Abstract Background and Objective: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is one of the most important metabolic disorders and can lead to various complications, including diabetic retinopathy (DR). Given the essential role of protein homeostasis in normal cellular function and the association of abnormalities in protein folding, accumulation, degradation, and turnover with disease processes, investigating protein metabolism-related genes may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms shared between T2D and DR. The aim of this study was to identify and analyze protein metabolism-related genes and investigate their molecular and regulatory networks in T2D and DR. Methods: In this study, gene expression data from two datasets, GSE25724 and GSE228900, obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, were analyzed. Following differential gene expression analysis, protein metabolism-related genes were identified, and overlapping genes between these genes and the differentially expressed genes were extracted. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed using the STRING database and Cytoscape software, and hub genes were identified using the CytoHubba plugin. Regulatory networks involving transcription factors (TFs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were also investigated. Finally, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed to determine the biological functions and pathways associated with the identified genes. Results: In the GSE25724 dataset related to T2D, a total of 3,248 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 1,041 upregulated and 2,207 downregulated genes. Among the protein metabolism-related genes, 203 genes overlapped with the DEGs, including 38 upregulated and 165 downregulated genes. In the GSE228900 dataset related to DR, 2,621 DEGs were identified, including 1,066 upregulated and 1,555 downregulated genes. Among the protein metabolism-related genes, 122 overlapping genes were identified, including 53 upregulated and 69 downregulated genes. PPI network analysis and topological evaluation using 12 CytoHubba algorithms resulted in the identification of 10 hub genes in T2D and 11 hub genes in DR. In the T2D network, CUL1, CUL3, SKP1, and RBX1, which are involved in E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, were among the prominent hub genes. PTEN and EGFR were also identified as important network genes. In DR, proteasome-related genes, including PSMA4, PSMD1, PSMD6, PSMD14, and PSME3, were among the prominent hub genes. Regulatory network analysis identified a number of TFs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs that may potentially regulate the identified hub genes. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses further indicated that the identified genes were associated with protein homeostasis, the ubiquitin–proteasome system, protein folding and degradation, and cellular responses to stress. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that dysregulation of protein homeostasis and pathways associated with ubiquitination and the proteasome may represent a shared molecular axis in T2D and DR. Although the network patterns in T2D and DR are not completely identical, the identification of hub genes and regulatory factors, together with the enrichment of proteostasis-related pathways, suggests a potential role for these processes in the pathophysiology of these disorders. However, because the findings are based primarily on bioinformatic and network analyses, functional and clinical validation of the identified genes is necessary to determine their precise roles and evaluate their potential as biomarkers or therapeutic targets.    Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic retinopathy, protein metabolism, protein homeostasis, proteostasis, ubiquitin–proteasome system, PPI network, hub genes   

Background: Candidiasis is a common clinical problem, and its treatment has become increasingly difficult owing to rising drug resistance. Zinc oxide nanoparticles are considered a promising therapeutic option for fungal infections due to their potent antifungal properties. This study aimed to develop a mucoadhesive gel system containing ZnO-   for vaginal drug delivery. We investigated the efficacy and safety of this combination in an animal model of vaginitis, using L-carnitine as a protective agent. Methods: A mucoadhesive gel was prepared using appropriate polymers and subsequently loaded with ZnO-  . The inhibitory effect of the gel on Candida albicans was analyzed using MIC testing in combination with a biofilm formation evaluation. To evaluate safety, cytotoxicity assays were conducted on human dermal fibroblast cells. In a mouse model of estradiol-induced vaginitis, animals received intravaginal treatment with ZnO-NP gel and intramuscular administration of L-carnitine. Vaginal fungal burden, tissue histopathology, and inflammatory responses were evaluated in this study. Results: The formulated gel was stable, viscous, and mucoadhesive. In vitro results showed reduced MIC and inhibition of C. albicans biofilm formation by ZnO-  . In an animal model, ZnO-NP gel treatment significantly reduced fungal and tissue burdens. L-carnitine administration improves systemic immunity and reduces potential toxicity symptoms. Conclusion: Gel containing ZnO-   could be an effective and safe approach for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. The addition of L-carnitine can enhance the safety and tolerability of this treatment. These results support the advancement of nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery platforms for managing fungal diseases.

