Iran’s economy is among those in which energy consumption is heavily subsidized; as a result, domestic energy prices are low compared to neighboring countries. This has led to inefficient energy use, and international statistics classify Iran as a high energy?intensity economy. At the provincial level, there is also a considerable gap in energy intensity that cannot be fully explained by standard determinants such as industrialization, urbanization, GDP, and financial development; part of this gap is due to unexplained factors that conventional models cannot capture.Using provincial data for 2007–2020 and a decomposition?model approach, this study estimates the contribution of industrialization, GDP, urbanization, population, and financial development to energy intensity. The GMM estimation results show that industrialization, economic growth, and financial development have a negative and significant effect on energy intensity, whereas population and urbanization exert a positive and significant effect. Finally, the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition indicates that about 93% of the gap in energy intensity and 70% of total energy consumption can be explained by these factors, while the contribution of smuggling and improper consumption patterns is about 7% of the intensity gap and 30% of energy use. Accordingly, designing appropriate economic structures that reinforce the negative impact of the above factors on energy intensity is a key policy priority for Iran’s economy.

   Social tolerance is one of the fundamental components of social cohesion and peaceful coexistence in multicultural societies. The city of Kermanshah, due to its ethnic, religious, and cultural diversity as well as the socio?economic transformations of recent decades, provides an appropriate context for examining the level of social tolerance and the factors influencing it. The aim of the present study is to assess the level of social tolerance among the citizens of Kermanshah and to analyze its relationship with selected individual, social, economic, and spatial characteristics.This research is applied in purpose and descriptive–analytical in method, conducted using a survey approach. The statistical population consists of citizens aged 18 and over in the city of Kermanshah. A sample of 400 respondents was selected through cluster sampling. Data were collected using a standardized social tolerance questionnaire based on a five?point Likert scale. The validity of the instrument was confirmed through factor analysis, and its reliability was verified using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (0.916). Due to the non?normal distribution of the data, nonparametric tests including the Kruskal–Wallis test, Mann–Whitney U test, and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient were employed for hypothesis testing.The findings indicate that the mean level of social tolerance among respondents is higher than the theoretical midpoint, reflecting a relatively favorable state of social tolerance in Kermanshah. The results of inferential analyses show that variables such as ethnicity, religion, occupation, age, income, and length of residence do not have a statistically significant relationship with social tolerance. In contrast, education level and neighborhood of residence play a significant or near?significant role in explaining variations in social tolerance. Overall, the findings suggest that social tolerance is more a context?dependent phenomenon influenced by educational and socio?spatial conditions than by individual characteristics. The results of this study can provide a basis for cultural, educational, and urban planning policies aimed at strengthening peaceful coexistence in the city of Kermanshah.

   ---    This study was conducted with the aim of examining the level of satisfaction among Razi University students regarding their living conditions, the behavior of staff and employees toward students, and their access to educational, cultural, and recreational facilities. Students were asked to express their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with various factors such as dormitories, dining services, >   The theoretical foundations of this research are based on psychological theories (Self-Determination Theory) and sociological theories (Social Support Theory).   The theoretical framework of the study is primarily built upon Self-Determination Theory complemented by Subjective Well-being Theory to understand the cognitive and emotional dimensions of life satisfaction.    This research follows a qualitative approach, and its domain is Razi University. A random sample of 20 students was selected from the university population. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and observation.    The findings revealed that students' opinions about satisfaction or dissatisfaction vary according to individual attitudes in society and within the university.   While students expressed different levels of satisfaction in specific areas, overall results showed that the general level of student life satisfaction among Razi University students in Kermanshah is moderate. Only a few participants reported being completely satisfied with their student life, and most offered various opinions on different aspects.      One of the influential factors in feeling satisfied with life is having a clear purpose and a positive orientation toward life. Moreover, life satisfaction depends on individual circumstances, while social factors play a key role in increasing or decreasing it.   Other determinants such as family financial status, psychological condition, and staff attitudes toward students also contribute to satisfaction or dissatisfaction.    Students’ suggestions included reducing the cost of student living, improving the quality of dining services, ensuring better supervision of staff affairs, and engaging students in university-related work activities.    ---    Keywords: Higher Education, Student Perception, Student Experience, Student Life Satisfaction, Quality of University Life  

