اين مطالعه به منظور درك هرچه بهتر ارتباط ميان يافته هاي باليني ، هيستوپاتولوژيك و بيان پروتئينهاي مرتبط با آپوپتوز(BCl-2,P53) در اندومتر سگهاي ارجاعي به كلينيكهاي سطح شهر كرمانشاه براي جراحي اوريوهيستركتومي طراحي شده است. مجموع 25 رحم خارج شده به روش جراحي انتخابي، از سگهاي ماده بين سنين 2 تا 12 سال، ابتدا مورد بررسي باليني و هيستوپاتولوژي از جهت وجود هيدرومتر، موكومتر، پايومتر و هيپرپلازي كيستي اندومترقرار گرفته و سپس ماركرهاي BCl-2و P53 با تكنيك ايمونوهيستوشيمي در بافت رحم لوكاليزه و رديابي ميشوند. از حيوانات انتخاب شده قبل از عمل جراحي نمونه خون گرفته شده و ميزان هورمونهاي استراديول ، پروژسترون و فاكتورهاي خوني حيوان ارزيابي ميشوند.

مقادير اندازه‌گيري شده در نمونه‌هاي پاتولوژيك همچنين با مقادير اندازه‌گيري شده در نمونه‌هاي سالم از لحاظ باليني، هيستولوژي بافت رحم، ايمونوهيستوشيمي ماركرهاي مذكور و پارامترهاي خوني 5 قلاده سگ كه مورد اواريوهيستركتومي انتخابي قرار مي‌گيرند مقايسه خواهند شد.

  

In recent years, the use of intelligent packaging based on edible or biodegradable films has attracted the attention of many researchers. In this type of packaging, the color change of the film can indicate the spoilage and freshness of various products. Total volatile bases, which are produced during the spoilage of protein-based foods, can react with water molecules in the film, leading to an increase in pH and a color change in the indicators within the polymer. This study will investigate the chemical, structural, and morphological properties of a smart aerogel based on carboxymethyl cellulose Arabic gum containing carbon dots and anthocyanins derived from black chickpea peels, as well as its application in monitoring the freshness of chicken fillets.

  androlone is one of the most abused anabolic androgenic drugs that are abused. Studies show a connection between nandrolone and learning and memory. The effect of nandrolone on learning and memory is complicated and the results are different. Nandrolone can affect learning and memory using different pathways, including genomic and non-genomic mechanisms. Non-genomic steroid function involves the rapid induction of conventional second messenger signal transduction cascades. This process can increase intracellular calcium and activate protein kinases and phosphatases. Calcineurin is an intracellular signaling element that modulates learning and memory and the activation of calcineurin depends on calcium concentration. It is reported that steroids modulate calcineurin activity. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify nandrolone mechanism on spatial and passive avoidance memory and the role of calcineurin. In this study, 40 adult rats were devided into 4 groups including: control, nandrolone (5 mg/kg), nandrolone (15 mg/kg) and nandrolone (20 mg/kg). After 4 weeks of nandrolone injections, learning and memory will be evaluated using morris water maze (MWM) and shuttle box. At the end of behavioral measurements, the hippocampus of the rats will be extracted to assess the protein expression and calcineurin activity in dorsal and ventral hippocampus. Data analysis will be done using   