نياز مبرم به منابع پروتئين پايدار براي تضمين امنيت غذايي آينده، حشرات خوراكي را به عنوان گزينه‌اي مناسب در نظام‌هاي غذايي چرخشي مطرح ساخته است. سوسك زرد آرد (Tenebrio molitor) در سال‌هاي اخير به دليل ارزش غذايي بالا، قابليت پرورش آسان، بازده توليد مناسب و سازگاري با شرايط محيطي، توجه بسياري از پژوهشگران و صنايع غذايي را به خود جلب كرده است. رژيم غذايي يكي از عوامل كليدي تعيين‌كننده تنظيم رشد، تركيب غذايي و بازده تبديل غذا در سوسك زرد آرد مي‌باشد.   پژوهش حاضر با   هدف بررسي اثرات ?? تيمار غذايي فرموله شده، بر عملكرد زيستي و 10 تيمار غذايي بر تركيبات غذايي و بازده تبديل خوراك لاروهاي   سوسك زرد آرد با سه تكرار انجام گرديد. لاروها با نسبت‌هاي مختلف سبوس گندم (WB)، آرد لوبيا (BF)، آرد عدس (LF) و آرد سويا (SF) و قطعات هويج تغذيه شدند. پارامترهاي زيستي (مدت زمان دوره لاروي و شفيرگي، نرخ بقا و دگرديسي، وزن و طول بدن)، پارامترهاي تغذيه‌اي (مصرف غذا، نرخ رشد نسبي، بازده تبديل غذا) و پروفايل ارزش غذايي (پروتئين، چربي، رطوبت و خاكستر) به‌طور هفتگي اندازه‌گيري و محاسبه شدند. داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار    و آزمون‌هاي آماري سطح معني‌داري ??/? مورد تحليل قرار گرفتند. نوع تيمار غذايي تأثير معني‌داري بر بعضي تركيبات شيميايي بدن لاروها نظير پروتئين و چربي نداشت   (p > 0.05) و ميزان اين تركيبات نسبتا پايدار باقي ماند. اما بر تركيبات شيميايي نظير خاكستر و رطوبت بدن اثر معني دار داشتند. در مقابل، شاخص‌هاي زيستي و تبديل غذا به شدت تحت تأثير تركيب بستر بودند(p < 0.05). جيره شاهد مبتني بر سبوس گندم خالص، بالاترين نرخ رشد نسبي (?/??? ميلي‌گرم در روز)، پايين‌ترين نسبت تبديل خوراك (???/?) و بيشترين بازده تبديل غذايي براي هر دو شاخص غذاي خورده‌شده (ECI)،   ??/?? درصد و هضم‌شده (ECD) ??/?? درصد را به دست آورد؛ عليرغم اينكه كمترين ميزان مصرف خوراك را داشت. در مقابل، جيره‌هاي غني‌شده با حبوبات موجب افزايش مصرف خوراك شدند، اما به بازده تبديل به مراتب پايين‌تري منجر شدند كه نشان‌دهنده عدم تعادل مواد مغذي در اين جيره‌ها است. در نتيجه، كيفيت بستر و قابليت هضم آن مهم‌تر از مقدار خوراك است. فرمولاسيون‌هاي مبتني بر سبوس گندم، تركيب غذايي بهينه‌اي براي توليد كارآمد كرم آرد زرد فراهم مي‌كنند و الگويي براي نظام‌هاي تغذيه چرخشي در مقياس بزرگ در صنعت پروتئين حشرات ايجاد مي‌نمايند.   

Background and Aim: The interaction of drugs and nanodrugs with biological macromolecules such as human serum albumin (HSA) and DNA plays a crucial role in their stability, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy. Previous studies have shown that deferoxamine, in addition to its clinical applications as an iron chelator, exhibits notable anticancer effects, and nanostructuring can enhance its stability and biological performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the interactions of free deferoxamine and its iron oxide nanoparticle form with HSA and calf thymus DNA, and subsequently to evaluate their anticancer effects on gastric cancer cells.    Materials and Methods: The interactions of the drug and nanodrug with HSA and calf thymus DNA were analyzed using UV–Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and circular dichroism (CD). Molecular docking studies were also performed to determine precise binding sites. Cellular assays, including MTT, intracellular ROS measurement, cell cycle analysis, and apoptosis evaluation, were conducted to assess anticancer effects on gastric cancer cell lines.    Results: Spectroscopic and molecular docking results indicated that both compounds bind to the warfarin site on HSA and preferentially interact with the minor groove (Hoechst site) of DNA. CD spectra revealed an increase in the ?-helix content of HSA in the presence of both compounds, while structural disorder was induced in DNA. Cellular assays demonstrated significant reductions in cell viability, increased ROS production, induction of apoptosis, and cell cycle disruption, with the anticancer effect of the deferoxamine nanodrug being notably stronger than that of the free drug.    Conclusion and Discussion: The results of spectroscopic and docking studies showed that free deferoxamine and its iron oxide nanoparticle form exhibit similar interaction patterns with HSA and calf thymus DNA, binding to the warfarin site in HSA and the minor groove of DNA. Cellular assays further revealed that the nanodrug exerts stronger reductions in cell viability, higher ROS production, greater apoptosis induction, and more pronounced cell cycle disruption in gastric cancer cells, indicating enhanced anticancer effects at the nanoscale.   

