This study wasconducted as 2x4 factorial experiment with the aim of investigating the effect of adding chicory root powder,artichoke leaf and stem powder,and Bacillus subtilis bacteria to the basal diet of laying hens on production performance,egg quality traits,egg cholesterol levels,some blood serum parameters,and intestinal histomorphology at the end of the production phase. 336 Lohmann LSL Lite laying hens at the age of 77 weeks were distributed in 8 treatments with 7 replications and six birds in each replication and fed with experimental diets for 98 days. The control group (without additives) had lower egg production,egg mass,villus height,crypt depth,and serum uric acid,total cholesterol,HDL and LDL,and higher feed conversion ratio,cracked eggs,unmarketable eggs,and yolk cholesterol concentration compared to all experimental groups. The effect of the simultaneous presence of all three factors as feed additives on egg production,cracked eggs,unmarketable eggs,mortality,yolk ratio,albumin ratio,yolk to albumin ratio,shell ratio,crypt depth,and villus height was significant. The group that was fed the basal diet with chicory root powder alone had the highest levels of serum uric acid,total cholesterol,total protein,and LDL compared to the other experimental groups.The group that was fed the basal diet with the simultaneous presence of all three factors had the highest levels of serum triglycerides and HDL. Adding chicory root powder with Bacillus subtilis bacteria or adding artichoke leaf and stem powder with Bacillus subtilis bacteria to the basal diet of laying hens had a significant effect on villus width. The group that was fed the basal diet with artichoke leaf and stem powder alone had the highest villus height and crypt depth,and the group that was fed the basal diet and Bacillus subtilis alone had the highest villus width and villus height to crypt depth ratio. The presence or absence of experimental factors alone or together as additive to the basal diet had no statistically significant effect on egg weight produced,shell less eggs,small eggs,body weight change,egg shape index,Haugh units,yolk index,yolk weight,albumin weight,yolk height,albumin height,shell thickness,shell weight,breaking strength,egg specific gravity,and serum parameters including uric acid,triglycerides,total protein,blood glucose,total cholesterol,HDL,and LDL.

   The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of alternatives of growth promotors   on the performance and intestine morphology of broiler chickens.A total of 480   one-day-old broiler chickens (Ross 308 strain) with the same average weight were used in a completely randomized design with 8 treatments, 6 replicates and 10 chick   per replicate. Experimental treatments including 1)negative   control (without additives), 2) positive controlbacitracin (antibiotic), 3) acidifier Parsid Plus in the amount of 1.5 g per Kg of feed, 4) acidifier Parsid Plus in the amount of 3 g per Kg of feed, 5) Novi Herb Plus in the amount of 0.75   grams per kg of feed, 6) Novi Herb Plus in the amount of 1/5   g per kg of feed, 7) Novi Herbin the amount of 750 grams per kg of feed, and 8) Novi Herb in the amount of 1.5 g per kg of feed. The results showed that in the first week of rearing, the birds that received the treatments containing Parasid Plus (3 g/kg) and New Herb and New Herb Plus had less feed consumption compared to the control group (P<0.01), In the entire rearing period (1-42 days), the addition of the antibiotic Bacitracin, New Herb (0.75 g/kg) and New Herb Plus (0.75 g/kg) led to a significant decrease in feed consumption (0.05 >P), other experimental treatments had no significant effect. Examining the body weight gain data showed that the use mode additives did not cause a significant change in body weight in the first week and the initial period. In the whole period (1-42 days), the treatment of 1.5 g/kg of new herb significantly increased the weight gain compared to the control and positive control (antibiotic) (P < 0.01). In the entire rearing period (1-42 days), the addition of New Herb and New Herb Plus at the level of 0.75 g/kg led to a significant improvement in the food conversion ratio compared to the negative control group (without addition) (P<0.05). The evaluation of the height of the jejunum villi showed that the addition of 1.5 g/kg New Herb Plus, 0.75 and 1.5 g/kg New Herb to the diet significantly increased the villus height compared to the negative and positive control (>0.05). ) The ratio of villus length to crypt depth in chickens fed with levels of 0.75 and 1.5 g/kg New Herb or New Herb Plus increased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.05). In general, the results of this experiment showed that the addition of Parsid Plus compound (butyric acid, formic acid, propionic acid, acetic acid and citric acid) along with their salts along with cinnamon essential oil) did not have a significant effect on the functional and morphological parameters of the intestine, But New Herb compounds (containing essential oils of oregano, thyme, zenyan in nanoencapsulated form) and New Herb Plus (containing microcapsulated essential oils (zenyan, thyme, peppermint), prebiotics (lactose + yeast cell wall), organic acids ( lactic acid and formic acid) and some plant compounds including turmeric powder, garlic and cinnamon) can improve the height of the villus and the ratio of villus elevation to the depth of the crypt. be effective on the growth and improvement of the food conversion factor.

