چغندرقند يكي از محصولات مهم زراعي صنعتي است كه در جايگاه دومين منبع بزرگ توليد شكر در جهان قرار دارد. بيماري سفيدك پودري چغندرقند يكي از بيماري‌هاي مهم قارچي اين محصول در سراسر دنيا است كه در ايران نيز در در تمامي مناطق كشت چغندر قند وجود دارد. بهره‌گيري از ارقام مقاوم بهترين رويكرد مديريتي براي مهار اين بيماري محسوب مي‌شود. از اين رو، در اين مطالعه، تعدادي از ارقام اميدبخش چغندرقند با هدف دست‌يابي به رقم مقاوم مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفتند. در اين پژوهش، مواد گياهي شامل 17 رقم به نام‌هاي اكباتان، پايا، آريا، شكوفا، مطهر،آرتا، دنا، سينا، آسيا، كيميا، نيكا، تارا، هما، حسنا، پالما، مودكس و BTS 335 به همراه ژنوتيپ حساس 191، در قالب طرح بلوك‌هاي كامل تصادفي با سه تكرار در شرايط مزرعه مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفتند. هر كرت آزمايشي شامل چهار رديف كشت به طول دو متر و فاصله 50 سانتي‌متر بود. دو رديف وسط كرت به ژنوتيپ مورد ارزيابي، اختصاص داده شد و در رديف‌هاي كناري در تمامي كرت‎هاي آزمايشي شاهد حساس 191 به منظور توزيع يكنواخت آلودگي كاشته شد. مزرعه آزمايشي هر دو روز يك بار مورد بازديد قرار گرفته و پس از ظهور اولين علائم آلودگي، ميزان آلودگي هر هفته يك‌بار مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت. ارزيابي مقاومت، بر اساس سه شاخص رخداد و شدت بيماري در آخرين يادداشت برداري، سطح زير منحني پيشرفت بيماري و تعداد كنيديوم توليد شده در واحد سطح صورت گرفت. در اين ارزيابي رقم مودكس با اختلاف معني‌دار نسبت به تمامي ژنوتيپ‌هاي ارزيابي شده،   در هر سه روش ارزيابي به عنوان رقم مقاوم شناخته شد. بنابراين، اين رقم در صورت برخورداري از صفات زراعي و عملكرد مطلوب مي‌تواند براي كشت توصيه شود يا به عنوان منبع مقاومت در برنامه‌هاي به‌نژادي مورد استفاده قرار گيرد.   

The red rot disease of oak trees caused by Paecilomyces formosus is becoming a serious threat to the forests of western Iran, especially Kermanshah province. So far, no control measures have been taken against this pathogen. The use of chemical pesticides is not recommended in these sensitive ecosystems, so it is necessary to find sustainable and environmentally friendly biological control methods.  In this research, the biocontrol effect of 9 Trichoderma species including Trichoderma arundinaceum, T. asperellum, T. avecolar, T. brevicompactum, T. crassum, T. koningii, T. koningiopsis, T. longibrachiatum and T. virens were evaluated on P. formosus in laboratory and greenhouse. The results showed that T. brevicompactum and T. virens species were more effective than other treatments in the cross-culture test with 77.1 and 64.2 percent inhibition and in the mushroom extract test with 57.65 and 1.57 percent inhibition against the growth of pathogenic fungi, and T. brevicompactum, T. koningiopsis and T. longibrachiatum with 60, 56.3 and 54.5 percent inhibition in the volatile compounds test. They had the most effect in reducing the growth of P. formosusIn the examination of pathogenicity test in laboratory and greenhouse conditions, all Trichoderma species significantly reduced the length of canker caused by P. formosus. T. brevicompactum and T. arundinaceum were the most effective fungi with 89.8% and 69.4%, respectively, in reducing the canker length caused by P. formosus in the laboratory test. In the greenhouse test, T. virens and T. brevicompactum were more successful in reducing the canker length with 66.6 and 56.6%, respectively, compared to other treatments.

   گل جاليز، انگلي جهاني است كه خسارات قابل‌توجهي به محصولات زراعي، به‌ويژه گوجه‌فرنگي و كلزا وارد مي‌كند. براي كنترل اين انگل، محققان به دنبال روش‌هاي زيستي؛ مانند استفاده از قارچ‌هاي اندوفيت هستند. در اين پژوهش باهدف مهار زيستي گل جاليز، اثر ?? جدايه قارچي اندوفيت روي ارقام مختلف گوجه‌فرنگي (كارون و متين) و كلزا (نپتون) بررسي شد. با استفاده از توالي­يابي ناحيه نسخه‌برداري شده داخلي دي ‌ان‌ اي ريبوزومي   گل جاليز جمع‌آوري‌شده از مزارع گوجه‌فرنگي Phelipanche aegyptiaca (شماره دسترسي­هاي ON738595 و ON738596) و گل جاليز جمع­آوري شده از مزارع كلزا Phelepanch cilicata (شماره دسترسي­هاي ON738605 و ON738606) شناسايي شد. پس از شناسايي مولكولي گل جاليز جمع‌آوري شده از مزارع، آزمايش‌ها در شرايط كنترل شده انجام شد. اين آزمايش در شرايط گلخانه‌اي و بر اساس طرح كامل تصادفي انجام شد. براي تهيه اينوكولوم قارچي، ابتدا بذر‌هاي گندم سترون شده با ريسه و اسپور قارچ‌هاي اندوفيت مايه­زني و به مدت دو هفته در دماي 25 درجه سلسيوس كشت داده شدند. سپس 10 گرم از اين بذر‌هاي آلوده به همراه 2 كيلوگرم خاك سترون و 0.05 گرم بذر گل جاليز با هم مخلوط شده و در گلدان‌هاي حاوي اين مخلوط، نشاء‌هاي گوجه‌فرنگي رقم كارون و بذر‌هاي كلزا رقم نپتون كاشته شدند. سه الي چهار ماه پس از كاشت و با ظهور بوته‌هاي گياهان به همراه گل جاليز، صفات رشدي گياهان از جمله وزن خشك اندام هوايي و ريشه، ارتفاع گياه و محتواي كلروفيل برگ‌ها اندازه‌گيري شد. نتايج آماري آناليز نشان داد كه بين گياهان تيمار شده با قارچ‌هاي اندوفيت و گروه شاهد (گياه با گل جاليز و بدون قارچ اندوفيت)، اختلاف معني‌داري در برخي از صفات رشدي وجود دارد. در گياه گوجه­فرنگي (رقم متين)، بيشترين وزن تر اندام هوايي، وزن تر ريشه، وزن خشك اندام هوايي و طول ريشه به ترتيب مربوط به جدايه­هاي قارچي TC-26-6, RU-BeBa, RU-ClRo و TC-26-6 از قارچ­هاي، Alternaria Beauveria bassiana, Clonostachys rosea و Alternaria با افزايش 8/61، 6/52، 9/76 و 9/77 درصد نسبت به گياه شاهد بودند. همچنين جدايه­هاي مربوط به گونه­هاي مختلف Trichoderma و گونه­هاي Microdochium bolleyi و Ascotricha funiculosa بيشترين تأثير در افزايش وزن خشك‌ريشه در حدود ?? درصد نسبت به گياه شاهد شدند. در گياه گوجه­فرنگي (رقم كارون)، بيشترين وزن تر اندام هوايي، وزن تر ريشه، وزن خشك اندام هوايي، طول ريشه و وزن خشك‌ريشه به ترتيب مربوط به جدايه­هاي قارچي RU-RoTo، RU-TrRo، RU-TrAt، TW-24-2 و RU-ClRo   از قارچ­هاي Rodotorula   torulidae، Trichothecium roseum، Trichoderma atroviride، Alternaria     و   Clonostachys rosea   به ترتيب با افزايش 42،   6/46،   9/68،   73،   3/78 درصدي نسبت به گياه شاهد بودند. در بررسي تأثير قارچ­هاي اندوفيت بر گياه كلزا (رقم نپتون)، بيشترين وزن تر اندام هوايي، وزن خشك اندام هوايي، وزن تر ريشه، وزن خشك‌ريشه و طول ريشه نسبت به گياه شاهد مربوط به جدايه­هاي TC-26-6، RU-AsNi، RU-FuTr،   RU-TrRo و RU-RoTo از قارچ­هاي Alternaria، Aspergillus niger، Fusarium tricinctum، Trichotecium roseum و Rodotorula toruloidea به ترتيب با افزايش 7/87، 8/79، 6/79، 8/58 و 6/73 درصد بودند. بيشترين مقدار محتواي كلروفيلي در گياه كلزا مربوط به جدايه TrKo از قارچ Trichoderma koningiopsis ‌ با افزايش 6/65 درصدي نسبت به گياه شاهد بود. يافته‌هاي اين مطالعه نشان داد كه قارچ‌هاي اندوفيت مي‌توانند نقش مهمي در بهبود عملكرد گياهان گوجه‌فرنگي و كلزا، به‌ويژه در شرايط وجود انگل گل جاليز ايفا كنند. در مجموع استفاده از قارچ‌هاي اندوفيت مي‌توانند به‌عنوان ره يافتي اميدبخش در مديريت تلفيقي اين علف هرز انگلي مورداستفاده قرار گيرد.

  Abstract Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an increasingly recognised opportunistic pathogenthat is responsible for nosocomial infections in intensive care unit patients, including pneumoniaand ventilator-associated sepsis. It also causes life-threatening diseases in immunosuppressedpatients with haematological malignancies and cancers, and chronic pulmonary infections inpatients with cystic fibrosis (CF). These organisms predominantly cause respiratory tractinfections, with less frequent occurrences of urinary tract infections, wound infections, soft tissueinfections, bacteremia, sepsis, endocarditis, meningitis, eye infections, and peritonitis.In thisstudy, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains were isolated from clinical specimens and identifiedby biochemical and fermentation tests. The isolates were then confirmed by polymerase chainreaction using specific primers.Antimicrobial susceptibility tests of the isolates were performed according to the Clinical andLaboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) to the antibiotics ceftazidime, levofloxacin, aztreonam andco-trimoxazole using the disk diffusion method. Subsequently, the presence of the antibioticresistance gene SMqnr and the genes associated with biofilm production rpfF and rmlA wasdetermined using the PCR method. Finally, the biofilm production ability of the antibioticresistant strains carrying the quinolone resistance genes SMqnr and the genes associated withbiofilm production rpfF and rmlA was measured using the microtiter plate method.The highestand lowest susceptibility were to and related to the antibiotics co-trimoxazole and aztreonam,respectively. Furthermore, 51.25% (41) of the isolates demonstrated resistance to the antibioticceftazidime, while the resistance rate to levofloxacin was 75.8% (7 cases).The prevalence of the quinolone antibiotic resistance gene (Smqnr) was 92.5% (74 isolates),and the genes involved in biofilm production (rmIA and rpfF) were found in 98.75% (79 isolates)and 57.5% (46 strains), respectively.With the exception of the presence of the rpfF gene and its association with resistance toceftazidime (p-value < 0.0001) and levofloxacin (p-value < 0.019), no other significantrelationships were observed.All strains in which biofilm production was examined were strong biofilm producers, theminimum biofilm inhibitory concentration of the antibiotic levofloxacin in different strainsranged from 2.5 to 20 ?g/ml, and this amount was lower than that of the antibiotic cefazidime(minimum 20 and maximum 640 ?g/ml).Keywords: antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Smqnr

This study examines antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in the Middle East up to 2024. The results indicate a concerning increase in resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics such as beta-lactams and fluoroquinolones, particularly third-generation cephalosporins, which are used to treat serious infections. Additionally, a high prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and carbapenemase-producing strains was observed, highlighting the increasing complexity in treating infections. Genomic analyses conducted in this study revealed the molecular mechanisms underlying antibiotic resistance, showing that the transfer of resistance genes and plasmids plays a significant role in the spread of resistance. The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains has limited treatment options and poses a serious threat to the effectiveness of new antibiotics. The findings of this research emphasize the necessity of implementing antimicrobial surveillance programs and infection control measures at the regional level to prevent further spread of resistance. Identifying patterns and key determinants of resistance in the Middle East contributes to a better understanding of the genetic dissemination of resistance and facilitates the development of targeted interventions. These results also pave the way for future research and public health initiatives aimed at addressing this critical global health challenge.   