   Today, one of the challenging issues worldwide is the impact of air pollution, particulate matter, and socio-economic status on public health. The aim of this study is to analyze the factors affecting public health in selected Asian countries from 1980 to 2022 using spatial econometrics. This study seeks to improve the quality of life and reduce the burden of diseases. Mortality is an indicator of public health. The variables affecting public health are: air pollution, unemployment, trade, energy poverty, education expenditure, and population density. The results of the cointegration test, considering cross-sectional dependence, show that there is a long-run relationship between the variables in the model. The results of the Moran spatial correlation test indicate the existence of spatial correlation between countries. In all spatial models, the spatial autocorrelation coefficient is significant and positive, indicating strong spatial spillover effects on public health. Pollution, energy poverty, and unemployment significantly reduce public health, while trade, education spending, and population density significantly improve public health. According to the space camera model, air pollution, unemployment, trade, energy poverty, population density, and education spending have spatial spillover effects on public health. Therefore, it is recommended that efforts to reduce air pollution, reduce unemployment, increase trade, education spending, and improve access to electricity be made a top priority for different countries, in order to protect the health and well-being of their own populations and those of neighboring countries.   

Monetary and banking crises are one of the economic problems that have affected many countries, including Iran, today. Banking crises cause many economic problems, and most economists are looking for a solution to contain the crises. Several factors affect banking crises, including: individual bank fragility factors and systemic crisis, international shock factors in banking crises, bank ownership and structure factors, political factors, financial structure and financial development, banking regulations, and macroeconomic and microeconomic variables are among the main reasons for the banking crisis in Iran. And examining the conditions governing Iranian banks and countries that have experienced banking or currency crises have higher inflation rates in the long term. In addition, banking crises coincide with a large increase in the government budget deficit or even with the government debt crisis.Given the importance of the monetary and banking crisis on Iran's economic growth, an accurate and scientific estimate of the effects of these variables on the growth rate of the Iranian economy is of particular importance. And in this thesis, the method of self-explanatory nonlinear approach with wide lags, using data from 1370-1400, has been used in estimating the models. The results obtained from the model estimation indicate that: In the Iranian economy, the relationship between the logarithm of commercial bank debt to the central bank, the logarithm of government debt to the central bank, the logarithm of inflation rate, the logarithm of exchange rate, the logarithm of liquidity volume and the logarithm of interest rate with the logarithm of economic growth is nonlinear (asymmetric). Monetary crises are usually related to imbalances in money supply and demand, increased inflation rates and currency instability.Monetary and banking crises can lead to reduced investment, increased unemployment, and a decrease in gross domestic product (GDP), which in this case affects economic growth. Also, in some cases, crises can lead to structural reforms and improved economic efficiency. Therefore, it can be said that the relationship between monetary and banking crises and economic growth is nonlinear.

   On the one hand, the world is developing and the role of information and communication technology (ICT) and e-commerce is increasing day by day, and on the other hand, the environmental issue is an important issue at the global level. The aim of this study is to investigate the direct and indirect effects of information and communication technology on carbon dioxide emissions of large Asian emitters. This study uses panel econometrics to examine the relationship between information and communication technology and environmental quality in selected Asian countries over the period 1990-2022. The selected Asian countries are: China, India, Japan, Iran, Indonesia, South Korea, Saudi Arabia, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Kazakhstan, United Arab Emirates, Pakistan, Iraq, Philippines, Uzbekistan, Bangladesh, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, which respectively have the largest share in CO2 emissions in the world. In this study, the ICT indicators are: fixed telephone, mobile, Internet. The results of the cross-sectional dependence test indicate the existence of cross-sectional dependence between countries. In accordance with result of the result of unit root test, the cointegration test is used to examine the existence of a long-run relationship between the research variables. The results of this test indicate the existence of a long-run relationship between the model variables. Given the existence of   heterogeneity and autocorrelation, the FGLS estimator is used to estimate the model. According to the results obtained, renewable energy significantly reduces carbon dioxide and helps improve environmental quality. The N-shaped environmental Kuznets curve is confirmed in these countries. The results show that the direct effects of ICT indicators on carbon dioxide emissions are negative and significant, and the indirect effects from the trade channel are positive and significant. The net effect is negative and significant up to the threshold level of trade. At the threshold level, the net effect is zero and becomes positive after that. It is suggested to policymakers to consider information and communication technology and its benefits in formulating measures for sustainable development programs. It is also recommended that as economies move towards globalization and increased trade, the use of renewable energy instead of fossil energy is recommended.