  ackground: Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal and inflammatory disease caused by feline coronavirus, with no effective treatment available to date. This disease is associated with serum protein alterations and systemic inflammation, often leading to the death of affected cats. Considering the inhibitory effects of remdesivir on RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in other similar viral diseases, this study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of remdesivir on FIP and investigate the proteomic changes induced by treatment. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted on cats diagnosed with FIP, randomly selected and treated with remdesivir for four weeks. Serum samples were collected weekly, and protein alterations were analyzed using serum electrophoresis. The resulting data were statistically analyzed, focusing on changes in inflammation-related proteins. Results: The results demonstrated that treatment with remdesivir significantly reduced the levels of inflammation-related proteins, including globulins, and improved serum biochemical indices. Proteomic changes also indicated enhanced health status in treated cats. Furthermore, patterns of serum protein changes were identified as effective markers for predicting treatment success or failure. These markers could determine the appropriate time for discontinuing treatment and prevent unnecessary drug usage. Conclusion: Remdesivir may serve as an effective therapeutic option for reducing inflammation and improving the health of cats affected by FIP. The findings of this study contribute to better therapeutic management of the disease, reduction of side effects associated with prolonged drug use, and optimization of treatment duration. Keywords: Feline infectious peritonitis, remdesivir, coronavirus, proteomics, drug therapy, serum electrophoresis

Background:
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal and inflammatory disease caused by feline coronavirus, with no effective treatment available to date. This disease is associated with serum protein alterations and systemic inflammation, often leading to the death of affected cats. Considering the inhibitory effects of remdesivir on RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in other similar viral diseases, this study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of remdesivir on FIP and investigate the proteomic changes induced by treatment.

Materials and Methods:
This experimental study was conducted on cats diagnosed with FIP, randomly selected and treated with remdesivir for four weeks. Serum samples were collected weekly, and protein alterations were analyzed using serum electrophoresis. The resulting data were statistically analyzed, focusing on changes in inflammation-related proteins.

Results:
The results demonstrated that treatment with remdesivir significantly reduced the levels of inflammation-related proteins, including globulins, and improved serum biochemical indices. Proteomic changes also indicated enhanced health status in treated cats. Furthermore, patterns of serum protein changes were identified as effective markers for predicting treatment success or failure. These markers could determine the appropriate time for discontinuing treatment and prevent unnecessary drug usage.

Conclusion:
Remdesivir may serve as an effective therapeutic option for reducing inflammation and improving the health of cats affected by FIP. The findings of this study contribute to better therapeutic management of the disease, reduction of side effects associated with prolonged drug use, and optimization of treatment duration.

Keywords:
Feline infectious peritonitis, remdesivir, coronavirus, proteomics, drug therapy, serum electrophoresis

Background: Given the projected increase in poultry meat consumption in the coming decades and advancements in genetic improvement processes and nutritional technologies for broiler chickens—leading to a shorter growth period—and due to the limited agricultural resources for poultry feed, the importance of the hatching phase has become more significant. In ovo injection is an innovative technology that has the potential to improve hatchability and subsequent growth performance in broiler chickens. Retinoic acid, an active metabolite of vitamin A, plays vital roles in embryonic development, cellular differentiation, and tissue formation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of in ovo injection of retinoic acid on hatchability, the expression of growth-related genes, hepatic enzyme status, and the early growth of internal organs post-hatching.

Methods: In this study, 250 fertilized eggs were divided into five groups: the retinoic acid injection group, the    injection group, the DMSO injection group, the ethanol-disinfected group, and the control group. The injections were performed on day 14 of incubation, and the chicks were sacrificed on the first day of hatching for experimental analyses. The necessary samples were collected for further examinations.

Results: The results indicated that in ovo injection of retinoic acid had no significant effect on the hatchability rate or chick weight. Regarding liver function, no significant changes were observed in hepatic enzyme levels, including GGT, LDH, and GOT. Gene expression analysis revealed a significant increase in GHR gene expression in the liver tissue of the retinoic acid-treated group. However, no significant changes were detected in GHR expression in intestinal tissue or in IGF-1 expression in both liver and intestinal tissues. Histomorphometric analysis of the duodenum and colon tissues showed slight changes in villus length and crypt depth, but these changes were not statistically significant .Additionally, no alterations were observed in the normal histological structure of the liver tissue.

