Coriander is a member of the Apiaceae family, which has been widely used in traditional medicine, and its medicinal value has been proven throughout history among various nations. One of the most important problems of this valuable crop is non-chemical weed control, which can be reduced by using cover crops.

   Abstract Cover crops play an increasing role in improving soil quality, reducing agricultural inputs and improving environmental sustainability. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate some cover crops in order to find a suitable alternative for fallow in the weather conditions of Kermanshah. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications. The experimental treatments included fallow (control) and seven cover crops: barley (Hordeum vulgare), oat (Avena sativa), rapeseed (Brassica napus), rye (Secale cereal), common vetch (Vicia sativa), white clover (Trifolium repens), and Iranian clover (Trifolium resupinatum). During the experiment, samples were taken every two weeks to measure the attributes, which are:First stage (December 2022), second stage (January 2023), third stage (January 2023), fourth stage (February 2023), fifth stage (February 2023), sixth stage (March 2023), seventh stage (March 2023), eighth stage (March 2023) and ninth stage (April 2023).The results of the analysis of variance showed that the effect of the cover plant on all the measured traits, including the percentage of green cover, weed density, wet and dry weight of weeds, weed control, carbon and nitrogen content of the soil and the cover plant, C to N ratio of soil and cover plant, dry weight of cover plant and soil moisture content were significant. The results of the experiment indicated the superiority of barley and rye plants in controlling weeds by 68.95 and 67.56%.The highest and lowest soil carbon content was related to barley (5.54%) and fallow (3.89%) treatments, respectively.Barley (5.3%) and vetch (5.1%) cover crops showed the highest soil nitrogen content.The highest carbon content of cover crops was related to barley, followed by oat and rye.Iranian clover with 1.54% nitrogen content was superior to other treatments.The highest dry weight of the cover crop in the first stage was related to barley and oat, and in the second and ninth stages, it was related to only oat. In the third, sixth and seventh stages, it was related to the cover crop of barley. In the fourth, fifth and eighth stages, the highest dry weight of the cover crop was obtained from barley, oat, vetch and rye treatments. The highest amount of soil moisture in the first and second sampling was related to the cover crop of white clover and vetch, respectively. The lowest soil moisture content was obtained from fallow treatment. But in the third and fourth stages of sampling, the fallow treatment had the highest soil moisture content compared to other treatments. From the fifth stage to the seventh stage of sampling, soil moisture content increased in cover crop treatments (vetch, oat, rapeseed and white clover) compared to fallow.    Keywords:cover crop, green cover percentage, C/N ratio, weed control, biomass   

Abstract  

اين آزمايش به منظور بررسي اثر غلظت و مقادير مختلف محلول‏پاشي دودآب بر روي عملكرد و اجزاي عملكرد و همچنين برخي از عناصر غذايي غده سيب‏زميني در سال زراعي 1399-1400 در مزرعه تحقيقاتي پرديس كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي دانشگاه رازي اجرا شد. آزمايش به صورت فاكتوريل به اضافه شاهد در قالب طرح بلوك‏هاي كامل تصادفي با سه تكرار اجرا شد. تيمارهاي آزمايش شامل مقادير مختلف دودآب (1 ،5/1و 2 ليتر در هكتار) و دفعات محلول‏پاشي دود‏آب (1، 2 و 3 بار) و تيمار شاهد بودند. نتايج نشان داد اثر تيمار غلظت محلول‏پاشي بر صفات چگالي غده، تعداد غده در يك بوته، عملكرد تك بوته، عملكرد غده در واحد سطح، وزن زيست توده هوايي، آهن، روي و منيزيم غده در سطح يك درصد معني‏دار گرديد. اثر تيمار تعداد محلول‏پاشي نيز بر صفات عملكرد تك بوته، عملكرد غده در واحد سطح، وزن زيست توده ، ميزان نيتروژن، پتاسيم، آهن، روي و منيزيم غده در سطح احتمال يك درصد معني‏دار گرديد. اثر متقابل غلظت و تعداد محلول‏پاشي نيز بر صفات عملكرد تك بوته، عملكرد غده در واحد سطح، وزن زيست توده، پتاسيم، آهن، روي و منيزيم غده در سطح احتمال يك درصد معني‏دار گرديد. همچنين اثر تيمار در مقابل شاهد براي صفات عملكرد تك بوته، عملكرد غده در واحد سطح، وزن زيست توده، فسفر، آهن و روي غده معني دار گرديد. نتايج مقايسه ميانگين‏ها نشان داد بالاترين چگالي غده به ميزان 987/0 گرم بر سانتي‏متر مكعب مربوط به سطح محلول‏پاشي دودآب 5/37 سي‏سي بود.