  The genus Gammarus is one of the most diverse groups of the order Amphipoda and the class Crustacea. Members of this taxon are widely found in freshwater habitats around the world at mid-latitudes. The aim of this study was to investigate the populations of the genus Gammarus from springs and mirages in Sonqor County in the northeast of Kermanshah Province based on morphological traits. In the present study, five populations were collected from the springs of Lillemanj, Cheshmeh Vakili, Deh Asyab, Charmleh, and Baoleh in the study area. For morphological study, after determining the sex of the specimens, the body parts of the specimens were separated under a loupe with dissecting needles and fixed on a slide containing Euoparal glue. Then, the slides were measured and photographed under a light microscope equipped with a LABOMED iVu 7000 camera, and the different parts of the specimens were drawn using Adobe Illustrator CS6 software. The results of this study confirm the presence of a new species of the genus Gammarus from the Deh Asyab spring and four new records of the species G. anodon from the Lillemanj, Vakili, Charmleh and Baoleh springs based on morphological traits such as the dorsal-posterior angle of epimeral plates I to III, the size and number of filaments on the surface of antenna II, the presence or absence of fine spines on the dorsal surface of the pectoral and abdominal segments, and the shape of caudal segments I to III in the springs of Sonqor County.

   سوسك زرد آرد (Tenebrio molitor) به‌عنوان يكي از مهم‌ترين گونه‌هاي حشرات خوراكي، در سال‌هاي اخير به دليل ارزش غذايي بالا، قابليت پرورش آسان، بازده توليد مناسب و سازگاري با شرايط محيطي، توجه بسياري از پژوهشگران و صنايع غذايي را به خود جلب كرده است. دماي پرورش يكي از عوامل كليدي تعيين‌كننده موفقيت اقتصادي اين فعاليت مي‌باشد.   پژوهش حاضر با   هدف بررسي چهار تيمار دمايي (??، ??، ?? و ?? درجه سانتي‌گراد) و سه تكرار انجام گرديد. لاروها با جيره پايه سبوس گندم و قطعات هويج تغذيه شدند. پارامترهاي زيستي (مدت زمان دوره لاروي و شفيرگي، نرخ بقا و دگرديسي، وزن و طول بدن)، پارامترهاي تغذيه‌اي (مصرف غذا، نرخ رشد نسبي، بازده تبديل غذا) و پروفايل ارزش غذايي (پروتئين، چربي، فيبر، خاكستر و انرژي) به‌طور هفتگي اندازه‌گيري و محاسبه شدند. داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار    و آزمون‌هاي آماري سطح معني‌داري ??/? مورد تحليل قرار گرفتند. تغيير دما تأثير معني‌داري بر تركيبات شيميايي بدن لاروها (پروتئين، چربي، فيبر و خاكستر) نداشت   (p > 0.05) و ميزان اين تركيبات نسبتا پايدار باقي ماند كه نشان مي‌دهند تركيبات شيميايي بيشتر تحت تأثير كيفيت بستر غذايي قرار دارند تا دما. در مقابل، شاخص‌هاي زيستي و تغذيه‌اي به شدت تحت تأثير دما بودند(p < 0.05). با افزايش دما، طول دوره لاروي و شفيرگي به‌طور معني‌داري كاهش يافت.   بيشترين نرخ رشد نسبي و اندازه نهايي لاروها در دماي ?? درجه مشاهده شد. اما بالاترين نرخ بقا (????) و موفقيت در دگرديسي مربوط به دماهاي ?? و ?? درجه بود كه در دماي ?? درجه به ترتيب به ??/??? و ??/??? كاهش يافت.   مصرف غذا و غذاي جذب‌شده با افزايش دما به‌طور معني‌داري افزايش، اما كارايي تبديل غذاي خورده‌شده (ECI) و هضم‌شده (ECD) كاهش يافت . در نتيجه بايستي گفت كه اگرچه دماهاي بالاتر (?? و ?? درجه) منجر به تسريع رشد و كوتاه‌تر شدن چرخه توليد مي‌شوند، اما اين مزيت با كاهش نرخ بقا و كارايي تبديل غذا همراه است. با در نظر گرفتن توأم تمامي فاكتورها، محدوده دمايي ?? تا ?? درجه سانتي‌گراد به‌عنوان دماي بهينه براي پرورش لارو T. molitor   پيشنهاد مي‌گردد. در اين محدوده، تعادل مناسبي بين سرعت رشد، نرخ بقاي بالا و كارايي قابل قبول سيستم برقرار مي‌شود.

