This study investigated the effects of pretreatment with the hydroalcoholic extract of Tribulus terrestris seeds on the expression of pro-inflammatory genes (IL-1? and TNF-?) and the activity of hepatic enzymes (AST and ALT) in hepatocytes isolated from chicken liver under oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide. Hepatocytes were isolated from the livers of 2–3-week-old Leghorn chicks and cultured in DMEM medium. Oxidative stress was induced using 200 ?M hydrogen peroxide for 6 hours, and cells were subsequently treated with T. terrestris extract at a concentration of 80 ?g/mL for 24 hours.The activities of AST and ALT in the culture supernatant were determined spectrophotometrically, while the expression levels of IL-1? and TNF-? genes were measured using Real-Time PCR. The results showed that hydrogen peroxide significantly increased AST activity from 73 ± 1.3 to 147 ± 2.9 U/L and ALT activity from 38 ± 1.5 to 54 ± 1.8 U/L. Pretreatment with T. terrestris extract significantly reduced AST and ALT activities to 79 ± 3.5 and 41 ± 2 U/L, respectively. Moreover, the expression levels of IL-1? and TNF-? returned to 1.2- and 2-fold of the basal level, respectively. These findings indicate that the hydroalcoholic extract of Tribulus terrestris exerts strong protective effects against oxidative damage in avian hepatocytes by inhibiting inflammatory pathways and reducing hepatic enzyme leakage.

   This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing part of corn with oat (regular and autoclaved) and supplementing diets with the active dry yeast Saccharomyces boulardii on the productive performance, egg quality, and blood biochemical parameters of laying hens. A total of 192 Lohmann LSL-Lite hens, 36 weeks of age, were used in a completely randomized design with six dietary treatments and eight replicates, each containing three birds. Although the experimental period was originally planned for ten weeks, due to war-related constraints and management limitations, data collection was completed after six weeks. The experimental treatments included: (1) a basal diet without oat and without yeast (control), (2) basal diet with yeast, (3) diet with regular oat without yeast, (4) diet with regular oat and yeast, (5) diet with autoclaved oat without yeast, and (6) diet with autoclaved oat and yeast. In the oat-containing diets, 22% of the corn (on a dry matter basis) was replaced by oat. The yeast product used was S. boulardii (Parsylact Co., Iran) containing a minimum concentration of 3×10¹? CFU/g. Results showed that dietary inclusion of autoclaved oat and yeast significantly (P<0.05) improved egg production, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio compared to the control group. The highest production rate and the best feed efficiency were observed in hens fed diets containing autoclaved oat combined with yeast. Egg internal quality indices, including Haugh unit and albumen height, were significantly improved by these treatments, while eggshell thickness and egg weight were not affected. Moreover, hens receiving autoclaved oat and yeast exhibited lower serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels compared with the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, replacing 22% of corn with autoclaved oat, along with supplementation of Saccharomyces boulardii

 AbstractThe aim of this research was to identify mutations in growth hormone and myostatin genes using the PCR-RFLP method and to investigate their potential association with sperm quality traits and testis sizes in Sanjabi rams. For this purpose, blood and sperm samples were collected from 96 Sanjabi rams. After extracting DNA using a salt method, two specific primer pairs were used to amplify fragments of 422 and 337 base pairs for exon 2 of the GH gene and exon 3 of the MSTN gene, respectively. The digestion of PCR products was performed separately for each locus using the restriction enzyme HAEIII. The results of the enzymatic digestion indicated that there was no G to A mutation in the MSTN gene, and all samples at this locus exhibited a wild-type genotype (GG). Additionally, the results of enzymatic digestion for the GH gene revealed the presence of three genotypes: GG, GA, and AA, with frequencies of 84.38%, 14.58%, and 1.04%, respectively. A significant difference was observed at the 5% level between the GA genotype and other genotypes for sperm volume and total sperm count per ejaculation; however, no significant differences were found for other measured traits. Furthermore, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test showed that the studied locus in the GH gene is in genetic equilibrium. The results of this study can aid in identifying genomic regions responsible for sperm quality traits in rams and ultimately lead to improved fertility in these flocks.Keywords: Growth hormone, myostatin, polymorphism, reproduction, Sanjabi ram

  This study wasconducted as 2x4 factorial experiment with the aim of investigating the effect of adding chicory root powder,artichoke leaf and stem powder,and Bacillus subtilis bacteria to the basal diet of laying hens on production performance,egg quality traits,egg cholesterol levels,some blood serum parameters,and intestinal histomorphology at the end of the production phase. 336 Lohmann LSL Lite laying hens at the age of 77 weeks were distributed in 8 treatments with 7 replications and six birds in each replication and fed with experimental diets for 98 days. The control group (without additives) had lower egg production,egg mass,villus height,crypt depth,and serum uric acid,total cholesterol,HDL and LDL,and higher feed conversion ratio,cracked eggs,unmarketable eggs,and yolk cholesterol concentration compared to all experimental groups. The effect of the simultaneous presence of all three factors as feed additives on egg production,cracked eggs,unmarketable eggs,mortality,yolk ratio,albumin ratio,yolk to albumin ratio,shell ratio,crypt depth,and villus height was significant. The group that was fed the basal diet with chicory root powder alone had the highest levels of serum uric acid,total cholesterol,total protein,and LDL compared to the other experimental groups.The group that was fed the basal diet with the simultaneous presence of all three factors had the highest levels of serum triglycerides and HDL. Adding chicory root powder with Bacillus subtilis bacteria or adding artichoke leaf and stem powder with Bacillus subtilis bacteria to the basal diet of laying hens had a significant effect on villus width. The group that was fed the basal diet with artichoke leaf and stem powder alone had the highest villus height and crypt depth,and the group that was fed the basal diet and Bacillus subtilis alone had the highest villus width and villus height to crypt depth ratio. The presence or absence of experimental factors alone or together as additive to the basal diet had no statistically significant effect on egg weight produced,shell less eggs,small eggs,body weight change,egg shape index,Haugh units,yolk index,yolk weight,albumin weight,yolk height,albumin height,shell thickness,shell weight,breaking strength,egg specific gravity,and serum parameters including uric acid,triglycerides,total protein,blood glucose,total cholesterol,HDL,and LDL.