   Introduction: The development of lifelong learning as an educational subject has expanded in all aspects of life and is one of the most important capabilities needed in today's information society. Objective: The research was conducted with the aim of explaining the willingness of agricultural students of Razi University to lifelong learning based on Bandura's theory of social cognition. Research methodology: The research was carried out descriptively and correlationally. The statistical population was the students of agriculture and natural resources of Razi University in the academic year of 1402-1401 in the number of 1365 people, based on the table of Karjesi and Morgan, 300 people as a sample and using stratified random sampling with proportional assignment according to degree were selected. In order to collect information, standard questionnaires were used. The collected data were analyzed with   WIN22 and SmartPLSWIN3 software and in two descriptive and inferential sections. Findings: The students' desire for lifelong learning was at an average level. The level of desire for lifelong learning among doctoral students, working in the private sector and with more than 5 hours of extracurricular study per week was higher than other students. Examining the situation of the four dimensions of Bandura's social cognition theory showed that the three dimensions of expectation-value, self-efficacy and self-regulation are at a high level in students. Based on the modeling results of the structural equations of self-efficacy and self-regulation (first and second factors), they explained a total of 67% of the total variance of the desire for lifelong learning. Conclusion: In the economic and technological situation of today's society, lifelong learning is a necessity, institutionalizing this concept and training agricultural students with it can partially overcome the lack of skills and unemployment of graduates of this sector and the sustainable development of agriculture. to do Based on this, by expanding research activities, encouraging students to study extracurricularly, strengthening self-efficacy and self-regulation, the desire for lifelong learning can be promoted in them. Keywords: lifelong learning, Bandura's theory of social cognition, self-efficacy, self-regulation, expectation-value, self-control.   

   According to the adverse effects of limiting the absorption of micronutrient such as iron, zinc and boron in most agricultural soils of Iran on the growth of agricultural plants, this research was conducted in order to compare the effect of foliar application of different concentrations of common fertilizers and nanoparticles of iron, boron and zinc on yield and some physiological characteristics of chickpea in rainfed condition in the research farm of Razi University in the crop year of 2018-2019. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The treatments examined in this research were: nano particles fertilizer of iron, zinc and boron in three concentrations (2, 4 and 8 grams per liter), their combined forms, common iron and zinc fertilizer treatment (2, 4 and 8 grams per liter) and the control treatment. With respect to the results, the effect of different groups of fertilizers as well as different concentrations of common fertilizers and nanoparticles of iron, zinc and boron on biomass yield, seed yield, number of pod per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod, plant height, number of lateral branches, activity of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase), the content of chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids were significant at the probability level of 1%. In relation to the weight of one hundred seeds and the number of seeds per plant, there was a difference between different groups as well as different concentrations of fertilizers at the five percent probability level. Among different groups of fertilizers, the triple group of iron, zinc and boron nanoparticles had the most positive effect on other agronomic and physiological traits. In this condition, the highest seed yield was 1196 kg/ha and the lowest seed yield was 814 kg/ha in the treatment of no fertilizer application (control). The effect of foliar spraying of common iron and zinc fertilizers was also significant in increasing most of the studied agricultural traits. The effect of common zinc fertilizer in increasing grain yield was greater than that of common iron fertilizer. Also, by examining the effect of different concentrations of common fertilizers and nanoparticles on the increase of studied traits and yield, it was found that as the concentration of fertilizers increased, the amount of other agricultural traits also increased compared to the control treatment (no fertilizer application). The maximum grain yield was obtained in the conditions of triple application of nano-particle fertilizers at a concentration of 8 grams per liter at the rate of 1392 kg per hectare. In general, the most significant effect on the studied traits was related to triple, double and then separate application of micronutrient fertilizers respectively. According to the obtained results, application of 8 grams per liter of iron, zinc and boron in triple form (at the beginning of vegetative growth stages and flowering stages) in investigated area and similar areas, the yield of chickpeas in rainfed conditions will increase significantly.