One of the challenges that future humans face is the depletion of natural resources and environmental degradation. Given the importance of environmental issues, all countries are trying to minimize environmental damage by using appropriate methods while maintaining their economic goals, which is expected to be effective in this regard. In recent years, on the one hand, good governance has become a permanent issue in public sector management, and on the other hand, the process of economic growth and development of countries in recent decades has been such that environmental challenges have become one of the most important concerns of policymakers. In the present study, using data from selected Asian countries, which are among the largest producers of carbon dioxide in the world in terms of environment, the impact of governance in these countries on their environmental quality in the period 2001-2020 is examined. Using a threshold panel model, it is analyzed how good governance indicators affect carbon dioxide emissions-production. The indicators of good governance are: voice and accountability, government efficiency, rule of law, quality of regulations and supervision, political stability and control of corruption. Also, a composite index of good governance is constructed using principal component analysis and its effect on the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and production is examined. The cointegration test confirms the long-term relationship between the research variables. The results indicate that with the improvement of good governance indicators and exceeding the threshold level, the coefficients of production variables change in such a way that less carbon is emitted per unit of production. The greatest reduction in carbon dioxide emissions is seen in the rule of law index. In constructing the composite index of good governance, rule of law (45.7%), quality of regulations or supervision (44.02%), efficiency-government (43.94%), control of corruption (42.69%), political stability (36.58%), and voice and accountability (29.68%), respectively, play the greatest role in constructing the main component. Therefore, good governance is a solution for sustainable development, and solutions to improve institutional quality, especially with an emphasis on the rule of law and the quality of regulations and supervision, can be useful in improving environmental conditions and achieving sustainable development.   

  Improving

   Today, one of the major global concerns is environmental issues. Climate change has widespread consequences for human society, including rising sea levels, the occurrence of extreme weather events, and disruptions to agriculture and biodiversity. Neglecting environmental changes affects human life in social and economic dimensions, potentially leading to a decline in welfare and quality of life. Financial development plays a key role in economic growth and development. By facilitating investments, increasing financial inclusion, and supporting economic stability, financial development contributes to economic growth. However, the question arises: What impact does financial development have on environmental quality? Does financial development lead to environmental degradation or facilitate its improvement? The aim of this study is to examine the impact of various financial development indicators on carbon dioxide emissions in Iran from 1981 to 2021. The reliability of the model's variables, considering structural breaks, indicates that all variables are either stationary at level or first difference. Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), a composite index of financial development is constructed, with the bank deposit-to-GDP ratio playing the most significant role in forming the principal component. The estimation of linear and nonlinear ARDL models shows that renewable energy significantly reduces emissions and improves environmental quality, confirming the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) in Iran. Both linear and nonlinear ARDL results indicate that financial development has a long-term impact on carbon dioxide emissions. A positive shock in financial development leads to a significant increase in carbon emissions, while a negative shock in financial development does not have a significant impact on carbon emissions. It is recommended that, alongside the improvement of financial development in Iran, the production and consumption of renewable energy should be increased to neutralize the negative environmental effects of financial development.    Keywords: Financial Development, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Renewable Energy, Iran, NARDL

Regulating labor relations with the passage of time and considering the expansion of industrial and production units and the industrialization of societies is an undeniable necessity. This is despite the fact that legal relations and regulations in the field of work are highly sensitive, because this not only has a significant impact on the life, livelihood and well-being of many active members of the society, but it can also affect the economic growth or decline of a society. be Iran's labor law has significant defects and errors, and for this reason, it has distanced itself from international standards in many cases. Considering the goal of reducing the unemployment rate in the fourth development program of the country, the necessity of analyzing the labor force and the existing laws related to this force should be considered. The need to review and compile this law in our country in order to improve job security and adapt and model this law with updated and developed laws such as the rules and regulations of England, seems necessary and necessary. In this research, we intend to examine the legal gaps that exist around work and workers in Iran and compare and adapt the existing laws with international standards (labor law) and developed countries such as England, and in this way take a step towards the progress of the labor force in the country.   

