Abstract This study investigates the impact of fluctuations in the national currency’s value on the level of happiness in Iran. Persistent depreciation of the national currency in recent years—through channels such as rising inflation, declining purchasing power, increasing income inequality, and weakening economic security—has the potential to significantly influence individuals’ subjective well?being and life satisfaction. At the same time, currency devaluation may generate limited positive effects through improved export competitiveness and potential gains in employment.   Using reliable national and international datasets on currency value, key macroeconomic indicators, and happiness measures, this research analyzes the relationship between these variables within a regression?based empirical framework. The findings indicate that currency depreciation has a statistically significant negative effect on happiness in Iran, primarily transmitted through inflationary pressures and the erosion of households’ purchasing power. Although some positive effects related to increased exports and employment appear in certain periods, these effects are insufficient to offset the broader negative consequences of currency devaluation on subjective well?being. Overall, the results highlight that economic stability, inflation control, and preservation of purchasing power play a vital role in enhancing social well?being and improving life satisfaction. Currency instability, therefore, emerges as a key factor contributing to declines in happiness among the Iranian population.   

  International economic sanctions, as one of the foreign policy tools of major powers, have been extensively used against energy-exporting countries in recent decades, leaving profound impacts on the economic structure of these countries; this is while severe and successive fluctuations in revenues from energy exports, as an endogenous and structural shock, have posed additional challenges to macroeconomic stability and the investment climate in these countries. In this regard, the present research, aiming at a comparative analysis of the effects of international sanctions on the economic resilience of Iran and Russia as two major energy-exporting economies under extensive sanctions, has analyzed the role of energy revenues and government effectiveness in shaping the resilience capacity of these two countries. This study employs annual data from the period 2005 to 2022 and utilizes the Time-Series Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) as its analytical tool. The empirical findings reveal striking structural differences between the two economies. Regarding sanctions, a negative and significant coefficient is observed in both countries, but its intensity in Iran (-0.79) is approximately four times stronger than in Russia (-0.21), indicating the higher vulnerability of Iran's economic structure. For the energy revenue variable, the results are even more contradictory: this variable has a weakening effect on resilience in Iran (coefficient -0.01), confirming the "resource curse" phenomenon; while in Russia, a strengthening relationship (positive coefficient 0.00003) is established, indicating more efficient management of oil revenues. The most significant contrast occurs in the role of government effectiveness: this institutional indicator is the strongest factor increasing resilience in Russia (coefficient +1.74); however, in Iran, it shows an inverse and weakening relationship (coefficient -0.46), reflecting the characteristics of a rentier political economy and the inefficiency of government interventions. Finally, the interaction effect of sanctions and energy revenue is positive and significant in both countries, which testifies to the role of energy revenues as a mitigating shield in reducing the destructive effects of sanctio   although the size of this mitigating effect is also estimated to be stronger in Iran. In summary, this research concludes that the difference in the economic resilience of Iran and Russia in the face of external shocks is not only due to the scale of the shocks but is primarily the product of differences in the quality of governance institutions and the structural capacity of the economy to transform resource revenues into productive and resilient investment.

  The unemployment rate, as one of the macroeconomic indicators, has had a wide impact on various aspects of the social and economic life of societies. The happiness and psychological well-being of citizens are also among the variables that are affected by the increase in the unemployment rate. Scientific study and quantitative estimation of the impact of the increase in the unemployment rate on happiness are of particular importance, which are addressed in this research. In the research model, the happiness index is considered as the dependent variable and the unemployment rate as the independent variable. In addition, variables such as inflation, per capita income, economic growth rate, trade openness and exchange rate are also considered as control variables. The research method is descriptive-analytical and has an econometric approach. The quantile regression technique is used to examine the effect of independent and control variables on happiness. The data used will be collected from reputable national and international sources for the period 2005 to 2023.

   Abstract:   Unemployment is one of the most significant socio-economic challenges facing developing economies, including Iran. A well-functioning labor market is essential for economic stability, social cohesion, and sustainable growth. Monetary policy and financial development are two crucial levers that policymakers can use to combat unemployment. These tools have been extensively studied in both developed and developing countries; however, their specific impacts in economies like Iran, with unique institutional and structural characteristics, require deeper exploration. Therefore, this study employs time series data from 2001 to 2022 to analyze how monetary policy instruments—including the money supply, interest rate, and exchange rate—along with a composite of three financial development indicators (Financial Development Efficiency Index, Financial Depth Index, and Structural Financial Development Index), affect the unemployment rate. Short-term dynamics will be assessed using a Vector Autoregression (VAR) model, while long-term relationships will be examined through a Structural Vector Error Correction Model (SVECM). The findings indicate that, in the short term, no clear causal relationship between monetary policy and unemployment is observed, and even unconventional reactions are present. However, in the long term, a significant equilibrium relationship stabilizes, whereby both expansionary monetary policy and financial development have a reducing effect on the unemployment rate. Financial development shows a weak impact in the short term but becomes the strongest factor reducing unemployment in the medium term, and its reducing effect persists into the long termveu, albeit with less intensity. Conversely, the interest rate has an unexpected negative effect on unemployment in the short term and a positive effect in the long term. Furthermore, currency depreciation reduces unemployment in the short term by boosting exports, but in the long term, as inflationary effects dominate, this relationship reverses. In conclusion, the results emphasize the necessity of adopting a long-term perspective in policymaking and aligning monetary policy with structural reforms in the labor market and financial system to achieve sustainable employment.    Key Words: Unemployment, Monetary Policies, Financial Development, Vector Autoregression (VAR), Structural Vector Error Correction Model (SVECM), Iran.

Today, limited energy resources and increasing world population have faced countries with an energy consumption crisis. Considering the contemporary and rapidly changing society, renewable energies are emerging as a key element in advancing environmental resilience and energy independence. The limited resources of non-renewable (fossil) energies and the increase in environmental pollution caused by excessive consumption of fossil fuels are considered problems in energy consumption. These factors increase the importance of renewable energy consumption. The issue of environmental pollution and economic issues has led to the emergence of an approach called green economy. This goal will not be achieved unless the causes and obstacles to achieving it are analyzed. Although there are numerous studies on the effects of renewable energies, few studies have been conducted on the impact of renewable energy consumption on green growth and life expectancy. With the aim of filling this research gap, the effect of renewable energy consumption on green growth and life expectancy in RECAI countries will be examined using a wavelet-based quantile-on-quantile regression model.

Fair distribution of income is one of the obvious examples of social justice, and nowadays it is one of the main concerns of all countries, both developed and developing. Many researchers believe that the main reason for poverty in today's world is not the lack of income, but the unfair and unequal distribution of income. Dealing with income   inequality, which will eventually turn into economic and social inequality, is very important, and this will not be achieved unless the causes and factors affecting income   inequality are identified, evaluated and analyzed. In this regard, in this study, an attempt is made to investigate the effect of the cryptocurrency market on the income inequality of selected developing and developed countries using the panel data method during the period of 2019-2023.  

   Abstract: In this study we have been trying to examine the asymmetric effect of renewable energy consumption and trade openness and economic growth on carbon dioxide emission and ecological footprint in chosen developing and developed countries with quantile on quantile regression analysis, we used panel data of ten developed and developing countries in twenty seven years. In this study we create for models:   model 1: examine the asymmetric effect of renewable energy consumption and trade openness and economic growth on carbon dioxide emission in five developing countries.   model2: examine the asymmetric effect of renewable energy consumption and trade openness and economic growth on ecological footprint in five developing countries. Model3: examine the asymmetric effect of renewable energy consumption and trade openness and economic growth on carbon dioxide emission in five developed countries. Model4:   examine the asymmetric effect of renewable energy consumption and trade openness and economic growth on ecological footprint in five developed countries. The result showed that in model1 most of the quantiles determined the negative impact of renewable energy consumption on carbon emission although in few quantiles positive impact and no impact was indicated. The result showed that in model1 most of the quantiles determined the positive impact of trade openness on carbon emission. The result showed that in model1 most of the quantiles determined the positive impact of economic growth on carbon emission. The result showed that in model2 most of the quantiles determined the negative impact of renewable energy consumption on ecological footprint is asymmetric which means this impact is positive in half of the quantiles and negative in the other half. The result showed that in mode2 most of the quantiles determined the positive impact of trade openness on carbon emission although in few quantiles negative impact was indicated.   The result showed that in model2 most of the quantiles determined the negative impact of economic growth on ecological footprint is asymmetric which means this impact is positive in half of the quantiles and negative in the other half. The result showed that in model3 most of the quantiles determined the negative impact of renewable energy consumption on carbon emission is asymmetric which means this impact is positive in half of the quantiles and negative in the other half.    The result showed that in model3 most of the quantiles determined the positive impact of trade openness on carbon emission although in few quantiles no impact was indicated. The result showed that in model3 most of the quantiles determined the negative impact of economic growth on carbon emission is asymmetric which means this impact is positive in half of the quantiles and negative in the other half. The result showed that in model4 most of the quantiles determined the negative impact of renewable energy consumption on ecological foot print is asymmetric which means this impact is positive in half of the quantiles and negative in the other half. The result showed that in model4 most of the quantiles determined the positive impact of trade openness on ecological foot print although in few quantiles negative impact and no impact was indicated. The result showed that in model4 most of the quantiles determined the positive impact of economic growth on ecological foot print.