Breeders can carefully select genotypes with acceptable and stable yield by evaluating the interaction of genotype ×environment in different environmental conditions. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the grain yield stability of 25 bread wheat genotypes (23 genotypes and two Pishtaz and Pishgam cultivars) in the cropping seasons of 2019-2020 in the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Farm of Razi University of Kermanshah in rainfed and irrigation conditions.The experimental design was randomized complete blocks in three replications. The results of simple and combined analysis of variance for the studied traits (grain yield, 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per spike and number of spikes per square meter) showed that genotypes in rainfed conditions were different in terms of 1000-seed weight, the effect of environment and the effect of genotype for 1000-seed weight were significant. In order to determine the stability of genotypes, grain yield in the 2019-2020 and three years before (eight environments E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6, E7 and E8) were evaluated. The results of combined analysis showed that the effect of year, year × place, genotype and genotype × year was significant for grain yield. Yield stability analysis of wheat genotypes based on AMMI model was performed to analyze the interaction of genotype × environment and the first four components were significant at the level of 1% probability. The first and second major components accounted for 49.38% and 26.42% of the total interaction squares, respectively, for a total of 76% of the total interaction squares. Genotypes 7, 21, 5 and 9 were identified as stable genotypes due to having the lowest values of the first component and genotypes 7, 5 and 9 were identified as genotypes with high general compatibility due to their average yield close to the total mean. Based on AMMI1 model plot, genotypes 7, 21, 5 and 25 were identified as genotypes with general and stable compatibility and genotypes 7 and 25 as genotypes with high yield and stability. According to AMMI2 model, genotypes 21, 7, 23, 6 and 5 are introduced as genotypes with general stability and according to GGE biplot method, genotypes 1, 16, 2, 10 with high stability are introduced. Keywords: AMMI model, Genotype × environment interaction, Stability, wheat.

   FastQC and Trimmomatic software were used to check the quality of data in terms of readings and readings and to detect contamination and edit them. Then, in order to locate the readings on the reference genome, the reference genome file and its annotation were needed, for which the latest updated version of this information from the Ensemble database and STAR software was used. HTSeq-Count software was used to count the readings to compare genes in different situations, which is a necessary step, and Calling      indels with Samtools Bcftools software was used to detect and identify   , which led to the identification of raw   sites. And from SAMTOOLS-01. 19_VCF-Utilities software were used to identify the final   , which were detected in Fayoumi and Leghorn 613871 and 492049   chickens. And from ASE-   software to identify ASE-   , and final files with BED (Browser Extensible Data) fret, using DESeq2 statistical package in R environment, ASE-   in two breeds of Leghorn and Fayoumi specifically And significant P<0/05

   The presentstudy was conducted for a systematic review and subsequent meta-analysis toestimate the genetic parameters for growth traits in sheep across three breedgrou   meat, wool and dual-purpose breeds. The results from 221 articlespublished between 1371 and 1399 in and international databases were obtained.The investigated parameters were direct and maternal heritability as well asgenetic and phenotypic correlations between growth traits (birth, weaning, six-month,nine-month and twelve-month weights). After checking the quality of the extracted data, meta-analysiswas performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Version2) software package anda random-effects model. The mean, standard error and 95% confidence limit of heritabilityas well as, genetic and phenotypic correlations between growth traits were estimated.The results showed that the mean of direct heritability for growth traits in meatbreeds ranged from 0.190 ± 0.004 (for birth weight) to 0.264 ± 0.01 (for12-month weight), in wool breeds ranged from 0.198±0.033 (for birth weight) to0.304 ± 0.005 (for 12-month weight), and in dual-purpose breeds   ranged from 0.196 ± 0.004 (for birthweight) to 0.285 ±0.020 (for 9-month weight). Mean of maternal heritability in meat breeds ranged from 0.085 ± 0.003 (for12-month weight) to 0.122 ±0.008 (for birth weight), in wool sheep ranged from0.055 ± 0.002 (for 12-month weight) to 0.164 ±0.002 (for 6-month weight), andin dual-purpose sheep ranged from 0.052 ± 0.005 (for 12-month weight) to 0.162± 0.04 (for 6-month weight).Weighted average of genetic and phenotypiccorrelations between growth traits in meat breeds were in the range of 0.320 to0.847 and of 0.225 to 0.809, respectively. For wool breeds, the genetic andphenotypic correlations between growth traits were in the range of 0.290 to0.755, and 0.232 to 0.711 respectively. For dual-purpose breeds, the geneticcorrelation ranged from 0.329 to 0.879 and the phenotypic correlation rangedfrom 0.240 to 0.820. Considering the 95% confidence interval of the estimated geneticparameters in meta-analysis and the differences in the reported parameters acrossthe articles, it was obvious that aggregation of the results of the studies couldrestrict the range of parameters. Further, the standard error of parameters in meta-analysiswas sharply reduced compared to each of the studies which could be associatedwith the increase in sample size. In conclusion, combining the results of multiple studies could reducethe standard error and increase the accuracy of the estimates. Hence, theresults of meta-analysis studies could be more reliable and useful for breeding