 AbstractThe present research seeks to examine intergenerational encounter and the experience of symbolic violence through a study of high school girls in Kamyaran city. This research is conducted in a qualitative framework and designed as applied research. It is based on Pierre Bourdieu’s theoretical perspective on intergenerational encounter and symbolic violence, using qualitative methods such as interviews and various types of analysis.The study population consists of second-year high school girls students in Kamyaran city. From this population, 24 participants were purposefully selected for the study. To collect data, semi-structured interviews were employed. All interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis, coding, and through Bourdieu's conceptual framework of generational interactions, symbolic boundaries, and symbolic violence.Recently reaserchs shows that the issue of intergenerational encounters in the age has created multiple challenges based on this research family and school are as a key factors in the intergeneration encounter were examined. The results show that intergenerational encounter and the experience of symbolic violence can be analyzed and understood in terms of historical, social, cultural, and psychological dimensions. These confrontations often occur both directly and indirectly, with gaps and interactions between generations continuing to intensify symbolic violence

  On the one hand, economic growth increases welfare, and on the other hand, due to the use of fossil energy as one of the main production inputs, it plays an important role in the production of pollutants, for this reason, one of the main concerns of policymakers is to benefit more from the favorable effects of economic growth. Is. Since carbon dioxide emissions are created by the production sector, households and their consumption patterns, urban structures also play an important role in the production of pollutants, so the relatively high dependence between carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth despite favorable structures. Productivity means increasing benefit from the favorable effects of economic growth. In this regard, the current research aims to investigate the effect of renewable energy on carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth by using the statistical evidence of Iran's provinces for the period of 2010-2019 and applying the spatial econometric approach, the results Estimates show that renewable energy does not have a significant effect on economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions due to the limitation of investment in this type of energy, urbanization, gross domestic product, non-renewable and industrial energy have a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Also, non-renewable energy and urbanization have a positive effect on economic growth, and industrialization has reduced economic growth due to lack of endogeneity. Finally, there is a kind of negative spatial dependence in the emission of carbon dioxide between provinces, which indicates the limitation of growth resources in Iran's economy. Therefore, Iran's economic structure has not been able to benefit from the favorable effects of economic growth in recent years, and for this purpose, improving the technology of the industrial sector and increasing investment in renewable energy are the most important policies to improve Iran's economic situation. Keywords: renewable energy, economic growth, carbon dioxide emissions, spatial econometrics.

One of the issues that has received the attention of researchers today and is based on the study of the impact of human activities on the environment and the earth, is the ecological footprint. The purpose of this study is to investigate the long-term relationship between ecological footprint per capita and variables of economic complexity, GDP per capita, energy consumption (renewable and fossil fuel) and financial development, in the period of 1995-2021 using panel data in the countries of China, Japan, India, South Korea and Iran are based on threshold panel and non-threshold panel method. The results of the cointegration test indicate the existence of a long-term relationship between the model variables. The results show that the environmental hypothesis of Kuznets (inverted U growth-ecological footprint relationship) is confirmed in this group of countries. Fossil energy consumption and renewable energy consumption significantly increases and decreases the ecological footprint, respectively. Financial development in the threshold panel model significantly reduces the ecological footprint, while this effect is not significant in the non-threshold panel model. According to the threshold estimates, the threshold value of the economic complexity index is estimated to be 1.12. With the increase of economic complexity, in amounts less than 1.12, the ecological footprint increases with a rate of 0.034. This is while in values greater than 1.12 with the increase in economic complexity, the ecological footprint increases with a rate of 0.0765 (more than 0.034). According to non-threshold estimates, at very low levels of knowledge and economic complexity, ecological footprints decrease as economies become more complex, but then, as economic complexity increases, ecological footprints increase at an increasing rate. In order to achieve sustainable development along with increasing the level of knowledge and economic complexity, it is suggested to the studied countries to use production processes and environmentally friendly technologies, replace renewable energy instead of fossil energy and grow the financial sector. Keywords: economic complexity, ecological footprint, threshold panel model and Kuznets ecological hypothesi  