Fungal pathogens are one of the factors that cause damage in agricultural products. Volatile compounds and other bacterial metabolites by inducing resistance in plants are considered as a promising alternative to chemical toxins and management of plant pathogens. Light regulation is one of the strategies to control plant pathogens and is one of the key factors in regulating the growth, development and response to stresses in plants, bacteria and fungi. In this research, the effect of full, red, blue, far-red, UVA, green and dark light spectrums on the physiological characteristics of the B. pumilus INR7 antagonist bacteria, including types of bacterial movements, population growth, biofilm formation, changes in intensity, and the type of volatile compounds released And also its effect on the growth of plant pathogenic fungus A. brassicicola in laboratory conditions and their interaction were investigated. The results showed that the light spectrum has a significant effect on the physiological characteristics of the antagonistic bacteria, so that the red light spectrum has the most and the dark has the least effect on twitching and swimming movement, the dark has the most effect and UVA has the least effect on the swarming movement, the green light spectrum It has the most effect and UVA has the least effect on population growth, the green light spectrum has the most effect and other spectrums together with darkness have the same effect on biofilm formation, as well as light spectrums separately cause changes in the intensity and also the type of volatile compounds released by the antagonistic bacteria. became Electron microscopic photography of the antagonist bacteria grown in the vicinity of light and dark spectrum showed that the UVA light spectrum and darkness caused the antagonist bacteria cells to stick to each other as well as the formation of biofilm. Full light spectrums and UVA have also increased the size of bacterial cells compared to darkness. The light spectrums were also effective on the physiological characteristics of the pathogenic fungus A. brassicicola, so that the blue light spectrum caused growth and darkness caused a reduction in the size and area of the pathogenic fungus. The full spectrum of light, UVA, red, green and blue had a similar effect and darkness caused a decrease in the population of pathogenic fungal spores per milliliter. On the other hand, the light spectrum of UVA increased and darkness decreased the growth of pathogenic fungi in the presence of antagonistic bacteria in dual culture. Also, the green light spectrum has the most and the dark has the least effect in comparison with the full spectrum and darkness in the growth of the pathogenic fungus in the presence of the volatile compounds of the antagonist bacteria.  

Abstract Members of the genus Bacillus are considered effective and useful microorganisms in controlling plant pathogens. By producing antibiotics and volatile compounds, Bacillus isolates prevent the growth of mycelium and reduce the spore germination capacity. These bacteria also induce plant resistance against pathogens. Nevertheless, the production of efficient and long-lasting commercial products has been a constant challenge in the production of biological agents. The aims of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of several Bacillus isolates in suppression of strawberry gray mold in the laboratory, and the possibility of preparing microcapsule formulations of effective isolates using biocompatible materials. Different isolates of Bacillus were prepared from the microbial collection of the Iranian plant protection research institute and their effectiveness in inhibiting strawberry gray mold disease with Botrytis cinerea agent was evaluated in vitro and also in greenhouse conditions on strawberry plants inoculated with the pathogen. Then the inhibitory ability of the isolates was evaluated and the best isolates with the highest efficiency were selected and their microcapsule formulation was prepared and evaluated. The microcapsule was prepared using biocompatible alginate compounds and natural minerals, and after its preparation, the release process, durability and resistance to environmental conditions were investigated. The optimal microcapsule based on the results obtained from the structural chemistry analysis and evaluation in laboratory conditions was chose for in planta tests. At the end, the properties of the resulting microcapsules were evaluated in the control of strawberry gray mold disease. Key word: Postharvest, slow release, bioretention, microencapsulation, Botrytis cinerea   

Pepper (Capsicum annum) from the Solanaceae family is one of the most important vegetable summer crops that is cultivated in different parts of the world. Pepper plants are attacked by many pests such as insects, bacteria, viruses and fungi. Many fungi such as Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, Verticellum, Alternaria, etc. cause disease in pepper. Common fungal diseases include seed rot, seedling damping off, root rot, stem base rot, etc. To prevent the damage caused by fungal diseases, farmers mainly rely on the use of chemical fungicides, which are efficient and fast-acting, but this is at the expense of human health and the environment, prompting experts to look for successful alternatives and their way. find for biological control in which they use a biological agent against a pathogenic fungus. The purpose of this study was to investigate the fungi that attack the pepper plant roots and to investigate the effect of T. longibrachiatum as a biological control method and fungicides as a chemical method on the fungi that cause pepper root rot. The antagonism test of T. longibrachiatum against pathogenic fungi was investigated in laboratory conditions. This step included placing the disc of pathogenic fungi against the isolated disc of T. longibrachiatum on PDA medium. After one week of incubation, the antagonism ability was measured. In the greenhouse, the effect of treatments including the control alone (without pathogenic fungi and T. longibrachiatum), Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, T. longibrachiatum, Beltanol fungicide and the treatment of pathogenic fungi together with T. longibrachiatum. The effect of the treatments on two soil groups, including sterilized and non-sterilized soils, was done in three repetitions, which formed a total of 12 samples of the statistical population of this study. The effects of the treatments on the characteristics of root and stem length, wet and dry weight of root and stem were measured in greenhouse conditions. The data obtained from the measurements were analyzed using the LSD test comparison between groups (sterilized and non-sterilized soil) at the 5% level. Based on the results of internal transcribed space (ITS) sequencing and PCR, the species of Fusarium and Rhizoctonia fungi included F. solani and R. solani, respectively. T. longibrachiatum had a high antagonistic ability with F. solani and R. solani. The treatment of T. longibrachiatum fungus and Beltanol fungicide reduced the pathogenic effect of F. solani and R. solani, so the measured growth indices increased in the presence of these treatments. respectively, the highest and lowest characteristics of the measured sizes were observed in the treatment of T. longibrachiatum and pathogenic fungi F. solani and R. solani. By adding T. longibrachiatum to samples infected with R. solani along with F. solani in non-sterile soils, the dry weight of the stem increased by 744.17%. Based on the results of the laboratory and greenhouse, T. longibrachiatum as a strong antagonist was able to prevent the growth of F. solani and R. solani, therefore T. longibrachiatum as a strong biological controller plays an important role in controlling various diseases caused by F. solani and R. solani has root rot of pepper. The effect of T. longibrachiatum fungus was higher compared to Beltanol fungicide in inhibiting the pathogenic agent. Therefore, it is recommended to use biological control method instead of chemical control.

   Seedling death disease is one of the important problems in agricultural fields, which causes economic damage to crops, especially pumpkins. Farmers have to use pesticides to control the disease, but these toxins have harmful side effects on the environment and human health. Many recommendations have been made regarding the need to find suitable alternatives in dealing with this pathogen. The widespread use of chemical pesticides in agriculture, in addition to increasing production costs and negative effects on human and animal health, has caused irreparable damage to the environment. according to this; The development of alternative methods, including biological control (using Trichoderma fungus) in the management of plant diseases (especially soil-borne diseases), seems very necessary. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to investigate the effect Isolates of Trichoderma on cucumber seedling death disease. The antagonism test of T. longibrachiatum against pathogenic fungi was investigated in laboratory conditions. This step included placing the disc of the pathogenic fungus against the isolated disc of Trichoderma on the PDA medium. After one week of incubation, the antagonism ability was measured. In the greenhouse, the effect of 4 control treatments alone (without pathogenic fungus and Trichoderma), the fungus causing the death of cucumber seedlings, Trichoderma fungus and the combination treatment of Trichoderma and pathogen on germination percentage, root length, stem length and dry and wet weight of the plant one month after The beginning of the experiment was measured. The data obtained from the measurement were compared using the LSD test at the probability level of 5 and 1 percent. The fungus responsible for the death of cucumber seedlings was Fusarium oxysporu. T. longibrachiatum had antagonistic ability with Fusarium oxysporum fungus. Germination percentage, root length, stem length and dry and wet weight of cucumber plants in different samples were T. longibrachiatum > Fusarium oxysporum along with T. longibrachiatum > control > Fusarium oxysporu. Based on the results of laboratory and greenhouse, T. longibrachiatum mushroom as a strong antagonist was able to prevent the growth of Fusarium oxysporum fungus, so T. longibrachiatum as a strong biological controller plays an important role in controlling various diseases caused by Fusarium fungus, including Death has seedlings.

Capped mushrooms form a large group of basidiomycota fungi, which are called gilled mushrooms in English. The term agaric fungi is used for fungi of the order Agaricales, which have umbrella-shaped and fleshy basidiocarps, and usually consist of a cap and a base. This group of fungi decomposes rotten wood and returns useful substances to the soil, and also plays a role in destroying sick and weak trees. A group of these mushrooms are important in terms of nutrients and medicine, and some can cause disease, biological control, or poisoning. during a survey of Agaric mushrooms of Dalaho, determine the toxic and deadly habitat in the region, check the presence of suitable species for artificial cultivation, saprophit species in the Dalaho highlands and suurounding plains, conduted from 2019 to 2021, About 104 specimens of Agaric Fungi were collected. The specimens were examined based on macroscopy features (shape of pileus and stipe, the presence or absence of volva at the base stip ,   the presence or absence of   a ring on the stip, gill attachment, the spore print color, etc.) and microscopic properties (shape and type of hypha, the presence or absence of clamp connection, shape, color and size of basidiospore, shape and size basidiospore, shape and size cystidia, ect). after examining these characteristics, the specimens were dried by a dehydrator and then kept in a freezer at -20°C for two weeks in order to eliminate possible pests. Then the samples were placed in zipped plastic bags, and while assigning a herbarium code to each specimens, one specimens was sent to herbarium of fungi, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran. In order to complete the morphological identification, the specimens were analyzed molecularly. In this study, ITS intra-ribosomal transcribed region, which includes ITS1, 5.8S coding gene, and ITS2, was used. Out of 104 collected specimens, 75 specimens were analyzed and 29 specimens were excluded due to insufficient number of samples. The studied specimens belong to 20 genera and 26 species. Among the identified species, five species including Melanoleuca exscissa, Peziza varia, Suillellus luridus, Tubaria co  ersa, Tulosesus impatiens, are reported for the first time from Kermanshah province and five species including   Coprinellus bipellis, Coprinopsis strossmayeri, Leucocalocybe mongolica, Meottomyces dissimulans, Mycena zephirus are new for the Iranian Flora.  