Abstract The sheep mitochondrial genome is 1661 bp in length. The sequence length can vary due to the difference in the number of long consecutive repeats of 75 bp, which contains two symmetric octamers. Due to the fact that many genes have been affected by fertility traits, but a limited number of these major genes have been reported to be associated with sheep reproductive traits, including the ATPase6 gene from the mitochondrial genome. One of the objectives of the present study is to investigate and identify possible polymorphisms in the gene ATPase6 in Sanjabi rams using PCR-RFLP technique and to investigate relationship of ATPase6 gene polymorphism with sperm quality characteristics and testicular dimensions. The study was performed on 96 rams in Kermanshah, Kuzran, Mahidasht and Mehregan research station in Kermanshah province. Blood samples were taken in vacuum tubes with the relevant registered animal number, containing ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid ( EDTA), which inhibits blood coagulation, were stored in dry ice and transferred to a freezer at 2 ° C. PopGen32 software was used to estimate allelic frequency, genotype, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and population indices. GLM proc SAS (9/4) software was used to investigate the relationship between traits related to sperm quality and testicular dimensions and ATPase6 gene polymorphism. After DNA extraction , a specific primer was used to amplify 896 bp fragment of ATPase6 gene. Digestion of PCR products was performed by AlwnI restriction enzyme. The results of digestion of AlwnI restriction enzyme showed the presence of C to G mutation in ATPase6 gene and indicated two genotypes CC and GC with frequencies of 0.21 and 0.79, respectively. The results of data analysis also showed that Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is not in the desired position There werenot association between ATPase6 gene polymorphism and traits related to testicular size and sperm quality and also with sperm volume, mass movement, total ejaculate sperm There was no significant relationship between sperm membrane integrity, morphology, concentration, viability and sperm index. However, there was a significant relationship between gene polymorphism with individual movement and water test, so that animals with GC genotype had the highest percentage of water test compared to CC genotype (P> 0.05). Also, rams with CC genotype had the highest rate of individual movement compared to GC genotype (P> 0.05). The results of this study suggested that further studies should be performed to identify mutations in other parts of the mitochondrial genes to detect genomic regians affecting sprm traits in order to improvement of fertility in herds. Keywords: sperm quality, testicular biometric traits, ATPase6, squirrel sheep

  Abstract Breeding programs basically target economic efficiency of production systems. It is not possible to set optimum method without considering relative significance of traits economically. Using economic coefficients of respective traits to determine contribution of genetic growth to the improvement of production system efficiency helps to specify relative importance of each trait to the breeding programs. Present research set the following items as major objectives of breeding programs and production systems for Sanjabi sheep: improved growth and optimal production of milk, meat, wool, manure and blood. Based on stockbreeders' views, this study attempted to evaluate milk and meat production as breeding targets in addition to economic coefficients of such morphological traits as body weight (BW), body length (BL), head length and breadth, bone focal length, length of ears, length and breadth of rump, etc. in three age groups. Results showed that body weight of the third age group (>3yr) with negative economic efficiency was given the first rank followed by those of both the first and second age groups (<1yr; 1  age 3) with positive economic efficiencies.

  In this study, in order to investigate the relationship between mitochondrial Cytochrome b gene polymorphism and sperm quality traits and testicular dimensions, blood samples were taken from 96 Sanjabi rams. DNA was extracted frim whole bloods to evaluate mitochondrial cytochrome b gene polymorphism. At the same time, sperm samples were taken from the animals and sperm quality traits were analyzed. Testicular dimensions and animal age were also recorded. Using a pair of primers, PCR was performed (979bp) and then PCR products were digested by the restriction enzyme (Nde1).   If there was a mutation, a pieces of length 561 and419 bp if there was no mutation, piece of length 980 will be visible on the agarose gel. Digestion results showed no polymorphism in the studied area. The regian was not polymorphic so that it was not possible to investigate its relationship with sperm quality traits and testicular dimensions.Due to the importance of mitochondria in male fertility, it is recommended that using the sequencing method, other mutations of this gene as well as other genes of this organ be used to evaluate the relationship with sperm quality and testicular dimensions and even the whole genome scan for these traits should be examined.