   Abstract One of the most important challenges facing the global economy is the environmental, warm and climate changes of the earth. The role of energy in the global economy foreshadows the issue of energy. In this regard, the development and development of theories and applications of energy is to obtain methods of compatibility of issues related to energy and environment. More than the study of new energy, they have replaced fossil energy and consider it suitable for fossil fuels. Using selected data from developing countries (41 countries) and developed countries (26 countries), the role of renewable energy in the quality of the environment has been investigated in the period of 2000-2020. The results of the cross-sectional dependence test indicate the presence of cross-sectional dependence in developed and the absence of cross-sectional dependence in developing. In accordance with the unit root test, the cointegration test is used to check the long-term relationship between several studies. According to the results of heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation test, FGLS and PCSE evaluators are used for the model. Experimental findings show that in both groups of countries, the consumption of renewable energy has a positive and significant effect on the quality of the environment, and the absolute value of this effect is more in developed countries than in developing countries, while this result is for fossil energies. It is the opposite. The N-shaped Kuznets environmental curve is confirmed for both groups of countries. Therefore, it cannot be expected that pollution emissions will decrease in the long term with the increase in production. This study highlights the importance of promoting green energy in order to achieve sustainable development and combat global warming.    Keywords: renewable energy, fossil energy, environmental quality, developing and developed countries   

  Economic growth is one of the important and

   Kuznets hypothesis is confirmed in both groups of countries. In both groups of countries, energy consumption and trade openness lead to a decrease in environmental quality, while good governance leads to an increase in environmental quality. ICT significantly leads to a decrease in environmental quality in developing countries. In developed countries, ICT has no significant impact on environmental quality, while access to the internet significantly improves environmental quality. Therefore, the effects of increasing carbon due to ICT development, such as direct and rebound effects, are greater in developing countries than the effects of reducing carbon due to ICT development, such as substitution effects. Considering the impact of ICT on economic growth and development, the use of renewable energy and energy consumption optimization is recommended in developing countries. Activating substitution effects (reducing outdoor activities using online tools) will also help improve environmental quality @font-face {font-family:"Cambria Math"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}@font-face {font-family:Calibri; panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:swi   mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073697537 9 0 511 0;}@font-face {font-family:"B Zar"; panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4; mso-font-alt:Arial; mso-font-charset:178; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:8193 -2147483648 8 0 64 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; text-align:justify; text-justify:kashida; text-kashida:0%; text-indent:14.2pt; mso-pagination:none; direction:rtl; unicode-bidi:embed; font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"B Zar";}.MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; font-size:11.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"B Zar"; mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-ligatures:none;}.MsoPapDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; text-align:justify; direction:rtl; unicode-bidi:embed;}div.WordSection1 {page:WordSection1;}

Investigating the impact of perceived social responsibility on customer satisfaction and loyalty according to the moderating role of brand image (case study: Aindeh Bank)Abstract: As social and environmental demands from stakeholders are growing, businesses such as financial institutions must highlight these issues in their operations and increase consumer trust. The commitment of banks to comply with social responsibility can lead to the improvement of their currency, reputation and image, which will lead to the acquisition of more loyal customers. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of perceived social responsibility on satisfaction and customer loyalty, considering the role of brand image modifier in Aindeh Bank, Kermanshah. The research method is descriptive; In terms of examining how variables affect, it is cause and reason and is applied in terms of purpose. The information for the research has been obtained through the study of theoretical foundations and a questionnaire of 165 people, which was randomly distributed among the clients and users of the services of the Aindeh Bank of Kermanshah in 1402, and To analyze the data, structural equation modeling PLS technique has been used.The findings of this research showed that the customer's perception of the bank's social responsibility has a positive effect on customer satisfaction and loyalty; Customer satisfaction has a positive effect on customer loyalty. Also, the results showed that brand image has a moderating role on the effect of bank social responsibility on customer satisfaction, and brand image has a moderating role on the effect of customer satisfaction on loyalty; But the moderating role of brand image on the effect of bank social responsibility on customer loyalty is not significant

In recent years, the most important issue that has been faced by the human society is the discussions related to the environmentt. Factors affecting the environment have caused pollution in the water and air, and these pollutions have caused global warming, which has caused many concerns for the world community. In this research, due to the importance of the environment, an attempt is made to examine energy efficiency. For this purpose, the effect of energy intensity variables (energy efficiency index), gross domestic product, energy consumption, degree of trade openness (trade liberalization), clean energy substitution on the amount of carbon dioxide emissions (environmental quality index) using the data method A panel was investigated during the period of 2000-2020. The results of the research show that the replacement of clean energy has a negative effect on the quality of the environment, and the variables of energy intensity, energy consumption, gross domestic product and the degree of trade openness have a positive and significant effect on the quality of the environment.   