   Tomato is one of the most important vegetable crops that is widely cultivated all over the world.   Among the things that make tomato production difficult, the parasitic weed broomrape is one of the main threats.   Although so far different strategies have been used to control broomrape, but; None of them have succeeded in completely curbing it. What is of interest today to control weeds, including the broomrape parasite, is the use of several management methods in the form of integrated control. In the present study, three types of manure and four species of endomycorrhizal fungi were used in three experiments in a completely randomized design to control the broomrapes. In the first two experiments, the role of animal manures and mycorrhizal species was investigated separately. In the first experiment, the species Funneliformis mosseae, significantly compared to other treatments, succeeded in reducing the number and dry weight of broomrape. Among the types of animal manure used in the second experiment, cow manure had a significant effect on the reduction of dry weight and the number of flowers. Finally, the results of the combination of cow manure at two different levels with F.mosseae in the third experiment showed the positive effect of combining the lower level of manure with mycorrhizae in the emergence of stalks, the number and dry weight of broomrapes on tomato plants.

   آگاهي از وضعيت تغذيه­اي باغات ميوه به منظور افزايش كميت و كيفيت محصول يك امر ضروري و اجتناب­ناپذير است. همچنين، مديريت پايدار حاصلخيزي خاك يكي از مؤلفه­هاي مهم مديريت خاك در راستاي كشاورزي پايدار است كه ارزيابي آن از طريق سنجش ويژگي­هاي شيميايي و زيستي امكان­پذير مي­باشد. اين پژوهش با هدف بررسي تأثير چالكودهاي تلفيقي مختلف از كودهاي آلي، شيميايي و زيستي بر رفع كلروز آهن در درختان هلو و شليل، تعادل عناصر غذايي در برگ و ميوه درختان تيمار شده و برخي ويژگي­هاي شيميايي و زيستي خاك انجام گرفت. پيش از اعمال تيمارهاي چالكود، نمونه­هاي خاك از دو عمق 30-0 و 60-30 سانتي­متري به ‌صورت مركب از باغ مورد مطالعه تهيه و ويژگي­هاي شيميايي (pH، EC، ماده آلي و فسفر و پتاسيم فراهم) و زيستي (تنفس پايه، كربن زيست­توده ميكروبي، تنفس ناشي از سوبسترا و كسر متابوليك) آن­ها تعيين شدند. اين پژوهش به صورت آزمايش فاكتوريل در قالب بلوك­هاي كامل تصادفي در 3 بلوك و 5 تيمار اجرا شد. اواسط اسفند 1398، تيمارهاي آزمايشي به صورت چالكود در يك سوم بيروني سايه­انداز درختان به اين صورت اعمال شدند: كود دامي كاملاً پوسيده (A)، كود دامي + اوره + فسفات آمونيوم + كلات آهن سكوسترين (B)، كود دامي + اوره + فسفات آمونيوم + كلات آهن سكوسترين + باكتري باسيلوس (C)، كود دامي + اوره + فسفات آمونيوم + كلات آهن سكوسترين + تيوباسيلوس + گوگرد پودري (D)، كود دامي + اوره + فسفات آمونيوم + كلات آهن سكوسترين + باكتري باسيلوس + تيوباسيلوس + گوگرد پودري (E). مقادير نيتروژن، فسفر، پتاسيم، آهن، منگنز، مس و روي در برگ و ميوه درختان در سال­هاي 1399 و 1400 و كلروفيل برگ در سال 1400 اندازه­گيري شدند. پس از برداشت ميوه­ها در تابستان 1400، نمونه­هاي خاك از دو عمق 30-0 و 60-30 سانتي­متر و از كنار محل چالكود با استفاده از اوگر برداشته شد. ويژگي­هاي شيميايي و زيستي در خاك­هاي تيمار شده، اندازه­گيري و با ويژگي­هاي خاك قبل از چالكود مقايسه شدند. نتايج نشان داد كه كمترين و بيشترين مقادير كلروفيل برگ و عناصر غذايي در برگ و ميوه هلو و شليل به ترتيب در تيمارهاي A و E به دست آمدند. بر اساس آناليز واريانس كيت-نلسون، عملكرد 1/50 و 2/43 كيلوگرم در درخت به عنوان عملكرد بحراني براي تفكيك جامعه با عملكرد بالا (تيمارهاي D و E) از جامعه با عملكرد پايين (تيمارهاي A، B و C) به ترتيب در درختان هلو و شليل به دست آمد. آهن و فسفر، محدودكننده­ترين عناصر غذايي در برگ و ميوه هلو و شليل در جامعه با عملكرد پايين بودند. همچنين، نتايج نشان داد كه pH خاك­هاي چالكود شده به طور معني­داري نسبت به خاك شاهد كاهش يافت و كمترين مقدار pH مربوط به تيمار E بود. همچنين، با افزايش عمق، مقدار pH در خاك­هاي چالكود شده كاهش پيدا كرد، در حالي­كه در خاك شاهد افزايش يافت. مقدار EC خاك­هاي چالكود شده به طور معني­داري بيشتر از خاك شاهد بود. با اين حال، افزايش EC در خاك­هاي تيمار شده به اندازه­اي نبود كه منجر به شوري خاك شود. اثر تيمارهاي چالكود بر افزايش مقدار ماده آلي خاك معني­دار بود. مقدار ماده آلي خاك در عمق 30-0 سانتي­متري، از 09/2 تا 23/2 درصد متغير بود كه بيشترين و كمترين مقدار آن به ترتيب براي خاك شاهد و تيمار E به دست آمد. دامنه اين پارامتر در عمق 60-30 سانتي­متري، 90/2-69/1 درصد بود كه بر خلاف لايه اول، بيشترين مقدار در تيمار E و كمترين مقدار در خاك شاهد اندازه­گيري شد. مقدار فسفر فراهم خاك به طور معني­داري نسبت به شاهد افزايش پيدا كرد، در حالي­كه بين مقادير اين پارامتر در خاك­هاي چالكود شده، تفاوت معني­داري وجود نداشت. مقدار پتاسيم فراهم در خاك­هاي چالكود شده به طور معني­داري نسبت به شاهد افزايش پيدا كرد و اين تفاوت در عمق 60-30 سانتي­متري چشمگيرتر بود. تيمارهاي چالكود به طور معني­داري تنفس پايه، تنفس ناشي از سوبسترا و كربن زيست­توده ميكروبي را نسبت به شاهد افزايش دادند، در حالي­كه اثر آن­ها بر كسر متابوليك معني­دار نبود. به طور كلي، مي­توان گفت كه مديريت تلفيقي چالكود در تيمار E، بيشترين تأثير را در بهبود كلروز آهن، تعادل تغذيه­اي درختان و كيفيت شيميايي و زيستي خاك داشت.

  Today, in addition to the antibiotic resistance of various microbial strains, which is one of the ten major health threats according to the World Health Organization, problems such as the exorbitant cost of treating some diseases and the recurrence of diseases have become the reason why researchers are looking for a solution for society. to solve these problems. One of the methods studied in recent years to deal with these problems is the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles, especially silver nanoparticles, with the help of plants and their derivatives. One of these plant derivatives is Farsi gum, a polysaccharide secreted from the trunk and branches of the mountain almond tree (with the scientific name Amygdalus scoparia), which is found in the Zagros region of Iran. In this study, Nefera nanoparticles were produced by Farsi gum as a regenerating and stabilizing compound by co-precipitation method. Then, "UV-visible spectrophotometry", "X-ray Diffraction", "scanning electron microscope" and "Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy" analyzes were used to confirm its structure. After examining the structure, antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties of these nanoparticles with the help of "well diffusion", "minimum inhibitory concentration", "minimum bactericidal concentration" and "crystal violet biofilm assay" tests on the microbial strains of Candida albicans, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Staphylococcus aureus were measured. In general, the findings of this research showed the excellent effect of this nanoparticle on the Candida albicans microbial strain. In the end, with the help of DPPH and half maximal inhibitory concentration tests, the antioxidant properties of the prepared nanoparticles were measured.

   Fig, with the scientific name Ficus carica L., is a perennial treasure plant. Among the producing countries, Iran ranks fifth in the world with the production of 107,791 tons of figs in 2021. Also, in 2021, the main producing provinces of wet farming figs include Fars, Lorestan, Kermanshah, Markazi, Semnan, and Zanjan. The amount of wet farming fig production in 2021 in Kermanshah province was 1787 tons. Fig cultivation areas in Kermanshah province based on the highest production include the cities of Dalahu (Rijab), Paveh, Sarpol Zahab, Gilan Gharb, Harsin, Kermanshah and Islamabad. The fig plant, like other agricultural products, hosts many pests and diseases, among which fig mosaic disease can be mentioned. Based on the research conducted by the researchers, it has been shown that the effective factors in the occurrence of fig mosaic disease include viruses and viroids, all or some of them may be involved in the occurrence of symptoms of this disease in fig trees. Among the viral agents involved in this disease, we can mention fig mosaic virus (Emaravirus fici). This virus can be semi-permanently transmitted by cuttings and tra  lants of infected trees, as well as by the eriophyde mite Aceria ficus, but it is not transmitted by seeds and pollen grains. During the years2021and 2022, 129 samples were collected from nine cities of Kermanshah province (Eslamabad-e-Gharb, Paveh, Dalahoo, Sarpol-e-Zahab, Sahneh, Qasreshirin, Kermanshah, Gilanegharb and Harsin). These samples were examined by DAS-ELISA test and with IgG antiserum prepared by Iran's Herbal Medicine Research Institute (Tehran, Iran). Out of 128 fig samples tested, 86 samples were infected with fig mosaic virus. Based on the tests, out of 116 samples with symptoms of fig mosaic disease, 81 samples (equivalent to 70%) were infected with fig mosaic virus. Also, among the 12 samples without signs of fig mosaic disease, five samples showed positive results in the serological test. In order to investigate the transmission of fig mosaic virus, grafting was done between two-year-old fig cuttings and infected cuttings that were selected from fig trees in Kermanshah province. After observing the first signs of fig mosaic disease, DAS-ELISA test was performed for all the tra  lanted seedlings and after the detection of fig mosaic virus in some of the tra  lanted seedlings, in order to ensure the accuracy of the result obtained from the DAS-ELISA test, a molecular test was performed base on nucleic acid (RT-PCR) for infected plants. In the RT-PCR test, a fragment with an approximate size of 302 bp was amplified from a pair of E5 specific primers for 20 fig samples. Among the received nucleotide sequences, 19 sequences (except for OQ552542), in BLAST search, showed the most similarity with the sequence of an isolate from Lorestan province (KT732024) (nucleotide similarity between 93.4 and 96.8%). The sequence of isolate FM203 (resem. OQ552542) was different from the rest of the isolates, so that its nucleotide identity with 19 other sequences was 86.6 to 90.2%. This sequence showed the most similarity with the sequence of isolate T7 from Kermanshah province (number MH475441) and then with isolates from Golestan, Lorestan and Mazandaran provinces (90.1 to 91.5% nucleotide identity). In the phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the RdRp coding region, 19 sequences of the obtained sequences (except the sequence OQ552542), together with an isolate from Lorestan province (the sequence KT732024) were placed in the same group, but the isolate FM203 (the sequence OQ552542) was placed outside the group. In this study, the distribution of fig mosaic virus in fig orchards of Kermanshah province was investigated by serological detection (DAS-EISA) and nucleic acid-based molecular method (RT-PCR).