  This study aimed to compare the effects of intrauterine injection of electrolyzed water with ceftiofur sodium on the pregnancy rate in dairy cows with postpartum sub clinical endometritis. Uterine diseases such as endometritis, metritis, pyometra, and retained placenta in dairy cows are crucial because of the low fertility and infertility consequences. Postpartum uterine infections result in a delay in the time of artificial insemination, a decrease in the pregnancy rate and an increase in the culling rate. The treatment of endometritis is performed using different methods including parenteral or intrauterine rout of injection of antibiotics, intrauterine application of antiseptics and hormonal treatments .However using antibiotics for the treatment of endometritis has several disadvantages. The disadvantages include the cost, milk disposal, bacterial resistance, and suppressing the leukocytes’ phagocytic activity of the uterine immune system. In addition to electrolyzed water, have an antibacterial effects. Using electrolyzed water as an alternative treatment method against various diseases was investigated. A total of 316 Holstein cows diagnosed with endometritis during the clean test (35-42 days after calving) were used in the present study. Sub-clinical endometritis diagnosed using transrectal palpation and ultrasonography of the uterus and ovaries. After trans-rectal palpation and ultrasonography, cows with signs of endometritis (i.e., cervical diameters > 5 cm, asymmetry of the uterine horn, thickened uterine wall, and small amounts of fluids in the uterine cavity) were suspected to have sub-clinical endometritis. The cows were randomly assigned to six treatment groups: control group, intrauterine infusion of ceftiofur sodium (group b, 1 gram), infusion of 200ppm electrolyzed water (group c), infusion of 300ppm electrolyzed water (group d), infusion of 200 (group e) and 300ppm(group f) electrolyzed water twice with an interval of 3 days . After completing the voluntary waiting period (55 days after calving), all six groups of cows were subjected to an ovulation synchronization program (Ovsynch). Pregnancy rates after first AI was. The cumulative pregnancy rate after second .The results showed that treatment with 300 ppm electrolyzed water alone or twice with an interval of 3 days could improve the pregnancy rate in cows with subclinical endometritis.

Abstract  

  urpose: In recent years, due to the importance of food safety and the increase in environmental awareness, to healthy product production programs, the use of biological fertilizers and natural pesticides to reduce the use of pesticides. Chemically, much attention has been paid. Because using and replacing natural poisons instead of chemical poisons will produce healthy and organic products. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing farmers' perception of the effects of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and its effect on the willingness to use natural fertilizers and pesticides among farmers in Islamabad-Gharb city. Research methodology: The nature of this research is a quantitative descriptive-correlation type of research. The statistical population was all farmers living in the central part of Islamabad-Gharb city (18,536 people), of which 264 farmers were selected by two-stage cluster sampling and proportional assignment. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. In order to analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Findings: The results of descriptive statistics showed that farmers' perception of the effects of chemical fertilizers and pesticides on health is relatively low. This is despite the fact that farmers' perception of the effects of poisons and pesticides on the beneficial organisms of the farm and the environment is above average and relatively good. Also, based on the descriptive results, the most important obstacles to the use of natural fertilizers and pesticides are: the weakness of suitable infrastructure for the production of healthy and quality products, concern about the low performance of production with natural methods, and the inadequacy of laws related to Use of pesticides. The results of step-by-step logistic regression showed that farmers' understanding of the effects of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has no effect on their willingness to use natural fertilizers and pesticides with the same price. However, when the price of natural inputs is higher than chemical inputs, the results of logistic regression indicate that among the 3 independent variables, understanding of the effects of fertilizers and chemical pesticides on health, understanding of the effects of fertilizers and pesticides There is a significant relationship between chemical effects on useful farm organisms and the understanding of the effects of chemical fertilizers and pesticides on the environment with the dependent variable (tendency to use natural fertilizers and pesticides with a higher price). Also, the findings showed that the understanding of the effects on health and the understanding of the effects on the environment had a significant negative effect, and the understanding of the effects on the beneficial organisms of the farm had a significant positive effect on the willingness of farmers to use natural fertilizers and pesticides at a reasonable price. have higher In general, these 3 variables are predictors of farmers' willingness to use natural fertilizers and pesticides with higher prices. Conclusion: The results of this study can provide positive achievements for the development of healthy and organic agriculture and culturalization of this type of products among farmers. Keywords: perception, natural pesticides, organic agriculture, healthy agriculture, biological fertilizers.

    Thepurpose of this research is to investigate the use of progesterone-containingsponges for synchronizing and using different types of antibiotics(doxycycline, neomycin, trisol, oxy tetracycline) as local and systemictreatment in order to investigate the control of infections caused by the useof sponges or population reduction. Unwanted germs were Ile du France ewes. Forthis purpose, 200 Gilde France ewes were selected and randomly placed among 5experimental groups. The experimental groups were: 1) control treatment,sponges impregnated with doxycycline powder (in the amount of 200 mg) for 14days in the vagina 2) control treatment + oxytetracycline 500 mg oblet for 14days in the vagina 3 ) control treatment + neomycin 480 mg oblet for 14 days inthe vagina 4) control treatment + trisol 500 mg oblet for 14 days in the vagina5) sheep of this group received doxycycline-free sponges and an intramuscularinjection They had oxytetracycline LA in the amount of 500 mg.   Ewes in all groups received 400 internationalunits of eCG hormone at the time of sponge harvesting. Adhesion rate and rateof vaginal infections were recorded at the time of sponge removal. On the 40thday after ramming, ultrasound technique was used to check the state ofpregnancy. Reproduction indices were also calculated. There was no significantdifference in the adhesion percentage of the mattress in all groups (P <0.05). Vaginal infections at grade 0 in groups 1 and 2 showed a significantdifference compared to other groups (P<0.05). So that the lowest number ofewes without infection was related to these two groups. In grade 1, group 2,the lowest number of ewes with low infection and bad smell was in group 2. Ingrades 2 and 3, the lowest number of ewes with severe infection with bleedingand foul smell was related to groups 4, 3 and 5. Fertility percentage, twinbirth, stillbirth and abortion were not significant in any of the experimentaltreatments (p<0.05). Based on the findings of this research, it is concludedthat the use of antibiotics significantly reduced the rate of infections causedby using sponges or reducing the population of unwanted microbes.  Keywords:synchronization of estrus, antibiotics, vaginal infection, fertility  

   FastQC and Trimmomatic software were used to check the quality of data in terms of readings and readings and to detect contamination and edit them. Then, in order to locate the readings on the reference genome, the reference genome file and its annotation were needed, for which the latest updated version of this information from the Ensemble database and STAR software was used. HTSeq-Count software was used to count the readings to compare genes in different situations, which is a necessary step, and Calling      indels with Samtools Bcftools software was used to detect and identify   , which led to the identification of raw   sites. And from SAMTOOLS-01. 19_VCF-Utilities software were used to identify the final   , which were detected in Fayoumi and Leghorn 613871 and 492049   chickens. And from ASE-   software to identify ASE-   , and final files with BED (Browser Extensible Data) fret, using DESeq2 statistical package in R environment, ASE-   in two breeds of Leghorn and Fayoumi specifically And significant P<0/05