  This study was conducted to identify and analyze the drivers of game industry development in Iran. The present study is applied in terms of purpose, mixed in terms of data nature and a descriptive research in terms of data collection method. In order to collect data, first, by reviewing theoretical foundations and previous studies through content analysis method, strategies for the development of the game industry in Iran were identified and through the Delphi method to confirm the identified indicators and complete the indicators, as well as prioritize solutions. The statistical population in the content analysis method is statistical including all published texts in the field of development of the computer game industry in the world that have been related to the subject of research. The statistical population of the research in Delphi method, experts familiar with the subject of computer game industry with research background, 36 of whom have been selected by purposive sampling method and then snowball to reach the theoretical saturation. This research has been done from April 1400 to February 1400. Findings show that in the content analysis method, 50 indicators were identified to identify and analyze the drivers of the development of the computer game industry in Iran and reached the Delphi stage. In the three rounds of Delphi, 14 indicators were added to the indicators and out of a total of 64 indicators, only 9 indicators were not agreed upon by the experts. The proposed model of this research has 6 dimensions, 26 components and 55 indicators. The results showed that the computer game industry in Iran has a series of supportive dimensions including: legal drivers, drivers of knowledge-based economy, drivers of human resource management, drivers of supply chain management, drivers of market management and advertising, and drivers Is the technical infrastructure of the gaming industry. During the research, solutions for the development and progress of the computer game industry in Iran were presented.

Abstract Understanding the complexity of the relationships that now govern urban life and urban space is one of the first tasks that should be considered in developing development plans. One of the important challenges of Javanrood city is poverty and its consequences, which have caused social and economic damage to families. This situation is more common in different urban areas, especially in poor areas. The aim of this study was to "investigate the impact of poverty on the social, economic and political situation of poor citizens of Javanrood". The theoretical framework of the research was a combination of sociological theories of the cycle or trap of poverty, capability poverty and participatory poverty. The research method has been quantitative. The study population was all the poor areas of Javanrood, including "Babajani, Qargeh, Gargeh Chal and Sanjabi" and 376 people completed the researcher-made questionnaire by multi-stage cluster sampling. Findings showed that citizens of poor areas of Javanrood city in terms of education, job, income, job skills and marital status are facing problems that have caused them to fall into the poverty trap. Less than 20% of respondents had a washing machine, computer, personal library and home furniture at home. Their social and political participation was low and varied according to the individual and social characteristics of the respondents. Between 20 and 40 percent of respondents in their family have been involved with at least one social injury. The most common injuries included working children, dropping out of school, domestic violence, and quarreling with others. Regression analysis showed that poverty on social participation was 0.3, on political advocacy was 0.4 and on social harms of domestic violence, prison history, dropout and street child was 0.7 and on social harms of divorce, addiction, escape. Affected by home and quarrel 0.19 percent. In this sense, it should be said that poverty has the greatest impact on social harms and the least impact on social participation. It can be concluded that the poverty among the studied poor is a poverty of capacity and structure that this poverty manifests itself in access to sustainable livelihood facilities. Low access to facilities and appliances, inadequate housing, and relatively high social harms indicate that the poverty trap does not allow these individuals to participate favorably in social and political life, as it encourages conflict in social and political activities. They see it as futile and ineffective in their current state.   