This study aimed to analyze the pollen samples collected from the provinces of Ilam, Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Lorestan, and Hamedan in western Iran. The pollen samples were examined to identify their botanical origin and to investigate the chemical composition of the honey bee pollen.The pollen samples were initially sorted by color, and microscopic slides were prepared to examine their morphological characteristics using a light microscope. The results revealed that pollen grains with a yellow to creamy color spectrum were the most abundant and were considered the dominant pollen types. The Brassicaceae plant family was identified as the dominant botanical origin of pollen samples from Kermanshah and Ilam provinces. Additionally, the dominant pollen sources in the Kurdistan, Lorestan, and Hamedan provinces were found to be the Brassicaceae, Asteraceae, and Dipsacaceae plant families.Based on the results, the Brassicaceae, Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae, Apiaceae, Fabaceae, and Caryophyllaceae plant families were identified as the most attractive for honey bees. The pollen samples collected from the Kurdistan and Ilam provinces exhibited the highest (373.11 mg/g) and lowest (137.06 mg/g) levels of phenolic compounds, respectively. Similarly, the highest (7.70 mg/g) and lowest (2.45 mg/g) concentrations of flavonoids were found in the pollen samples from the Kurdistan and Ilam provinces, respectively. The highest protein content (16.63 mg/g) was observed in the pollen samples from the Kurdistan province.  

   Abstract    Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is one of the most common cancers and one of the main causes of cancer death in the world. Colon cancer begins at the colon (the end of the digestive system) and usually affects the elderly, although it can occur at any age. Inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACis) such as sodium butyrate inhibit the growth and induce apoptosis in CRC. On the other hand, the concentration of oxygen in the tissue is one of the most important factors in determining the behavior and function of the tissues. Oxygen deficiency or hypoxia can induce some factors in the development of cancer. Cobalt II chloride induces hypoxia by stimulating Hif1-? expression. Despite the previous studies in the field of investigating the effect of sodium butyrate and cobalt chloride II on the cellular and molecular characteristics of colorectal cancer cells, but no study has been conducted on the simultaneous effect of these two compounds and as a result of inhibition of histone deacetylase enzyme and hypoxia on colorectal cancer cells. Therefore, this study is designed to investigate their simultaneous effect on cellular and molecular characteristics of a rat colon cancer cell line called CT-26. CT-26 cells line was cultured in suitable laboratory conditions and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). This study aims to investigate the effect of different concentrations of cobalt II chloride, sodium butyrate and a mixture of both on survival, proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, antioxidant capacity, cell migration and expression of Hif-1a, Hdac1, Casp-3, C-met, Oct-4 and lncRNA-H19 genes. Then were prepared in CT-26 cell line at different time. The results of the MTT assay showed that in the period of 24, 48 and 72 hours, the percentage of cell viability decreases depending on the time. Also, with NBT assay, it was found that the amount of ROS production increased in all three treatments and with the passage of time, the ROS accumulation graph decreased significantly. The evaluation of cell migration test with different concentrations of both compounds and a mixture of them showed that cells migration increased in cobalt chloride II treatment within 24 hours. But after 48 hours, it decreased to an insignificant amount. While the cell treatment with sodium butyrate and the mixture concentrations in both 24 and 48 hours led to a decrease in cell migration. In order to investigate the cell cycle using flow cytometry technique, they were treated with cobalt II chloride and sodium butyrate and a combination of both. Treatment of cells with cobalt chloride led to accumulation of cells in G2/M phase of cell cycle. While the treatment of cells with 0.1 and 0.2 millimolar sodium butyrate respectively led to the accumulation of cells in the G2/M and G0/G1 phases of the cell cycle. In the mixed treatment, the population of cells was often stopped in the G2/M phase. The results obtained from the analysis of gene expression by real-time PCR method with cobalt chloride II treatment compared to the control group, no significant expression changes were observed in the expression of genes (Oct-4, c-Met, Casp-3, Hdac1, Hif1-?, lncRNA H19). However, in the treatment group with sodium butyrate, the expression of c-Met gene increased by 7.81% and the expression of Hdac1 gene decreased by -4.99%. Also, in mixed treatment, the Hdac1 gene expression decreased by -22.62% and a significant increase of 1.67% was reported in Oct-4 gene.   In this study, it was reported that the treatment of CT-26 cells with cobalt chloride II, sodium butyrate and mixed treatment with specific concentrations, it leads to reduction or stoppage of cell growth, reduction of cell migration and changes in gene expression. Keywords

