calculation is done. In 3 different modes analysis and the results are presented.