   Abstract    Due to limited water resources, its cost of supply, and proper management of it, the use of modern irrigation methods in the agricultural sector, especially gardening is essential. Among the new irrigation methods, we can name the drip irrigation system, which is used in high-efficiency water distribution for optimal use of water resources due to its potential. Evaluation of irrigation systems to improve and manage them is essential. In this study, 5 drip irrigation systems in the city of Salas Babajani were selected and evaluated. The assessments were performed according to the guidelines of the US Department of Soil Conservation (SCS) and the Merriam and Keller method. In this evaluation, in each of the systems, the operation methods and management, technical problems and issues (design and implementation), and chemical quality of water, have been analyzed. The results showed that in most of the systems, due to the lack of central control device and proper filtration system, most of the drippers were blocked, and also due to the inadequate pressure of the drippers, the uniformity of the drop in the studied systems was reduced. The wetting area varied from 14.89 to 33.49% of the total area, so that in all systems except one system, the wetting percentage was less than the minimum recommended design value (33%). The minimum and maximum uniformity of water distribution in the systems (EUs) was 29.49% and 62.56%, respectively, which indicated the low performance of the systems based on this index so that the uniformity of distribution of systems in all evaluated farms was in the weak range. Low-quarter potential application efficiency (PELQs) values ranged from 26.83% to 53.3%, indicating poor system performance on all farms. Low-quarter application efficiency systems (AELQs) ranged from 29.48 to 62.56%   according to this index, the performance of systems in all farms was assessed as poor. According to the values of Langelier saturation index (LSI) obtained from water sources in the studied farms, there was a tendency of calcium carbonate deposition in two farms, but in other farms, there was no risk of sedimentation. In general, the poor performance of systems was due to various reasons such as lack of central control station or proper filtration system in the systems, low wetting area, unsuitable type and the number of droplets, droplet clogging, pressure difference in systems, inadequate pressure and uneven distribution, improper distribution. The irrigation cycle and duration and ultimately poor management were exploitative.       Keywords: Drip irrigation, evaluation, Uniformly distribution, Potential efficiency, Actual Efficiency, Langer saturation index

   The presentstudy was conducted for a systematic review and subsequent meta-analysis toestimate the genetic parameters for growth traits in sheep across three breedgrou   meat, wool and dual-purpose breeds. The results from 221 articlespublished between 1371 and 1399 in and international databases were obtained.The investigated parameters were direct and maternal heritability as well asgenetic and phenotypic correlations between growth traits (birth, weaning, six-month,nine-month and twelve-month weights). After checking the quality of the extracted data, meta-analysiswas performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Version2) software package anda random-effects model. The mean, standard error and 95% confidence limit of heritabilityas well as, genetic and phenotypic correlations between growth traits were estimated.The results showed that the mean of direct heritability for growth traits in meatbreeds ranged from 0.190 ± 0.004 (for birth weight) to 0.264 ± 0.01 (for12-month weight), in wool breeds ranged from 0.198±0.033 (for birth weight) to0.304 ± 0.005 (for 12-month weight), and in dual-purpose breeds   ranged from 0.196 ± 0.004 (for birthweight) to 0.285 ±0.020 (for 9-month weight). Mean of maternal heritability in meat breeds ranged from 0.085 ± 0.003 (for12-month weight) to 0.122 ±0.008 (for birth weight), in wool sheep ranged from0.055 ± 0.002 (for 12-month weight) to 0.164 ±0.002 (for 6-month weight), andin dual-purpose sheep ranged from 0.052 ± 0.005 (for 12-month weight) to 0.162± 0.04 (for 6-month weight).Weighted average of genetic and phenotypiccorrelations between growth traits in meat breeds were in the range of 0.320 to0.847 and of 0.225 to 0.809, respectively. For wool breeds, the genetic andphenotypic correlations between growth traits were in the range of 0.290 to0.755, and 0.232 to 0.711 respectively. For dual-purpose breeds, the geneticcorrelation ranged from 0.329 to 0.879 and the phenotypic correlation rangedfrom 0.240 to 0.820. Considering the 95% confidence interval of the estimated geneticparameters in meta-analysis and the differences in the reported parameters acrossthe articles, it was obvious that aggregation of the results of the studies couldrestrict the range of parameters. Further, the standard error of parameters in meta-analysiswas sharply reduced compared to each of the studies which could be associatedwith the increase in sample size. In conclusion, combining the results of multiple studies could reducethe standard error and increase the accuracy of the estimates. Hence, theresults of meta-analysis studies could be more reliable and useful for breeding

بارش از اجزاي اصلي چرخه آب­شناسي و ورودي مورد نياز بسياري از مدل­هاي آب و هوايي و آب­شناسي است. كمبود داده­هاي قابل اعتماد و كامل از مهم­ترين چالش­ها در واكاوي   بارش و پيش­بيني­هاي آب­شناسي در مديريت آب است. طي ساليان اخير تخمين بارش با استفاده از ماهواره­ها توانسته است به­عنوان يك راهكار نوآورانه مورد توجه قرار گيرد. داده­هاي ماهواره­اي با فراهم آوردن پوشش مكاني كامل، قادر به تخمين بارش براي كل جهان است. براي تبديل مقادير بارندگي مستخرج از تصاوير ماهواره­اي در ماههاي مختلف به سري مكاني-زماني مقادير بارندگي زميني، ابتدا دقت تصاوير ماهواره­اي TRMM و GPM نسبت به مقادير زميني ثبت شده مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. تصاوير GPM نسبت به TRMM همبستگي بيش­تري با داده­هاي زميني داشت. به­منظور شبيه­سازي مكاني- زماني بارش در كل دشت مدل­هاي مختلف شبكه عصبي مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت و در آخر خروجي مدل ORELM داراي بهترين برازش با داده­هاي مشاهداتي با مجذور ضريب همبستگي برابر با 96/0 بود، همچنين داراي بهترين و نزديك­ترين پراكندگي نقاط در اطراف خط 45 درجه بود و از اين نظر دقيق­ترين مدل محسوب مي­شود. براي اطمينان از انتخاب درست مدل برتر از دياگرام تيلور نيز استفاده شد، نتايج نشان داد نزديك­ترين نقطه به نقطه مرجع مربوط به روش ORELM مي­باشد، لذا براي تبديل بارندگي حاصل از تصاوير ماهواره­اي به بارش زميني از اين مدل استفاده شد. در تحقيق حاضر سعي بر آن شده است كه با دست يافتن به اطلاعات حاصل از تصاوير ماهواره­اي در منطقه مطالعاتي بتوان اطلاعات جديدي از نوسانات منابع آب زيرزميني منطقه و منابع محرك در تغذيه و تخليه منابع آب زيرزميني دشت ميان­دربند به­دست آورد. هم­چنين به پيش­بيني تراز آب زيرزميني دشت با استفاده از تصاوير ماهواره­اي بارش و مدل كوپل شده WEAP-MODFLOW با هدف مديريت صحيح منابع آب پرداخته شده است. در اين تحقيق براي اولين بار تصاوير ماهواره­اي در يك مدل تلفيقي-ديناميك استفاده شده است. در مدل كوپل شده WEAP-MODFLOW مقدار بارندگي روي دشت و تغذيه ناشي از بارندگي و آب آبياري در سطح كل دشت با استفاده از شبيه­سازي ناحيه غيراشباع خاك(مدل رطوبت خاك) و براساس تركيب مدل شبكه عصبي مصنوعي ORELM و تصاوير ماهواره­اي در هر يك از مناطق همگن(60 ناحيه مختلف) در طول دوره شبيه­سازي(اكتبر 2000 تا سپتامبر 2020) محاسبه شد. نقشه تراز آب زيرزميني براي تمام ماه­هاي دوره شبيه­سازي مورد محاسبه قرار گرفت و براساس آن­ها تغييرات در ماه­هاي خشك و تر و حتي تحت تأثير وقايع حدي و بارش­هاي سنگين مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. نتايج نشان داد ميزان متوسط افت تراز آب زيرزميني با در نظر گرفتن كل سطح آبخوان كرمانشاه در پايان دوره بهره­برداري 20 ساله(اكتبر 2000تا سپتامبر 2020) حدود 3 متر است.