The Iranian economy's heavy dependence on oil revenues has challenged financial sustainability, and the tax structure is a key tool to address this problem. This study examines the impact of components of the tax structure on Iran's financial sustainability during the period 1380-1402.    Time series data were collected from official sources and estimated using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method in two dynamic models. The first model confirms that wealth and import taxes reduce the budget deficit in the short and long run, but the norm and unemployment exacerbate the deficit in the long run. The second model shows an inverse relationship between tax rates and unemployment and the budget deficit in the long run, while economic growth and per capita income reduce it. These results are consistent with the theories of the Laffer curve, optimal taxation, and endogenous growth, and the error correction test confirmed the rapid adjustment of imbalances (50 to 209 percent in each period). This study emphasizes reforming the tax system by broadening the tax base and strengthening wealth and import taxes to reduce dependence on oil and ensure fiscal sustainability  

   In economic literature, financial development is considered one of the prerequisites for the economic growth and development of countries. Financial development significantly impacts economic reconstruction and contributes to long-term economic growth and the performance of relevant institutions. The development of financial markets is considered one of the necessities for the economic prosperity of a country. If financial markets are efficient, all elements of financial markets, including money and capital markets, will also have an efficiency and effectiveness index. Economic growth is known as the main engine of financial development. Increasing GDP and per capita income increase the demand for financial services. As the economy grows, companies and individuals have a greater need for financing; therefore, financial markets develop. Foreign direct investment also plays a key role in financial development as a transfer of capital, technology, managerial knowledge, and experience from developed countries to developing countries. In the most important stage, the effect of the explanatory variables on the dependent variable was analyzed using the generalized moments method, and the results are as follows: All coefficients have an appropriate level of significance, and the sign of the obtained coefficients is consistent with the expected sign of economic theories, and the detection coefficient is at an appropriate level. Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth, Gross Domestic Product (GNP), Financial Development, Generalized Method of Moments (GMM).

  One of

   Income inequality is one of the fundamental and enduring challenges of the Iranian economy, which has far-reaching effects on social dynamics, political stability, and economic growth. The increase in class gaps and the decrease in social justice are among the most important consequences of this phenomenon, which double the need to review economic policies. Accordingly, the present study was designed with the aim of examining in detail and empirically the asymmetric effects of monetary and fiscal policies on income inequality in Iran during the period 2011-2012. This study attempts to determine whether the response of income inequality to changes in macroeconomic variables - such as inflation, interest rates, taxes, and financial development - is the same in increasing and decreasing directions. To achieve this goal, seasonal data on the Iranian economy and the econometric model of the autoregressive model with asymmetric distribution lags (NARDL) have been used to analyze the difference in the effect of positive and negative shocks of these variables on income distribution more accurately.

   This study investigates the bidirectional relationship between liquidity and the exchange rate in the Iranian economy over the period 1981–2021. Using the quantile regression method in EViews 12, the research aims to explore the mutual effects of these two key macroeconomic variables across different points of their distribution. Two separate models were estimated: the first examines the impact of liquidity growth on the exchange rate, while the second analyzes the effect of the exchange rate on liquidity growth. The results of the first model reveal that liquidity growth has a positive and significant effect on the exchange rate in the lower quantiles (0.125 to 0.375), indicating a higher sensitivity of the exchange rate to liquidity when the exchange rate level is relatively low. The second model shows that the exchange rate also has a positive and significant effect on liquidity in the lower quantiles of the liquidity distribution, confirming the existence of a bidirectional relationship between the two variables. Additionally, the significant effect of GDP on liquidity across all quantiles underscores the importance of real economic variables in monetary developments. However, variables such as trade openness and the government budget deficit did not show significant impacts on liquidity. Moreover, the variable representing the intensity of economic sanctions had a significant effect on the exchange rate only in a specific quantile and failed to demonstrate a consistent structural moderating role in the liquidity–exchange rate relationship. Ultimately, the findings point to the existence of a feedback loop between the monetary and foreign exchange markets in Iran, which, under conditions of inflation and currency instability, can pose serious challenges for economic policymaking. These results highlight the necessity of greater coordination between monetary and exchange rate policies to control fluctuations and enhance macroeconomic stability. This study investigates the bidirectional relationship between liquidity and the exchange rate in the Iranian economy over the period 1981–2021. Using the quantile regression method in EViews 12, the research aims to explore the mutual effects of these two key macroeconomic variables across different points of their distribution. Two separate models were estimated: the first examines the impact of liquidity growth on the exchange rate, while the second analyzes the effect of the exchange rate on liquidity growth. The results of the first model reveal that liquidity growth has a positive and significant effect on the exchange rate in the lower quantiles (0.125 to 0.375), indicating a higher sensitivity of the exchange rate to liquidity when the exchange rate level is relatively low. The second model shows that the exchange rate also has a positive and significant effect on liquidity in the lower quantiles of the liquidity distribution, confirming the existence of a bidirectional relationship between the two variables. Additionally, the significant effect of GDP on liquidity across all quantiles underscores the importance of real economic variables in monetary developments. However, variables such as trade openness and the government budget deficit did not show significant impacts on liquidity. Moreover, the variable representing the intensity of economic sanctions had a significant effect on the exchange rate only in a specific quantile and failed to demonstrate a consistent structural moderating role in the liquidity–exchange rate relationship. Ultimately, the findings point to the existence of a feedback loop between the monetary and foreign exchange markets in Iran, which, under conditions of inflation and currency instability, can pose serious challenges for economic policymaking. These results highlight the necessity of greater coordination between monetary and exchange rate policies to control fluctuations and enhance macroeconomic stability.

  رشد بي سابقه و اهميت جهاني بيت كوين و طلا علاقه به درك

 In the present study, the aim is to examine the impact of variables on poverty in Middle Eastern countries, covering the period 2007-2020. Econometric methods are also used to examine the relationships between variables. The software used in this study is Eviews.

The market value of companies and stock prices can be significantly affected by various factors such as exchange rate changes, liquidity and inflation. The exchange rate has always influenced the behavior of active actors in the financial markets. On the other hand, the prosperity and development of the capital market in Iran can be one of the ways to attract and direct liquidity towards productive activities and achieve long-term and continuous economic growth. Based on this, the current research has investigated the effects of monetary policy uncertainty on Iran's stock returns using the auto-regression with extended intervals (ARDL) approach using annual time series data during the period 1370-1400. The research results show that the effect of monetary policy uncertainty, inflation and exchange rate on stock returns in the long term is significant.   

   Abstract Extensive studies have investigated the role of institutional factors in the expansion of financial space and have shown that institutional factors play an essential role in increasing the government's income. Among the institutional variables, corruption has been one of the main indicators studied. Among the most important variables affected by corruption is taxes. Tax reforms are necessary to expand the tax base, increase the efficiency of government revenue and support development goals, which in turn strengthens the financial environment. But corruption can prevent these beneficial effects in the financial space. Corruption can prevent tax reforms or delay their implementation. Or by weakening the quality of public spending, eroding citizens' trust in the government and also eliminating any progress in policies that support tax compliance, it reduces fiscal space. The current research examines the effects of tax reforms and corruption control index on the business environment in MENA countries. Considering the non-linear effects using the panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) method, an attempt has been made to investigate the role of the corruption control index in modeling the impact of tax reforms on the business climate. In this research, the panel mild transition regression (PSTR) method has been used to investigate the effect of tax reforms by considering the fluctuations of the corruption control index. Time data related to the time period from 2000 to 2018 in MENA region countries were used and statistical analysis was done. The results of the research show that tax reforms have a positive and significant effect on the business environment. Also, the corruption control index plays a negative and significant role in determining the health of the business environment. Based on this, it seems that reducing tax corruption can help improve business conditions. By providing important and useful results, the current research will help the decision makers and policy makers of the region to formulate and implement more appropriate tax policies and also pay special attention to reducing corruption in this area.