   This research was conducted to investigate the effects of probiotics B. subtilis, B. coagulans, S. cerevisiae, and whey powder on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of egg, blood parameters, and histomorphological characteristics of ileum in Lohmann LSL-lite laying hens in two experiments. In both experiments, there were six repetitions and there were 6 birds in each repetition, for 12 weeks. The first experiment was conducted with 288 Lohmann laying hens. The experimental diets consisted of a basal corn-soybean meal, the factors examined in this research were: B. subtilis 109 CFU at the rate of one gram/kg, whey powder at the rate of one gram/kg, and S. cerevisiae at the rate of 3 grams/kg. The control group received a standard diet without any additives. The other groups received a standard diet with B. subtilis, WP, S. cerevisiae, or a combination of them. No synergistic effect was found between WP, B. subtilis, and S. cerevisiae in studied parameters other than malondialdehyde level. The triple interaction effects of whey powder, S. cerevisiae, and B. subtilis in the diet reduced the amount of malondialdehyde compared to the group that received whey powder or B. subtilis alone or a mixture of them (P < 0.05). In the birds receiving whey powder, the length of villus (ileum) increased significantly compared to the control group, as well as the egg weight and specific gravity increased significantly compared to the control group.In the birds receiving Bacillus subtilis, the length and width of the villus (ileum) increased significantly compared to the control group, and the calcium, total protein and TAC levels in the serum increased significantly compared to the control group. Egg weight (at week 81-86) was improved in the group that received S. cerevisiae compared to the control. The birds that received whey powder and B. subtilis simultaneously tended to increase the length of the villi compared to the control group. A synergistic effect on egg weight and mass, and an improvement in their serum calcium levels was observed. In the second experiment, 144 Lohmann laying hens were used. The birds were fed a basal diet (control, CON), the basal diet supplemented with 1 g/kg WP, 1 g/kg B. coagulans (4*106 CFU) probiotic, and 1 g/kg WP plus 1 g/kg B. coagulans probiotic. Hens fed B. coagulans exhibited greater villi width and yolk color than Hens not fed it, however, their shell thickness and percentage of shell decreased. Birds receiving whey powder and B. coagulans had a significant synergistic effect on performance (egg production and mass). They also showed a tendency to decrease FCR. In light of these results, the simultaneous use of the these factors investigated in this experiment has no harmful effects on production performance, egg quality, and blood parameters in Lohmann's laying hens.

   The greater wax moth is one of the most important pests of stored products and honeybee colonies especially honeybee wax combs in the hives or stored wax combs which this pest inflicts heavy damage on beekeepers every year by feeding on wax combs inside the hives as well as stored wax combs. The present study aimed to investigate different methods of integrated management of large wax moths in beehives and storage warehouses during the spring to summer of 1402 in 35 Iranian honey bee colonies in the climatic conditions of Marivan city of Kurdistan province, Iran. This study was carried out in the form of a completely randomized design with six treatments (including strong apiary, weak apiary, dark warehouse, light warehouse, organic acid treatment, and control treatments) and five replications. Field surveys were conducted for 20 days on experimental treatments. Variance analysis of data was done using    V.22 software, and a comparison of averages was done based on the LSD method. The results of the variance analysis of the number of wax moths in the strong apiary showed that there is a significant difference between the groups (P < 0.05). Based on the results of the average comparison, the highest number of wax moths was observed in the control treatment, and the lowest its was related to treatments 1 and 4. The results of the variance analysis of the number of wax moths in the poor apiary showed that there is a significant difference between the groups (P < 0.05). Based on the results of the average comparison, the highest number of wax moths was observed in the second treatment, and the lowest its was in the control treatment. The results of variance analysis of the mortality rate of wax moths in the treatment of organic acids showed that there is a significant difference between the groups (P < 0.05). Based on the results of the average comparison, the highest and lowest number of dead wax moths were related to formic acid and control treatments, respectively. The results of the variance analysis of the number of adult wax moths seen in the dark warehouse showed that there is a significant difference between the groups (P < 0.05). Based on the results of the average comparison, the highest number of wax moths was observed in treatment 5, and the lowest was related to the control treatment. The results of variance analysis of the number of adult insects observed in the bright warehouse showed that there is a significant difference between the groups (P < 0.05). Based on the results of the average comparison, the highest and lowest number of observed wax moths were related to the control treatment and second treatment, respectively.

Today, for the production of agricultural products, inputs such as fertilizers and chemical poisons, fossil fuels, and machinery are needed, each of which has a significant contribution to the production of greenhouse gases. The increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases is the reason for climate change, which itself plays an important role in the amount of production of the world's agricultural ecosystems. For this purpose, a study was conducted with the aim of the effect of crop rotation on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the fields of Kermanshah. To carry out this study, all agricultural operations and inputs consumed in the studied fields from planting to harvesting, including all chemical inputs (fertilizers, poisons, fossil fuels, seeds, agricultural machinery, etc.) were calculated and analyzed. The data analysis was calculated in three parts energy input (consumption), energy output (production) and global warming potential (GWP) caused by the emission of greenhouse gases. The results of this study showed that the total input energy in common wheat cultivation was 13844.7 megajoules, of which the largest share was related to fossil fuel consumption (37.4%). While the highest share in low-tillage and no-tillage wheat cultivation belonged to nitrogen fertilizer in the amount of 36.7%. The total input energy in the common chickpea cultivation system was 7009.6 megajoules, while the total input energy in low tillage chickpea cultivation was 5256.4 megajoules and in no-tillage chickpea cultivation the total input energy was 4470 megajoules. The largest share in all three tillage systems was related to fossil fuels. In the common wheat cultivation system, low tillage and no-tillage, energy consumption efficiency were 3.2, 5.1 and 4.9 respectively. The amount of energy consumption efficiency in common chickpea cultivation, low tillage and no-tillage was 2.6, 2.8 and 3.9 respectively. The largest share of consumption inputs caused by global warming and greenhouse gas emissions in the cultivation of wheat and peas is related to fossil fuels. The highest amount of CO2 greenhouse gas emissions in the wheat-wheat cycle was related to fossil fuels (59.21), nitrogen fertilizers (30.82), phosphate fertilizers (7.41) and potash fertilizers (55.2). Also, the highest amount of CO2 greenhouse gas emissions in the wheat-pea cycle was related to fossil fuels (59.32), nitrogen fertilizers (28.58), phosphate fertilizers (9.19) and potash (2.90). The highest emission of CO2 gas in common wheat cultivation was related to the consumption of fossil fuels and in low tillage and no-tillage, wheat cultivation was related to the use of nitrogen fertilizers. The highest emission of greenhouse gas N2O caused by chemical inputs related to fossil fuels was common in wheat cultivation. According to the results, it can be stated that wheat cultivation with a low tillage method had the highest energy consumption efficiency. The highest energy efficiency in chickpea cultivation was related to the no-tillage system. The higher energy efficiency in the wheat-pea rotation was due to the decrease in input energy and the increase in crop efficiency in this rotation. The global warming index increased with the increase of greenhouse gas emissions in the wheat-wheat rotation compared to the wheat-pea rotation.   