   Abstract Vegetable oils, whose fatty acid hydrocarbon chain structure is very similar to the hydrocarbon structure of petroleum products, are an ideal alternative to petroleum lubricants due to their properties such as renewability and biodegradability. Biolubricants are obtained by modifying the chemical structure of vegetable oils. In this research, a two-stage transesterification-polyol ester method was used to produce a biolubricant based on Camellina oil. The required heat energy for the reaction was supplied by a microwave with a mechanical stirrer. A vacuum pump connected to a condenser was used to complete the transesterification reaction. Methanol condensing and returning it to the reaction vessel. In the initial stage, Camellia oil reacts with methanol in the presence of KOH catalyst and the microwave device with a constant power of 800 watts was set to Medium mode (12 seconds on and 16 seconds off) and stirring is performed continuously. Methyl ester, trimethylpropane (TMP) alcohol and potassium carbonate catalyst (K2CO3) were used in the biolubricant process. The microwave was set to Low (5 seconds on and 30 seconds off) and stirring is done continuously. Nuclear-hydrogen magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-NMR) was used to analyze the efficiency of the transesterification reaction. In the biodiesel production stage, time factors, catalyst weight percentage and molar ratio of methanol to oil, and in the biolubricant production stage, factors such as time, catalyst weight percentage and biodiesel molar ratio to trimethylol propane (TMP) were investigated using RSM method and Box Behnken experimental design. . For biodiesel reaction, the regression model was quadratic and had an coefficient of determination (R2), standard deviation (Std. Dev.) And coefficient of variation (C.V.) of 97.80%, 3.02, and 4.03%, respectively. The optimization results showed that the highest biodiesel yield of 95.31%   was achived at the reaction time of 5.85 min, catalyst concentration of 1.26%, alcohol to Camellina oil molar ratio of 6.91, and desirability of 0.95. For biolubricant reaction, the regression model was quadratic and had determination coefficient of 97.97%, standard deviation of 0.91 and coefficient of variation of 1%. The optimization results showed that the highest biolubricant efficiency was obtained in 67.8 min, catalyst concentration of 1.4 wt% and molar ratio of 3.5. Under such conditions, the reaction efficiency was 94.3% with a desirability of 0.975. Some properties of produced biodiesel and biolubricant were evaluated and compared with EN14214, ASTM D6751, ISO VG10 and ISO VG22 standards.

AbstractWildfire is an integral part of all natural ecosystems and is one of the most important   threatening factors and factors of structural and ecological transformation of   forests and pastures.Given the protective and protective role of the Zagros forests, wildfire in these ecosystems can be a serious threat .In this study, considering   the value of Zagros pasture   and forest ecosystems and recent wildfires, data on the timing and location of wildfires in natural areas of Kermanshah during 2002 to 2018 using sensors MODIS extracted. Then the frequency of annual wildfire events, relation of   the frequency of events with environmental factors, and the pattern of temporal and spatial variations of wildfire events over a 17 year period were investigated. The result of Frequency   wildfire events in relation to temperature and rainfall parameters showed that the frequency of wildfire events increased with increasing temperature and decreasing rainfall.But in pastures, human factors appear to have a stronger role in the occurrence of wildfires than temperature and rainfall variables. Also comparing the frequency of wildfire events with physiographic factors showed that the slope of 0-15% with mean of 42.82 occurrences per year, height >  Keywords: Wildfire - MODIS Sensor - Zagros Forests - Spatial Pattern - Time Series - L and g Functio  

Maintaining genetic diversity in the Kurdish horse population as a national asset is crucial. Evaluation of the nucleotide sequence of mitochondrial cytochrome b region within populations can be a good indicator of diversity in the studied population. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic and phylogenetic sequence of the cytochrome b region of the Kurdish mitochondrial genome. For this purpose, blood samples were collected from 30 goats. After DNA extraction, 1092 bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b region was amplified by specific primers. The amplified fragments were sequenced by purification after purification. Seven different haplotypes were identified based on 7 polymorphic nucleotides. The haplotypic and nucleotide diversity in Kurdish horses were estimated 0.784 and 0.00218, respectively. Analyzes using the BioEdit program showed that this sequence for the cytB region contains 240 nucleotides A (21/27), 289 nucleotides C (77/32), 116 nucleotides G (15/13) and 237 nucleotides T (87/26). . The tree under genetic procedure (N - J) was obtained as shown. By comparison, Kurdish horses were grouped together in a branch with breeds from Japan (Hokkaido and Yakutia), breeds from China (Lijiang and SanHe), Przewalski Mongolian breed, and Arabian breed with access code MK100122.1. Which reflects the greater genetic similarity of Kurdish horses with Asian and European breeds, especially Asian.   