   In this study, the impact of per capita gross domestic income and environmental degradation on happiness in developed and developing countries during the years 2000 to 2022 has been investigated. Also, the wavelet-based quantile regression method was used for data analysis. On the other hand, in order to more closely examine the effect of the above variables on happiness, the variables of the urban population and the population of people over 65 years of age were added to the model as control variables and the following results were obtained: GDP per capita has a positive effect on the happiness index, on the other hand, the positive effect of income per capita decreases in developed countries that have higher happiness. But in developing countries, the relationship is upward, which means that in countries with a higher level of happiness, income has a greater positive effect on happiness. Also, this positive relationship has been confirmed in the short-term, medium-term, and long-term periods. The emission of carbon dioxide as the most important pollutant of the earth's atmosphere and the loss of tree covers have a negative effect on happiness in both categories of countries. The urban population variable has a positive and significant effect on happiness, this positive effect is due to more amenities in the urban environment. Also, the population of people over 65 has a negative effect on happiness. It means that whatever the amount of this population ratio, if it increases to the total population, the level of happiness in that society will decrease.

  Economic growth is one of the important and

Inflation is one of the economic problems that has affected many countries, including Iran. Inflation causes many social and economic problems, and most economists and politicians are looking for a solution to curb inflation. Several factors affect inflation, including the increase in the price index of imported goods, increase in exchange rate, positive and negative shocks of oil income, uncertainty and volatility, increase in the population of the consumer age group, increase in liquidity, expansionary financial policies and budget deficit. Inflation expectations are one of the main causes of inflation in Iran. As mentioned, one of the variables that affects inflation in Iran is liquidity and monetary base. The country's bank balance sheet has been facing a widening imbalance for many years with the overdraft of the banks from the central bank and the government's budget deficit. Therefore, in this research, quantitative estimation of the effect of banks' mismatches on inflation in Iran has been done. In this research, the statistical data of 1370-1400 were used, and the models used are OLS method and quantile regression. The results of the research in the OLS method show that all variables have a significant effect on inflation and also the quantile regression method shows that with the increase in the growth rate of the banks' debt to the central bank, the growth rate of the government's debt to the central bank and the exchange rate in quantiles. high and low, inflation increases, and the growth rate of the production gap and the openness of the financial market have a negative and significant effect on inflation.   

Investigating the effect of industrialization and urbanization on CO2 intensity in OPEC countries Abstract One of the most important negative externality of achieving higher economic growth is the emission of carbon dioxide and the reduction of environmental quality, which is partly caused by production processes and is inevitable, and partly caused by inefficiency in the economy, which can be reduced. This study investigates the effect of industrialization and urbanization on the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions using the statistical evidence of OPEC countries over 2000-2021. The results of the model estimation using the panel data approach show that energy intensity as an indicator of The inefficiency of energy consumption and urbanization as an indicator of the lack of optimal structure of cities has a positive and significant effect on the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions, in addition, industrialization by creating higher economic growth has a negative effect on the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions and Economic growth was first accompanied by a decrease in the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions and then led to an increase in the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, improving the production structure in order to reduce energy intensity, improving urban structures in order to reduce the effects of congestion and focusing on improving technology to increase the negative effect of industrialization on the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions are the most important policies to improve the quality of the environment. Keywords: urbanization, industrialization, intensity of carbon dioxide emissions, Panel data.   

  Inflation is one of the basic problems in Iran's economy. So that during the past years, Iran's economy has experienced high inflation. Therefore, identifying and estimating the factors affecting inflation in Iran can be useful in providing solutions to solve the problem of Iran's economy. One of the factors affecting inflation in Iran is the volume of liquidity and its components, i.e. the increasing coefficient of liquidity and the monetary base. The monetary base has different components based on expenses and sources. Based on expenses, the monetary base includes banknotes and muskox and reserves of commercial banks. According to sources, the monetary base includes net foreign assets of the central bank, net government debt, gross commercial bank debt and net other assets. The effects of spending components and monetary resources components on inflation are not the same. Estimating the impact of each component of monetary base expenses and resources on inflation is of particular importance and can be effective in the country's monetary policies. In this research, it is tried to estimate the effect of components of resources and expenditures on inflation in Iran using time series data for the period of 1370-1400 with self-explanatory econometric method with extended intervals (ARDL). The results indicate that the net foreign assets of the central bank and the net debt of the public sector to the central bank and the gross debt of commercial banks, which are part of the basic monetary resources, have a positive and significant effect on inflation during this period of time, and according to the findings of the research, Banknotes and bills in the flow and reserves of commercial banks with the central bank, which is one of the basic monetary expenses, have a positive and significant effect on inflation. In other words, in both models, the long-term equilibrium relationship between inflation rate variables, net foreign assets of foreign banks, net debt of the public sector to the central bank, gross debt of commercial banks to the central bank, reserves of commercial banks to the central bank and notes and Muskok is accepted in the flow.

The emergence of some important political, economic, social and biological crises has an important role in changing the behavior of human society, especially from the point of view of macro decisions of a country with an economic approach. The preventive and control measures of the corona virus crisis, which require a comprehensive, systematic and multi-dimensional approach, have led to changes in the economic behavior of people in the society, which has caused the country's economic system to face serious challenges.Therefore, the study of the economic situation of the household in the last two years, the effectiveness of the country's decisions regarding the control of the Covid-19 disease and its impact on the economy, the social and economic behavior of the people in the face of such crises in order to prevent challenges and try to create a A healthy economy and its protection are very necessary.In this research, considering the approach of examining the responses of the studied statistical population through the publication of a questionnaire in the virtual space, as well as the use of statistics center data, library documents, related articles, etc., also taking into account the economic situation of the studied population. The study in the last two years uses experimental, content analysis, documentary and descriptive methods. Finally, in the final chapters of the thesis, quantitative data will be analyzed by descriptive statistics and regression methods.The main goal of this research is to investigate the impact of the spread of the Covid-19 disease on the food security, livelihood and economy of the studied households in Kermanshah province based on the results of an internet survey in a short period of time.   

  چكيده امروزه سرمايه اجتماعي نقش بسيار مهمتر از سرمايه فيزيكي و انساني در جوامع ايفا مي كند و شبكه هاي روابط جمعي و گروهي انسجام بخش ميان انسانها و سازمانهاست . از اين رو در غياب سرمايه اجتماعي، ساير سرمايه ها اثربخشي خود را از دست مي دهند و بدون سرمايه اجتماعي پيمودن راههاي توسعه و تكامل فرهنگي و اقتصادي ناهموار و دشوار مي شود و با تغيرات نرخ ارز در ارتباط است . لذا در مطالعه حاضر به بررسي تاثير تغييرات نرخ ارز بر سرمايه اجتماعي پرداخته شده است. تحقيق به لحاظ هدف از نوع مطالعات كاربردي و به لحاظ روش تحقيق از نوع مطالعات توصيفي – همبستگي مي باشد. از بين كليه شركتهاي پذيرفته شده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران با توجه به شرايط ورود به مطالعه در طي سالهاي 1376 تا 1396 تعداد 95 شركت به روش حذف سيستماتيك انتخاب شدند . نتايج نشان مي دهد كه تغييرات نرخ ارز بر سرمايه اجتماعي ساختاري، شناختي و رابطه اي در شركتهاي پذيرفته شده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران تاثير معني داري وجود دارد.