The largest genus of the Gammaridae family is GammarusFabricius, 1775, which are widely found in freshwater environments of the northern hemisphere. To date, 19 species of this genus have been identified in Iran. The aim of this research is to investigate the morphologic and morphometric characteristics of the genus Gammarus in the Yuan wetland of Kermanshah province. In this study, samples ofthe Gammarus genus were collected from five stations in the Yuan wetland, and the chemical characteristics of the water were evaluated. In the laboratory, first, the gender of the samples was identified and then the body parts of each sample were separated with dissection needles and placed on a slide containing Euparal glue.In the next step, the body parts of each sample were measured and photographedby LAMBOMED iVu 7000 light microscope equipped with a camera. Subsequently, various parts of the specimens were drawn using Adobe Illustrator software.The results of the morphological examinations confirmed the new record of the species G. anodon (the only Gammarus species in the Yuan wetland) based on the diagnostic characteristics of the species using the identification key of this genus. The distinguishing features of this species include the presence of a keel on the dorsal-median surface of urosomites1-3, the presence of small spines on the dorsal surface of pereonites 6-7, and relatively large black eyes. In addition, the investigations showed that intrapopulation variations are minor. Ecological data analysis also revealed that members of this species are found in environments with high water hardness, alkaline conditions, and high oxygen levels. Key words:G. anodon, morphological characters, Yuan wetland, Kermanshah Province.   

  The genus Gammaru  Fabricius, 1775 is one of the most diverse and important genera of the order Amphipoda, belonging to the family Gammaridae. Members of this group live in waters up to a depth of two meters, as long as the waters are not poor in oxygen and calcium. They have a very extensive habitat and are usually found in cold climates. The main objective of this study is to summarize and investigate the species of the genus Gammaru  in Iran and examine their morphological and diagnostic characteristics. The initial studies on freshwater Gammaru  in Iran were conducted by Karaman, and the su  ecies G. pulex persicu  was discovered in northwest Iran. Later, Loeffler in 1956, Mateus and Mateus in 1990 and Stock et al. (1998) introduced new species including G. miae, G. plumipes, G. protecus, G. pretzmanni, G. paricrenatus, G. anodon, G. parthicus, G. crinicaudatus, and G. lobifer, contributing to the knowledge of Gammaru  ecies in freshwater in Iran. Later, the first three species were rejected by researchers. New species, including G. baloutchi, G. lordeganensis, and G. bakhteyaricu  from the central Zagros region, G. zagrosensis, G. sepidannus, G. shirazinus, and G. loeffleri from southern Zagros, and G. sirvannus, G. hegmatanensis, and G. ilamensis from western Zagros were described. The distribution range of these species is usually limited to several restricted mountainous areas, so they can be considered native to Iran. In addition, three new records of this genus have also been reported: G. lacustris, which is distributed throughout the Holarctic region, with only a few populations in Iran; G. komareki, which is distributed in the Balkan Peninsula and Minor Asia, reported from all over the Alborz region in Iran; and G. pseudosyriacus, which is distributed in Minor Asia and has been found in the Zagros region of Iran. Therefore, to date, 19 species of the genus Gammaru  have been identified in Iran. In this study, distribution data, descriptive and diagnostic characteristics were presented for each species, and important diagnostic traits for species were discussed in a table, and an identification key for the freshwater Gammaru  of Iran is provided.    Keywords:  Amphipoda, Freshwater, Gammaru  ecies, Iran  