Mitochondrial genome is a powerful marker in phylogenetic studies due to its high mutation rate, non- recombination and maternal inheritance.The aim of this study was about investigate of   the genetic structure and genetic relationship of Iranian Kurdish horse using D-Loop mitochondrial genome.In this study, blood samples were collected from 30 Kurdish horses and their DNA extracted by salting out method.Then, with using the regoin of   D-Loo   specific primers   in duration 509 bp was divide   and all samples were sequenced after purification. totaly 29 sequences were obtained and the sequences were analyzed   by using bioinformatics softwares.The   piece of   509 bp PCR products obtained   from sequencing was edited in MEGA7 software   and the   piece of 294 bp was extracted from it.Samples were aligned with horse reference sequence accessio   number (x79547) by using of BioEdit software and ClustalW procedure.Different nucleotides were identified between the sequenced samples and 14 haplotypes and 22 polymorphic sites and then the Consensus sequence was obtained as index sequence for this breed.Following sequencing of the mitochondrial genome of other strains was drawn in the Neighbor-Joining phylogeny tree gene bank in the BioEdit software for the Kurdish horseTree drawing shows close proximity of this breed to Chinese, Tibetan, Bulgarian and breed horses in Iran.The amount of nucleotide diversity   0.01153, haplotype diversity 0.901 and the value of D-Tajima 1.378 was calculated by using of DnaSP software.The value of D- Tajima was not significant at P <0.1 level,The negativity of this statistics indicates an increase in population size or selection for purification at the sites.Thus, it seems that the population of breed in study is increasing in number.The results indicate a relatively high diversity in the population of the studied horse breed, indicating a different initial derivation and also showing different maternal lines in these horses.   

   Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE FA To study the effect of planting date and plant density on the quality and quantity of two varieties of flaxseed oil, two field experiments were carried out in 2016 and 2017 in research farm of Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University of Kermanshah

AbstractAbstract Flood routing is of greatimportance because of the possibility of predicting flood, especially in floodareas, and much research has been done so farSaint-Venant is a set ofone-dimensional equations of conjunction and motion size Which isused in numerical simulation of flood. These equations lack analyticalsolution, and to solve it different numerical models such as software mike11,hecras It is used. Considering theimportance of flood rotation in different sections of the river and itsapplication in designing of flood alert systems, as well as flood volume forecastin the downstream sections of the river, The aim of this study was to check theMIKE11 and backup vector machine (SVM) in flood rotation in the downstreamsections of the river. In the present study, a hydraulicroughness of the flood hydrograph between the two hydrometric stations ofHeilian and Tang-e-Sezabon was located in the range of the Seymareh River, Ilamprovince. For this purpose, 365 sections were considered. Each of these twomodels was calibrated by a hydrograph of flood calibration and the accuracy ofthe work was verified by two flood hydrographs. . Then flood hydrograph with different return periods wasgiven to these two applications, and the flood rotation was performed atdifferent sections and with different return periods. The results showed thatboth models were able to predict the output hydrographs. Therefore, because the SVM model needs less information, it can be usedto streamline the flood of this model instead of models like Mike11, whichrequires a lot of information   Keywords: hydraulic routing, flood hydrograph, MIKE11numerical model, backup vector machine(svm)  