Conclusion: Overall, the results of this study demonstrated that on the first day of hatching, the expression of the GHR gene in liver tissue was significantly increased, which could potentially contribute to enhanced growth and improved growth performance later in life. Furthermore, retinoic acid at the administered concentration had no significant effects on hatchability, chick weight, liver function, IGF-1 gene expression, or the histomorphometric findings examined in this study.

Keywords: In ovo injection, retinoic acid, hatchability, growth, gene expression, broiler chicken.

  

  

  

Cyclosporine is a widely used immunosuppressant drug that helps the body accept a tra  lanted organ by reducing the activity of T lymphocytes. However, it can cause toxicity in various organs, including the kidneys. Alpha-pinene is a cyclic monoterpene with strong antioxidant effects. So the current study aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of alpha-pinene on cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity. 35 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 equal groups (n = 7). They were subjected to oral treatment for 21 consecutive days as follows: negative control (normal saline), positive control (normal saline), comparative control (vitamin C: 100 mg/kg), and two experimental groups (alpha-pinene with doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg). Additionally, cyclosporine was administered intraperitoneally (25 mg/kg) for 21 days in all groups except the negative control. After the end of the treatment period, on the 22nd day, blood was taken from the heart of the animals under anesthesia, and then by deepening the anesthesia, the animals were euthanized and their kidneys were removed to investigate the histopathology and immunohistochemistry as well as oxidative stress indices evaluation. The results indicated that treatment with alpha-pinene led to a reduction in serum urea and creatinine levels, as well as an improvement in the histopathological lesions caused by cyclosporine. Also, the finding showed that alpha-pinene decreased the apoptotic process by lowering the p53 protein and increasing Bcl2. It also significantly inhibited the oxidative stress caused by cyclosporine in the kidney tissue by reducing the levels of malondialdehyde and increasing superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity. This study demonstrated that treatment with alpha-pinene had a significant protective effect against cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity, comparable to that of vitamin C, possibly due to its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties.

  

Background: Pain is one of the most common clinical symptoms. Clinical treatment of pain is still a big problem. Therefore, it is necessary for researchers to look for treatments with fewer side effects. Plants have high biological importance and some of them can show antinociceptive activities. Esculin is one of the important derivatives of Fraxinus rhynchophylla plant bark. The purpose of this study is to investigate the antinociceptive effects of esculin and the possible mechanisms involved in it in adult male mice.

Methods: In this study, mice were divided into 5 groups, which include the control group, 3 groups receiving esculin (with doses of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) and the indomethacin group (5 mg/kg). Pain induction was done using writhing test. To check the analgesic activity, 30 minutes after the injection of the above compounds in the respective groups, 0.6% acetic acid (10 mg/kg) was injected and the behavior of the mice was observed for 30 minutes to count the number of writhes. took Then, the most effective dose of esculin (40 mg/kg) was selected to investigate the involved mechanisms. In order to investigate the possible role of the systems involved in analgesia caused by esculin, pretreatment with naloxone (opioidergic receptors antagonist, 2 mg/kg), atropine (cholinergic receptors antagonist, 1 mg/kg), chlorpheniramine (H1 histaminergic receptors antagonist, 20 mg/kg), cimetidine (H2 histaminergic receptors antagonist, 12.5 mg/kg), flumazenil (GABAergic receptors antagonist, 5 mg/kg), cyproheptadine (serotonergic receptors antagonist, 4 mg/kg) and yohimbine (adrenergic receptors antagonist, 2 mg/kg) were administered 15 minutes before the injection of esculin. Then, 15 minutes after the injection of esculin, acetic acid was injected and the number of writhes was calculated for 30 minutes. All injections were done intraperitoneally.

Results: The results showed that esculin has a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect in pain induced by the writhing test (0/05>P(. Also, in the groups pretreated with naloxone, atropine, flumazenil and yohimbine, the antinociceptive effects decreased significantly (0/05>P(.