Urbanization and industrialization are two important economic phenomena that have a complementary relationship, therefore, in favorable economic structures, urbanization is the source of inputs and the market for industrial products, and industry is able to meet the needs of urbanization, in this regard, the present research using statistical evidence of the provinces Iran investigates the relationship between urbanization and industrialization for the period 1390-1398 and using the systemic generalized moments approach, the results show that there is a kind of two-way causality between urbanization and industrialization in Iran's economy, in addition to this growth Industrialization has caused the growth of urbanization, and the growth of urbanization has caused an increase in industrialization due to the spillover effects of technology and knowledge among the workforce. Also, human capital and the ratio of credits have a positive and significant effect on urbanization, and economic growth has increased industrialization, so improving the quality of human capital, focusing credits on value-added activities is the most important policy to improve the relationship between industrialization and urbanization.  

  owadays, calculating efficiency in various organizations and industries is one of the necessary measures in order to compare the level of competitiveness in the domestic and foreign scene of a country, and banks are no exception to this rule. Therefore, it is very important to calculate the efficiency of banks and to know the factors affecting it. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of capital adequacy ratio on the efficiency of the banking industry. For this purpose, 11 private and public banks of Iran were selected as a statistical sample during the years 2012 to 2022 and the required data were extracted from the audited annual financial statements of the banks. To measure the cost efficiency, the data coverage analysis method is used, and for the capital adequacy ratio, the ratio obtained by dividing the basic capital by the total assets weighted by the risk coefficients in percentage terms is used. Also, multivariable regression model and panel data method were used to test the research hypothesis. The results showed that the ratio of capital adequacy has a negative and significant effect on banking efficiency.

تورم و نوسانات آن بر اقتصاد هر كشور تأثير زيادي دارد كه در اين بين عدم توانايي سياست پولي براي كاهش نرخ تورم به دليل پايداري تورم، هنگامي كه انتظارات افراد به صورت عقلايي باشد، مسأله‎ي مهمي است. زماني كه مقامات پولي طبق صلاحديد خودشان عمل كنند، مي‎تواند يكي از عوامل مهم تورش تورمي باشد. بر همين اساس اهداف پژوهش حاضر به صورت بررسي پايداري تورم و امكان بازگشت تورم به ميانگين بلندمدت و همچنين بررسي اثر سياست‌هاي پولي بر تورم است.   

   One of the goals of the green economy is to reduce the negative environmental effects caused by the use of natural resources in developing economies. This concept is related to the reduction of energy consumption, and more precisely, to the proper use of energy resources. For this reason, it seems that the changes in the use of fossil fuels in the last 25 years can be analyzed in countries with different levels of development. Examining the separation of economic growth from fossil fuels is a key task that few studies have addressed. This issue is also related to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, especially clean energy, as fossil fuels are still the main source of energy worldwide. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of economic freedom on the process of separating economic growth from fossil fuels. In the present study, the estimation method of the model is based on consolidated data. This integrated method uses time series data (2000-2020) and cross-sectional data of "developing countries (Iran, Brazil, India and China) and developed countries (USA, UK, Germany and France)".The software program used in this research is Eviwse9, Excel software program. The estimated models are presented in the form of multivariate linear regression models according to the research hypotheses. Based on the obtained results, the first hypothesis according to the results of the fixed effects model and the generalized least squares method, the economic freedom variable has a positive and significant relationship with the dependent variable (economic growth rate) and for one unit increase in Economic freedom variable, economic growth variable increases by 0.12 units. Therefore, at the 95% confidence level, economic freedom has a positive and significant effect on the process of separating economic growth from fossil fuels. For developed countries, the economic freedom variable has a positive and significant relationship with the dependent variable (economic growth rate) and for one unit increase in the economic freedom variable, the economic growth variable increases by 0.09 units. Therefore, at the 95% confidence level, economic freedom has a positive and significant effect on the process of separating economic growth from fossil fuels. Regarding the second hypothesis, in developed countries, the second hypothesis of the research was rejected, and in developing countries, except for a few specific years, The second hypothesis was rejected, that is, a positive relationship between economic growth and the amount of renewable fuel consumption was not observed.

Today, with the development of economic and social life, human needs and requirements have diversified. Industrial production and the evolution and growth of the industry can meet the needs and expectations of man and make his life comfortable and comfortable. One of the main factors of growth and development in the international arena is industrial production. Several factors affect the value of industrial production, including the impact of investment, technology, and changes in energy prices. Energy as the driving force of most economic activities has a special place in development. The accelerating trend of economic and industrial development in the countries of the world is largely related to the level of energy consumption. Oil, as a form of energy, is an essential raw material for industrial production. The price of petroleum products is so important in industrial production that production costs are directly affected by the price of oil. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of crude oil prices on the index of industrial production in Iran and the European Union. For this purpose, quarterly data for the period 2003:2 to 2020:3 for Iran and monthly data for January 1991 to March 2021 for EU countries have been used using wavelet-based quantile regression. According to the results of the present study, the effect of OPEC oil price on Iran's industrial production index is positive and significant in all quantiles except the second quantile, which has a negative and significant effect on Iran's industrial production index. Similarly, the effect of Brent oil prices on the EU industrial production index is positive and significant in all quantiles. According to the results of this study, in estimating the model using the quantile regression method based on wavelet transform, the effect of OPEC oil price on Iran's industrial production index is positive and significant in the first, second, and sixth components. Also, the effect of Brent oil price on the EU industrial production index using quantile estimation based on wavelet transform, indicates a positive and significant effect of Brent oil price on the EU industrial production index in the first to sixth components, in all quantiles. Keywords: Crude Oil Prices, Industrial Production, A Wavelet-Based Quantile Regression   

Monetary policies can cause wide fluctuations in economic variables. Sometimes these fluctuations can cause many problems, so that returning to the first point leaves destructive effects or at least requires a longer period of time. The evidence shows that there is a close relationship between the fluctuations of the total stock index and changes in monetary policies. As one of the main components of the financial market, stock market fluctuations are very important in the economy of countries, and therefore it is important to choose policies that cause less volatility. The monetary base, as a part of the overall liquidity, It is among the economic factors that influence the capital market. Therefore, it is necessary to be aware of the impact of monetary base shocks on the stock market. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of monetary base shocks on the stock price index in Tehran Stock Exchange. This research has investigated this issue by using the time series data of Iran's economy during the period 1370 to 1399 and by using econometric techniques and with the help of Eviews software. To investigate the effects of monetary base shocks, in the first stage, positive and negative monetary base shocks were extracted by following Taylor's law and defining a simple model and estimated using the ordinary least squares method. In the next step, the generalized method of moments (GMM) was used to investigate the effect of variables on stock prices. The estimation results show that the effects of positive and negative monetary base shocks on stock prices are asymmetric, so that positive and negative monetary base shocks affect the total stock price index differently and the impact of negative shocks is greater than the impact of positive shocks.   

  Improving the quality of the environment is one of the most important goals for improving well-being and reducing the negative side effects of economic growth. Economic growth has caused an increase in the emission of pollutants due to two inevitable and inefficient effects. In order to reduce the inefficient effect, the present study is based on using the statistical evidence of Iran's provinces for the period of 2018-2019 and applying the econometric approach of panel data to investigate the effect of financial development on carbon dioxide emissions. The results of the estimates show that energy intensity and GDP have increased carbon dioxide emissions, but the square of GDP has decreased carbon dioxide emissions, thus confirming Kuznets' environmental hypothesis. Finally, financial development has had a negative and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions, and it indicates the importance of financial development as one of the most important factors in reducing the ineffective share of carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, directing credits towards innovative and technological sectors in the field of energy consumption, improving urban structures to take advantage of scale effects, increasing and improving production technology are the most important proposed policies to reduce pollutant emissions. Keywords: environmental degradation, financial development, panel data approach.

  Ensuring social justice and eliminatingpoverty and deprivation by creating a balance in the distribution of income andwealth among members of society is considered and emphasized in theconstitution. In the meantime, it is important to explain the relationship between moneylaundering and income distribution with economic growth. Therefore, in thisstudy, the relationship between money laundering and income distribution witheconomic growth in Iran has been investigated. In this regard, data from moneylaundering (drug discoveries), Gini coefficient as an indicator of incomedistribution and economic growth during the period 1986-2019, which was obtainedfrom the Central Bank and Statistics Center of Iran, to use the model toestimate Has been, In order to estimate the model in the presentstudy, ARDL method was used. The results of short-term estimates indicate apositive and significant relationship between the control variables of exportsof goods and services, capital and economic growth, also between the variablesof money laundering (drug discovery) and income distribution with economicgrowth, but statistically significant It does not have. According to the results of long-term model estimation, there is asignificant negative relationship between independent variables, moneylaundering and income distribution with long-term economic growth, so that witha one percent increase in money laundering and income distribution inequality,economic growth by respectively -2/504 and -6/977 are reduced. On the other hand, the findings indicate that there is a positiveand significant relationship between other independent variables (exports ofgoods and services and capital) with the dependent variable of economic growth,so that a one percent increase in capital and exports of goods and services,respectively. There is an increase of 4.283 and 13.945 percent in economicgrowth.