  Today, in addition to the antibiotic resistance of various microbial strains, which is one of the ten major health threats according to the World Health Organization, problems such as the exorbitant cost of treating some diseases and the recurrence of diseases have become the reason why researchers are looking for a solution for society. to solve these problems. One of the methods studied in recent years to deal with these problems is the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles, especially silver nanoparticles, with the help of plants and their derivatives. One of these plant derivatives is Farsi gum, a polysaccharide secreted from the trunk and branches of the mountain almond tree (with the scientific name Amygdalus scoparia), which is found in the Zagros region of Iran. In this study, Nefera nanoparticles were produced by Farsi gum as a regenerating and stabilizing compound by co-precipitation method. Then, "UV-visible spectrophotometry", "X-ray Diffraction", "scanning electron microscope" and "Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy" analyzes were used to confirm its structure. After examining the structure, antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties of these nanoparticles with the help of "well diffusion", "minimum inhibitory concentration", "minimum bactericidal concentration" and "crystal violet biofilm assay" tests on the microbial strains of Candida albicans, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Staphylococcus aureus were measured. In general, the findings of this research showed the excellent effect of this nanoparticle on the Candida albicans microbial strain. In the end, with the help of DPPH and half maximal inhibitory concentration tests, the antioxidant properties of the prepared nanoparticles were measured.

  Carbonic anhydrase (CAs, EC 4. 2. 1. 1) is a family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyzes vital reactions including the reversible conversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and a proton. Carbonic anhydrase isozymes are involved in various physiological and pathological processes and are considered as important drug targets for the treatment of a wide range of disorders including glaucoma and various types of cancer. In this study, new sulfonamide derivatives resulting from the coupling reaction of sulfanilamide with benzene or its mono-, di-, tri- carboxylic acid compounds were chemically synthetized and their interaction with hCA II isozyme were investigated by various spectroscopic techniques. Kinetic results revealed that new sulfonamide derivatives inhibit the esterase activity of hCA II in a reversible competitive manner. As a result, among the studied compounds, compound 4 had the lowest Ki and IC50 values for hCA II isozyme. Also, fluorescence measurements showed that these compounds quench the intrinsic fluorescence of hCA II by a dynamic quenching mechanism. In addition, analysis of the thermodynamic parameters of the binding revealed that hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions play the major role in stabilization of the enzyme–drug complexes. Fluorescence analysis of the CAII-DNSA fluorescent complex in the presence of different concentrations of new sulfonamide derivatives showed the lowest dissociation constant (Kd) for the compound 4, indicating a higher affinity of this compound for the binding to the hCA II isozyme. Overall, the strengthening of the binding power and inhibitory activity of the studied sulfonamide derivatives for the hCA II isozyme, makes these derivatives of great interest for the design of novel hCA inhibitors.

The genus Niphargus Schi?dte 1847 (Amphipoda: Niphargidae) is the largest genus of freshwater amphipods that distributed in the Western Palearctic. Most of the species inhabit subterranean waters and constitute a substantial part of groundwater biodiversity. Sofar, more than 20 species of Niphargus genus described from Iran that most of these are endemic. In this study, morphological and molecular diversity of subterranean amphipods of genus Niphargus in central and southern parts of Ardebil province was investigated. Four populations from more than 70 stations were collected. To study the morphology of the specimens, different parts of the specimen were measured and photographed with an optical microscope equipped with a camera. Morphological characters were drawn using adobe illustrator software. More than 150 morphological traits and about 90 morphometric traits were investigated in each sample. To study molecular data, we analyzed nuclear molecular marker, such as 28S rDNA. The analyses of Bayesian tree suggested new populations are placed N. daniali in one clade. Finally, the results confirmed the presence of two new species of Niphargus genus in this region.   

The second leading cause of death among women of childbearing age is cancer. One of the most common treatments for cancer is chemotherapy. Some common chemotherapy drugs cross the placenta during pregnancy and cause abnormalities in the development of some organs, including the reproductive organs. Concomitant use of antioxidants with chemotherapy is possible; Reduce its negative effects. In this study, we investigated the effect of ginger extract on testicular berets in offspring born to mice that received chemotherapy during pregnancy. Thus, adult female mice were divided into four groups after mating and determining zero pregnancy. The first group: the control group did not receive any medication, the second group: received cyclophosphamide at a dose of 10 mg / kg on day 11 of pregnancy, the third group: received ginger at a dose of 10 mg / kg on days 7 to 11 of pregnancy, the fourth group: Simultaneous administration of ginger and cyclophosphamide at a dose of 10 mg / kg on days 7 to 11 and day 11 of pregnancy, respectively. Eight weeks after the birth of male offspring and their dissection, the testis and tail of the epididymis were isolated and examined for histomorphological and sperm parameters. Histological studies showed that cyclophosphamide significantly reduced the number of Sertoli cells, primary spermatocytes, round spermatids and elongated spermatids, and significantly reduced sperm count, viability, motility and increased abnormalities in sperm parameters. Sperm morphology is compared to the control group. Concomitant use of ginger extract with cyclophosphamide improves tissue and sperm parameters compared to the cyclophosphamide group, so it can be said that the use of ginger can reduce the destructive effects of cyclophosphamide in offspring of pregnant mice. Reduce chemotherapy treatment.   