    Water resources management planning is one ofthe most practical and necessary human measures to preserve and preserveavailable fresh water resources, since available freshwater resources arelimited, finding a balanced relationship between environmental needs and humanneeds is an important step in the sustainability of water resources. For properplanning for water resources management in the first place, having sufficientand reliable climatic parameters and hydrology based on which the mostappropriate planning can be necessary.In thisresearch, first, the existing data of the hydrometric stations under theGamasiab basin have been investigated by different methods and prepared forprediction, purification and reconstruction of the data, and differentdimensions of dependent variables, taking into account the spatial dimensions ortime dimensions of the parameters, have been created in two differentscenarios, in each scenario, 80% and 20% of the data have been used to trainand test the model, respectively. Also, using principal component reductionmethods, appropriate dimensions are selected and modeled by genetic algorithmin Python programming environment using known methods of machine learning andoptimization. Finally, according to the percentage of matching and validationof each of these methods, the most accurate option and prediction method havebeen selected.Theresults of prediction and data purification in the first scenario (by spatialmethod) showed that the results were more favorable in the conditions that thedata were standardized and also the results of the non-temporal approach werebetter than the time series in similar situations, so that the highestcoefficient obtained from NSE for the data of the training stage was 0.85 andfor the testing stage was 0.6. In general, the best result in this scenario isrelated to the non-temporal approach and by selecting the model feature by theSVR model optimized by genetic algorithm.Ingeneral, prediction and data purification are influenced by different factors,the results of this study showed that data processing, taking into account thetime sequence of data, reducing the input dimensions of the model and usinggenetic optimization algorithm have the greatest impact on obtaining thedesired result and with high accuracy for accurate prediction and purificationof data, respectively.

    Autumn-SeededChickpea Cultivars  AbstractThis study wasconducted to investigate the effect of different tillage methods on yield andgrowth characteristics of some chickpea cultivars and some soil characteristicsduring 2020-2021 year in Kuhdasht region located in Lorestan province. Theexperiment was performed as a split plot based on a randomized complete blockdesign with four replications. Treatment of different tillage methods at threelevels (conventional tillage, reduction tillage and no tillage) in main plotsand eight autumn chickpea cultivars (Adel, Arman, Hashem, Mansour, Azad, Azkan,Aksu and Goksu) were located on sub-plots. The results of analysis of varianceshowed that some of the studied traits were affected by tillage and more bycultivar. Based on the obtained results, the highest moisture content wasobtained at a depth of 15 to 30 cm of soil at the rate of 12.6% in the plotunder cultivation of Azkan cultivar. The highest soil temperature of 14.17 ° Cwas recorded in conventional tillage treatment. The results showed that in allthree tillage systems, the highest degree of growth day to emergence of 244 wasrelated to Adel cultivar. The effect of tillage treatment on emergencepercentage and plant height was not significant. The highest percentage ofemergence was obtained in Kogsu cultivar (73%) and the highest plant height wasobtained in Azkan cultivar (30.20 cm). Root weight was not affected by tillagetreatment, while the highest root dry weight was obtained in Aksu cultivar(2.87 g). The effect of tillage treatment on 100-seed weight was notsignificant, although 100-seed weight of Aksu cultivar in no-till treatment was42 g and higher than other cultivars. Based on the results, the effect oftillage and cultivar on grain and biological yields, harvest index andreproductive effort index were not significant. The highest harvest index wasobtained in Adel cultivar and the highest reproductive effort index wasobtained in Arman cultivar. Also, grain protein was not affected by tillagetreatments. Among the cultivars, Mansour had the highest grain protein content(19.09%) and the highest greenness index was obtained in Azkan cultivar(27.94%).Keywords: Yield components, Grain protein, Conventional tillage, Greennessindex, Chickpea  

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of supplemental nutrition on organic and vitamin A in corn and soy based diets on production performance and quality characteristics of laying hens. For this purpose, 360 commercial laying hens of Bones strain at the age of 60 weeks were used. Production and functional traits such as feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg production percentage, egg mass and average egg weight (g) In the middle of the period, the end of the period and the whole period of the experimental design were analyzed. Specific weight, egg shape index, shell weight and shell thickness were measured. The data obtained were analyzed using GMP statistical software in a completely randomized factorial design that included 12 treatments and 5 repetition and 6 observations per repetition. Based on the results, the percentage of egg production at the levels of interaction of zinc and vitamin A in the first month, the second month and the whole period were significant (P?0.05), but egg mass among the experimental treatments in the first month, the second month and the whole period was not different from each other (P?0.05). The interaction of different levels of zinc and vitamin A supplementation on yolk weight and shell weight was significant, so that treatments containing 8000 units of vitamin A with levels of 60, 90 or 120 mg / kg of organic zinc supplementation had a higher yolk weight than control and the treatment containing 8000 units of vitamin A and 120 mg / kg zinc (treatment 9) had higher shell weight (P 05 0.05). Significant changes were observed in the intraction levels of zinc and vitamin A in yolk (P?0.05). And treatments 4, 7 and 12 had the better yolk color. Levels of 90 and 120 mg of zinc compared to the level of 60 mg reduced feed consumption and improved the feed conversion ratio (P? 0.05). Different treatments had significant effects on egg shell thickness and egg weight (P <0.05). The results of this study showed that the use of zinc supplementation in the diet of laying hens at the levels of 90 and 120 mg of zinc and vitamin A at the level of 16000 units can have positive effects on their performance and egg production.   