  رشد اقتصادي همواره يكي از مهم ترين اهداف برنامه ريزان و سياست مداران در كشورهاي جهان بوده است. اصولا كشورهاي كمتر توسعه يافته و يا در حال توسعه، فرايند ترقي خود را با هدف قرار دادن سطح بالاتري از رشداقتصادي، دنبال مي كنند؛ چرا كه رشد اقتصادي منابع مادي لازم براي تحقق اهداف كلان اقتصادي و رفاه عمومي را فراهم مي كند. يكي از مهم ترين اين اهداف بهبود سلامت عمومي و ايجاد محيط زيستي سالم براي جامعه است. اما اين كه در مسير رشد اقتصادي، سلامت عمومي و كيفيت محيط زيست بهبود مي يابد، شواهد روشني وجود ندارد.تمامي مطالعات انجام شده قبل تردر رابطه با رابطه رشد اقتصادي و محيط زيست، متغير انتشار دي اكسيد كربن را به عنوان شاخص محيط زيست درنظر گرفته اند. اما در اين تحقيق علاوه بر كربن دي اكسيد از متغير هاي ديگري همچونمساحت جنگل ها و درآمد حاصل از منابع طبيعي نيز براي نشان دادن متغير محيط زيست استفاده شده است.دراين مطالعه سه مدل تخمين زده مي شود. در مدل اول انتشار كربن دي اكسيد، در مدل دوممساحت جنگل ها و در مدل سوم درآمد حاصل از منابع طبيعي متغيرهاي وابسته هستندبا توجه به اين موضوع كه تاثير رشد و توسعه اقتصادي بر محيط زيست ممكن است با يك يا چند دوره تاخير همراه باشد، بايد مدلي به كار گرفته شود كه وقفه هاي لازم را اعمال كند. لذا در اين تحقيق به منظور بررسي اثر رشد اقتصادي بر محيط زيست از مدل ARDL و ECM استفاده شده است. به اين ترتيب با توجه به اين موضوع كه داده ها سري زماني هستند، ابتدا مانايي متغيرهاي توضيحي و وابسته مورد بررسي قرار مي گيرد. تفسير مدل اولدر كوتاه مدت وهمچنين بلند مدت درآمد سرانه بر روي محيط زيست اثر معني دار دارد. به اين معنا كه در كوتاه مدت 1% افزايش در درآمد سرانه 00005/0 %   و در بلند مدت00019/0 % انتشار كربن دي اكسيد را كاهش مي دهد. پس مي توان گفت كه افزايش درآمد سرانه افراد جامعه بر محيط زيست اثر مطلوبي دارد، و اين افزايش درآمد علاوه بر افزايش رفاه جامعه، كارايي محيط زيست را هم هرچند در مقياس اندك، افزايش خواهد داد. افزايش جمعيت شهرنشين در كشور نيز، در كوتاه مدت و بلند مدت اثر معنا دار بر محيط زيست دارد، اما در كوتاه مدت اين 1% افزايش در جمعيت شهرنشين باعث049/0% كاهش در انتشار كربن دي اكسيد ميشود، ولي در بلند مدت افزايش يك درصد جمعيت شهري در كشور باعث افزايش   028/0%   در انتشار كربن دي اكسيد مي شود.سرمايه گذاري مستقيم خارجي در كشور در بلند مدت اثر معني دار بر محيط زيست ندارد، اما در كوتاه مدت درازاي 1% افزايش در سرمايه گذاري مستقيم خارجي، 0092/0 % انتشار كربن در اكسيد كاهش پيدا مي كند. در مجموع مي توان گفت كه رشد اقتصادي در كوتاه مدت تاثير مطلوبي بر محيط زيست دارد، اما در بلند مدت با افزايش جمعيت شهرنشين انتشار كربن دي اكسيد افزايش يافته و اين امر سبب آسيب رساندن به محيط زيست مي شود. و مي توان چنين استنباط كرد كه در هر سال 16 % از عدم تعادل يك دوره در مدل در دوره بعد تعديل مي شود. به عبارت ديگر سياست هاي زيست محيطي در قالب كنترل دي اكسيد كربن حدود 5/6 سال طول مي كشد تا اثر كامل خود را بر اقتصاد ايران آشكار سازد. بنابراين تعديل به سمت تعادل هر چند با سرعت كم صورت مي گيرد اما بعد از چند سال دوباره به تعادل باز مي گرديم. تفسير مدل دومدرآمد سرانه در كوتاه مدت و بلند مدت بر مساحت جنگل ها اثر معنيدار دارد، به اين ترتيب كه در كوتاه مدت به ازاي يك درصد افزايش در درآمد سرانه مقدار 000047/0 درصد ميزان مساحت جنگل ها افزايش پيدا مي كند. در بلند مدت با افزايش يك درصدي درآمد سرانه مقدار   00035/0 درصد مساحت جنگل ها افزايش پيدا مي كند. اين موضوع به آن معني است كه افزايش در درآمد سرانه افراد جامعه باعث ايجاد اثر مثبت بر مساحت جنگل ها و كارايي محيط زيست خواهد شد. كه ميزان اين اثر مطلوب در بلند مدت بيشتر از مقدار آن در كوتاه مدت است.افزايش جمعيت شهري اثر معني داري چه در كوتاه مدت و چه در بلند مدت، بر روي مساحتجنگل ها ندارد. و اين يعني كه افزايش يا كاهش در جمعيت شهري كشور تاثيري بر مساحت جنگل ها نداردو اين موضوع به لحاظ نظري و منطقي قابل درك است.

   Abstract Despite the emergence of electronic banking technologies in the country's banking system and the benefits of its usage, the acceptance of this type of technology by customers has suffered from some kind of backwardness and has not grown as expected. In this regard, this study seeks to identify the factors that determine the motivation for accepting Internet banking. The data of this dissertation is related to the status of customers' use and motivation of Internet banking services. The collected information was done by distributing a questionnaire from 1397 to 1400 in Kermanshah. Also, the statistical population is customers between 20-49 years of banks in the city of Kermanshah. The method of sampling was simple random in banks and was a questionnaire. According to the research findings, the social characteristics of websites, online services, and average internet-device access positively affect trust. These factors make up 32% of the variance of Internet banking trust. The social characteristics of websites, compatibility with lifestyle, online services, average internet/device access, and trust, positively affect the ease of use and account for 48% of the variance of ease of using internet banking. The social characteristics of websites, online services, and average Internet/device access positively affect lifestyle adaptation, accounting for 58% of the variance of Internet banking lifestyle adaptation. The social characteristics of websites and online services positively affect the average Internet access/device, and these factors constitute 35% of the average Internet access / Internet banking device.

Abstract: Iran is a country with rich oil and gas reserves. Existence of different conditions in the provinces of the country in terms of income and geography and implementation of the same energy policies for all provinces does not lead to good results and in some provinces causes energy waste.   In this study, we tried to find the correlation and causal relationship between energy consumption (kerosene, gasoline, gas oil, furnace oil, electricity, natural gas and total energy) and GDP for Iran as a panel and provinces separately. Review.   Also, divisions based on average per capita income, average energy intensity and average temperature of provincial centers and five regions have been done for the provinces of Iran, and for each of these divisions there is a correlation and causal relationship to The face is examined separately. The results of correlation analysis show that the correlation pattern between energy consumption and GDP is different in different classifications, for different energy carriers and at different time scales. In examining the causal results of Dummietser and Herlin in the short term, the results are different, but for the medium and long term, in most cases, there is a bilateral causal relationship. Examining this relationship will help to formulate the policies of the country's energy sector. In this study, the data of all provinces of the country in 25 provinces during 30 years (1367-1397) have been studied

   Justice and fair distribution of income have always been the concerns of policymakers in every country; Therefore, the study and analysis of the factors affecting it is of particular importance. The stock market and its impact on income inequality are among the most important of these factors; Therefore, in this study, the effect of the stock market on the Gini coefficient as an index of income inequality during the periods of 2019-1993 in a selection of developing countries and using quantitative panel regression is investigated. The results of model estimation show that with increasing investment in the stock market, the market turnover ratio increases and also the value of transactions increases. Due to the positive effect of the two on the Gini coefficient, inequality increases at first, but because the stock market is large. It becomes more and more pervasive, as a result of which the market value of the stock market increases relative to GDP, which has a positive relationship with the Gini coefficient, and different strata and more income groups turn to investing in the stock market. The results of this study indicate that first the income distribution inequality is increased and then over time this inequality decreases with the increase of people's income from investing in the stock market.