  tone fruits are plants from Rosaceae family and include various species, including plums, peaches, apricots, cherries and others. These plants are of great economic importance as fruits (plums, peaches, apricots, cherries and almonds), oil, wood and ornamental plants around the world.canker and bacterial spot are two of the most important diseases among stone fruit trees which have been created by Pseudomonas syringe (van hall) and Xanthomonas arboricola pv. Prunus bacteria and have been discovered in some different parts of the world. No survey had been done In Kermanshah province before this study.Therefore, this research, has worked on recognizing pathogenic bacteria of nuclear stone fruit trees in this province. For this purpose, samples of polluted and healthy trees of Kermanshah province were taken during years of 94,95 and 96. The samples were collected from shoots, leaves and bark of the trees with symptoms of canker. After transferring the specimens to the laboratory, bacterial isolation was carried out to identify isolated bacteria. different physiological and biochemical tests and pathogenicity tests was done. Also, sequencing of the 16S rRNA fragment with two primers 27F and 1492R was performed to help identify bacteria. Pathogenicity of isolates in peach seedlings under greenhouse conditions was investigated. Pathogenic bacteria that were identified with common pathogenicity assays such as hypersensitivity reaction in geranium and soft rot in potatoes and finally proved to be pathogenic isolates on the nuclear plant seedlings, that are belonging to Xanthomonas, Pesudomonas and Microbacterium and The isolation sequence of Y1.8 confirmed the accuracy of the microbacterium genus. The pathogen group included two subgroups. In the first subgroup, three isolates selected as a representative while the result of physiological and biochemical tests for all three isolates were different. Only in isolate O1.7 there were similar results in specific tests on Pseudomonas syringe bacteria. In the second subgroup, six isolates were selected for representing. According to the results of the tests, this subgroup had the most similarities with Xanthomonas genus bacteria. The second group, which contains non-pathogenic bacteria, was also divided into two subgrou   the first subgroup was mainly belonging to the genus Pesudomonas, including P. fluorescens, and some of the isolates belonged to the genus Erwinia. In the second subgroup, the isolates are mainly belonging to different genera, including the genus Bacillus.

  AbstractRapeseed (Brassica napus) is one of the most important oil seed plants in the world. The presence of rapeseed weeds and control them by chemicals is a problem for its cultivation and development. Among conventional herbicides, glyphosate is a common and broad-spectrum herbicide that inhibits E   enzymes. In the present study, in order to induce resistance to glyphosate, a mutated gene with three mutations with a non-mutated gene under control of the CaMV35S promoter and the NOS terminator were first transferred to the pUC18 plasmid and then to the PBI121 plasmid. The transformation to rapeseed RGS003 spring variety was carried out via Agrobacterium tumefaciense (strain LBA4404) method. Resistance of putative transgenic plants to kanamycin was used in order to initial evaluation. In greenhouse conditions, 142 lines of T1 generation were evaluated for resistance to 10 mM glyphosate herbicide. The results were analyzed by Chi-square test. T2 Transgenic plants were evaluated in the in vitro conditions in a factorial experiment in concentrations of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 mM glyphosate herbicide. Also, the T2 plants were examined in greenhouse at concentrations of 0, 1.2, 2.4, 4.2, 19.2, 38.4, 76.8, 156.6mM glyphosate. The results of herbicide effects on plants in greenhouse conditions showed that there is a significant difference between the control and transgenic lines for herbicide tolerance, and in the T1 generation, resistance to herbicide has Mendelian inheritance. Among the plants,there were some lines that were resistant to glyphosate but sensitive to kanamycin. In addition to resistance to kanamycin and herbicide, physiological traits, yield and yield components, boilingtime was also measured. According to the results of this experiment, increasing the concentration of herbicide, stomatal resistance, partial steam pressure, leaf surface temperature and photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance and active photosynthesis radiation, stomatal carbon dioxide, yield and yield components were decreased.   Keywords: Rapeseed, herbicide resistance, glyphosate, E  

  To carry out this genomic study, 5 chromosomes of 100 centimeters with a marker density of 10 markers were simulated in each    centimeter with similar intervals. In order to achieve a continuity imbalance in a thousandth generation, a base population with an effective size of 200 individuals was simulated. After 1000 generations of randomized individuals and formation of haplotypes, the effect of genes replacement was calculated based on the variation in the number of genetic alleles affecting quantitative traits. From these, the true correction values ??of the individuals were obtained . Also, the r2 criterion was used to measure the degree of imbalance between the markers and also the minimum frequency of allele in individuals of the 1000th generation. In this double-populational study, simulations will be made and three modes will be considered for race history. In the first and second modes, the generic origin will be 50 and 500 generations, and in the third state there will be no generational generation. Simulations were repeated 40 times due to the use of a randomized model, and their average was reported as the result. In order to study the trend of increasing the accuracy of correction values ??for traits with different heritability, the number of different individuals and with different number of densities showed the reliability of corrective values. The results of this study showed that as the reference population goes away, with the increase of generations from 1001 to 1005, the estimation of genomic correction values ??is reduced, but the amount of accuracy increases with the number of individuals. Also, by increasing the heritability from 0.1 to 0.5 with similar QTL numbers in the generations 1001 to 1005, it also increases the density of the marker from 3 to 4 vertebrate.Keywords: genomic selection, reference population, markers, small population