  AbstractThis study was performed to investigate theeffects of using Ferolago angulate extract onquantitative and qualitative traits of milk and colostrum production,antioxidant status of pregnant goats and also antioxidant status of goat milkin dairy goats. In this experiment, 21 dairy goats were used in the form of 3experimental treatments and 7 replications in a period of 7 months. Goats werefed in 3 groups (control, feeding with 20 mg of Ferolago angulate extractper kg of live weight and feeding with 40 mg of Ferolago angulate extractper kg of live weight). Estrus synchronization was performed in goats. In twostages of pregnancy (beginning and end), blood samples were taken and someblood parameters were examined. Immediately after the birth of the goats, basedon the birth weight and quantitative and qualitative measurement of thecolostrum, during the lactation period, the quantitative and qualitativeevaluation of the milk produced by the mothers was performed. The resultsshowed that the addition of 40 mg of Ferolago angulate extractto the basic diet of goats significantly increased milk production compared tothe control treatment (P <0.05). Also, adding 20 mg of Ferolago angulate extract to goats' diet significantly reduced milksomatic cells (P <0.05). Other milk components measured in this experimentwere not affected by the experimental diet (P <0.05). Mean weight gain,blood parameters and measured serum antioxidant levels includingmalondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and totalantioxidant were not affected by any of the experimental diets (P>0.05). In general, the results of the data showed that the use of Ferolago angulate extract as an additive at the level of 20 and 40 mg hasa positive effect on milk production performance of dairy goats, but in termsof weight gain, blood parameters and the level of antioxidants used Up to 20and 40 mg did not improve these parameters.Keywords: Ferolago angulata, milk, goat, antioxidants, milkcompounds

اين ازمايش به منظور ارزيابي تأثير كمپلكس آلي روي، منگنز، آهن، مس، كروم و كبالت بر عملكردتوليدي وفرآسنجه­هاي خوني جوجه­هاي گوشتي در يك دوره 42 روزه انجام شد.آزمايش در قالب طرح كاملا ًتصادفي با 3 تيمار و 6   تكرار و 12 پرنده در هر واحد آزمايشي طراحي و اجرا شد. تيمارهاي آزمايشي عبارتنداز: تيمار اول: گروه كنترل (بدون افزودن مكمل، تيمار شاهد)، تيمار دوم: افزودن كمپلكس آلي به مقدار 1گرم در كيلوگرم، تيمار سوم: افزودن كمپلكس آلي به مقدار 5/1گرم در كيلوگرم. نتايج نشان داد كه افزودن كمپلكس آليبر عملكرد (خوراك مصرفي، افزايش وزن روزانه و ضريب تبديل خوراك) جوجه­هاي گوشتي در سه دوره استارتر(1-10)، رشد (24-11) و پاياني (42-25) روزگي از لحاظ آماري تأثير معني­داري نداشته است (05/0<P). تاثير تيمارهاي آزمايشي در بين فرآسنجه­هاي خوني بر كلسترول و آلكالين فسفاتاز معني­دار شدند (05/0>P). ضمن اينكه غلظت گلوكز و تري­گليسريد نيز تمايل به معني­داري داشتند. غلظت كلسترول وآلكالين فسفاتاز، در تيمار حاوي كمپلكس آلي به مقدار 1 گرم در كيلوگرم با گروه كنترل اختلاف معني­داري داشت، بنابراين تيمار كمپلكس آلي به مقدار 1 گرم در كيلوگرم باعث كاهش معني­دارغلظت كلسترول وآلكالين فسفاتاز در مقايسه با گروه كنترل شد. تاثير تيمارهاي آزمايشي بر قابليت هضم مواد معدني آهن، مس، منگنز، روي، كبالت و كروم نشان داد كه بر آهن، منگنز، كبالت و كروم تاثير معني­داري داشت (05/0>P). نتايج نشان داد كه تيمارهاي حاوي كمپلكس آلي به مقدار 1 گرم در كيلوگرم و كمپلكس آلي به مقدار 5/1گرم در كيلوگرم باعث كاهش معني­دار قابليت هضم آهن و كبالت در مقايسه با گروه كنترل شد. در حاليكه تيمار متعلق به كمپلكس آلي به مقدار 1 گرم در كيلوگرم بر قابليت هضم منگنز با گروه كنترل تفاوت معني­داري داشت. علاوه بر اين، تيمار كمپلكس آلي به مقدار 5/1گرم در كيلوگرم بر قابليت هضم كروم با گروه كنترل اختلاف معني­داري داشت و باعث افزايش قابليت هضم كروم در مقايسه با گروه كنترل شد. اين پژوهش نشان داد كه استفاده از كمپلكس آلي بر افزايش وزن بدن، مصرف خوراك و ضريب تبديل خوراك تاثير معني­داري نداشت. اما باعث كاهش سطح كلسترول و آلكالين فسفاتاز و همچنين كاهش قابليت هضم آهن و كبالت و منگنز شد، و باعث افزايش قابليت هضم كروم شد.   

(P?0.05).   