Abstract

  

Background: Cancer is one of four most life threatening diseases in human. Chemotherapy is one of the common routes of cancer treatment. One of the mechanism of action of cisplatin is induction of Oxidative stress, cell damage and as a result of these, initiation of apoptosis process in cells. Whereas cisplatin acts non-selectively, in addition to tumoral cells, it has some bad effects on normal cells too. Syringic acid is a phenolic compound having kinds of therapeutic properties like antioxidant effects. With due attention to past studies, protective effect of syringic acid on oxidative strees induced by cisplatin in some tissues like liver, kidney and ovary were proven. This study is conducted with the aim of investigation of protective effect of syringic acid on cisplatin induced testicular damage in adult male rats.

  

Material and methods: thirty five male Wistar rats were divided to five groups of seven. 1- Group of receiving saline 2-Group of receiving saline and Cisplatin 3-Group of receiving Vitamin C with a dose of 150 mg/kg and Cisplatin 4-Group of receiving Syringic acid with a dose of 50 mg/kg 5-Group of receiving Syringic acid with a dose of 100 mg/kg. Duration of study was 14 days and animals were administered daily with Syringic acid and Vitamin C orally and also given Cisplatin with a dose of 7 mg/kg in day 8 as a single dose intraperitoneally. At the end of treatment course, animals after weight measurement, were euthanized. After getting blood sample and harvesting testicles, weight and size of each testis was recorded. Amount of MDA, SOD and TAC in testis tissue, testosterone concentration in blood serum was measured and histopathological section of testis tissue with H&E staining was done. Datas were analysed with reversed variance (ANOVA) and Tuckey pursuance test.

  

Results: SOD and TAC levels of group receiving Cisplatin were meaningfully lower than control group (P<0.05). Increase in amount of these parameters in groups receiving Vitamin C and Syringic acid with doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg in relation with Cisplatin group was evaluated (P<0.05). In Cisplatin group, MDA levels were meaningfully greater than control group (P<0.05). Decrease of this factor in groups receiving Vitamin C and Syringic acid with doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg in relation with Cisplatin group was recorded (P<0.05). In addition, testosterone levels of Cisplatin group was meaningfully lower than control group (P<0.05). Significant increase in testosterone levels in Vitamin C and Syringic acid with doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg versus with Cisplatin group was observed (P<0.05). With administration of Cisplatin, size and weight of testicles were decreased in relation to control group considerably (P<0.05). Although administration of Vitamin C and Syringic acid with doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg could increase theses parameters meaningfully (P<0.05). In addition, based on histopathological investigation in different groups, administration of Vitamin C and Syringic acid wth a dose of 50 mg/kg improved seminiferous tubules health, number and accumulation of leydig cells in relation with Cisplatin group, but improvement of these factors in testicular tissue in a group which received Syringic acid with a dose of 100 mg/kg was significantly greater than other groups in relation to Cisplatin receiving group.

  

Conclusion: Syringic acid probably has protective effects against testicular damage caused by cisplatin administration.

  

Keywords: Syringic acid, Cisplatin, Testis, Rat, Antioxidant, Chemotherapy

  