Bacterial Leaf Stripe/Streak is one of the important diseases of this strategic plant in the world. In recent years, this disease has spread in Kermanshah province following the change in climatic conditions, and due to its seed-borne nature, it has caused significant damage in some areas. Recently, during a survey, the physiological, biochemical, genetic, and pathogenic characteristics of disease-causing bacteria were identified in Kermanshah province, and along with determining the disease-causing pathovars, their distribution in the province was determined. The present research was conducted to identify epiphyte bacteria of wheat in Kermanshah province and to evaluate their ability to biologically control the two pathogens undulosa and cerealis from Xanthomonas translucens bacteria, the stripe agent of wheat in this province. For this purpose, during the spring of 1400, wheat leaves were sampled in different regions of Kermanshah province, and epiphyte bacteria were isolated and purified. The effect of inhibiting 233 epiphytic bacteria from the growth of the disease agent in laboratory conditions was investigated with various tests including the production of volatile compounds and antibiotic production, and then five isolates that showed better results in laboratory conditions were selected from among the epiphyte bacteria and their effect They were examined for the disease in greenhouse conditions. To identify isolates, physiological and biochemical tests were performed for all isolates. 11 isolates had the highest yield in the volatile compounds production test, and seven isolates had the highest halo diameter inhibiting the growth of the disease agent. Based on the results of these tests and the total performance of isolates in volatile compounds production and antibiotic production tests, five isolates showed high performance. The inhibitory effect of these isolates against the disease was investigated in greenhouse conditions and the form of a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 3 replications. The index of contamination percentage of wheat leaf surface was examined during three periods with an interval of one week and the resulting data were statistically analyzed. The results showed that the investigated treatments had a significant difference at the 5% level. Isolate 75 had the greatest effect on reducing the percentage of leaf contamination. Based on the results of physiological and biochemical tests, this Bacillus sp. It was identified that after determining the sequence of the 16S rRNA region for this isolate and comparing it with the information available in NCBI, it was determined that the superior isolate in the biological control of bacterial stripe disease in Kermanshah province corresponds with 100% similarity to Bacillus pumilus bacteria.   

The tomato plant with the scientific name Solanum lycopersicum from the Solanaceae family is economically one of the most important agricultural products in many countries, including Iran. The tomato plant is exposed to the damage of various factors, including plant pathogens, among which viral diseases are very important. Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) from the genus Tobamovirus is one of the most destructive viruses infecting vegetables. This virus has a wide host range between agricultural and non-agricultural plants. During the years 1397 to 1399, from the farms of Kermanshah province located in the cities of Kermanshah (Kozran, Baladarband, Sarab Yaori, Halshi and the farm inside the faculty), Islamabad (Shiyan), Qasr Shirin (Shaherek Shahid Decami), Mahidasht, Sahneh (Dinor), Ravansar (Hasanabad) ), Sanghar (Sahnaleh), Kangavar (Fesh), and Harsin (Biston) of Kermanshah province were collected and some tomato greenhouses of Kermanshah province located in Kermanshah (Qzanchi), Islamabad (Shiyan Castle, Kat Kati) and Mahidasht cities were sampled. The presence of ToMV infection in the samples was investigated by DAS-ELISA method using polyclonal antibody manufactured by DSMZ (code AS-0104). The results were evaluated according to the color of the wells compared to positive and negative controls and positive samples were identified. A number of samples that were detected as infected by DAS ELISA were selected for further work The reaction of benchmark plants was investigated using mechanical inoculation in the greenhouse. The contamination of some samples was confirmed by total RNA extraction and then RT-PCR molecular test. In this test, general primers of tobamoviruses (F-3666 and R-4718) were used. The expected band with a size of about 700 bp was obtained for the infected samples. The obtained synonyms were registered in GenBank (accession number OM460705 for AE293 isolate and OM460706 for AE298 isolate). A genealogical tree was drawn using the sequences available in GenBank. The sequences of two ToMV isolates from Kermanshah province were placed in the same group with ToMV isolates and showed the highest similarity (respectively, 99.5 and 99.8% sequence identity) with a tomato mosaic virus isolate (number LC650928) reported from tomato plants in Japan. They showed that. . In total, the results of ELISA, inoculation and RT-PCR tests proved the existence and widespread distribution of tomato mosaic virus in the tomato fields of Kermanshah, Qasrshirin, Harsin, Sahne, Ravansar and Islamabad cities   

Parasitic plants of the Orobanchaceae family are one of the limiting factors of cultivation in agricultural systems, and accurate identification and investigation of their biology is essential in order to better control these parasitic plants in fields and gardens. In Kermanshah province, many products are attacked by this plant family, and among them, products such as canola, tomato and sunflower with growing cultivated area and high damage potential by these species are of special importance. Referring to the mentioned fields, 414 samples were prepared, and after morphological and molecular examination of the samples, the dominant species in canola fields is Phelipanche cilicica, tomato fields, Phelipanche aegyptica, and sunflower fields, Orobancche cumana. The distribution map of 414 samples was done using the ... method.   

  Tomato paste is the main tomato product that is prepared commercially or traditionally at home. According to the definition of the World Health Organization, adding any unauthorized and harmful substances to the food basket of humans and animals is called fraud. Sometimes the profit seeker puts in food to reduce the production costs and get more profit and endangers human health. Therefore, it is necessary to use new methods with a fast and high response level to identify additives in the paste. It is completely reduced or destroyed, in this case such a food item is corrupted and it is called rotten. In this research, it is tried to be able to provide the nutritional health of the communities with the help of smelling machine, in addition to detecting corruption in tomato paste, by identifying common frauds, including the identification of unauthorized preservative additives in tomato paste. In this research, the work was carried out in two sections, examining the experiments of the fraud section and the experiments of the corruption section. In order to evaluate these changes, the physicochemical tests of the paste, which included the measurement of pH, acidity, Brix, sediment weight percentage and smell test, were performed. According to the results of the confusion matrix of LDA and C-SVM methods, both methods performed well in detecting different percentages of potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate. LDA also performed better than C-SVM with 100% recognition accuracy. C-SVM and PCA could distinguish with high accuracy the samples containing sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate in 0.1 and 0.05 percent. The PLS model was the best model for predicting acidity and the MLR model was the best model for predicting sediment weight percentage, Brix and pH. TGS2620 sensors,. MQ135, TGS2602 had the highest sensitivity in identifying adulterated tomato paste samples.

   چكيده: آتش­سوزي يك عامل طبيعي در جنگل به شمار مي­رود كه به­ طور موقت باعث كاهش پوشش گياهي سطح خاك مي­شود.آتش­سوزي مي­تواند ريزجانداران و خصوصيات شيميايي خاك را در جهت مثبت و يا منفي تحت تأثير قرار دهد. اين مطالعه جهت بررسي اثر آتش­سوزي بر جنگل­هاي زاگرس در استان كرمانشاه، شهرستان گهواره در منطقه لريني انجام گرفت. از اين رو چند نقطه روي ترانسكت­ها با استفاده از متر مشخص شد و در فواصلي منظم (مهر، آذر، بهمن، فروردين و خرداد)، نمونه­برداري انجام گرفت حد فاصل رديف­هاي مورد مطالعه از هم 50 متر و فاصله هر نقطه از نقطه بعدي 20 متر بود. سه رديف در منطقه مورد آتش­سوزي و يك رديف در منطقه شاهد مشخص شد. نتايج ‌نشان‌ داد ‌آتش‌­سوزي‌ در هر دو محل زير تاج و خارج تاج سطحي بوده و تأثير چنداني بر ويژگي­هاي شيميايي و زيستي خاك نداشت. از اين رو در شاخص­هايي چون كربن آلي و هدايت الكتريكي خاك تغيير قابل توجهي ديده نشد و آتش­سوزي تنها موجب افزايش فسفر در مناطق سوخته نسبت به شاهد شد. به دليل رخ­ داد آتش­سوزي سطحي، احتراق موجب افزايش نه چندان چشمگيري در شاخص­هاي زيستي شد. در اين پژوهش در اثر آتش­سوزي جمعيت باكتري­هاي خاك پس ازگذشت 9 ماه تقريباً به سطح خاك شاهد رسيد اما جمعيت باكتري­هاي تثبيت­كننده ازت افزايش يافت. اين در حالي است كه جمعيت باكتري­هاي اسپوردار روند مشخصي در بازه­هاي زماني پس از آتش­سوزي را دنبال نكرد.       آتش­سوزي يك عامل طبيعي در جنگل به شمار مي­رود كه به­ طور موقت باعث كاهش پوشش گياهي سطح خاك مي­شود. آتش­سوزي مي­تواند موجب اثرات منفي و يا مثبت بر خصوصيات شيميايي و ريزجانداران خاك ­شود. اين مطالعه جهت بررسي اثر آتش­سوزي بر جنگل­هاي زاگرس در استان كرمانشاه، شهرستان گهواره در منطقه لريني انجام شد. بدين منظور نقاط با اندازه­گيري به وسيله­ي متر بر روي ترانسكت­ها مشخص شد و به صورت منظم و با فواصل زماني مشخص (مهر، آذر، بهمن، فروردين و خرداد)، نمونه­برداري از آ­ن­ها صورت گرفت. فاصله نمونه­ها در هر دريف 20 متر و فاصله رديف­ها از هم50 متر است به گونه­اي كه سه رديف در منطقه سوخته و يك رديف در منطقه شاهد مشخص شد. نتايج ‌نشان‌ داد ‌آتش‌­سوزي‌ در هر دو محل زير تاج و خارج تاج سطحي بوده و تأثير چنداني بر ويژگي­هاي شيميايي و زيستي خاك نداشت. از اين رو در شاخص­هايي چون كربن آلي و هدايت الكتريكي خاك تغيير قابل توجهي ديده نشد و آتش­سوزي تنها موجب افزايش فسفر در مناطق سوخته نسبت به شاهد شد. به دليل رخ­ داد آتش­سوزي سطحي، احتراق موجب افزايش نه چندان چشمگيري در شاخص­هاي زيستي شد. در اين پژوهش در اثر آتش­سوزي جمعيت باكتري­هاي خاك پس ازگذشت 9 ماه تقريباً به سطح خاك شاهد رسيد اما جمعيت باكتري­هاي تثبيت­كننده ازت افزايش يافت. اين در حالي است كه جمعيت باكتري­هاي اسپوردار روند مشخصي در بازه­هاي زماني پس از آتش­سوزي را دنبال نكرد.