چكيده:    اين پژوهش به منظور بررسي عوامل مؤثر بر افزايش بهره وري توليد مرغ مرغداريهاي گوشتي استان   و راهكارهاي بهبود آن به اجرا درآمد. روش تحقيق در نظرگرفته شده براي انجام اين پژوهش، روش   تحقيق پيمايشي و از طريق نمونه گيري بود. به اين ترتيب از ميان جامعه مورد پژوهش(جامعه مرغداران گوشتي استان كرمانشاه)   تعداد70 واحد   با ظرفيتهاي مختلف به روش نمونه گيري خوشه اي طبقه بندي شده انتخاب گرديد و از آنها ، پرسشنامه اي بصورت حضوري حاوي اطلاعات كليه هزينه ها، درآمدها وخصوصيات مديريتي واحد پرورش تكميل شد. با استناد به اطلاعات جمع آوري شده، بهره وري متوسط يا ميزان بدست آوردن ستاده (محصول) به ازاي واحد داده ، بهره وري نهائي يا مقداري كه هر واحد عامل ورودي (داده) به ستاده كل اضافه ميكند وبهره وري كل عوامل توليد بدست آمد. نتايج حاصل از مطالعه جاري نشان دادكه هزينه دان، هزينه اصلي مرغداريها و در حدود 94 درصد از كل هزينه مرغداري ها را سه هزينه دان، خدمات بهداشت و درمان و خريد و حمل جوجه تشكيل مي دهند و واحدهاي پرورشي از نظر نوع و نحوه استفاده از وسايل گرمايشي در وضعيت نامطلوب اقتصادي قرار دارند. همچنين از انواع داروها و واكسنها بيش از حد مطلوب اقتصادي استفاده شده است و بنابراين بهره وري استفاده از اين نهاده در سطوح پاييني قرار دارد. ساير نتايج نشان داد كه هزينه مصرف دان بر بهره وري توليد واحدهاي پرورش مرغ گوشتي تأثير مثبت، معني دار و   با ضريب اهميت بالايي دارد و هزينه استفاده از اين نهاده در بين اكثر مرغداريها كمتر از حدمطلوب اقتصادي است. بررسي ضريب تبديل غذايي   در بين مرغداريهاي جمعيت نمونه نشان داد كه تنها 17 درصد مرغداريها در وضعيت ايده آل قرار دارند، 47 درصد در وضعيت نسبتا مطلوب و حدود28 درصد در وضعيت نامطلوب قرار دارند. بررسي وضعيت تلفات در هفته اول پرورش و در كل دوره نشان داد كه عمده تلفات از هفته اول به بعد اتفاق افتاده است، نتايج اين پژوهش نشان داد در اكثر مرغداريها استفاده از نهاده نيروي كار در حد كمتر از ميزان مطلوب اقتصادي بوده است.    واژه هاي كليدي: بهره وري ، مرغداري گوشتي، استان كرمانشاه   

  تجزيه گرمايي زيست توده در محيطبدون اكسيژن يا با اكسيژن اندك را گرماكافت مي‌نامند كه محصول اين فرآيند دي اكسيدكربن، گازهاي سوختي، بخار قيري و جزء جامدي به نام بيوچار است. فرآيند گرماكافتراهي براي تبديل زيست توده به مواد با ارزشتر نظير بيوچار است. بيوچار ماده ايجامد و داراي محتواي كربن بالاست كه رايج ترين مورد استفاده آن در كشاورزي بهعنوان اصلاح كننده خاك است. محققان در سال هاي گذشته تاثير استفاده از بيوچار برخصوصيات فيزيكي وشيميايي خاك را مورد مطالعه قرار داده اند و مشخص شده است كهافزودن بيوچار به خاك كيفيت خاك را بهبود مي‌بخشد. خصوصيات فيزيكي و شيميايي بيوچارتحت تأثير عوامل مختلفي از جمله نوع مواد اوليه، شرايط واحد گرماكافت، سرعت گرمادهي،مدت زمان گرماكافت وللفعوامل متعدد ديگري قرار مي‌گيرد . دامنه گسترده فرآيندگرماكافت منجر به توليد بيوچارهايي   كه ازنظر خواص شيميايي و فيزيكي مختلفي نظير تركيب عنصري و خاكستر، وزن مخصوص، تخلخل،توزيع اندازه منافذ، سطح ويژه، pH، جذب و دفع آب و يون ها و بسياري خواص ديگر متفاوت هستند مي‌شود. هدفاز اين مطالعه، بررسي اثر تغيير دبي هوا و دماي محفظه در گرماكافت اكسايشي بسترثابت بر روي عملكرد بيوچار، محتواي خاكستر، وزن مخصوص و pH بود. بدين منظور يك دستگاه توليد بيوچار اكسايشي بسترثابت با قابليت تغيير در دماي محفظه و دبي هواي خروجي طراحي و ساخته شد.آزمايش‌هادر چهار دبي هواي 20، 25، 30 و 35 ليتر در دقيقه ونيز چهار دماي 350، 400، 450 و500 درجه سانتي‌گراد براي كاه و كلش گندم انجام شد. نتايج نشان داد كه افزايش دبيهواي   خروجي   از محفظه و افزايش دماي محفظه، سبب افزايش ميزانخاكستر وpH شد. درحالي كه تغيير اين پارامترها سبب كاهش وزن مخصوص ظاهري و عملكرد   بيوچارتوليدي شدند.     