Abstract    Since the fall of the Bretton Woods system in 1973 and the adoption of flexible exchange rates, exchange rate volatility has become a central issue and concern for various groups of agents including policy makers, central banks, academics and individual investors among others. The increase in central bank tra  arency has been one of the main developments in central banking in the past few decades. This leads to the question of the effect of central bank tra  arency on the volatility of exchange rates. the most important inferred from the previous literature on the issue of central bank tra  arency is that the increase of information provision by the central banks in the form of communication of monetary policy will lead to an increase in the ability of people to understanding the objectives of the central bank and improve their forecasts from the monetary policy of the central bank, which will prevent changes in the central bank's policy stance from destabilizing financial markets, which this could requires existing an central bank independent. On the other hand, in oil exporting countries, oil revenues fluctuation lead to exchange rate volatility due to This implies that oil Revenues are an important variable in determining the strength of the currency and its volatility. Therefore, the present study attempt to use two approaches Fully modified least squares and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares with the help of statistical data for 1998-2015 and theoretical framework related to examining the effect of central bank tra  arency and oil revenues fluctuation on exchange rate volatility in Selected OPEC Member Countries. Results the both approaches shown that central bank tra  arency and central bank independence can influences on exchange rate volatility and has a significant negative relationship to exchange rate volatility. on the other hand , the oil revenues fluctuation has a significant positve relationship to exchange rate volatility whereas gdp growth has significant negative relationship to exchange rate volatility.   

   Monetary policy includes the policies that central banks pursue to increase employment and regulate inflation, which can be a change in the amount of money, an interpretation of interest rates, or a change in the terms of bank lending.   Monetary Sit consists of two types of bonds and contractions, in which the central bank to increase aggregate demand and thus increase employment, increases the amount of money through measures such as buying government bonds.   This policy can be useful when the economy has vacant capacities and is recovering from a recession. Loss money is used when Mercer Bank recognizes that inflationary pressures are too high, so to reduce inflation.   , The central bank sells bonds to individuals or makes the conditions for granting bank facilities more difficult to reduce the amount of liquidity in society and reduce inflation.   In this study, in order to investigate the effectiveness of monetary policy in the Iranian economy with the asymmetric approach of sensory data, different soft goals such as examining the effect with the monetary baht contemporaneous on real GDP and examining the asymmetric effect of monetary inflation on the whole of 1981 to 2009.   It has been calculated that different results have been obtained according to the opposite sale.   Whether a monetary bot is useful or not is as controversial as any economics scandal.   The results showed that by using the appropriate monetary policy in the Iranian economy, the rate of inflation and real GDP can be controlled.   Liquidity control is a means to an end to corruption.   So Mansour The volume of liquidity is considered in such a way as to support the growth of domestic production within the limits of production capacity to prevent inflation. Boli officials use monetary policies to control the growth of liquidity. Therefore, curbing inflation through Shah Begi emphasizes and helps to produce prosperity. As a result, once liquidity is generated, you have to direct that amount of liquidity to production.

      Oil, as one of the exportable natural resources, has given the government high foreign exchange power, which it uses in regulating the country's budget. The relationship between oil shocks and economic parameters has been documented in economic research and points to the important role of foreign exchange earnings from oil in the Iranian economy. In this thesis, for the first time, the relationship between oil shock with exchange rate and bank interest is investigated and in two economic models, Markov switching statistical analysis is performed. The studied period is from 1981 to 2016 for 36 years based on central bank data. In the Markov switching model, two regimes are defined based on the error squares and other parameters influencing the model determination. After performing statistical preconditions such as maneuvering and autocorrelation, Markov switching model was implemented which has a probability value less than 0.05 (significant level) of relationship between two models, including the relationship between oil price and bank interest; It proves the price of oil and the exchange rate in a negative and significant way. Diets are designed to study during the recession and then the boom. There is a time lag in influencing crude oil price fluctuations, and this delay is more pronounced in the impact on bank interest. Concurrent research has also confirmed the existence of such a relationship and can be demonstrated by eliminating the oil price intermediary variable to establish a positive and significant relationship between the exchange rate and bank interest rates. The end result is that as oil prices rise, exchange rates and bank interest rates fall, and vice versa.      

   وجود تقاضاي گسترده براي تحصيل در جامعه ايران، به عرضه وسيع و بدون قاعده و برنامه­ريزي آموزش­هاي دانشگاهي منجر شده است. آمارها نشان مي­دهد كه ميليون­ها جوان در مراكز آموزش­هاي عالي مشغول به تحصيلند و آموزش­هايي مي­بينند كه لزوما متناسب با مشاغل موجود براي آنان نمي­باشد. به عبارت ديگر يكي از مسائل اجتماعي جامعه ايران ناهمخواني بين تحصيل و شغل است.

   يكي از شاخص‌هاي مهم براي ارزيابي مصرف انرژي، شاخص شدت انرژي است. بنابراين بررسي شدت انرژي و عوامل مؤثر بر آن و شناسايي راه‌هاي كاهش شدت انرژي، داراي اهميت است. هدف اين مطالعه بررسي تاثير سرريزهاي سرمايه گذاري مستقيم خارجي بر همگرايي شدت انرژي در استان هاي كشور ايران طي دوره 1389 تا 1394 است. به منظور بررسي وجود   همبستگي فضايي   از آزمون هاي LMو Moran I استفاده شده است. شواهد براي مطالعه حاضر نشان مي‌دهد كه اثرات وابستگي فضايي شدت انرژي بين استان‌هاي ايران وجود دارد و همچنين نوعي همگرايي مطلق و شرطي شدت انرژي با سرعت تعديل نسبتا پايين بين استان‌هاي كشور وجود دارد. به اين صورت كه سرعت كاهش شدت انرژي در يك استان خاص، سرعت كاهش شدت انرژي در استان‌هاي همسايه را تحت تاثير قرار خواهد داد و كاهش شدت انرژي در استان‌هاي همسايه باعث كاهش شدت انرژي در استان خاص مي‌شود. همچنين با افزايش سرمايه گذاري مستقيم خارجي ميزان شدت انرژي كاهش مي يابد   و افزايش سرمايه گذاري مستقيم خارجي در يك استان خاص باعث همگرايي شدت انرژي و اثر سرريز آن به صورت بالقوه باعث همگرايي شدت انرژي در استان‌هاي كشور مي‌شود. اين نتايج لزوم توجه بيشتر به جذب تكنولوژي هاي جديد توليد در سرمايه گذاري ها   را بيان مي كند.   

   در دهه­هاي اخير، بسياري از دولت­هاي ملي مسئوليت­هاي برخي از وظايف دولت را به دولت­هاي محلي ومنطقه­اي واگذار كرده­اند. هم منطق و هم روش­هاي اين تفويض اختيارات بسته به شرايط محلي از كشوري به كشور ديگر متفاوت است. در اين پژوهش نقش دولت­هاي محلي در نابرابري درآمد در استان­هاي ايران طي سال­هاي 1395-1385 مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. در اين راستا اثر متغيرهاي مالي دولت محلي همچون نسبت سرمايه­گذاري دولتي به توليد ناخالص داخلي، شاخص­هاي تمركززدايي مالي و نسبت درآمد مالياتي به درآمد عمومي استان­ها بر نابرابري درآمد را با استفاده از روش حداقل مربعات   برآورد كرديم. نتايج برآورد نشان داد كه متغيرهاي تمركززدايي درآمدي و سرمايه­گذاري دولتي رابطه­ي مثبت ومعنادار، اما متغيرهاي تمركززدايي هزينه­اي و ماليات­هاي محلي رابطه­ي عكس   با نابرابري درآمد داشته است. از آن­جايي كه اثر تمركززدايي هزينه­اي بر نابرابري درآمد بسيار بارزتر بوده است در مجموع مي­توان گفت دولت­هاي محلي نقش   بسزايي در بهبود بخشيدن توزيع درآمد داشته­اند.