چكيدهمقدمه:واژينيتيك بيماري التهابي همراه با خارش، سوزش، بو و ترشحات غير طبيعي واژن بوده كه همراه با عواقبي مانند عفونت هاي دستگاه ادراري، زايمان زودرس، بيماري التهابي لگن و ناباروري است.استرپتوكوكوس آگالاكتيه يا استرپتوكوك گروهB(GBS)يك پاتوژن انسانيبوده كه از واژن زنان بالغ جدا شده است. اين باكتري ها دارايتوانايي بالقوه­اي برايايجاد بيوفيلمبوده كه وضعيتمزمن و پايداري از بيماريبه وجود مي­آورد. آمپي سيلينيا پني سيلين، آنتي بيوتيك هاي خط اول، براي درمان عفونت ناشي ازGBSهستند.مطالعات متعددي مقاومت GBS را نسبت به اين آنتي بيوتيك ها نشان داده است. بنابراين،استفاده از عوامل ضد باكترياييجايگزين مانندنانوذرات مورد توجه قرار گرفته است.در ميانانواع مختلف نانومواد، نقره به دليل خواص استثنايي خود يكي از پركاربردترين محصولات بوده است. باتوجه به كاربرد گسترده اين مواد، نگراني هاي بسياري در زمينه سميت آن­ها وجود دارد. به منظور محافظت در برابر اثرات سمي نانوذرات از ويتامين سي به عنوان يك ماده آنتي اكسيدان استفاده شد. هدف اين مطالعه بررسي اثرات ضد باكتريايي و ضد بيوفيلمينانوذرات نقرهعليه GBS، بررسي ميزان سميت سلولي اين نانوذرات، ارزيابي اثر محافظتي ويتامين سي بر نانوذرات نقره و بررسي تاثير مصرف همزمان نانوذرات نقره و ويتامين سي در درمان عفونت واژن ايجاد شده در موش است.روش­ها: مدل عفونت واژن ناشي از باكتري GBS از طريق تلقيح داخل واژنيCFU/ml108×1باكتري در موش هاي ماده و بالغ نژاد NMRI ايجاد شد. در اين مطالعه از مصرف همزمان نانوذرات نقره و ويتامين سي براي درمان عفونت واژن استفاده شد. تعداد 70 موش به طور تصادفي در 10 گروه مجزا (7 موش در هر گروه) تقسيم بندي شدند: كنترل، ويتامين سي (موش هاي سالمي كه ويتامين سي دريافت كردند)، نانوذرات نقره (موش هاي سالمي كه نانوذرات را دريافت كردند)، آنتي بيوتيك (موش هاي سالمي كه پني سيلين دريافت كردند)، ويتامين سي و نانوذرات نقره (موش هاي سالمي كه ويتامين سي و نانوذرات نقره را به طور همزمان دريافت كردند)، عفونت (موش هاي آلوده با GBS)، عفونت و ويتامين سي (موش هاي عفوني كه ويتامين سي دريافت كردند)، عفونت و نانوذرات (موش هاي عفوني كه نانوذرات را دريافت كردند)، عفونت و آنتي بيوتيك (موش هاي عفوني كه پني سيلين دريافت كردند)، عفونت و ويتامين سي و نانوذرات نقره (موش هاي عفوني كه ويتامين سي و نانوذرات نقره را به طور همزمان دريافت كردند). قبل از انجام آزمايش در موش ها ابتدا اثرات ضدميكروبي و سميت نانوذرات نقره سنجيده شد. در اين مطالعه فعاليت ضد باكتريايينانوذرات نقره با روش حداقل غلظت بازدارنده (MIC) و حداقل غلظت مهاري بيوفيلم (MBIC) برايGBS تعيين شد.ميزان سميت نانوذرات نقره با استفاده از روش MTT سنجيده شد و اثر حفاظتي ويتامين سي عليه اين سميت مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت. نانوذرات نقره به صورت تلقيح داخل واژني در غلظت 512 پي پي ام وويتامين سيبه صورت تزريق داخل صفاقي در دوز 250 ميلي گرم بر كيلوگرم وزن بدن موشيك بار در روز به مدت دو هفته صورت گرفت. در طي دوره آزمايش به منظور بررسي روند درمان عفونت واژن در موش، تعيين بار ميكروبي و چرخه استروس موش ها طي درمان مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت. در پايان آزمايش نمونه خون موش ها و مقاطع بافتي واژن جداسازي و مورد تجزيه و تحليل قرار گرفت.

  Take-all is among the most important wheat diseases worldwide. The present study assessed the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, and endophytic fungus Microdochium bolleyi on controlling this disease in wheat ‘Pishgam’ cultivar for the first time. In this regard, a greenhouse experiment was conducted based on the completely randomized design with the treatments of control, nitrogen+phosphorus fertilizers (100 and 200 mg/kg urea, and 50 and 100 mg/kg triple superphosphate) alone and their combination with pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis and endophytic fungus M. bolleyi. Then, root dry and shoot fresh weight, plant height, and leaf chlorophyll level, as well as the percentage of root contamination were measured. Based on the results, root dry and shoot fresh weight, plant height, and leaf chlorophyll content were significantly maximized following the treatments containing urea and triple superphosphate at various levels, and endophytic fungus (p<0.05). In terms of pathogenesis control, about 46% decrease was observed in take-all disease among the wheat receiving urea+triple superphosphate alone.

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is a perennial plant of the Fabaceae family and an important fodder crop in the world. Bean leafroll virus causes many damages and reduces the yields by 30% or more in plants of the Fabaceae family.   This virus is one of the most important pathogens of alfalfa and in addition to reducing the yield of infected plants, it causes stunting and yellowing symptoms. Bean leafroll virus is being transmitted by aphids in a persistent, circulating, and non-propagating manner. Due to the importance of alfalfa and lack of knowledge about the status of infection with this virus in alfalfa fields in Kermanshah Province, this study was conducted to detect the virus in alfalfa fields in some parts of the Province. Samples were collected from alfalfa and chickpea farms in different parts of Kermanshah Province (farms of Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University in Kermanshah, Geravand village, Harsin, Mahidasht, Dinavar, Islamabad, Gilan-Gharb, Kangavar, Ravansar, and Sahneh). The leaves of alfalfa and chickpea plants that showed yellowing symptoms were selected and tested using DSMZ antibodies (including IgG code AS-0142 and specific monoclonal antibody code AS-227/1) by the TAS-ELISA method. Among 157 samples tested, 17 tested positive in the ELISA test, including 12 samples of alfalfa (from Harsin, Mahidasht, Dinavar, and Faculty of Agriculture) and 5 chickpea samples (from Dinavar and Faculty of Agriculture). In the aphid transmission test by Aphis fabae, the infection was transmitted from alfalfa to Vicia faba. In this study, Bean leafroll virus was detected for the first time in the alfalfa fields of Kermanshah Province.   

  Therehas been a great deal of attention in Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO  ), due to their remarkable characteristics such as high surface-to-volume ratio, large excitation binding energy, optical absorption ability, and UV filtering proprieties. ZnO   are used for various biomedical and pharmaceutical fields, including drug delivery systems, biosensors, anti-diabetic agent, anti-cancer and anti-microbial activity, and imaging. Also, they are used in cosmetics, medicine coatings, and sunscreens due to their unique optical properties. The biosynthesis of nanoparticles is proposed due to its fast, clean, safe, and cost-effective, and is efficient alternative to conventional physiochemical methods. This study aimed to isolate and identify aquatic yeast strains for their potential to form ZnO  . The yeast strain, NS02, with high tolerance against zinc acetate (5.25 mM) was isolated using the enrichment technique and was selected as efficient candidate for the biosynthesis of ZnO   under resting cell and cell free extract (CFE) strategy. The preliminary evaluation on the formation of ZnO   was performed by visual observation and UV-visible absorption spectra of the biosynthesized ZnO  . The morphology, size, and elemental distribution of the nanoparticles were determined by Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). X-ray diffractometer (XRD) was used to identify the crystalline phase of the ZnO  . Antibacterial activity of ZnO   against pathogenic bacteria isolated from the clinical specimens was investigated using agar well diffusion method. The isolate NS02 was characterized based on their morphological properties and amplification the ITS-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA regions. In the current study, first time a native aquatic strain Rhodotorula pacifica NS02 is reported for the extracellular synthesis of ZnO   with an average sizes 51.9 nm and 42.6 nm under resting cell and CFE strategy, respectively. The biosynthesized ZnO   had a growth inhibitory effect all tested clinical isolates due to their nanometric size and well-defined dispersity. The results showed that the produced ZnO   had the highest inhibitory effect on Klebsiella pneumoniae and the lowest inhibitory effect on Streptococcus pyogenes

  مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسي تاثير استفادهاز پودر لارو سوسك زرد آرد Tenebrio molitor، غني شده با مخمرو يا باكتري درجيره­ي غذاييمرغ‌هاي تخم­گذار بهعنوان جايگزين بخشي از ذرت و سويا، بر عملكرد و صفات كيفي تخم‌مرغ انجام شد. دراين آزمايش از 180 قطعه مرغ تخم­گذار نژاد لوهمن سفيد Lohmann LSL-Lite در سن 68 هفته­اي با 5 تيمار و 6 تكرار و هر تكرار حاوي 6 مرغبه مدت 8 هفته انجام شد. تيمارهاي آزمايشي شامل 1) سطح صفر درصد پودر ميلورم به عنوانتيمار شاهد 2) جيره حاوي دو درصد ميلورم 3) جيره­هاي حاوي دو درصد ميلورم به همراهباكتري 4) دو درصد ميلورم به همراه مخمر 5) دو درصد ميلورم به همراه باكتري و مخمرغني سازي شدند.

      Abstract   In organic farming, organic fertilizers not only provide the nutrients needed by the plant but also improve the soil physical structure and its biological activity. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of vermicompost enriched with bacterial strains on the vegetative yield of basil (Ocimum basilicum) and physical and chemical properties of soil. Bacterial isolates were isolated from worm and vermicompost samples. Screening of the bacterial isolates was performed based on improving basil dry weight in greenhouse conditions. Finally, three bacterial isolates (28, 54 and 56) were selected and used in the main greenhouse experiments along with the two reference strains B. velezensis Fol and B. pumilus INR7. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design and the experimental treatments included mature animal manure, vermicompost without inoculation and vermicompost inoculated with each of the bacterial isolates. After two months, the basil plants were harvested and the factors related to plant growth, soil and plant nutrients and soil biological characteristics were evaluated. The results showed a significant advantage of vermicompost inoculated with bacterial isolate 56 compared to other treatments. The highest shoot and root growth and nutrient elements in plant leaves were observed in this treatment. The highest wet and dry weight with 30.7 g and 3.54 g, respectively, were achieved in the treatment with isolate 56 and the lowest values ??(13.2 g) and (1.48 g) were obtained in soil amended with mature animal manure. The effect of vermicompost enrichment was significant on plant iron, zinc, copper and manganese content at 1% level and on nitrogen content at 5% level. But there was no significant difference between the amounts of plant potassium and phosphorus between the treatments. The highest levels of elements take up by plant were observed in the treatment with isolate 56, so that the concentrations of iron, copper, manganese, zinc and nitrogen increased 38.3%, 27.7%, 25.8%, 41.6%, compared to treatment with mature animal manure, respectively. The effect of bacterial isolates on soil pH and soil micronutrients (copper, manganese and iron) was not significant, but was significant on soil potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus at 1% and zinc at 5% probability level. The highest amounts of soil elements were obtained in the treatment with isolate 56. The amount of potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc increased compared to the treatments of animal manure up to 39.46, 54.4, 69.3 and 45.4 %. In fact, the highest concentration of organic carbon and plant growth were recorded in soil treatment with vermicompost enriched with isolate 56. Therefore, it can be expected that more root exudates increased microbial activity in the soil, showing it effect on soil biological indices.   