This experiment was performed to investigate the effect of different levels of the amino acid arginine and the element nano-selenium on the production traits, carcass components and safety of broilers. Therefore, 810 one-day-old broiler chickens of Ross strain were tested by factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 9 treatments, 6 replications and 15 chickens. Experimental treatments including control treatment without additives, the second treatment containing 0.45 mg of arginine, the third treatment containing 0.9 mg of arginine, the fourth treatment containing 0.3 mg of nano-sellenium, the fifth treatment containing 0.45 mg of nano selenium, the sixth treatment Containing 0.3 and 0.45 mg nano selenium and arginine, the seventh treatment contains 0.3 and 0.9 mg nano selenium and arginine, the eighth treatment contains 0.45 and 0.45 mg nano selenium and arginine and the ninth treatment They contained 0.45 and 0.9 mg of nano selenium and arginine. The breeding period was 35 days. Weight gain and feed intake were also recorded weekly and feed conversion ratio was also calculated. On day 35, physiological reagents including albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose as well as blood enzymes aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde and blood safety were evaluated. Chickens were then slaughtered and their carcass components and weight were measured. The mean interaction of broiler chickens and also the weight of chickens receiving arginine and nano-selenium up to three weeks did not show a significant difference (P> 0.05). The interaction of these treatments was significant in the fourth and fifth weeks of the experiment (P <0.05). Weekly weight gain as well as final weight gain of broilers showed that there was no significant difference in the interaction of arginine and nano-selenium levels by three weeks (P <0.05). The mean of weight gain interactions in the fourth and fifth weeks as well as the whole period showed a significant difference (P <0.05). The mean of feed interactions of broiler chickens except the first week (P <0.05) in all experimental weeks and also in the whole period was affected      

   Abstract    This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of fermented camelina meal on performance and digestibility in broilers. A total of 420 broilers were randomly assigned to 7 treatments with 6 replicates and 10 replicates per replicate in a completely randomized design. Experimental treatments included control (based on soybean meal) and 5, 10 and 15% treatments of replacing raw camelina or fermented soybean meal in the diet. The chicks of all groups received the ration at the end of the first week of each treatment. The results of this experiment showed that at the end of the feed weight gain and feed conversion ratio and feed intake as well as protein digestibility in the fermented treatments, especially 15% compared to the non fermented ones. There was a significant difference (P <0.01), therefore, with regard to the positive effects of fermented camelina meal on broiler digestibility and digestibility, this processed protein source could be considered as an alternative to soybean meal.   

Tomato is the second most commonly used vegetable after potatoes and is undoubtedly one of the most widely used horticultural products. Because tomato is one of the most important crops in Iran, understanding the genetic diversity of genotypes cultivated in Iran is of great importance. In this research, 99 genotypes were collected from Rojin taak, Golsam, gorgan, Behta, Hezare sewom and Falat Companies in order to evaluate the genetic diversity of tomato. molecular studies at the Biotechnology Laboratory of the Department of Plant Genetic Engineering and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Sciences and Agricultural Engineering, in 2017-19. To evaluate the genetic diversity of tomato genotypes, a SCoT molecular marker was used. Of the 36 SCoT primers used, there were 15 polymorphic initiators. Out of 207 bands produced, 206 bands were polymorphic, and the mean of the polymorphic percentages and the mean of the Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) was estimated to be 99.92 and 0.298, respectively, and the size of the bands varied from 250 to 3200 bp. In the study of genetic similarity between genotypes, Jaccard genetic similarity coefficient was more than 0.166 between genotypes 34 (104) and 97 (ZTP 8) to 0.837 between genotypes number 86 (Namib F1) and 87 (1227) variables And its average was 51.95. Cluster analysis was performed based on Jaccard's similarity coefficient and Centroid method. Therefore, genotypes were divided into three clusters. Analysis of the main components of the genotypes was divided into four groups, which explained the first three components of 58.821% of the molecular variations and the results of the analysis of the main components largely corresponded to the cluster analysis results. Molecular analysis of variance showed that there is a high variation among the populations. In the present study, the SCoT molecular marker was successfully used to study the genetic variation among tomato cultivars and produced a high level of polymorphism, indicating a good effect on the differentiation of tomato genotypes.   

   This Research   was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of replacement of camelina meal (7, 14 and 21%) in rations and various processing methods (without processing, autoclave processing, copper sulfate processing, and autoclaving and copper sulfate) on Production performance, quality characteristics of eggs and some blood parameters of laying   hens. This research was conducted using 390 Bovans commercial laying hens at 30 weeks of age with 13 treatments, 5 replicates and 6 chickens per replicate for 56 days in a completely randomized design and a factoriel test 3×4+1. In this experiment, the effect of two factors level and processing of meal on the percentage of egg production was significant (p <0.05). so that 7% of processed meal and without processing and 14% of autoclaved and copper sulfate content produced the highest percentage of egg production، While 21% showed the lowest production. The interaction of level and processing had a significant effect on egg weight and egg mass (p <0.05) .The highest amount of egg weight and egg mass in control group and 7% replacement of camelina meal, regardless of processing, and the lowest egg weight in group 14 and 21% replacement of camelina meal, regardless of processing method were observed. The lowest amount of egg mass was observed in 21% of unprocessed camelina meal   .Different levels of the camelina meal had a significant effect on the   feed conversion rate, but the effect of processing on the   feed conversion rate was not significant (p <0.05). In fact, the lowest conversion rate was observed at 7% level of the camelina meal, and had a significant difference with levels of 14 and 21%.. Different levels of whole meal and different processing methods had a significant effect on feed intake, so that the highest feed intake was observed at 7% level and the lowest level was 21%. Also, in the untreated method, the lowest feed intake and in the processing method The autoclave had the highest feed intake. Different levels of meal had no significant effect on shell and shell thickness, yolk weight, and egg whites but had a significant effect on yolk color and different processing methods alone had a not significant effect on the shape of the index, shell thickness, and hawa color However, the interaction of two factors on egg Hao unit and egg shell weight was significant, so that the highest number   of Hao unit   was related to the 14% level without processing, and the lowest amount of   Hao unit was related to the level of 21% of autoclaved copper meal containing copper sulfate . Regarding shell weight, the highest egg shell weight was in the control group and the lowest   egg shell weight was related to the level of 21% of the untreated camelina meal. The use of different levels of meal did not have a significant effect on the level of cholesterol, glucose and total protein.   but had a significant effect on triglyceride levels, which was the highest at 7 and 14% levels, and showed the lowest levels of triglyceride at 21% level. various processing methods have a significant effect on triglyceride, glucose and total protein. The unprocessing group had the highest levels of triglyceride and autoclaved group and the copper sulfate group had the smallest amount of triglyceride.. The unprocessing group resulted in the highest glucose levels and the lowest levels of glucose in autoclaved and copper sulfate groups alone It was shown that there was no significant difference between the unprocessing group and the autoclaved group containing copper sulfate.   