  استفاده وسيع از داروهاي شيميدرماني در درمان انواع سرطانها منجر به ايجاد سميت در ارگانهاي مختلف از جمله كليه ميشود. دوكسوروبيسين از جمله اين داروهاست كه سميت كليوي آن به اثبات رسيدهاست. از آنجايي كه سيرينجيك اسيد، يك آنتياكسيدان معروف و از دسته فنوليكاسيدها ميباشد، در اين مطالعه بر آن شديم تا اثرات محافظتي احتمالي سيرينجيك اسيد بر سميت كليوي ناشي از دوكسوروبيسين را مورد بررسي قرار دهيم. در اين مطالعه از 35 سر موش صحرايي ويستار نر استفاده خواهد شد. حيوانات به صورت تصادفي به 5 گروه تقسيم شده و به مدت 14 روز بهصورت ذيل تحت تيمار بهروش خوراكي قرار ميگيرند: كنترل منفي )سرم فيزيولوژي(، كنترل مثبت )سرم فيزيولوژِي(، كنترل مقايسهاي )ويتامين C )و تيمار 1 و 2 )سيرينجيك اسيد با دوزهاي 50 و 100 ميليگرم بر كيلوگرم(. ضمنا تمامي گروهها بهجز كنترل منفي در روز 11م دوكسوروبيسين درونصفاقي دريافت خواهند كرد. پس از اتمام دوره درمان، حيوانات به مدت 24 ساعت پرهيز غذايي دادهشده و روز 15م آسانكشي شده و از كليهآنها جهت آزمونهاي هيستوپاتولوژي، ايمونوهيستوشيمي )سنجش شاخصهاي مربوط به آپوپتوز شامل -3Caspase و 2BCl )و بيوشيميايي )سنجش شاخصهاي استرس اكسيداتيو شامل مالون دي آلدهيد، سوپراكسيد ديسموتاز و ظرفيت آنتي اكسيداني تام( نمونهگيري خواهد شد.

  

  

The effects of co-administration of Doxorubicin and green synthesized ZnO    on the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells; in vitro and in silico assessment

Abstract

The chemotherapy drug Doxorubicin (DOXO) can inflict substantial bone damage on cancer patients. While the mechanisms behind DOXO-induced osteoporosis remain incompletely elucidated, evidence suggests that DOXO may hinder the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) through the Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2)/Drosophila mothers against decapentaplegics (SMAD) signaling pathway. Notably, Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO   ) have proven effective in promoting bone formation, mineralization, and osteoblastic cell proliferation. Recently, green-synthesized ZnO    exhibit immense potential for various biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability.

This study investigates the effects of co-administration of DOXO and green synthesized the ZnO    from hydroalcoholic extract of Cercis siliquastrum (C.S) on the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs; in vitro and in silico assessments. ZnO    were synthesized from hydroalcoholic extract of C.S and characterized both qualitatively and quantitatively. To determine their effect on osteogenic differentiation, BMSCs were cultured in media with and without ZnO    (10 µg/ml) and DOXO (10 nmol) for 14 days. The transcription of genes involved in osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs was analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The impact of ZnO    on osteoblast function and bone formation was assessed by ALP enzyme and intracellular calcium deposition assays. To investigate the ability of the ZnO    to target BMPRs, an in silico molecular docking simulation was conducted using the descriptive-analytical method. AutoDock 4.2.6 software was employed to examine the binding interaction between the ZnO    and the active site of BMPRs.

The BMSCs groups treated with the ZnO    significantly increased the expression of osteogenic differentiation-related genes (BMP-2, runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), ALP and collagen type IA (COL1A). and intracellular calcium deposition. Also the most negative binding energy level (?G bind = -3.14 and -2.32 kcal/mol) demonstrated a propensity for binding to the active sites of both the type II receptor (BMPRII) and type I receptor (BMPRIa), Respectively.

Our research sheds valuable light on the mechanism underlying the osteogenic differentiation-inducing effects of a combined treatment of DOXO and the ZnO   , both in vitro and in silico. This finding could potentially pave the way for exploring novel strategies to prevent chemotherapy-induced osteoporosis.

Key words:

Doxorubicin, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, zinc oxide nanoparticles, Cercis siliquastrum, molecular docking, BMP2 signaling pathway