امروزه مخاطرات زيست محيطي ناشي از سوخت­هاي فسيلي و همچنيندستيابي به منابع انرژي لازم و كافي براي توسعه به يكي از مهم­ترين دغدغه­­هايكشورها و دولت­مردان تبديل شده است؛ تا جايي­كه هر تحولي در حوزه انرژي تاثيراتبسزايي بر مناسبات بين­المللي مي­گذارد. در اين پژوهش، با تاكيد بر اثر شدتانرژي به­عنوان معيار كارايي انرژي به بررسي ارتباط بين رشد اقتصادي و مصرف انرژي دركشورهاي اوپك در فاصله زماني 2014-1980 پرداخته مي­شود. اين تحقيق با هدف بررسي اينكهآيا تأثير رشد اقتصادي بر مصرف انرژي با توجه به ميزان شدت انرژي متفاوت است يا خير،انجام شده است. اين مطالعه در ابتدا به بررسي رابطه علّي ميان رشد اقتصادي و مصرفانرژي مي­پردازد؛ نتايج وجود يك رابطه علّي يك­طرفه از رشد اقتصادي به مصرف انرژيرا در كشورهاي اوپك نشان مي­دهد. سپس با استفاده از يك مدل رگرسيون پانل آستانه­ايپويا، نقش و تأثير شدت انرژي بر رابطه بين مصرف انرژي و رشد اقتصادي كشورهاي عضواوپك بررسي مي­شود. مطابق با برآورد مدل رگرسيون پانل آستانه­اي پويا، سطح آستانه­ايشدت انرژي 27/7 برآورد شده است. در سطوح بالاتر از سطح آستانه­اي رشد اقتصادي تأثير مثبتو معني­داري برمصرف انرژي دارد. با اين حال ، در سطوح پايين­تر از سطح آستانه­اي رشد اقتصادي تأثيرمثبت و بي­معنايي بر مصرف انرژي داشته است. بدون در نظرگرفتن متغيرهاي كنترل، سطح آستانه­ايشدت انرژي 6/9 برآورد شده است.در سطوح بالاتر از سطح آستانه­اي رشد اقتصادي تأثير مثبت و معني­دارو در سطوح پايين­تر از سطح آستانه­اي، رشد اقتصادي تاثير منفي و بي­معني بر مصرفانرژي دارد.نتايج اين پژوهش براي سياست­گذاران انرژي و محيط زيست قابل توجه و اهميت است.

اقتصاد دانش محور مي­تواند بستر لازم براي جبران عقب­ماندگي­هاي تاريخي ايران را فراهم كند. براي دست­يابي به توسعه، تلاش­هاي بسياري از لحاظ علمي و سياست­گذاري صورت گرفته­است. نظريه­پردازان همواره در تلاش بودند تا الگوي معتبري براي تبيين عوامل توسعه كشف و عرضه نمايند. الگوهاي توسعه، ابتدا به انباشت سرمايه فيزيكي توجه داشتند. اما امروزه سرمايه­گذاري انساني و توانمندسازي مردم به عنوان اولويت اصلي در نظر گرفته مي­شود. در اقتصاد دانش­محور، سرمايه انساني اهميت بالايي دارد، زيرا توليدكننده دانش، همين سرمايه انساني و مردم هستند. از طرفي اين سرمايه انساني توجه را به سمت آموزش جلب مي­كند. زيرا سرمايه انساني بايد كارآمد و داراي مهارت بالا باشند. بنابراين آموزش نقش بسيار مهمي در دانش محور شدن جامعه ايفا مي­كند. آموزش بايد دائمي و فراگير باشد به گونه­اي كه موجب توليد دانش و نوآوري شود. توسعه پايدار نيز كه امروزه به موضوعي مهم براي جوامع تبديل شده، تنها رشد اقتصادي را نمي­پذيرد بلكه بر رشد اقتصادي پايدار در كنار حفاظت از محيط زيست، پايداري اجتماعي، توزيع عادلانه فرصت­ها، برقراري عدالت و كاهش فقر تأكيد دارد. براي تحقق توسعه پايدار بر مواردي هم­چون آموزش نيروي انساني، افزايش دانش و آگاهي مردم در جهت رشد در همه جنبه­هاي زندگي بخصوص رشد بهداشت و حفاظت از محيط زيست، افزايش دانش و پيشرفت تكنولوژي در جهت بهبود كارايي انرژي و كاهش مصرف سوخت­هاي فسيلي تأكيد مي­كند.  روش تحقيق در اين پايان­نامه به صورت توصيفي-تحليلي مي­باشد و مدل مفهومي پانل ديتا نيز به كار مي­رود. روش سنجي پانل ديتا براي كشورهاي در حال توسعه(ايران، كويت، پاكستان، اردن، سري­لانكا و لبنان) و كشورهاي توسعه يافته (كانادا، اسپانيا، ايالت متحده امريكا، فنلاند و دانمارك) در بازه زماني 1980-2015   با توجه به متغيرهاي patent (ثبت اختراع)، GDP سرانه، نرخ ثبت نام در آموزش دانشگاهي و متغيرهاي وابسته شدت انرژي و انتشار دي­اكسيد كربن سرانه انجام مي­شود كه نتيجه گرفته مي­شود كه ظرفيت­هاي اقتصاد دانش بنيان   بر تحقق توسعه پايدار اثر مي­گذارد.