اثرات جانبي روش هاي مختلف كاربرد تيامتوكسام بر سن شكارگر در سيستم ششكار شكارگري orius albidipennis-Aphis gossypii

  Poplar ( populous   .) from willow family ( Salicaceae) is a fast growing and long tree planted especialy in northwestern and western areas of Iran. Bacterial canker is one of the most important disease of poplar worldwide. Microbacterium sp. has been reported as a causal in Iran. Currently, identification of pathogen is based on conventional methods, including isolation of the bacterium from plant materials and performing necessary physiological and biochemical tests. These methods are expensive, time consuming and unreliable. During this study, the sequence of 16S rRNA of Microbacterium sp. strains of poplar in northwestern and western areas of iran, was determined. Comparison of the sequence with sequence in the Genbank database was performed and tree primers, A, B, C, were designed for specific amplification for Microbacterium sp.. the designed PCR procedure could amplify a 465 bp fragment from all Microbacterium sp. strains tested. In contrast, non of epiphyte bacteria showed any band in the PCR. This is the first report on PCR-based method for detection and identification of Microbacterium sp.

  To investigate the effect of in ovo injection of carbohydrate supplementary into the albumen on the one day-old Body weight (BW), chick length, chick weight one day relative to egg weight and hatchability   in surrogate egg shell   this experiment was conducted used of 60 piece of fertile egg ROSS 308 broiler chicks (with the average weight 64±2 gr) that eggs were arranged factorially in completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 10 replication in each treatment .Maltose(M) and sucrose(S) in tow level were used in this experiment .treatment consist 1mlof   :1) control1 (without surrogate eggshell and   not injected) ,2) control2(not injected) ,3) 1.5% maltose (M) +1.5% sucrose (S), 4)1.5% M + 2.5% S,5) 2.5% M + 1.5% S,6) 2.5% M + 2.5% S in 0.75% saline .During the experiment the status of the viability and growth of the embryo chick weight. Chick weight relative to egg weight and hatchability were determined. The results showed that in ovo injection of carbohydrate supplementary increased body weight and chick weight   (p<0.05) on the first day of hatch compared to the control1 . BW and   CL   was maximized by injecting 2.5% M + 2.5% S. There were no significant effect of treatments on hatchability.Key words:   chicken embryo, hatchability, carbohydrate, chick weight one day-old

This study was carried out to determine the effect of adding Ferulago angulata on growth performance, carcass characteristics and some blood parameters in broiler chickens. A completely randomized design with 4 treatments, 6 replications and 10 broiler chicks in each replication were used. Experimental groups were consisted of 1- Basal diet without any additives (Control-), 2- Basal diet + 0.5% g/Kg Ferulago angulata, 3- Basal diet + 1% Ferulago angulata, 4- Basal diet + 1.5% Ferulago angulata. Body weight and feed intake were measured weekly and reported as 1-21 and 1-42 days. At the end of growing period, two birds were slaughtered from each replicate, and parameters related to carcass characteristics, pH of the thigh and breast meat were measured. As well as samples of thigh and breast meat stored for meat quality experiments. On day 42, blood samples were taken from two birds to measure some blood parameters. At the age of 21, chicks fed 0.05% had more weight gain than the control group and 1.5% Ferulago angulata (P?0.05).Birds fed 1 and 1.5% Ferulago angulata decreased feed intake compared to control diet (P?0.05). However, chickens receiving different levels of Ferulago angulata compared to the control group had a lower feed conversion ratio (P?0.05). At 42 days of age, weight gain and feed intake were not affected by experiment treatment (P?0.05). However, the lowest (P?0.05) feed conversion ratio was observed in the birds receiving 0.5% Ferulago angulata in comparison with control and 1% Ferulago angulata, which was not significant with 1.5%. None of the parameters related to carcass characteristics, pH of the thigh and breast meat, drop less and cooking less were not significant by experimental treatments (P?0.05). The concentration of malondialdehyde in breast meat at 90 days after slaughter was lower in diets containing 1 and 1.5% Ferulago angulata than control diet (P?0.05). Significant decrease (P<0.05) in concentration of blood triglyceride and cholesterol in diets contain levels of Ferulago angulata was observed than control. Blood glucose concentration was not affected (P?0.05). The results of the data showed that the use of Ferulago angulata powder as an additive in the level of 0.5% had a positive effect on the performance of broiler chicks, also using up to 1.5% increase perdurability and health of the meat.    Key words: performance, Ferulago angulata, carcass characteristics, malondialdehyde concentration.   

  stability analysis of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes using AMMI model and GGE biplot