انتريت پاروويروس سگ (CPV) يكي از علل مهم مرگ‌ومير در توله‌سگ‌ها علي‌رغم درمان تهاجمي است. يكي از مكان‌هاي حمله ويروس، مغز استخوان بوده و باعث تخريب مخزن پيش‌ساز گرانولوسيتي و متعاقب آن ايجاد نوتروپني و كاهش سطح ايمني مي‌شود. استفاده از سايتوكاين‌هاي تحريك‌كننده مخزن پيش‌ساز گرانولوسيتي يكي از راه‌هاي جبران نوتروپني متعاقب درگيري با پاروويروس است. فيلگراستيم به‌عنوان يكي از مهم‌ترين فاكتورهاي تحريك‌كننده كلني گرانولوسيتي شناخته شده كه باعث بلوغ، تكثير و تمايز نوتروفيل‌ها در مغز استخوان و همچنين افزايش نوتروفيل‌هاي در گردش مي‌گردد. از طرفي در التهابات، توليد ROS افزايش‌يافته و عدم تعادل بين راديكال‌هاي آزاد و سيستم آنتي‌اكسيداني باعث افزايش توليد گيرنده‌هاي G-CSF مي‌شود. انجام مطالعه براي روشن‌تر شدن اثرات استفاده از آن در شرايط بيماري واقعي ضروري به نظر مي‌رسيد. به همين منظور 20 قلاده سگ مبتلا به انتريت پاروويروسي و نوتروپني شديد پس از تشخيص اوليه به دو گروه تقسيم شدند. يكي از گروه‌ها (تعداد 10 سگ) تزريق زير جلدي 10 ميكروگرم در كيلوگرم وزن بدن فيلگراستيم هر 24 ساعت داشت و گروه ديگر هم حجم آن آب مقطر به‌صورت زير جلدي دريافت كردند. در اين مطالعه تغييرات تعداد كل لكوسيت‌ها (TLC)، تعداد نوتروفيل‌ها، تغييرات پارامترهاي خوني و غلظت آلبومين، كورتيزول و پروتئين واكنشي C   (CRP) به‌عنوان فاكتورهاي پيش بيني بقا و نشانگرهاي استرس اكسيداتيو كه شامل، انديس استرس اكسيداتيو (OSI)، مالون‌دي آلدهيد (MDA) به‌عنوان شاخص پراكسيداسيون چربي، سوپراكسيدديسموتاز و فعاليت آنزيم ميلوپراكسيداز در سرم حيوانات موردمطالعه هر 24 ساعت به مدت 5 روز مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت همچنين بررسي ارتباط بين نشانگرها همچنين اثر آن‌ها بر روي روند درمان بيماران موردمطالعه قرار گرفت.

انتريت پاروويروس سگ (CPV) يكي از علل مهم مرگ‌ومير در توله‌سگ‌ها علي‌رغم درمان تهاجمي است. يكي از مكان‌هاي حمله ويروس، مغز استخوان بوده و باعث تخريب مخزن پيش‌ساز گرانولوسيتي و متعاقب آن ايجاد نوتروپني و كاهش سطح ايمني مي‌شود. استفاده از سايتوكاين‌هاي تحريك‌كننده مخزن پيش‌ساز گرانولوسيتي يكي از راه‌هاي جبران نوتروپني متعاقب درگيري با پاروويروس است. فيلگراستيم به‌عنوان يكي از مهم‌ترين فاكتورهاي تحريك‌كننده كلني گرانولوسيتي شناخته شده كه باعث بلوغ، تكثير و تمايز نوتروفيل‌ها در مغز استخوان و همچنين افزايش نوتروفيل‌هاي در گردش مي‌گردد. از طرفي در التهابات، توليد ROS افزايش‌يافته و عدم تعادل بين راديكال‌هاي آزاد و سيستم آنتي‌اكسيداني باعث افزايش توليد گيرنده‌هاي G-CSF مي‌شود. انجام مطالعه براي روشن‌تر شدن اثرات استفاده از آن در شرايط بيماري واقعي ضروري به نظر مي‌رسيد. به همين منظور 20 قلاده سگ مبتلا به انتريت پاروويروسي و نوتروپني شديد پس از تشخيص اوليه به دو گروه تقسيم شدند. يكي از گروه‌ها (تعداد 10 سگ) تزريق زير جلدي 10 ميكروگرم در كيلوگرم وزن بدن فيلگراستيم هر 24 ساعت داشت و گروه ديگر هم حجم آن آب مقطر به‌صورت زير جلدي دريافت كردند. در اين مطالعه تغييرات تعداد كل لكوسيت‌ها (TLC)، تعداد نوتروفيل‌ها، تغييرات پارامترهاي خوني و غلظت آلبومين، كورتيزول و پروتئين واكنشي C   (CRP) به‌عنوان فاكتورهاي پيش بيني بقا و نشانگرهاي استرس اكسيداتيو كه شامل، انديس استرس اكسيداتيو (OSI)، مالون‌دي آلدهيد (MDA) به‌عنوان شاخص پراكسيداسيون چربي، سوپراكسيدديسموتاز و فعاليت آنزيم ميلوپراكسيداز در سرم حيوانات موردمطالعه هر 24 ساعت به مدت 5 روز مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت همچنين بررسي ارتباط بين نشانگرها همچنين اثر آن‌ها بر روي روند درمان بيماران موردمطالعه قرار گرفت.