AbstractOne of the main obstacles in the development process is the disturbance of regional equilibrium and balance. The unbalance in the spatial structure is the main phenomena in most of the countries especially in the developing countries are faced with it. Irrational and unfair allocation of resources and facilities, regardless of the capabilities and limitations of each region has created the regional inequalities. Eliminating or reducing regional inequalities requires identifying the position, capabilities of each of these areas in comparison to each other and ultimately making accurate planning based on the knowledge available for each of these areas. For this purpose in this study, 19 different indicators have been used to determine the level of development of the provinces of Iran and identify the factors affecting regional inequalities as well. These indicators are >Keywords: Development, Regional Inequalities, Iranian Provinces, Euclidean Topsis, Panel Data Model.

  Employment and economic growth are among the key macroeconomic variables in which policymakers consider their changes in order to achieve stability and economic development. Undoubtedly, the relationship between these two variables and how they affect them has a great influence on planning, policy making and coherent and efficient policies. Therefore, the relationship between economic growth and employment is of great importance.   The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of economic growth on employment of the major economic sectors of the countrys provinces. The timeframe used in this thesis is from 1380 to 1393. Generalized Torque (GMM) method was used for data analysis. The results of model estimation indicate that during the studied period, the effect of economic growth on the long-term effects of economic growth on employment of all three major economic sectors of the countrys provinces (agriculture, industry, services) has been positive. That is, increasing the value added will lead to increased employment of the major economic sectors of the countrys provinces. The investment variable in two parts of the agricultural and industrial sectors of the provinces has a positive effect and in the service sector there is a negative impact on employment. Also, the wage variable in the agricultural and manufacturing sectors has a negative effect on the service sector and has a positive effect on employment in the provinces. The results of the division of the provinces showed that the increase of the value added of the industrial sector in all three groups of provinces increased the employment of this sector than the other two.

  Employment in the modern society of Iran plays an important role in the development of the country and the achievement of the desired level of employment has always been one of the main goals of the government. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of banking facilities on the employment level of the major economic sectors in the provinces. The time interval used in this study was from 1380 to 1393, and for analyzing the data, the GMM generalized moments method was used. The results show that during the study period, for the total state of the provinces, the effect of the bank lending variable on the employment of agricultural sectors and services is negative, but in the industrial sector this effect is positive. The effect of the value added variable on employment in the agricultural sector is negative, but it is positive in the sectors of industry and services. Also, the results for the division show that the effect of the variable of banking facilities on employment in both groups is high and low unemployment in the agricultural sector is negative and equal. This effect in the industry sector is positive for both groups, but this effect is higher in the group with higher unemployment than in the lower unemployment group. In the services sector, the results also showed that the effect of the bank lending variables on employment in the group was higher with the unemployment rate and was lower in the unemployed group

In this study, we try to investigate the effects of oil and currency price shocks on housing price changes using seasonal data over a 16-year period from 1377 to 1392. For this purpose, the statistical community consists of data on housing prices, OPEC crude oil prices in dollars and, the dollar exchange rate against the Rial as a representative of the foreign exchange market and, the SVAR model is also used to estimate and validate the data which is able to investigate the shocks of different markets And, unlike the VAR method, applying the limitations based on theoretical and economic principles the model is closer to the real world. In this study, we used a generalized Dickey-Fuller method to examine the variance of the desired variables. After assuring the reliability of the model variables, Johansen method has been used to estimate and find the existence or non-existence of a long-run relationship. In the final stage and after determining the limitations of the model, the model is estimated by the SVAR method.Research findings show that oil price impacts in the long run have a positive effect on housing, and this effect is negative in the medium term. But impulse and exchange rate shocks meanwhile have a positive and significant effect on the mortality rate that, in the long run, has had a negative effect on housing prices. The remarkable point is that housing prices will be restored in the event of a shock in the oil and currency rate after 9 periods, and in the absence of further impacts. Other results are that the most important predictor of the price of housing among the variables studied is currency movement  

  Industry sector is one of the most important economic sectors through high level of backward and forward linkage has a significant role in reducing unemployment and increasing economic growth by increasing the productivity. Considering the importance of employment and productivity, the study investigates the effect of technology and knowledge on the employment rate and productivity by using the data of industrial manufactories with 10 more employees in the provinces level over )2004-2013(, and the application of panel data model. The results of the study show that knowledge and technology have a positive and significant effect on labor productivity in industrial manufactories. The effect of technology on employment is negative and significant, because technological improvement is considered as a substitute for labor for an almost constant level of industrial value added and therefore reduces employment. But the R&D expenditure does not have a significant effect on employment. Value added of industry is one of the most important factors affecting employment. Improving the quality of manufacturing sector products to attract foreign markets, improving the quality of research and development spending to create innovation in the industry, can improve the impact of knowledge and technology on employment and productivity

  tax avoidance is described as valuable activity The wealth transferred from the government to the Shareholders and Payment of corporation tax limit, On the other tax avoidance can create a shield for deviation Directors interests. The main objective of this research Identify the relationship betwee   Corporate governance mechanisms such as financial expertise and independence of the Board of Directors as well as managerial incentives and tax avoidance in the company is listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. For this purpose, the difference between accounting profits and taxable profits to tax avoidance is used as a benchmark. To test the hypothesis of generalized least squares (GLS), and the panel data has been used. Study findings 58 companies during the years 2009 to 2014 show a significant relationship between financial expertise of the Board and there is no tax avoidance, In addition, the results suggest that the proportion of independent directors also had no significant effect on tax avoidance. This result could indicate poor performance of non-executive members of the board of directors and financial expertise as corporate governance is one of the tools. The results of this study showed there is a significant negative correlation between the Delta portfolio of equity and tax avoidance. This negative correlation suggests that managerial incentives due to stock price changes can affect a companys tax avoidance. In addition, these results suggest that managerial incentives due stock return volatility change had no significant effect on tax avoidance.

Nowadays, with development of information system and interaction among financial markets across the world, crisis and boom transition in different markets is growing with a significant speed and with regard to developing economies in country like Iran; contagion of crisis from global markets, slows down the development of the domestic economy. This study examines the contagion in financial markets of Iran and figure out, how the positive and negative shocks moves in different markets, and it tries to present guidelines for policy makers in order to improve domestic economy to avoid or control the entrance of shocks in national economic. The sample includes time series data of commodity prices on oil market, stock market of Tehran, foreign exchange market and gold market over a period of 8 years (Dec, 2008 –Dec, 2016) with weekly sampling rate. In order to achieve mentioned goals, we utilized a combination of Ornstein Uhlenbeck and Continuous Wavelet Transform. It finds out that the starting point of contagion in the financial markets of Iran is oil market and the speed of synchronization between stock market and oil market is more than other markets and then the foreign market and gold market are in the next places. In next step, it finds that the coherence of markets in short-run is powerfull between oil market and other markets, but this coherence in long-run is just between oil market and stock market and foreign exchange market, and after global oil sanction in 2012 against Iran, the coherrence between oil market and stock and foreign exchange markets is growed in middle-run.

Smuggling is always a problem for all economic period for the development of a healthy economy. Therefore, It is vital to fight and prevent smuggling. In Iran, every year a large amount of foreign goods smuggled entered and the group of valuable commodities such as gasoline is smuggled out of the country. In the meantime, Kermanshah province -with a common border with Iraq- has important role to deal with the phenomenon of smuggling in the country. Therefore, in this thesis investigates the smuggling and pores that hidden from experts and managers that fight with smuggling of experts, are. In this thesis, data collected from questionnaires and they analyzed by    software. The fundamental point in the questionnaire that is designed to be Fuzzy. Fuzzy logic or Fuzzy theory is a kind of logic that replace conclusions methods in the human brain. The results show that between executive and regulatory factors, economic, security and political and social and cultural as well as an increase in smuggling in the region is essential. The results show that between executive factors and regulatory factors, economic, security and political and social and cultural as well as an increase in smuggling in the province, has a essential role. In the first step to fight and prevent the smuggling of goods, should be coordination between the concerned authorities. This coordination can be cost-effective in fighting with smuggling and make progress. Other factors such as changes in regulations, creating appropriate economic structure, create the right culture and fight   with smugglers through police force will be the next step.