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of in ovo injections of albumen, amino acid supplementary and calcium lactate pentahydrate into the albumen on the one day-old chick weight, chick weight one day relative to egg weight and hatchability of ROSS 308 broiler chicks.A total of 63 piece of fertile egg broiler (with the average weight 64±2 gr) used the technique of surrogate shell that eggs were arranged factorially in completely randomized design with 6 treatments.In ovo injection nutrition run to two experiments. First experiment treatment consisted of 4 albumen sources with two control treatments that they are include:1. Non-injected eggs (control)2. Non-injected eggs surrogate shell (control)3. Eggs injected with 2.5ml albumen in surrogate shell4. Eggs injected with 2.5ml albumen+250 mg calcium lactate in surrogate shell5. Eggs injected with 1ml albumen in surrogate shell6. Eggs injected with 1ml albumen+250mg calcium lactate in surrogate shellNext experiment treatment consisted of amino acid source and two control treatment that they are include:1. non-injected eggs (control)2. non-injected eggs surrogate shell (control)3. Eggs injected with 2.5ml amino acid supplementary in surrogate shellDuring the experiment the status of the viability and growth of the embryo chick weight. Chick weight relative to egg weight and hatchability were determined.The results showed that in ovo injection of albumen and amino acid supplementary increased body weight (p<0.05) on the first day of hatch compared to the control. There were no significant effect of treatments on hatchability.Key words: chicken embryo

AbstractThis study was coducted to evaluate the effect of adding leaf powder of eucalyptus globulus and althaea officinalis to diet on performance, carcass traits and some blood biochemical parameters of broiler chicks. Based on a completely randomized design, a total of 200 one-day-old broiler chickens (Ross-308) was randomly alloted to 20 replicate cages (n=10). Chicks in every 5 replicate cages were fed one of the four experimental diests including: 1- control diet (without additives), 2- control diet + 0.5% eucalyptus leaf powder, 3- control diet+ 0.5% althea officinalis leaf powder and 4- control diet+ 0.5% eucalyptus leaf powder and 0.5% althaea officinalis leaf powder. On 41th day of age, one bird per each cage was randomly selected and bled to measure cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL, albumin, uric acid and glucose in sera samples. The data were analyzed using GLM procedure of SAS. There was no significant effect of dietary treatments on body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (P>0/05), although numerically using eucalyptus powder and althaea officinalis caused reduce feed intake and improved feed conversion ratio (P>0/05). Reduced abdominal fat was observed in chicks fed the diet contained eucalyptus powder and the diet with both eucalyptus and althea officinalis (P>0.05). The lowest LDL levels were detected in chicks fed the eucalyptus-included diet and the highest LDL was observed in the control chicks. Simultaneous usage of eucalyptus and althaea officinalis in diet significantly reduced cholesterol and increased HDL (P<0.05). The lowest level of blood holesterol and the highest level of HDL were detected in chicks fed the diet included both eucalyptus and althea officinalis (0.5% eucalyptus and 0.5% althaea officinalis). There were no significant effect of experimental diet on serum levels of albumin, triglyceride, uric acid and glucose concentrations in chicks. (P> 0.05). In conclusion based on the results of the presdent experiment, the dietary usage of eucalyptus and althaea officinalis leaf powder had favorable effect on blood lipids with no detrimental effect on the performance and carcass traits of broiler chicks.

  Evaluation and comparisonof Iranian and Europeanbarley(Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars under field and laboratoryconditions

  AbstractThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation vitamin C and Zinc sulfate on performance, egg quality characteristics and blood parameters in laying hens reared in cold stress condition. A total of 144 laying hens (Lohman-LSL Lite 65 weeks old) was arranged in factorial experiment with 4 dietary treatment and 6 replicates per each treatment. Exprimental treatments included Two levels of vitamin C (0, 250 mg/kg) and two levels of zinc sulfate (0, 40 mg/kg). In this study, adding zinc sulfat had significant effect on FCR, EW and EM The whole period. Also Significant interactions between vitamin C and zn sulfat in first month on FCR, EW and EM were observed(P<0.05). The EM and EW increased, whereas FCR decreased (P<0.05). There were significant interactions between vitamin C and zn sulfat on the shell thickness, Haugh unit and serum level of triglycerides observed(P<0.05). heterophil to lymphocyte ratio increased in the hens fed the diets including zn sulfat compared to those fed the basal diet. In conclusion, the use of dietary supplementation vitamin C and zinc sulfat had impact on performance, quality of egg and serum metabolites in cold stress conditions. key words:Cold stress, Zinc sulfate, Vitamin C, Performance, Laying hens     

The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a key cucurbits pest in world and is managed with repeated insecticide applications. Application of mixture of pesticides is an efficient way to reduce pesticides use and inhibit pest resistance development. Study of two pesticides interaction could have beneficial results for their consumers especially in IPM programs. The joint action of imidacloprid and pymetrozine against the cotton aphid, were investigated under laboratory conditions (25 ± 1 oC, 65 ± 5% R.H. and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L: D) h.) using a leaf dipping method. The best synergistic effect was discovered in the ratio group Im/Py 5/5 with the R or CI and LC50 values of 3.84 or 0.27 and 8.71 ppm respectively. Additive actions were also found in most of the ratio groups.   The effect of applying sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid, pymetrozine and mixture was evaluated, also, using demographic toxicology. Longevity and population growth parameters, including intrinsic rate of increase (rm), net reproductive rate (R0), generation time (Tc) and finite rate of population increase (?), were affected negatively by these three compounds insecticides. The rm values for control, imidacloprid, pymetrozine and mixture exposed populations were 0.39, 0.22, 0.31 and 0.23 female offspring per female per day, respectively. Results showed that application of sublethal and lethal doses of mentioned pesticides can be an effective method in the control of possibly insect pests in IPM program.

infuence of quantitative feed restriction in pellet and mash diets on performance, metaboli disorders occearance and blood parameters in broiler chichins.