Abstract The sheep mitochondrial genome is 1661 bp in length. The sequence length can vary due to the difference in the number of long consecutive repeats of 75 bp, which contains two symmetric octamers. Due to the fact that many genes have been affected by fertility traits, but a limited number of these major genes have been reported to be associated with sheep reproductive traits, including the ATPase6 gene from the mitochondrial genome. One of the objectives of the present study is to investigate and identify possible polymorphisms in the gene ATPase6 in Sanjabi rams using PCR-RFLP technique and to investigate relationship of ATPase6 gene polymorphism with sperm quality characteristics and testicular dimensions. The study was performed on 96 rams in Kermanshah, Kuzran, Mahidasht and Mehregan research station in Kermanshah province. Blood samples were taken in vacuum tubes with the relevant registered animal number, containing ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid ( EDTA), which inhibits blood coagulation, were stored in dry ice and transferred to a freezer at 2 ° C. PopGen32 software was used to estimate allelic frequency, genotype, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and population indices. GLM proc SAS (9/4) software was used to investigate the relationship between traits related to sperm quality and testicular dimensions and ATPase6 gene polymorphism. After DNA extraction , a specific primer was used to amplify 896 bp fragment of ATPase6 gene. Digestion of PCR products was performed by AlwnI restriction enzyme. The results of digestion of AlwnI restriction enzyme showed the presence of C to G mutation in ATPase6 gene and indicated two genotypes CC and GC with frequencies of 0.21 and 0.79, respectively. The results of data analysis also showed that Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is not in the desired position There werenot association between ATPase6 gene polymorphism and traits related to testicular size and sperm quality and also with sperm volume, mass movement, total ejaculate sperm There was no significant relationship between sperm membrane integrity, morphology, concentration, viability and sperm index. However, there was a significant relationship between gene polymorphism with individual movement and water test, so that animals with GC genotype had the highest percentage of water test compared to CC genotype (P> 0.05). Also, rams with CC genotype had the highest rate of individual movement compared to GC genotype (P> 0.05). The results of this study suggested that further studies should be performed to identify mutations in other parts of the mitochondrial genes to detect genomic regians affecting sprm traits in order to improvement of fertility in herds. Keywords: sperm quality, testicular biometric traits, ATPase6, squirrel sheep

  Abstract Breeding programs basically target economic efficiency of production systems. It is not possible to set optimum method without considering relative significance of traits economically. Using economic coefficients of respective traits to determine contribution of genetic growth to the improvement of production system efficiency helps to specify relative importance of each trait to the breeding programs. Present research set the following items as major objectives of breeding programs and production systems for Sanjabi sheep: improved growth and optimal production of milk, meat, wool, manure and blood. Based on stockbreeders' views, this study attempted to evaluate milk and meat production as breeding targets in addition to economic coefficients of such morphological traits as body weight (BW), body length (BL), head length and breadth, bone focal length, length of ears, length and breadth of rump, etc. in three age groups. Results showed that body weight of the third age group (>3yr) with negative economic efficiency was given the first rank followed by those of both the first and second age groups (<1yr; 1  age 3) with positive economic efficiencies.

  In this study, in order to investigate the relationship between mitochondrial Cytochrome b gene polymorphism and sperm quality traits and testicular dimensions, blood samples were taken from 96 Sanjabi rams. DNA was extracted frim whole bloods to evaluate mitochondrial cytochrome b gene polymorphism. At the same time, sperm samples were taken from the animals and sperm quality traits were analyzed. Testicular dimensions and animal age were also recorded. Using a pair of primers, PCR was performed (979bp) and then PCR products were digested by the restriction enzyme (Nde1).   If there was a mutation, a pieces of length 561 and419 bp if there was no mutation, piece of length 980 will be visible on the agarose gel. Digestion results showed no polymorphism in the studied area. The regian was not polymorphic so that it was not possible to investigate its relationship with sperm quality traits and testicular dimensions.Due to the importance of mitochondria in male fertility, it is recommended that using the sequencing method, other mutations of this gene as well as other genes of this organ be used to evaluate the relationship with sperm quality and testicular dimensions and even the whole genome scan for these traits should be examined.

  One of the traditional methods of distinguishing a healthy egg from an unhealthy one is by shaking the egg and recognizing its sound. But the detection of egg defects in the traditional way by humans is not accurate. It is essential to use more accurate methods in diagnosing egg health and to use smart tools to reduce the time and increase the efficiency of separating rotten eggs from healthy eggs. The aim of this study was to identify the defects of healthy and unhealthy eggs (including rotten, hatched) using sound waves using fuzzy neural inference system (ANFIS). In this study, the acoustic response of 90 eggs, including healthy, rotten, and hatched eggs, was examined by shaking at 200 and 400 beats per minute. After collecting the audio signals, the time domain analysis of the signals was performed through descriptive statistics and then the frequency domain analysis. After calculating the statistical characteristics and determining the best characteristics, the data were used for classification with ANFIS. Based on the results of the accuracy of the Enfis model in the two reciprocating velocities of the egg-shaking mechanism, it was 0.99 in mode 1 and 0.93 in mode 2, respectively. The results showed that the adaptive-neural-fuzzy inference system can be used well and with high accuracy in detecting rotten and hatched eggs from healthy eggs.

   بررسي تنوع زيستي علف هاي هرز باغات گردو(Juglans regia)، انگور(Vitis vinifera) و انار(Punica granatum)   در شهرستان پاوه

Maintaining genetic diversity in the Kurdish horse population as a national asset is crucial. Evaluation of the nucleotide sequence of mitochondrial cytochrome b region within populations can be a good indicator of diversity in the studied population. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic and phylogenetic sequence of the cytochrome b region of the Kurdish mitochondrial genome. For this purpose, blood samples were collected from 30 goats. After DNA extraction, 1092 bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b region was amplified by specific primers. The amplified fragments were sequenced by purification after purification. Seven different haplotypes were identified based on 7 polymorphic nucleotides. The haplotypic and nucleotide diversity in Kurdish horses were estimated 0.784 and 0.00218, respectively. Analyzes using the BioEdit program showed that this sequence for the cytB region contains 240 nucleotides A (21/27), 289 nucleotides C (77/32), 116 nucleotides G (15/13) and 237 nucleotides T (87/26). . The tree under genetic procedure (N - J) was obtained as shown. By comparison, Kurdish horses were grouped together in a branch with breeds from Japan (Hokkaido and Yakutia), breeds from China (Lijiang and SanHe), Przewalski Mongolian breed, and Arabian breed with access code MK100122.1. Which reflects the greater genetic similarity of Kurdish horses with Asian and European breeds, especially Asian.   