Abstract

Background and Objective:  Depression, as a highly prevalent and major neuropsychiatric disorder, has physical and emotional symptoms. Postpartum depression (PPD) appears to be a harmful condition affecting mothers and their offspring negatively. Considering the impact of zinc on mood and its important role in the pathophysiology and therapy of depression, the present study was designed to evaluate the antidepressant-like effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO   ) and possible mechanisms of action in the model of PPD in female mice.

Material and Methods:  Adult female mice were divided into groups of control, untreated depressed, depressed recipient of ZnO    (5, 10, 20 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (20 mg/kg). Model of postpartum depression was induced by intraperitoneal injection of progesterone (5 mg/kg, once daily for five consecutive days) and 3 days after stopping administration.  Then, depressive-like behavior was assessed 30 min following of  D by forced swimming test (FST). In another set of experiments, the possible involvement of the nitrergic, serotonergic, adenosinergic and glutamatergic systems in antidepressant-like effect of ZnO    were evaluated by pharmacological agents.

Results:  Induction of PPD model significantly increased immobility time in the FST (P<0.05). Administration of ZnO    (10 and 20 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) significantly improved depression and decreased immobility time in the FST (P<0.05), whereas lower dose of ZnO    (5 mg/kg) had no effect (P?0.05). There was no difference between groups in the number of crossings in the open-field test (OFT) (P?0.05). Moreover, antidepressant-like effect of effective dose of ZnO    (20 mg/kg) in the FST was significantly blocked by pretreatment of mice with L-arginine (750 mg/kg, a nitric oxide precursor), WAY100635 (0.1 mg/kg, a selective 5?HT_1A  receptor antagonist), caffeine (3 mg/kg, a non-selective adenosine receptors antagonist), and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) (75 mg/kg, NMDA receptor agonist) (P<0.05). In addition, the treatment of mice with L-NAME (10 mg/kg, a non-specific NOS inhibitor), adenosine (0.1 mg/kg, a non-selective adenosine receptors agonist), and MK-801 (0.05 mg/kg, NMDA receptor antagonist) significantly potentiated the action of sub-effective dose of ZnO    (5 mg/kg) and reduced immobility time in the FST (P<0.05).

Conclusion:  It is suggested that the antidepressant-like effect of ZnO    may be mediated by interaction with the nitrergic, serotoninergic, adenosinergic, and glutamatergic systems.

Keywords:  ostpartum depression, Zinc oxide nanoparticles, Forced swimming test, Mice.

Fear-Related Behaviors and Diffrent Types of fear Evoking Stimule in Household Domestic Dog(Canis familaris) of

بررسي سميت حاد و تحت مزمن عصاره ي هيدرو الكلي اندام هوايي گياه غازياقي (falcaria vulgaris) درموش صحرايي نژاد ويستار: رويكرد توكسيكوپاتولوژيك