لازم به ذكر است كه علاوه بر باكتري­ها، قارچ­ها و مخمر ها نيز داراي توانايي متابوليك استفاده از كربن موجود در تركيبات هيدروكربني براي سنتز سلولي خود مي­باشند. در واقع متوسط ميزان تجزيه هيدروكربن­هاي نفتي به وسيله قارچ­ها مي­تواند از باكتري­ها بيشتر باشد. در اين بررسي به منظور بررسي اثر برهم­كنش باكتري و مخمر در تجزيه هيدروكربن­هاي موجود در نفت خام در محيط مايع M9 حاوي 2 درصد نفت خام چهار سويه باكتري كه داراي بيشترين توان رشد و تحمل در محيط­هاي آلوده به هيدروكربن نفتي بودند، از كلكسيون ميكروب­هاي آزمايشگاه بيولوژي دانشكده كشاورزي دانشگاه رازي استان كرمانشاه به دست آمد، كه قبلا كارايي آن­ها در حذف آلاينده­هاي نفتي اثبات شده بود، سويه هاي باكتري شامل Bacillus.thuringiensis،   taphylococcus.gallinarum،Arthrobacter.citreus و   aenarthrobacter.nitroguajacolisبود. هم­چنين باتوجه به مطالعات قبلي و توانايي مخمر Candida.catenulata در تجزيه هيدروكربن­هاي نفتي اين گونه مخمر از دانشكده نفت و پتروشيمي دانشگاه رازي تهيه و جز تيمارهاي مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. توئين 80 به ميزان 10 درصد نفت خام، به عنوان سورفكتانت استفاده شد. آزمايش­هاي تجزيه زيستي در محيط مايع M9 حاوي 2 درصد نفت خام به عنوان تنها منبع كربن و با در نظر گرفتن فاكتورهاي باكتري و مخمر و سورفكتانت در دو بازه زماني 7 و 14 روز انجام شد. در مرحله اول آزمايش ابتدا توانايي تجزيه زيستي نفت خام توسط كشت خالص سويه­هاي باكتري و مخمر كانديدا كاتنولاتا در مدت زمان 7 و 14 روز مورد بررسي قرار گرفت.   نتايج حاصل از تجزيه زيستي نشان داد هركدام از جدايه هاي باكتريايي و مخمر كاتنولاتا قادر به حذف به ترتيب 21 ، 48، 53 ، 35   و 65 درصد نفت خام در مدت زمان 7 روز بوده­اند. براي بررســي تأثيــر ســورفكتانت در تجزيــه نفت خام از بيوســورفكتانت توئين80 (1/0%)استفاده شد كه به طور متوسط عملكرد جدايه­هاي باكتري را 10% افزايش داد.   به منظور بررسي اثر بر هم كنش باكتري-مخمردر محيط كشت، تلقيح همزمان هركدام از سويه هاي باكتريايي و مخمر در محيط كشت انجام شد. مقدار تجزيه نفت خام در محيط حاوي كنسرسيوم­هاي ميكروبي   برابر با 55،58،72 و 64 بود كه به ترتيب   متعلق به كنسرسيوم هاي + C.catenulata B.thuringiensis،   S.gallinarum+C.catenulata،A.citreus + C.catenulata   و   P.nitroguajacolis+ C.catenulataبود. بيشترين مقدار حذف هيدروكربن در محيط مربوط به تلقيح همزمان همه چهار جدايه باكتريايي و مخمر در حضور سورفكتانت بود كه برابر با 95 درصد در مدت زمان 7 روز بوداين نتايج نشان داد زمان بهينه براي تجزيه هيدروكربن­هاي موجود در نفت خام برابر با 7 روز است و استفاده از كنسرسيوم هاي ميكروبي نسبت به كشت خالص آن­ها عملكرد بهتري در تجزيه نفت خام دارد. كليدواژه: آلاينده­هاي نفتي، باكتري، نفت شهر، هيدروكربن، مخمر كانديدا كاتنولاتا

Tomato root-knot nematode caused by Meloidogyne javanica is one of the most destructive tomato diseases in Iran and the world, which has also spread in Kermanshah province in recent years. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibition of this disease using plant growth promoting bacteria and defence-inducing compounds. For this purpose, two separate experiments were designed. In one experiment, resistance-inducing compounds at a concentration of 100 ?M and bacterial strains with a population of 1 × 109 CFU /mL were sprayed on the plants aerial parts. Plants growth indices and factors related to nematodes reproduction and pathogenicity were assessed 70 days after planting. In the second experiment, the root split method was exploited to investigate the effect of induction of systemic resistance mechanism in suppression of root knot nematode. The roots of the plant were split into two parts and placed in two separate pots. Bacterial strains were added to one pot and the J2 larvae of the pathogen were added to the other pot. In the spray experiment, benzothiadiazole compound as the best treatment in suppression of the pathogen was able to reduce the gall, egg mass, egg and J2 number up to 98, 99, 97,45% in compared to the infected control, respectively. Treatment with benzothiadiazole increased aerial parts length by 68.1% compared to the infected control. The highest fresh and dry weight of shoots and fresh and dry weight of roots were achieved in treatment with methyl salicylate, benzothiadiazole, acetoin respectively. In root split experiment, treatment with B. pumilus INR7 had the greatest effect in reducing the number of egg masses, number of eggs and the number of J2 larvae, but B. velezensis FOL was the best strain in reducing the number of galls on the root. In this experiment, the highest amount of shoot length and root fresh weight was achieved in B. pumilus INR7 strain and the highest amount of shoot fresh and dry weight and root dry weight was recorded in B. velezensis FOL. Based on the results of this study, the best method of application of growth-promoting bacteria is their application in soil and rhizosphere environment. Overall, application of plant growth promoting bacteria and is promising stragy in management of tomato root knot nematode.   

Bacterial leaf streak (BLS) is one of the most important bacterial diseases of wheat worldwide. Following climate changes, especially heavy rainfall in recent years, the disease has shown significant outbreaks and damage to wheat in Kermanshah province. This study was performed to determine phenotypic, biochemical and molecular characteristics of the pathogen and its pathovars in various regions of the province. For this, infected leaves and seeds were collected from major wheat growing areas during 2019 and 2020. In the lab, 140 isolates were obtained on Nutrient agar (NA) medium. Using the recommended bacteriological tests, phenotypic and biochemical characteristics of the isolates were determined. Base on the results, 4 isolated were selected for pathogenicity tests on wheat, barley, rye and triticale to determine their pathovars. Genetic diversity among the isolates was evaluated using rep-PCR method with ERIC and BOX primers. Two isolates were selected based on the pathogenicity tests and their 16S rRNA sequence were determined using 1492R and 27F primers. According to the results of phenotypic and biochemical tests, the isolates belonged to Xanthomonas translucens and determined 16S rRNA sequences showed 100% similarity to those of X. translucens in the Genbank. Pathogenicity tests showed the existence of two pathovars of the pathogen in the province, pv. undulosa and pv. cerealis. There was no correlation between the pathovars and sampling regions. The results of genetic diversity showed high variation among the isolates.   

  The walnut tree with the English name (Walnut) is one of the important nut fruits of the Juglandaceae family with the scientific name of Juglans. Walnut tree has high economic value in terms of fruit and wood.  Annual bacterial diseases directly and indirectly cause a lot of damage to the walnut tree and reduce the quantity and quality of fruit and wood of the walnut tree.In spring, summer and autumn of 1396, 1397, 1398 and 1399 from walnut orchards of Gilan-e-Gharb and Sarpol-e-Zahab cities of Kermanshah province, targeted leaves with yellow spots, fruit burns, canker Burning of young shoots, skin canker of the trunk and dryness of the biopsy were performed.Biochemical tests grouped the samples so that the causative agent of leaf spot samples in April and May were identified as Microbacterium sp. And Xanthomonas. Molecular identification using general primer (27f-1492r) was also the cause. The genus Microbacterium sp was identified as a leaf spot. However, with the warming of the weather in July and August, large yellow spots with distinct yellow spots were obtained, this group of specimens were in the genus Pantua.The group of fruit samples was identified in the genus Microbacterium in May, when the burn starts from the fruit flower area and progresses to the fruit kernel. However, with the warming of the weather in July and August, fruit burns were more limited to the green area of ??the fruit, which biochemical tests grouped of these samples in the genus Pantua.Young branch canker specimens were grouped in Xhantomonas genus in April and May. With warming, the samples were grouped in Pantua.Symptoms of walnut skin canker can be seen in the warmer months of the year. Biochemical tests grouped the specimens in the genus Brennaria Nigrifluene, with specialized primers (f1-c3) as well as general primers (27f-1492r). They were not able to distinguish exactly these samples.  The group of dandruff samples that started from the branches and the symptoms of the disease continued to the depth of the tree trunk were classified as Xhantomonas based on biochemical tests.

  Fusarium wilt of chickpea is the most common disease of this plant in Iran and around the world. Kermanshah province has the first rank in areaunder cultivation and yield of this crop in Iran. The main cause of Fusarium stem rot andleaf yellowing of chickpeas in Kermanshah province is Fusarium. redolens. This soil- borne fungus has widehost range and it control is difficult by chemical methods. The use of plant probiotics is also a promising way to control disease and increase plant growth. In this study, 13 plant probiotics isolates were studied to control Fusarium wilt disease andits effect on chickpea plant growth in soil and Peat mosses beds undergreenhouse condition. The effect of isolates were investigated on freshand dry weight of roots and aerial parts and suppression of disease severity. GBO3 had the highest effect onroot weight (32.27g) and FOL with a weight of (24.23g) had the highest effectin Peat mosses bed and INR7 isolate (29.36 g) had the highest aerial partson aerial parts weight in the soil substrate. Isolate 19 (44.41 g) had the highest root weightmost effective isolates. Also in soil bed 21 with 41 g root dry weight andweight. In Peat mosses bed and the presence of pathogen, isolate 29 with 1.29 groot dry weight and isolate 19 with 1.29 g aerial parts dry weight were the GBO3 with 68.75% in Peat mosses bed and isolate 19 with 50%, P2 with 37.5% andisolate 19 with 1.15 g aerial parts dry weight were the most effectiveisolates. In biocontrol, isolates 19, 13, 29, B124, VELZ, P2 with 75% and isolates 21 andthe highest effect on Biocontrol.isolates GBO3, INR7 and B124 with 31.35% in the soil substrate inhibited thedisease, significantly. Indigenous isolates 21 and 19 in both substrates had    Keywords: Fusarium wilt of chickpea, plant probiotics, Biocontrol

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are secondary substances of probiotic bacteria whose role in plant growth and control of plant diseases has been proven. Bacterial volatiles have high vapor pressure and react rapidly in the environment; the purpose   of this study was to formulate volatile compounds by modeling from other sciences. Initially, a greenhouse test was carried out to control the disease caused by Gaeumannomyces tritici. The highest reduction of disease than the control was observed in benzothiazole and acetone treatments, which reduced the disease index by 60.9 and 57.4%, respectively. Sodium alginate, gum arabic-maltodextrin and iron nanoparticles were used as carriers. Electron imaging was used to ensure the appearance of the formulations prepared, the formulations being spherical and with small cavities, allowing the compound to escape with controlled release. According to spectrophotometric results, these carriers were able to hold volatile compounds for up to 14 days and FTIR was also used to confirm the volatile confinement in high carriers, which also confirmed the confinement of volatile compounds.