Mitochondrial genome is a powerful marker in phylogenetic studies due to its high mutation rate, non- recombination and maternal inheritance.The aim of this study was about investigate of   the genetic structure and genetic relationship of Iranian Kurdish horse using D-Loop mitochondrial genome.In this study, blood samples were collected from 30 Kurdish horses and their DNA extracted by salting out method.Then, with using the regoin of   D-Loo   specific primers   in duration 509 bp was divide   and all samples were sequenced after purification. totaly 29 sequences were obtained and the sequences were analyzed   by using bioinformatics softwares.The   piece of   509 bp PCR products obtained   from sequencing was edited in MEGA7 software   and the   piece of 294 bp was extracted from it.Samples were aligned with horse reference sequence accessio   number (x79547) by using of BioEdit software and ClustalW procedure.Different nucleotides were identified between the sequenced samples and 14 haplotypes and 22 polymorphic sites and then the Consensus sequence was obtained as index sequence for this breed.Following sequencing of the mitochondrial genome of other strains was drawn in the Neighbor-Joining phylogeny tree gene bank in the BioEdit software for the Kurdish horseTree drawing shows close proximity of this breed to Chinese, Tibetan, Bulgarian and breed horses in Iran.The amount of nucleotide diversity   0.01153, haplotype diversity 0.901 and the value of D-Tajima 1.378 was calculated by using of DnaSP software.The value of D- Tajima was not significant at P <0.1 level,The negativity of this statistics indicates an increase in population size or selection for purification at the sites.Thus, it seems that the population of breed in study is increasing in number.The results indicate a relatively high diversity in the population of the studied horse breed, indicating a different initial derivation and also showing different maternal lines in these horses.   

  Water is a critical and critical source of harm. The increasing global population and the reduction of water resources are one of the most important challenges facing human today. Since water resources can directly affect social and economic development, it is considered to be the basis for developmental activity. One of the most important issues of the current century is the issue of global warming, which is exacerbated by the greenhouse effect and is expected to cause changes in climate variables. In the past, management decisions were made in the context of a future climate of the past. But now, a wide range of changes in the future climate is due to human activities, such as greenhouse gas emissions, by fossil and inhuman fuels such as volcanic activity. In this regard, understanding the constraints on planning water resources management and the proper understanding of the behavior of phenomena that affect the status of water resources and the implementation of policies that are appropriate and adapted to climate conditions are important. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of climate change on the quality and quality of the Khorramrud basin in Congarev County under RCP scenarios. For this purpose, at the outset, the output of four climatic models was extracted under RCP4.5, RCP6 and RCP8.5 scenarios for the baseline period from 2015 to 1983. The MOTP method was used to reduce uncertainty in climate models. Then, the results of the climate models were compared with the Moore period. The results indicate the proper performance of the models, and the weighted model of the model. Most climate models predict a declining trend for precipitation parameters. Long-term yields in RCP8.5 scenarios are reported to be lower than RCP 4.5 and RCP6. The results of the climate change of the temperature parameter also show an increase. The temperature changes in the period 2053 were more than the 2020 period. So, in the period 2020 under the scenario RCP4.5, RCP6 and RCP 8.5 were predicted to increase by 1, 1.5 and 2 ° C, and in the period 2053, 2, 3 and 4 ° C. In order to investigate the runoff condition of the catchment area, two models of artificial neural network and Eeyacher rainfall-runoff models were compared for the base period. The results indicate the superiority of rainfall-runoff model in Ahexers runoff simulation in Khorramrud basin. Then, in order to investigate the future runoff status of the basin, the outputs of climate models were used. The artificial neural network model was used to assess the qualitative status of the Khorramrod River catchment area. The quality parameters of total solvent solids (TDS) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) were calibrated for the 20 year base period. At the end of the output of the climatic models and Precipitation-Eichers runoff was used to predict the qualitative status of future river quality parameters

  Abstract Climate change is one of the most important factors that can have a significant effect on natural, social and economic resources. Today, these changes have become a concrete and objective phenomenon all over the globe and there is less point in the world that can not experience these changes. Mahedasht district in Kermanshah province has been experiencing severe fluctuations in recent years due to the fact that the livelihood of people is the agricultural area and during the years when the region has been affected by climate change, farmers have suffered a lot of damage. It is necessary to consider the livelihood of farmers in the area with great attention. The general objective of this research is to evaluate the livelihood resilience of farmers in Mahidasht district against climate change and fluctuations. Achieving the overall research objective requires the following specific objectives: 1. An analysis of the constructive dimensions of livelihood resiliaion of farmers in Mahidasht 2. Prioritizing the Dimensions of Productive Livelihoods of Farmers in Mahidshat 3. Investigating the factors affecting the constructive dimensions of livelihoods of arable farmers in Mahidasht district 4. Measuring the level of livelihood resiliance of farmers in Mahidasht This is an applied study and the research paradigm is descriptive and quantitative. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to survey the validity of the questionnaire. The validity of this study was carried out by the professors of the Agricultural extension and education department of Razi University of Kermanshah. The reliability of different parts was calculated using Cronbach's alpha test And the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.85, 0.91 and 0.6. The statistical population of Mahidshast rural farmers is sampling. The sampling method is simple random sampling. The total population of the population is 2800 farmers. Based on the Morgan table, the sample population is 331 people. The data analysis tool was    software. Assessing the level of livelihood hedge of arable farmers in Mahdasht has determined a moderate level of resilience of about 53% for the aforementioned owners. Comparison of male and female resiliency showed that men had a higher level of resilience than women, and the comparison of married and single married women showed a higher salary for married women.    Correlation between different aspects of survival alleviation showed that the highest correlation between resilience with the dimension of impulsivity and the least correlation with residual self-organizing dimension was. key words: Resilience - Climate change - Climate fluctuations – Vulnerability