Abstract Electrogastrography is a non-invasive method for recording signals of gastric control myoelectric activity. Electrogastrography has no side effects and is a painless study, so it can be used as a suitable diagnostic method especially for children. Of course, it is worth noting that for accurate diagnosis, additional information from other diagnostic methods will be useful. In this project, while receiving signals from 100 female students aged 18-16, we try to examine these signals with the help of FFT and detect the presence of tachygastria, bradygastria, dyspepsia and gastric ulcer in them. In this regard, the signals were obtained from the students in two modes, preprandial and postprandial. They were then transferred to the computer to be viewed in the graphic environment of Lab View software. After visual analysis, signals were processed and analyzed using MATLAB software. Six statistical features and two signal features were extracted for electrogastrograms. After smoothing, the signals were analyzed by Fourier transform. Finally, for >Among the subjects, 16 had tachygastria (4-9 cpm) in their preprandial electrogastrogram and 2 recorded signals at 15 cycles per minute. 21 subjects showed tachygastria in their postprandial electrogastrogram and two subjects had signals at 13 cycles per minute. 8 subjects had bradygastria (0.5-2 cpm) in their preprandial signals.This number increased in the study of postprandial signals and 16 subjects recorded signals less than 2 cycles per minute. Other subjects had signals in the normal range (2-4 cpm). Among the graphs obtained from the Naive Bayesian >   Key words: Electrogastrography, Fourier analysis, Kermanshah      

  Amphibians are an indicator of environmental health their population is decreasing around the world at a significant rate. The climate change, chemical pollutants, increased ultraviolet radiation, habitat changes, exotic species, and pathogens are some of the causes of amphibian decline. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction effects of density, water level and predator cues factors on the growth rate, metamorphosis, survival and cannibalism in marsh frog Pelophylax ridibundus. In this study, an experiment was carried out with 2 × 3 × 2 factors consisted of two levels of density (low density (n: 5) and high density (n: 25)), three levels of water level (low water level (400 cc), high water level (1400 cc) and decreasing water level (100 cc each week)) and two levels of predator (presence (as indirect) or absence of predator (Gambusia holbrooki). The results of our experiment showed the highest growth rate was observed in low-density treatment/ predator presence/high water level with 0.144 mm/day, maximum snout-vent length during metamorphosis (SVL) in low-density treatment/predator presence/low water level (17/006 mm ± 1/07), and the highest mean of head width (HW) was recorded in the low-density/predator presence/ decreasing water level (7/853 mm ± 1/755) during 201 days. Also, the highest mean age of metamorphosis in high-density of treatment/absence of predator/low water level (134/415 days ± 26/99), highest percentage of metamorphosis in low-density of treatment/ predator presence/decreasing water level (86/66% ± 23/094), highest survival rate in low-density of treatment/predator/high water level (86/666% ± 11/547), and highest overall cannibalism (head + tail + full) was recorded in the high-density of treatment/absence of predator/low water level (3/522% ± 5/994). The ANOVA results showed that density factor independently had a significant effect on SVL, HW, age and percentage of metamorphosis but had no effect on survival rate over time. The water level had no significant effect on total cannibalism percentage, metamorphosis time, metamorphosis percentage and survival percentage but had a significant effect on head width. Also, the interactive effect of three factors had no significant on SVL, head width, metamorphosis time, percentage of metamorphosis, total cannibalism percentage and survival rate.

  During recent years, much attention has been focused on declining amphibians. Alien species including mosquitofish, and global warming are the important factors of decline amphibians. One of the consequences of global warming is the early droughts of the ponds. On the other hand, amphibian densities in ponds are also affected by changes in water levels. In this study, the interaction effects of three factors including predatory cues (Gambusia halbrooki), water level and density were investigated on snout-vent length (SVL), SVL at metamorphosis, time at metamorphosis, percentage of metamorphosis and survival of larvae of Bufotes variabilis that carried out within 60 days. We designed a 2×2×3 factorial experiment, crossing two levels of predatory (present of predatory cues and without of predatory cues), two levels of density (low, n =5 and high, n =25) and three level of water (low: 400 cc, high 1400 cc, and decreasing 150 cc of water, Once a week). Result of experiment showed, larval growth rate was highest at the both of present of predator × high water level × high density and present of predator × decreasing water level × low density (0.30 mm/day). The highest size at metamorphosis (SVL) was observed in without of predator × high water level × low density (14.42 mm±0.43). The slowest development time (34.41 days±3.82), the lowest percentage of metamorphosis (18.66%±8.33) and the highest survival rate (32%±10.58) were observed at the present of predator × high water level × high density treatment. Except for the significant impact of present of predator on SVL and density on survival over time, B. variabilis was tolerant and there was no interaction between predator cues, water level and density in term of growth and survival rates.