,urea fertilizer,electronic nose,artificial neural net work ,basil,summer

  In Iran, due to arid and semi-arid areas, lentil cultivation is mainly rainfed and in this areas, lentil grain yield is much lower than in the world. The main cause for loss of grain yield in these areas is drought stress at the end of plant growth period. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) exploit several mechanisms such as improving nutrient solubility and uptake as well as modulating plant growth hormones to stimulate plant growth and helping them to absorb more water and nutrient under drought stress condition. Therefore, in this study, the effects of different strains of PGPRs on yield quality and quantity and growth characteristics of three lentil cultivars in dryland conditions were evaluated. This research was conduct in research farm of campus of agriculture and natural resources, Razi University in 2015-2016. Two separate studies was conducted in greenhouse and farm in factorial experiment. In both studies, the first factor was cultivar in three levels (landrace of Kermanshah, Bilesavar, Kimia) and second factor was PGPRs. PGPRs in greenhouse experiment had 10 levels include: B12, B40, E10, E3, P6, D4, D1, B19 and D3. After running of greenhouse experiment top 6 strains of bacteria include: Acromobacter sp.،Bacillus sp. ،Bacillus licheniformis ،Pseudomonas putida، Bacillus cereus، Bacillus megaterium were used in farm. With respect to the results, the effect of PGPR treatment on grain yield, biomass yield, 1000 grain weight, number of grains in pod and stem height was significant. Treated plants with Bacillus licheniformis had the highest grain yield and treated plants with Pseudomonas putida had the highest biomass yield. The cultivars had significant differences in grain yield, biomass yield, harvest index, number of empty pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of branches, number of sub branches. Among the lentil cultivars, the Kimia cultivar had the highest and the Kermanshah landrace had the lowest grain yield. The Kimia cultivar was superior to the Bilesavar cultivar and the Kermanshah landrace cultivar in terms of biomass yield, harvest index, 1000 grain weight and plant height. Interaction between cultivars and PGPRs had significant effect on number of grains per plant, number of pod per plant, number of full pod per plant, percentage of stem protein, percentage of grain protein, protein yield, thermal requirement for flowering and for physiological maturity. Acromobacter sp. and Pseudomonas putida strains had the highest effect on number of grain per plant, number of pod per plant and number of full pod per plant. Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus licheniformis strains had the highest effect on protein percentage of grain and protein yield, respectively. Furthermore, Pseudomonas putida had the highest effect on thermal requirement for flowering and for physiological maturity of lentil cultivars. With respect to the results, application of different plant growth promoting rhizobacteria is promising method to increase the grain yield of lentils cultivars in rainfed areas.

Damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani is one of the most important disease of common bean in Iran and Kermanshah Province. R. solani is a soil-borne and saprophyte pathogen with broad host range which make it hard to manage by common chemical and breeding strategies. However, biological control by probiotic bacteria is promising approach in management of this disease. Plant probiotic bacteria not only suppress the disease by producing antibiotics and inducing systemic resistance but also promote plant growth by releasing phytohormones and solubilizing essential nutrients. In this study, effect of 52 bacteria isolated from rhizosphere, 26 bacteria isolated from rhizoplan and 8 commercial strain were investigated on plant growth. Eleven isolates were screened for further studies on plant disease suppression. Bacteria isolates 40, 19, 21, 29 and Bacillus pumilus INR7 suppressed the disease up to 52, 47, 70, 37 and 80 %, respectively. Based on plant growth and disease suppression experiments, four isolate were identified by sequencing the 16S rDNA and phylogenetic analysis. Results showed that bacterial isolates 40, 19, 21 and 29 had the highest similarity with Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas geniculata, Bacillus simplex and Serratia marcescens, respectively. B. pumilus INR7 were selected for formulation studies. Effect of different macro- and micro-nutrient were investigated on biomass production, resting spore/biomass ratio, bacteria survival under 180 days storage condition and efficacy of formulated bacteria on the damping-off disease. Different concentrations of molasses and urea were investigated on biomass production. Result revealed that the highest biomass achieved at 30 and 6 g/L of molasses and urea, respectively. In next experiment, effect of some nutrient element were assessed on spore induction. The highest spore production were induced in 0.0766, 0.0081, 1,321, 0.19, 0.00013 and 0.00629 g/L of CaCl2, FeCl3, (NH4)SO4, MgCl2, ZnCl2 and MnCl2, respectively. In next step, effect of some compounds were investigated on bacteria survival under room and 4 °C. Treatment contains 0.2, 5, 20, 0.1 and 4 g/L of polyethylene glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, Arabic gum and glycerol was the most effective treatment in bacteria survival in both condition. The bacteria population in this treatment was 7×108 and 9×107 CFU/ml in 4 °C and room temperature after 180 days, respectively. The formulated bacteria suppressed the damping-off disease up to 72% in greenhouse condition. Keywords: Biological control, Bacillus pumilus INR7, Damping-off, Formulation, Rhizobacteria.  

  tone fruits are plants from Rosaceae family and include various species, including plums, peaches, apricots, cherries and others. These plants are of great economic importance as fruits (plums, peaches, apricots, cherries and almonds), oil, wood and ornamental plants around the world.canker and bacterial spot are two of the most important diseases among stone fruit trees which have been created by Pseudomonas syringe (van hall) and Xanthomonas arboricola pv. Prunus bacteria and have been discovered in some different parts of the world. No survey had been done In Kermanshah province before this study.Therefore, this research, has worked on recognizing pathogenic bacteria of nuclear stone fruit trees in this province. For this purpose, samples of polluted and healthy trees of Kermanshah province were taken during years of 94,95 and 96. The samples were collected from shoots, leaves and bark of the trees with symptoms of canker. After transferring the specimens to the laboratory, bacterial isolation was carried out to identify isolated bacteria. different physiological and biochemical tests and pathogenicity tests was done. Also, sequencing of the 16S rRNA fragment with two primers 27F and 1492R was performed to help identify bacteria. Pathogenicity of isolates in peach seedlings under greenhouse conditions was investigated. Pathogenic bacteria that were identified with common pathogenicity assays such as hypersensitivity reaction in geranium and soft rot in potatoes and finally proved to be pathogenic isolates on the nuclear plant seedlings, that are belonging to Xanthomonas, Pesudomonas and Microbacterium and The isolation sequence of Y1.8 confirmed the accuracy of the microbacterium genus. The pathogen group included two subgroups. In the first subgroup, three isolates selected as a representative while the result of physiological and biochemical tests for all three isolates were different. Only in isolate O1.7 there were similar results in specific tests on Pseudomonas syringe bacteria. In the second subgroup, six isolates were selected for representing. According to the results of the tests, this subgroup had the most similarities with Xanthomonas genus bacteria. The second group, which contains non-pathogenic bacteria, was also divided into two subgrou   the first subgroup was mainly belonging to the genus Pesudomonas, including P. fluorescens, and some of the isolates belonged to the genus Erwinia. In the second subgroup, the isolates are mainly belonging to different genera, including the genus Bacillus.

  Poplar ( populous   .) from willow family ( Salicaceae) is a fast growing and long tree planted especialy in northwestern and western areas of Iran. Bacterial canker is one of the most important disease of poplar worldwide. Microbacterium sp. has been reported as a causal in Iran. Currently, identification of pathogen is based on conventional methods, including isolation of the bacterium from plant materials and performing necessary physiological and biochemical tests. These methods are expensive, time consuming and unreliable. During this study, the sequence of 16S rRNA of Microbacterium sp. strains of poplar in northwestern and western areas of iran, was determined. Comparison of the sequence with sequence in the Genbank database was performed and tree primers, A, B, C, were designed for specific amplification for Microbacterium sp.. the designed PCR procedure could amplify a 465 bp fragment from all Microbacterium sp. strains tested. In contrast, non of epiphyte bacteria showed any band in the PCR. This is the first report on PCR-based method for detection and identification of Microbacterium sp.

Evaluation of the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) role on alleviation of salinity stress in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)

  The role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on reduction of drought stress in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum).

Iridaceae family have important herbs, some of which are widely used by humans and many of them are distributed in rangelands and used by livestock. Since the plants have a swollen underground, they can be invaded by many diseases such as fungi, viruses and bacteria. For this reason, it is very important to identify different species of this family in Iran, especially in western Iran. Also, due to the diversity of herbaceous herbs and the importance of palynology in the dissociation of this family taxon, the study of pollen morphology with the aid of light microscopy (LM) and in particular the electron microscopy of transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) is scientifically significant. Pollen grains were studied by LM (14 species), SEM (6 species), and TEM (5 species). Pollen grains of the studied species are very large (Iris hymenospatha), large (10 species) and medium (3 species), in spherical, spherical, oval and oval forms, with maroreticulate, reticulate, barbed echinate-perforated. In addition, the species differed in terms of the sulcus surface, width of muri and the size of lumen. Using the transient electron microscope, the ectexine thickness (thickness of the tectum, foot layer thickness and length and width of the columns), different layers of the intine, and the presence or absence of the endexine, the shape and diameter of the caput of cullumella were shown in the studied specimens. The highest thickness of the tectum was (I / I 33.1-66.3) in Iris reticulata micron and the lowest was in Crocus pallasii (0-4 / 57) microns. The shape of the columns in most of the studied species was fungal and the microrelief (the surface of tectum) were smooth in all species. Endexine was absent in all studied species and only in species I. Reticulata and Gynandriris Sisyrinchium were fragmented and thin. Using the plotted chart, with the aid of LM data, it can be seen that the different studied species of each genus were next to each other and the Gynandriris genus was closely related to the Iris. So, the palynomorphological data showed a large variation in pollen grain size. In this study, Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani were isolated from this underlying underground part, which were identified by their morphological characteristics. Therefore, due to the importance of preserving irrigated ornamentation of iridaceae family and the use of these plants in the production of various herbal medicines, identification of pathogens and species associated with these plants is important.Keywords: Iridaceae, LM, SEM, TEM, Fusarium solani،   Rhizoctonia solani

  Carotenoid pigments have a widespread application in food and drug industries as color and antioxidant agents. Thus, world demand is increasing for these pigments. According to literature review, the interest to natural pigments is increasing as synthetic pigments shown adverse impact on human health. Pigment extraction from plant tissues is a time consuming and none economic procedure. So, microbial biotechnology considering as alternative approach. After microbial cell growth, pigment could be extracted by cell disruption. Application of chemical organic solvents is common procedure for pigment extraction. However, these methods are restricting because of adverse effect on consumers health. Despite, mechanical-abrasion extraction receive more attention as this method is cost effective and do not need toxic solvent. In this study, glass beads, 0.45-0.5 mm diameter, were used for carotenoid pigment extraction from the yeast Rhodotorula toruloides by means of aceton solvent in an agitating container (3000 rpm). The process was optimized by response surface procedure in Design expert software. There were three factors, glass beads (5-25 g), solvent concentration (9-21 ml), extraction time (4-8 min), and extraction temperature (10-30 °C). The parameters effect interpretation showed that solvent concentration parameter (41.6 %) and extraction time (31.6 %) had the highest impact on pigment extraction from yeast cells. 75.64 g carotenoid pigment were obtained from yeast cells in optimal condition, 10 g glass beads, 18 ml solvent, 8 min extraction time and temperature at 15 °C. As irradiation has impact on enzymes on carotenoid synthesis, the effect of irradiation in 365, 400, 400-800 and 660 nm were investigated on pigment production in yeast cells in a non continuous airlift fermenter at 30 °C. The highest effect on carotenoid production were recorded at 365 nm which increase the yield by 5.5 fold in compare to control.