  Carotenoid pigments have a widespread application in food and drug industries as color and antioxidant agents. Thus, world demand is increasing for these pigments. According to literature review, the interest to natural pigments is increasing as synthetic pigments shown adverse impact on human health. Pigment extraction from plant tissues is a time consuming and none economic procedure. So, microbial biotechnology considering as alternative approach. After microbial cell growth, pigment could be extracted by cell disruption. Application of chemical organic solvents is common procedure for pigment extraction. However, these methods are restricting because of adverse effect on consumers health. Despite, mechanical-abrasion extraction receive more attention as this method is cost effective and do not need toxic solvent. In this study, glass beads, 0.45-0.5 mm diameter, were used for carotenoid pigment extraction from the yeast Rhodotorula toruloides by means of aceton solvent in an agitating container (3000 rpm). The process was optimized by response surface procedure in Design expert software. There were three factors, glass beads (5-25 g), solvent concentration (9-21 ml), extraction time (4-8 min), and extraction temperature (10-30 °C). The parameters effect interpretation showed that solvent concentration parameter (41.6 %) and extraction time (31.6 %) had the highest impact on pigment extraction from yeast cells. 75.64 g carotenoid pigment were obtained from yeast cells in optimal condition, 10 g glass beads, 18 ml solvent, 8 min extraction time and temperature at 15 °C. As irradiation has impact on enzymes on carotenoid synthesis, the effect of irradiation in 365, 400, 400-800 and 660 nm were investigated on pigment production in yeast cells in a non continuous airlift fermenter at 30 °C. The highest effect on carotenoid production were recorded at 365 nm which increase the yield by 5.5 fold in compare to control.

Environmental contamination due to the combustion of fossil fuels and the ending of these resources, as well as the increase of pathogens, has attracted the attention of many governments and researchers to wards replacing and using more efficiency clean fuels to reduce pollution. Biodiesel, has long been considered as one of the major fuels. This kind of fuel, which is a fatty starch, is obtained from oil sources such as vegetable and animal oils during transesterification catalytic process on these oils and fats. Oilseeds plants have high water requirements, but Camelina is also cultivated in drought and rainfed conditions. In this study, extracted Camelina oil via cold- pressing was used for the production of biodiesel. MgO / Fe3O4 @ SiO2 Nano catalyst was synthesized by co-sediment method. Then, this Nano-catalyst was used in the transesterification reaction to production of biodiesel. Different variables were effective on both the transesterification reaction and the performance of MgO / Fe3O4 @ SiO2 nano-catalyst. The main purpose of this research was to identify and optimize these variables in order to achieve the maximum amount of the biodiesel production. These variables were including of calcinations temperature, calcinations time, and the weight percent of the active phase to the base. The reaction temperature of 70?C, reaction time of 5hours, molar ratio of alcohol to oil of 18:1, and the weight percent of catalyst to oil of 3%(w/w) were considered as the operating conditions for transesterification reaction. Finally, the calcinations temperature of 650?C, calcinations time of 3 hours and the weight percent of the active phase to the base of 55%(w/w) were reported as optimization conditions. The efficiency of the biodiesel production of 99% was obtained at optimization conditions using the transesterification reaction and in the presence of the MgO / Fe3O4 @ SiO2 nano-catalyst. The characterization of the MgO / Fe3O4 @ SiO2 nano-catalyst using different techniques such as XRD, SEM and FT-IR was determined.

  In the present study the effects of nanostructure wheat straw, rice husk, oak leaves and egg shells on the removal of sodium from water solution and soil columns by batch and Continuous adsorption experiments was investigated. In batch experiments, the effect of factors such as pH, equilibrium time, optimum adsorbent mass, initial concentration of sodium ion was studied. In order to study the practical usefulness of the adsorbents and their possible, use, desorption experiments were conducted, as well. The results of the study showed that with pH of the solution varying from 3 to 8, for straw, rice husk, oak leaves and egg shells, nanostructure adsorbents, the removal efficiency (%) of sodium ion (79.5-86), (84.2-87), (88-95.9) and (87-91), respectively and the sodium adsorption capacity for the adsorbents increased from 1.30 to 1.39, 1. 53 to 1.61, 1. 58 to 1.77 and 1. 57 to 1.65 mg/g, respectively. According to the results, the optimum absorption pH for the adsorbents was 5. The equilibrium time was determined for straw, rice husk and egg shells adsorbents, 30 min and for oak leaf adsorbents120 min. With increase in the initial concentration from 5 to 120 mg/L, the removal percentage of sodium for straw, rice husk, oak leaves and egg shells nanostructure adsorbents were obtained (85.49-68.08), (89.43-68.20), (94.72-73.49) and (89-68) respectively. Higher initial ions concentrations led to lower removal percentages and higher adsorption capacity. With an increase in the adsorbent dosage from 0.3 to 1.6g, at equilibrium time and pH, the R% of sodium was reached maximum 90.37%, 90.43% and 92.75% for 0.5g straw, rice husk and egg shells absorbents respectively, and 97.32% for 0.7g oak leaf adsorbents. According to the    analysis, for oak leaves, egg shells, rice husk and straw adsorbents had more removal efficiency, respectively. The desorption efficiency of sodium ion by straw, rice husk, oak leaves and egg shells adsorbents in 5 cycles of adsorption-desorption was investigated, the maximum value of which in the first cycle was obtained 37.16, 39.63, 83.36 and 87.92% respectively. The adsorption process for all adsorbents followed pseudo-second order kinetic model (R2=0.88-0.97 and RMSE=0.24-0.73) and Freundlich isotherm (R2=0.96-0.99 and RMSE=0.23-0.44). The results of continuous experiments showed that the total amount of sodium was adsorbed and the column adsorption capacity increased with increasing sodium concentration in the column, and the Bed Depth Service Time, Thomas and Yon-Nelson models were more consistent with experimental data. The results of the study showed that nanostructure adsorbents had higher ability for sodium ions adsorption from water solution.

     In this research, the effect of egg shell, rice shell, wheat straw and oak leaves on the removal of nitrate ions from aqueous solutions by continuous and discontinuous systems was investigated. In discontinuous experiments, the effects of factors such as pH, balance time, optimum adsorbent mass and initial concentrations of nitrate ions were studied, In addition, in order to evaluate the efficiency of the adsorbents studied and its use in discontinuous experiments, depletion tests were carried out. In continuous experiments, the effect of changes in the concentration of nitrate entering the column was evaluated in increasing the efficiency of the absorption column and the application of continuous absorption models was described in the description of the failure curves. By increasing the pH of the solution from 3 to 8, the efficiency of removal of nitrate ions by egg shell, rice shell, wheat straw and oak leaves (93.05-98.03), (81/53-92/51 , (86/23-89/15) and (90/76-94/22) percent and nitrate adsorption capacity were from (1/49-1/51), (1/32-1/49), (1/34-1/35) and (1/48-1/49) mg/g increased. According to the results, the optimum absorption pH for the adsorbents was 5. The equilibrium time for egg shell, rice shell and wheat straw was 30 minutes and 120 minutes for oak leaves Adsorbents. By increasing the adsorbent mass from 0/3 to 1/6 g, at the time of equilibrium and optimal pH, the adsorption efficiency of nitrate ion in mass of 0/5 g of egg shell, rice husk and wheat straw absorbents was maximum (97/24 ), (93/50) and (90/14) and in the mass of 0/7 gram of oak leaves absorbent reached the maximum value (93/82) percent. With increasing initial concentration of nitrogen ion from 5 to 120 mg/l, the efficiency of removal of nitrate ion by egg shell, rice shell, wheat straw and oak leaves were (99/42-87/38), (92/54-85/44), (89/49-73/60) and (94/41-89/35) percent respectively. The absorption process follows the Ho model and Freundlich isotherm. The results of continuous experiments showed that the total amount of nitrate absorbed and the column absorption capacity increased with the increase in the concentration of nitrate entering the column and the Thomas model was more consistent with experimental data. Based on the results of this study, egg shell, rice shell, wheat straw and oak leaves have high removal potential of ion nitrate.                Key word: Nitrate, egg shell, rice shell, wheat straw, oak leaves, aqueous solution, continuous system.