Abstract:The aim of this study was, the Possibility of using high-density    markers for improving the genetic diversity in populations with a bottleneck, determination of the minimum   required marker density for evalution of genetic diversity in these populations and determine the best strategy for using the genetic markers in the improvement of genetic diversity. This study   was performed with simulation computer   y using of R programming language. First, a populatio     in the size of   100 individual non-relatives (male and female same) was simulated, than this population structure were randomly mating together to 50 generations and in all generations the number of offspring was fixed, after that the genome with a length of 5 morgan and 5 chromosomes 1 morgan was simulated with the same length. In order to create a marker density respectively, the number of 5000،500،50   markers    in equal distances was on the chromosome. Then the base population over four generations was incresed to 1600 individual. At this stage of the study,   three scenarios of bottleneck   , moderate, severe and very severe on the population was applied and the remaining population in the influence of bottleneck, according to distant relatives (pedigree) and according to distant relatives (  ), was mated randomly. The results showed that in random mating, inbreeding in small populations increased greatly and mating in the distant relatives increased less intensity. Also mating in distant relative   that people was calculated based on coefficient of distant relatives and mated according to data obtained from the (  ), value of inbreeding was less than population that were crossed with each other according to data obtained from the pedigree. So, we can conclude that in a small population, individuals mate with each other   ased on the coefficient of distant relatives which obtained from the (  ),because of genomic inbreeding may reflect real inbreeding in the population, which could be a useful tool to evaluate population inbreeding and, also genomic information and better information based on pedigree. Finally the rate of inbreeding in small populations in the low density of markers (Population 16) in comparsion with high density increased, but this increase was not significant(P>0/05). However, in larger populations (Population 80, Population 160) along with increasing the density of markers, the rate of inbreeding decreased and the results showed that in the very small population density of marker doesnt have notable impact on the controll of inbreeding. But at high densities of markers in big populations, it can help   to controll inbreeding rates and maintain the genetic diversity of individuals.key words: Bottleneck, Genetic diversity, Molecular markers,       

High quality seed is essential factor for proper establishment of seedling in field. Percentage and rate of seed germination in the laboratory are usually different from the emergence percentage and rate in field. This study carried out to determine the most suitable seed vigor test in the laboratory to predict the seedlling emergence percentage and rate. Eight lentil seed lots belonged to four cultivars (kimia, Bilesavar, Qazvin and Kermanshah local), were selected. These seed lots were different in production year, so that were produced in 2010 and 2014 years. In laboratory, some seed tests were performed on the seed lots, such as standard germination test, cold test, electrical conductivity test, imbibition test, hiltner test, osmotic stress test (at three potential 0, -3 and -6 bar), and accelerated aging test (at three temperatures 40, 41 and 42 °C for periods of 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours). In these tests, some indices related to seed and seedling vigor were measured, such as final germination percentage, mean daily germination, average time to germination, germination rate, normal seedling percentage, abnormal seedling percentage, seedling vigor index, allometric index, the use of seed storage, the contribution of seed storage in seedling weight, root and shoot length, root and shoot dry weight. In the farm, also, above mention seed lots were planted and some traits were evaluated, such as the seedling emergence percentage, average daily emergence, average time to emergence and seedling emergence rate. The results of analysis of variance and mean comparisons showed that the lentil seed lots were different in terms of measured traits in the laboratory and the field. Orthogonal analysis for field and laboratory tests showed the superiority new v.s. old seed lots. To investigate the relation between field and laboratory tests, correlation analysis wase measured between germination characteristics in the laboratory with two traits of percentage and rate of seedling emergence in field. In relation to seedling emergence percentage in the field, the highest positive correlations were obtained with normal seedling percentage in the accelerated aging test at of 41 °C for 72 and 96 hours (0.888 and 0.861, respectively), the final germination percentage in the accelerated aging test at 41 °C for 72 and 96 hours (0.842 and 0.813, respectively), normal seedling percentage in the cold test at 2 °C (0.733) and normal seedling percentage in the standard germination test (0.724). In relation to seedling emergence rate in the field, the highest positive correlations were obsereved with germination rate in the cold test at 2 °C (0.792), shoot length in the cold test at 4 °C (0.766), germination rate in the osmotic stress test at -6 bar (0.765), average daily germination in the osmotic stress test at -6 bar (0.753), average daily germination in the standard germination test (0.733), and average daily germination in the accelerated aging test at 41 °C for 96 and 72 hours (0.718 and 0.712, respectively). So, these laboratory tests can be used to predict the rate and percentage of seedling emergence in the field.