Freshwater shrimps of Mediterranean basin belong to three family (Atyidae, Palaemonidae andTyphlocarididae) and 11 genera. Most species have a very restricted distributional range. The Mediterranean basin locatedat the intersection between Europe, Asia, and Africa. The purpose of this researchis the survey of freshwater shrimp fauna in Kermanshah province using themolecular and morphological methods. Seven populations were collected from thisarea. In morphologic and morphometric study, more than 48 characters wereinvestigated. In this study, mithocondrial (COI) gene was used for speciesdelimitation. The analysis of bayesian tree suggest that the freshwater shrimp populations in Kermanshah province, belongs to one separated clad. Thisclad contains fours subclades. The results of morphologicaland molecular analysis, supported the presence of four new species in this part of Iran.  

AbsrtractHuman mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are increasingly being considered in cell-based therapeutic strategies for regeneration of various tissues. MSCs derived from different tissues, with unique feature, are one of the most useful raw materials in cell therapy and tissue engineering. Despite the MSC inherent migration ability to the site of injury, inflammation or tumor, the in vivo and in vitro migration efficiency of the cultured MSCs is still not satisfactory. As a result, scientists are always looking for ways to improve MSC functions. In addition to the use of cytokines and chemicals to increase the expression of molecules involved in migration process, the use of medicinal plants in the biological domain has been considered. One of the herbaceous species used is black seed and its active compound, Thymoquinone (TQ). Despite numerous studies on the therapeutic applications of TQ, its effect on MSC migration has remain to be clarified. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of TQ on mice bone marrow-derived MSC migration and examining its effects on the expression of specific genes involved in migration. To do this research, MSCs were isolated from the mice femurs and tibias bone marrow. In order to investigate the effect of different TQ concentrations (0, 75, 150, 250, 500 ng/ml) on MSC migration in serum free DMEM/F12 medium, wound healing assay was performed. Cell migration was investigated 24 and 48 hours after treatment. After determination of the optimal TQ concentration and sufficient time to repair the cellular scratch in wound healing assay, MSCs were treated with TQ (250 ng/ml) for 48h. To check the expression level of genes involved in MSC migration (c-Met and Ccr1), RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis from the control and treated cells were performed and the expression of candidate genes was evaluated using Real-time PCR.   The results of the wound healing assay indicated a significant (P<0.05) increase in the percent gap closure of treated cells with 250 ng/ml TQ at 48h, compared to the control cells. Also, the gene expression analysis demonstrated a significant increase (3/8 fold) in c-Met gene expression and a non-significant change (1/1 fold) in Ccr1 gene expression in TQ-treated cells compared to the control cells. Altogether, this study indicated that TQ increases the migration potential of MSCs in vitro. Therefore, the results of this study provide a good prospect for using TQ to improve the MSC migration in cell therapy. However, further studies are needed to investigate the TQ effect on the expression of other essential and important MSC migratory genes and also the in vivo migration potency of the treated cells.  Keywords: Mouse, Mesenchymal stem cell, Thymoquinone, Migration, Gene expression, Wound healing assay.

  Bioleaching means the use of microorganism for the purification of metals. This method is one of the newest and low-cost technologies for the recovery of metals from sulfide and iron low grade elements. In this study by providing optimum conditions, native bacteria that naturally exist in soil that containing zinc metal, grown and they had a role in the separation of zinc. Soil containing low grade zinc with %6 was produced. Three effective factors that have a great share and effect for bioleaching in the industrial scale were considered. In this experiment, 3 factors: pH, time and the ratio of zinc soil volume to leach solution was considered. The design of experiment was based on the Taguchi method and its analysis was done with the use of qulitek-4 software. According to obtained results for determining the optimal conditions for the growth of native bacteria, pH had the greatest impact and time had the lowest impact. In the best condition PH = 3 with the ratio of zinc soil volume to leach solution 1/1 and after 20 days, had a significant role in the maximum separation of zinc. Based on the observation in this experiment. Considering and setting several key factors on bioleaching will lead to the growth of native bacteria in the soil containing zinc, so by doing bioleaching in the industrial scale, zinc metal can be separated without a high cost.