Bacteria are most abundant microbes in the soil that most of them have a free living. They have specific importance, because of cyclic of carbon and nitrogen and the other changes which are related plants.Thiobacillus has an important role in sulfur cyclizing these bacteria gain their energy by the oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds to sulfate. The oxidation of sulfur by Thiobacillus and produce sulfuric acid that reduces the soil pH and them also increases the availability of some nutrient elements except molybdenum in Calcareous soils. Therefore, these bacteria are very important in soils. The purpose of this study was detecting the T. thioparus and T. novellas bacteria and T. denitrificans in rain fed and irrigation soil, including (Ajab Shir, Shirvan Cheravdel, Ghorve, Songhor and Kermanshah ) Researching Farm of Agricultural Faculty, Razi University.

  To carry out this genomic study, 5 chromosomes of 100 centimeters with a marker density of 10 markers were simulated in each    centimeter with similar intervals. In order to achieve a continuity imbalance in a thousandth generation, a base population with an effective size of 200 individuals was simulated. After 1000 generations of randomized individuals and formation of haplotypes, the effect of genes replacement was calculated based on the variation in the number of genetic alleles affecting quantitative traits. From these, the true correction values ??of the individuals were obtained . Also, the r2 criterion was used to measure the degree of imbalance between the markers and also the minimum frequency of allele in individuals of the 1000th generation. In this double-populational study, simulations will be made and three modes will be considered for race history. In the first and second modes, the generic origin will be 50 and 500 generations, and in the third state there will be no generational generation. Simulations were repeated 40 times due to the use of a randomized model, and their average was reported as the result. In order to study the trend of increasing the accuracy of correction values ??for traits with different heritability, the number of different individuals and with different number of densities showed the reliability of corrective values. The results of this study showed that as the reference population goes away, with the increase of generations from 1001 to 1005, the estimation of genomic correction values ??is reduced, but the amount of accuracy increases with the number of individuals. Also, by increasing the heritability from 0.1 to 0.5 with similar QTL numbers in the generations 1001 to 1005, it also increases the density of the marker from 3 to 4 vertebrate.Keywords: genomic selection, reference population, markers, small population

Abstract:The aim of this study was, the Possibility of using high-density    markers for improving the genetic diversity in populations with a bottleneck, determination of the minimum   required marker density for evalution of genetic diversity in these populations and determine the best strategy for using the genetic markers in the improvement of genetic diversity. This study   was performed with simulation computer   y using of R programming language. First, a populatio     in the size of   100 individual non-relatives (male and female same) was simulated, than this population structure were randomly mating together to 50 generations and in all generations the number of offspring was fixed, after that the genome with a length of 5 morgan and 5 chromosomes 1 morgan was simulated with the same length. In order to create a marker density respectively, the number of 5000،500،50   markers    in equal distances was on the chromosome. Then the base population over four generations was incresed to 1600 individual. At this stage of the study,   three scenarios of bottleneck   , moderate, severe and very severe on the population was applied and the remaining population in the influence of bottleneck, according to distant relatives (pedigree) and according to distant relatives (  ), was mated randomly. The results showed that in random mating, inbreeding in small populations increased greatly and mating in the distant relatives increased less intensity. Also mating in distant relative   that people was calculated based on coefficient of distant relatives and mated according to data obtained from the (  ), value of inbreeding was less than population that were crossed with each other according to data obtained from the pedigree. So, we can conclude that in a small population, individuals mate with each other   ased on the coefficient of distant relatives which obtained from the (  ),because of genomic inbreeding may reflect real inbreeding in the population, which could be a useful tool to evaluate population inbreeding and, also genomic information and better information based on pedigree. Finally the rate of inbreeding in small populations in the low density of markers (Population 16) in comparsion with high density increased, but this increase was not significant(P>0/05). However, in larger populations (Population 80, Population 160) along with increasing the density of markers, the rate of inbreeding decreased and the results showed that in the very small population density of marker doesnt have notable impact on the controll of inbreeding. But at high densities of markers in big populations, it can help   to controll inbreeding rates and maintain the genetic diversity of individuals.key words: Bottleneck, Genetic diversity, Molecular markers,       

  AbstractOne of the oldest traditional crops is fig (Ficus carica L.) tree that extensive present in several countries around the Mediterranean basin. Iran is the important centers of publishing and distribution of many plant species. Thus, Knowledge of fig genetic diversity is so important. The present study was done to investigate the genetic diversity of 147 fig genotypes in west of Iran by using morphological traits and ISSR and SCoT markers. Genotypes were collected from 25 regions in the provinces of Kermanshah, Kordestan and Ilam. In morphological part, genotypes in terms of 58 traits related to characteristics of tree, leave and fruit were studied. The results of cluster analysis based on the morphological traits divided the genotypes into five groups. Principal component analysis, divided the genotypes into five groups. Factor analysis results showed that 18 factors justified about 75.62% of the total variation that the first three factors could be named as leaf and fruit size factor, growth form and factor affecting little lateral lobes. Correlation analysis also showed significant correlations between traits. In molecular studies, 10 ISSR and SCoT primer showed polymorphic. A total of 155 bands were produced by ISSR markers that among which 144 bands were polymorphic and the average polymorphic was 92.83%. Also 10 SCoT primers produced 183 bands that 169 bands were polymorphic and the average polymorphism was 90.91 percent. The size of the bands based on ISSR and ScoT markers were varied between 250 to 2200 and 250 to 3007 base pair, respectively. In cluster analysis based on ISSR and ScoT markers, genotypes respectively were evaluated in three and five groups which in some cases were similar with morphological dir=ltr>Keywords: Fig, genetic diversity, west of Iran, ISSR, SCoT