امروزه اقتصاد هاي مختلف، تجربه هاي زيادي در زمينه نوسانات اقتصادي بدست آورده اندكه شامل دوران هاي رونق و ركود اقتصادي مي باشد.با توجه به اين كه يكي از موضوع هاي بسيار با اهميت در حوزه اقتصاد كلان ،تثبيت اقتصادي ورسيدن به اهداف اصلي كلان اقتصادي از جمله   رشد اقتصادي،افزايش اشتغال و كاهش تورم مي باشد،بنابراين به منظور تحقق اين اهداف و كاهش زيان هاي ناشي از سيكل هاي تجاري، سياستگذاران و برنامه ريزان اقتصادي   همواره تلاش مي كنندتا با كنترل اين نوسانات اقتصادي تا حد ممكن اين اهداف را تحقق بخشند. بنابراين به منظور تحقق هرچه بيشتر اين اهداف، پيش بيني ادوار تجاري در اقتصاد كلان همواره داراي اهميت مي باشد و بخش مهمي از فرآيند تصميم گيري وسياست گذاري اقتصادي را در هر كشور تشكيل مي دهد.   در اين پژوهش از داده هاي فصلي طي دوره ي زماني بين سال هاي 1353تا1393 استفاده گرديده است و به منظور پيش بيني وقوع ركوداقتصادي 115 فصل را بعنوان مجموعه آموزش و به صورت نمونه گيري بدون جايگذاري و 49 فصل را به عنوان مجموعه آزمايش در نظر گرفته شده است.در اين پژوهش در مرحله اول ، ابتدا با توجه به مطالعات صورت گرفته در زمينه ادوار اقتصادي كشور ايران مجموعه اي از متغير هاي موثر بر بروز و پيش بيني اين ادوار معرفي مي گردد سپس با استفاده از تكنيك داده كاوي و روش طبقه بندي موثرترين متغير ها بر بروز اين ادوار شناسايي مي گردد. سپس در مرحله مدل سازي مدل درختان تقويت كننده، در ابتدا با توجه به مجموعه كل داده ها، پارامتر هاي تنظيم كننده   بر اساس معيار هاي دقت مدل Accuracyو kapa بر اساس بيشترين دقت و كمترين RMSE بهينه يابي شده ومناسب ترين مدل در مرحله ساختاري تنظيم مي گردد .سپس اين بهينه يابي در شرايط انتخاب موثرتن شاخص ها نيز صورت مي گيرد و مدل نهايي در زمينه پيش بيني ادوار اقتصادي تعيين مي گرد . در مرحله سوم   براساس بهينه يابي صورت گرفته از مدل و پارامتر هاي تنظيمي مدل، مدل نهايي پيش بيني تنظيم گرديده وفرآيند پيش بيني صورت مي گيرد ودر مرحله آخردقت پيش بيني هاي انجام شده توسط مدل نهايي   RTبه وسيله منحني ارزيابي عمليات گيرنده(ROC) ارزيابي مي گردد.كه نتايج نشان مي دهد كه مساحت سطح زير اين نمودار بالاي 70 درصد است و اين امر ملاكي از دقت بالاي پيش بيني مدل مي باشد . همچنين مدل BRT در مقايسه با دومدل پروبيت و پروبيت بيزين كه در اين پژوهش مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند دقت بيشتري دارد.  

 This study is paid to estimate of markup and return to scale of 19 Iranian manufacturing industries in two-digit ISIC codes during 1995-2007, simultaneously. For this purpose, used Structural approach. In this approach, according to Lopez et al. (2002) model, estimates product demands, prices (supply) and input demands equations in the form Simultaneou  Equations System, considering to panel data and non-linear Generalized Method of Moment (GMM). The results indicated that 79% Iranian manufacturing industries of price is more than marginal cost significantly. Also, 53% Iranian industries are experiencing increasing return to scale significantly.