در اين مطالعه به بررسي تاثير ساختار بازار بر بهره وري و دستمزد نيروي كار با استفاده از روش گشتاور تعميم يافته پرداخته شده است. نتايج مطالعه حاكي از تاثير مثبت و معنادار تاثير ساختار بازار بر بهره وري و دستمزد نيروي كار است.

تاثير آموزش حسابداري و تجربه كاري بر هوش هيجاني ( مطالعه موردي   دانشگاه رازي)

امروزه اقتصاد هاي مختلف، تجربه هاي زيادي در زمينه نوسانات اقتصادي بدست آورده اندكه شامل دوران هاي رونق و ركود اقتصادي مي باشد.با توجه به اين كه يكي از موضوع هاي بسيار با اهميت در حوزه اقتصاد كلان ،تثبيت اقتصادي ورسيدن به اهداف اصلي كلان اقتصادي از جمله   رشد اقتصادي،افزايش اشتغال و كاهش تورم مي باشد،بنابراين به منظور تحقق اين اهداف و كاهش زيان هاي ناشي از سيكل هاي تجاري، سياستگذاران و برنامه ريزان اقتصادي   همواره تلاش مي كنندتا با كنترل اين نوسانات اقتصادي تا حد ممكن اين اهداف را تحقق بخشند. بنابراين به منظور تحقق هرچه بيشتر اين اهداف، پيش بيني ادوار تجاري در اقتصاد كلان همواره داراي اهميت مي باشد و بخش مهمي از فرآيند تصميم گيري وسياست گذاري اقتصادي را در هر كشور تشكيل مي دهد.   در اين پژوهش از داده هاي فصلي طي دوره ي زماني بين سال هاي 1353تا1393 استفاده گرديده است و به منظور پيش بيني وقوع ركوداقتصادي 115 فصل را بعنوان مجموعه آموزش و به صورت نمونه گيري بدون جايگذاري و 49 فصل را به عنوان مجموعه آزمايش در نظر گرفته شده است.در اين پژوهش در مرحله اول ، ابتدا با توجه به مطالعات صورت گرفته در زمينه ادوار اقتصادي كشور ايران مجموعه اي از متغير هاي موثر بر بروز و پيش بيني اين ادوار معرفي مي گردد سپس با استفاده از تكنيك داده كاوي و روش طبقه بندي موثرترين متغير ها بر بروز اين ادوار شناسايي مي گردد. سپس در مرحله مدل سازي مدل درختان تقويت كننده، در ابتدا با توجه به مجموعه كل داده ها، پارامتر هاي تنظيم كننده   بر اساس معيار هاي دقت مدل Accuracyو kapa بر اساس بيشترين دقت و كمترين RMSE بهينه يابي شده ومناسب ترين مدل در مرحله ساختاري تنظيم مي گردد .سپس اين بهينه يابي در شرايط انتخاب موثرتن شاخص ها نيز صورت مي گيرد و مدل نهايي در زمينه پيش بيني ادوار اقتصادي تعيين مي گرد . در مرحله سوم   براساس بهينه يابي صورت گرفته از مدل و پارامتر هاي تنظيمي مدل، مدل نهايي پيش بيني تنظيم گرديده وفرآيند پيش بيني صورت مي گيرد ودر مرحله آخردقت پيش بيني هاي انجام شده توسط مدل نهايي   RTبه وسيله منحني ارزيابي عمليات گيرنده(ROC) ارزيابي مي گردد.كه نتايج نشان مي دهد كه مساحت سطح زير اين نمودار بالاي 70 درصد است و اين امر ملاكي از دقت بالاي پيش بيني مدل مي باشد . همچنين مدل BRT در مقايسه با دومدل پروبيت و پروبيت بيزين كه در اين پژوهش مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند دقت بيشتري دارد.  

  Since the resources of a country are generally limited, the increase of productivity is important as a basic necessity in improving the living standards of a nation. The productivity level of an economy is related to the accumulation or flowing of knowledge and other related factors such as technology. Despite the foreign direct investment and the international trade in goods and services, the promotion of the productivity of a country not only is affected by R & D investment within the country but also by the investment of the foreign partners in R & D. This study has examined the cumulative effect of the domestic R & D activities, the accumulation flow of R & D with the channels of goods imports, incoming flow of the foreign direct investment and the human capital on the productivity of Iran and eight selected countries[1] which have commercial relations with Iran over the period 2001-2013.   To determine the pattern, there has been used the panel data econometrics. The results show that knowledge overflows of the import of goods and foreign direct investment have the significant positive impact on the total productivity of factors of production in 9 countries but the effects of knowledge overflow from the import channels have been higher than the knowledge overflow from the foreign investment channel. The effects of the share of R&D expenditures from GDP on the productivity are higher than other variables. Also, there is the significant and positive relationship between the human capital and the productivity. Key words: Knowledge overflow, productivity, foreign direct investment, trade [1] Armenia, China, India, Japan, Kuwait, Malaysia, Russia, Turkey

  AbstractIn general, among different factors affecting economic growth, bank credit is of great significance. also, In Iran, due to existing shortcomings of financial market, bank resources is one of the crucial financial resources that is available for firms; since Economic growth requires resource and capital; the resource may be provided for different economic sectors, either by banks or financial institutions, in terms of facilities. Banks with giving facilities provide resources from surplus units to units that they   are need to financial resources for doing economic affairs and it causes to make easy economic activities, increase investment, production and employment. Therefore, banks performance in lending has a significant impact on production and economic growth and vibrations in access to credits, cause to appear disorder in society. Thus, it is necessary the optimal allocation of resources between the various economic sections and reaching this important something need to know affective factors on granted credits by banks. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors affecting credits granted by banks to the private sector in Iran during 1982-2015. To do so, the Auto Regressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) is used. In this study, the effects of total domestic deposits, foreign liabilities of banking system, real lending interest rates, reserve requirements rate, ratio of broad money to GDP, real GDP, and inflation rate on credits granted by banks to the private sector is reviewed. The findings suggest that variables such as domestic deposits and real GDP positively affect the credits granted by banks to the private sector while legal reserve rate and foreign liabilities of banking system negatively affect the credits granted by banks to the private sector. Also, variables such as real lending interest rates, ratio of broad money to GDP and inflation rate have no effect on the credits granted by banks to the private sector.Keywords: bank credit, Auto Regressive Distributed Lags (ARDL), Iran.

  AbstractSubsidy reform of energy carriers in subsidies reform plan model according to native conditions, diplomatic protection, social protection tools, proper executive capacities, subsidies reform speed and selecting proper time to reform subsidy will have different effects on macro variables of economy.Energy consumption variables, economic growth, Inflation and unemployment are economic Macro variables that are effected by subsidy reform of energy carriers in subsidies reform plan Model.Quantitative and exact estimation of energy subsidies reform effect on these variables based on scientific Methods has a special importance that addressed in this thesis.In this research, by using of time series data 1364-1393 age and co-collective Method in econometrics, dynamic self-explanation models with distributive interruptions and error reform tools. Effects of energy subsidy reform on energy consumption variables, economic growth, unemployment and inflation in long-term and short-term estimated for Iran economy.Findings from long-term and short-term model of energy subsidy reform effect on energy consumption show that there is a negative meaningful relation between energy cost and energy consumption and positive and meaningful relation between paid real subsidy and energy consumption in Iran.Results from short-term and long-term model estimation of energy subsidy reform effect on economic growth show that there is a positive and meaningful relation between economic growth and energy cost and also paid real subsidy coefficient in short-term and long-term is smaller than 1.Findings from short-term and long-term model estimation of energy subsidy reform effect on unemployment rate show that variable coefficient of energy cost in short-term and long-term is negative and meaningful and also tensional.Results from short-term and long-term model estimation of energy subsidy reform effect on inflation rate show that energy cost coefficient in short-term and long-term is smaller than1 and from another side, paid real subsidy variable coefficient in short-term and long-term is negative and meaningful.Also error correction coefficient for energy consumption models, economic growth, unemployment and inflation respectively is equal to -0/98, -0/85, -0/76, -1/0.Keywords: subsidy reform – energy carriers – energy consumption - economic growth – inflation rate – unemployment rate – self explanation with distributive interruption