  In this study, semen samples were collected from 96 Sanjabi rams in order to investigate the exon3 leptin, 5` flanking of IGF-1 and exon 3 IGF-1 gene polymorphisms and their relationship with the characteristics of sperm quality and testicular size. Simultaneously, the dimensions of length, width and scrotal circumference were measured over two years and during autumn and spring seasons. Blood samples were taken from a sheep jugular vein to extract DNA. PCR was performed using specific primers to amplify intended fragment. PCR products were digested by restriction enzymes. Leptin gene polymorphism in G170A locus had a significant effect on individual motility trait, water test and scrotal circumference (P<0.05) and animals with the AA genotype had significantly the highest the individual motility compared with GG and GA genotypes (P<0.05). Also, animals with AG genotype had significantly the highest water test compared with GG and AA genotypes (P<0.05). Animals with GG genotype had significantly the highest scrotal circumference compared with GA and AA genotypes (P<0.05). The G286T in leptin gene polymorphism had significant effect on individual motility as animals with GG genotype had significantly the highest individual motility compared other genotypes (P<0.05). Leptin gene polymorphisms in the G332A had a significant effect on viability trait, water test and scrotal circumference as animals with GA genotype had significantly the highest viability, and water test and scrotal circumference compared with GG genotype (P<0.05). The exon 3 of IGF-1 gene had significant effect on individual motility, concentration, percent morphology and water test traits. As animals with CT genotype had significantly the highest, concentration (P<0.1) and water test (P<0.05) compared to CC and TT genotypes. And CC genotype had significantly the highest individual motility(P<0.05). Also, animals with TT genotype had significantly the highest percent morphology compared other genotypes (P<0.05). The 5` regulatory region of IGF-1 gene polymorphism in the studied population had significant effect on gross motility, individual motility and% morphology traits as animals with AB genotype had significantly higher individual motility (P<0.05) and gross motility compared with AA genotype (P<0.1). Also, animals with AA genotype had significantly the highest% morphology compared with AB genotype (P<0.1). The different reproduction traits can be associated with leptin and IGF-1 genotypes in future and polymorphisms in these genes may be used to develop useful markers for selection of better animals under maskers assisted selection program.

AbstractThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of cathepsin B inhibitor (E-64) on in vitro maturation and developmental competence of in vitro matured ovine oocytes that were exposed to heat stress. In this experiment, cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) of control group were placed in incubator for 22-24h at 38.5°C and treatment groups (0, 0.2, 0.5 and 1 µm of E-64 in maturation medium) were first exposed to temperature 38.5°C for 5h and then for 17-19h at 41°C in an incubator with 5% CO2 and 95% humidity. After maturation oocytes were co-incubated with fresh sperm from ram with proven fertility for 5h and then cultured for 7 days. Full cumulus cell (CC) expansion of oocytes exposed to heat shock, at all levels of E-64 enzyme was significantly lower than control (62.05%, P<0.05), however, concentration of 1 ?M E-64 enzyme caused a significant increase in poorly expanded CC (64.44%) than control (16.96). E-64 had a positive effect on developmental competence of heat shocked oocytes where 0.5 ?M of E-64 significantly improved cleavage and blastocyst rates compared with other treatment groups (P<0.05). Meanwhile, high concentration of E-64 (1 ?M) showed adverse effect (no effects) on developmental competence of heat shocked oocytes. These results indicated that cathepsin B inhibitor in low level (0.5 ?M) may have a promising role under heat shock condition in improving embryo development of ovine species.  Key words: Cathepsin B inhibitor, Oocyte, Cleavage rate, Heat shock, Ovine

  The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity and structure in three Iranian goat breeds (Markhoz, Mohabadi and Lori), one imported breed (Bital) and their singleton and twin-bearing subpopulations using ISSR markers. Blood samples were collected from 210 animals. 17 primers were used that 5 primers were selected due to number of clear bands and polymorphic properties. In total, 86 fragments were observed,   which 78 fragments were polymorphic, revealing 80/70% polymorphism. Allele frequencies, number of observed allels (Na), number of effective alleles (Ne), gene diversity (H), Shannon information index (I) and Neis standard genetic distance (D) were calculated and UPGMA phylogenetic tree was constructed based on allel frequencies. The average number of observed alleles was 1.91±0.29, ranging from 1.71±0.46 to 1.80±0.40. The average values of Ne, H and I of all primers were 1.46±0.35, 0.27±0.18 and 0.41±0.24 respectively. A UPGMA dendrogram based on the Neis standard genetic distance was indicated two separated groups. One included Mohabadi, Lori in a branch and then Markhoz. Another consisted Bital. This clustering was consistent with the geographical distribution and production goal of the studied breeds. In constructed dendrogram between subpopulations in the studied breeds, singletone and twin bearing subpopulations per breed are in same cluster. Actually ISSR markers that was used in this study couldnt distinguish singleton and twin bearing subpopulations. According to the indicators of genetic diversity, it seemes that the studied goat breeds have relatively similar genetic diversity.

Myostatin gene or a transforming growth and differentiation factor 8 (GDF8) the play an essential role in the regulation of muscle growth and reproductive system regulation prossing of livestock. This regulation is via the inhibition of myoblast proliferation and differentiation, specifically in skeletal muscles during embryonic development. The objective of this study was to investigate polymorphisms of the myostatin gene and their relationship with towning and growth traits in 150 individuals from Markhoz goat (take size and litter size) of Iran. After DNA extraction, two set of specific primers were designed and used to amplify 573 and 475bp fragments of the myostatin gene 5`UTR-Exon 1 and Exon 3 respectively. A 573bp fragment of the myostatin gene, which contains a deletion 5bp indel (206 TTTTA/), single nucleotide polymorphism of substitution (339 T/A) in region 5`UTR and exon1 and so, single nucleotide polymorphism of substitution (169T/G) in region exon 3respectively. The PCR products were separately digested using restriction enzyme endonuclease DraI, HinIII and HindIII the digestion results indicate two genotypes AA and AB in 5`UTR region, three genotypes AA, AT and TT in exon1 and three genotypes TT, TG and GG in exon3. Odds Ratio criteria for twing trait in the first parity compared to second and third parity was 1.4 (P>0.05) and 4 (P<0.1) respectively. Also, this criteria was 4.60 (P<0.05) when the second parity was compared to the third parity the amounts of OR estimated and Chi-square statistics for twining rate were 1.84 and 13.6 for the AA genotype on TT and also 0.28 and 8.46 for the TT genotype on AT. These amounts were estimated 0.07 (P<0.1) The Chi-Square statistics equal to 2.65 demonstrated significant differences between two TT and GG genotype groups for twining rate in Markhoz goat. The allele freguency analyses the associated to two groups take size and twning showed result which B and T alleles have significant effect on towning into twinig population at compared with B and B allele into take size population in 5`UTR and exon3, respectively. AA and GG genotypes had significantly in (BW180) and ADG days of age compared to AT and TT (P<0.05), TT and TG (P<0.1) genotypes in exon1 and exon 3 the respectively.   ut no were genotypes found to be significantly associated with growth traits in 5`UTR region. The statistical analyses showed positive and significant effects of the A allele for W6 trait, as well as negative and significant effecs of the G allele for ADG. The according, results of this research demonstrate that the myostatin gene can be considered as a candidate gene to improve twning rate and body weight in breeding programs of Markhoz goat.   Keyword: Myostatin, Odds ratio, Allelic substitution effect, Twining, growth traits, Markhoz goat, PCR-RFLP