  In order to investigate the effect of seed priming and inoculation with plant growth promoting bacterias on the quality and quantity of two flax cultivars in control and drought stress conditions after flowering in 2015-2016, an experiment was conducted in organic field research of Campus of Agricultural and Natural Resources of Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. In this order, two factorial experiments based on randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The first experiment was conducted under control condition and second experiment under post anthesis drought stress condition. In both experiments, 1) two cultivars (Indian and Hungarian) and 2) seed pre-treatment factor in eight levels include: five seed bacteria innoculations (Bacillus sp, Bacillus megatrium, Bacillus amyloliquefaiens, Bacillus pumilus, Pseudomonas geniculata) and two levels of seed priming (Hydropriming, KNO3) and control treatment were evaluated. Based on results, in this experiment, in control treatment, Hungarian cultivar had same grain yield and more biological yield than Indian cultivar. The results also showed that post anthesis drought stress until maturity caused significant reduction in grain yield (44%), biological yield (46%), number of pod per plant, number of grain per plant, thousands grain weight, number of empty pod per plant, plant height, number of main branches, number of subsidiary branches, stem protein percentage, seed oil percentage, protein and oil yield, GDD and CGR and significant increase of seed protein percentage (17%). The use of pretreatments (seed primming and seed inocullation with plant growth promoting bacterias) under post anthesis drought stress not only caused increase in grain yield and all related traits and reducing the effects of post anthesis drought stress, but also in non post anthesis drought stress treatment, also seed primming and seed inocullation with plant growth promoting bacterias resulted in better results than control treatment. Bacillus megatrium and Bacillus amyloliqueufaciens had the best effect on evaluated traits. This finding, while preliminary, suggests that, it seems that use of appropriate strains of plant growth promoting bacterias is one of the suitable strategies for increasing the productivity of crops under drought stress conditions.Key words: Flax, growth promoting bacterias, Priming, Drought stress.  

  Pigments are important components in attracting customers in food products, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, and therefore the global demand for their production is increasing. Qualitative studies on chemical pigments show the harmful effects of these colored compounds on their consumers. Caratonoids are among the most important categories of natural pigments that are produced in plants and microorganisms. Since extraction of carotenoid pigments from plant sources is associated with long time, low yields and high production costs, using the microbiological approach while addressing these problems allows the use of industrial waste as a microorganism substrate in production. In this research, corn steep liquer extract as the only source of carbon was used for the cultiration of Rhodotorula toruloides cell. Early culture results in erlmann showed that yeast cells have the ability to grow on corn steep liquer. So kinetic modeling of growth using haldin`s equation shows the maximum growth rate (?max) , 0.056h-1 , the substrate half saturation contant (KS) ,1.54% and the (KI) contant 58.58% for this substrate was. The extraction of pigment produced in cells showed that although yeast cells have the ability to grow in a large concentration of corn extract, but when the initial concentration of corn extract was only 5%, the highest yield of color produced by 160.8 mggcell-1 after 72 h. the study of pigment production was continued in a bubble column bioreactor. Initially, discriminant culture experiments were used to determine the effect of primary population in amounts of 71.7, 232.2, 388.3 and 451.0 mgL-1 and the results showed that after 12 houres of batch operation with an initial mass loss of 451.0 mgL-1, 89% of the substrate will be consumed and the cells will enter into a phase of stationary. Due to fact that carotenoid pigments are produced as a secondary product, the effect of operating parameters was studied by considering the three parameters of fed-batch, temperature and initial pH using the design of experiments by a central compound in the bubble column bioreactor. The results showed that the specific rate of pigment production in the cell was 65.3% under the influence of fed- batch, 20.8% under the influence of temperature and 13.9% under the influence of the initial pH of the medium. By optimizing the statistical conditions of the operating conditions of the bubble column the highest rate of production of carotenoid pigmentation was obtained in 8.475 mgg-1h-1 under the following conditions, fed- batch 30 h, temperature 14?C and initial pH equal to 6.Key words: carotenoids pigmentation, Rhodotorula toruloides, corn steep liquer, bubble column bioreactors, Response surface method, optimization of operating conditions.  

  Pinus trees die-back is one of the most serious problems that presently affects the Kermanshah pinus trees. To study the cause of die-back pinus trees, infected branches were collected during growing seasons, transferred to the laboratory and processed within 24 hours. Small pieces, approximately 4 mm in size, of discolored tissues were surface disinfected by immersing in 1.5 % solution on NaOCl for 30 sec, rinsed in sterile distilled water and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and malt extract agar (MEA) amended with chloramphenicole (25 ?g/ml). Two hundred eighteen fungal isolates were recovered from pinus trees showing dieback symptoms. The most common fungi isolated from most diseased pinus were include Microsphaeropsi  olivacea (16 isolates), Microsphaeropsi  rotea (eight isolates) and Microdiplodia sp. (seven isolates). Numerous isolates of Penicillium, Aspergillus,.Alternaria, Rhizopus Cladosporium sphaerospermum and Trichoderma were always associated with diseased pinus in Kermanshah province. The fungi were inoculated to detached stem of pinus tree. Pathogenicity of all isolates of M.  olivacea, M.  rotea and Microdiplodia  sp. were confirmed on pinus trees by artificial inoculation on detached stems in the laboratory. Disease symptoms on the detached stems in the laboratory appeared as canker. To confirm of   morphological identification, genomic DNA was extracted and a nuclear rDNA region, containing the internal transcribed spacers 1, 2 and 5.8S gene of rDNA (ITS) were amplified and PCR products were sequenced. Amplicon was purified, sequenced and submitted to the GenBank. The resulting sequence was submitted to a BLAST search to find most similar sequences in GenBank. The search results showed highest similarity of Iranian isolates to other isolates from GenBank.. Voucher specimens deposited in fungal collection of the Department of Plant Protection, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

Bacteria are most abundant microbes in the soil that most of them have a free living. They have specific importance, because of cyclic of carbon and nitrogen and the other changes which are related plants.Thiobacillus has an important role in sulfur cyclizing these bacteria gain their energy by the oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds to sulfate. The oxidation of sulfur by Thiobacillus and produce sulfuric acid that reduces the soil pH and them also increases the availability of some nutrient elements except molybdenum in Calcareous soils. Therefore, these bacteria are very important in soils. The purpose of this study was detecting the T. thioparus and T. novellas bacteria and T. denitrificans in rain fed and irrigation soil, including (Ajab Shir, Shirvan Cheravdel, Ghorve, Songhor and Kermanshah ) Researching Farm of Agricultural Faculty, Razi University.

  In recent years, farmers in Mahidasht district of the city have leased their agricultural land, This has led to problems such as excessive use of water and the risk of water resources, the use of inappropriate poisons and soil contamination, and in the future, not too long-term pollution of groundwater, Rising unemployment and increasing immigration from village to city. Therefore, the purpose of this qualitative study is to investigate the causes and consequences of renting out in the Mahesht area.In this study, Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) technique was used to investigate the reasons for the development of the rental phenomenon in the region and The event analysis technique (ETA) was used to examine the consequences of extending this exploitation system. The research data were collected through a non-structured, in-depth individual interview, focused groups, group discussions with 32 individuals from the Mahidasht waveguide in Kermanshah province and direct observations.The results showed that the main reasons for creating incentives among farmers are mostly organizational, economic, An individual is a social and environmental climate. Reasons include the adoption of inappropriate agricultural policies, the lack of proper government support from farmers, lack of capital and enough money to supply equipment and inputs, Lack of skills for performing lucrative cultivations, not stocking and storage, lack of cooperation and trust among indigenous people, high aged farmer The small size of households and ... has led landowners to lease their lands to non-indigenous people, mainly from Isfahan, Hamedan and Lorestan.This study, by identifying the causes and consequences of expanding the rental system and providing practical solutions, could lead to achievements for rural development officials in the province. By adopting measures such as promotion training to owners and introducing new cultivation practices, financing and facilitating loan conditions, creating appropriate insurance, establishing a mutually acceptable relationship between the university and agricultural jihad with farmers and gaining their trust Providing amenities and health services for the villagers, the owners to stay in the village and the occupation of agriculture.

  lant pollen and fungi spores are the most important allergic factors. Air contamination with plant pollen and opportunist fungal species and the presence of their spores on respiratory tract, can play an important role on the occurrence of asthma, coetaneous mycoses, and allergic reactions particularly in immunocompromised patients. Kermanshah province as one of the most important provinces in western Iran, definitely can be contaminated with air contaminations particularly fungi and plant pollen. So, the objectives of this study were to identification of prevalence fungal species and some important grains allergy in the atmosphere of Kermanshah district using morphological studies. The presence of air fungal spores was analyzed using settle plate and prepared culture in potato dextrose agar (PDA). Microscopic and macroscopic characters were performed to identify all fungi. 43 samples were collected from different areas of the atmosphere of Hasan-abad district in Kermanshah province center within all four seasons of the year. Three fungal species including Aspegillus niger (19), Fusarium solani (10), and Penicillium sp. (14) were identified based on morphological features. In this study some important grains allergy were identified based on Durham and Erdtman methods in Kermanshah province (especially in Hassa   Abad). Pollens morphological characters were investigated using the light microscope. Morphological featurs shewd all pollens belonge to Apiaceae, Asteraceae ,Chenopodiaceae, Fagaceae , Juglandaceae, Papilionaceae ,Pinaceae,   oaceae and Polygonaceae familly. In this research, all of fungi species are known as the human pathogenic and the presence of them in the atmosphere as a part of air pollution can cause significant problems for human health, particularly in the respiratory tracts. This research by was also performed by Durham procedure accurately for the first time in the west of Iran and results obtained for different biological scientists, especially the tendency of medicineAbstractPlant pollen and fungi spores are the most important allergic factors. Air contamination with plant pollen and opportunist fungal species and the presence of their spores on respiratory tract, can play an important role on the occurrence of asthma, coetaneous mycoses, and allergic reactions particularly in immunocompromised patients. Kermanshah province as one of the most important provinces in western Iran, definitely can be contaminated with air contaminations particularly fungi and plant pollen. So, the objectives of this study were to identification of prevalence fungal species and some important grains allergy in the atmosphere of Kermanshah district using morphological studies. The presence of air fungal spores was analyzed using settle plate and prepared culture in potato dextrose agar (PDA). Microscopic and macroscopic characters were performed to identify all fungi. 43 samples were collected from different areas of the atmosphere of Hasan-abad district in Kermanshah province center within all four seasons of the year. Three fungal species including Aspegillus niger (19), Fusarium solani (10), and Penicillium sp. (14) were identified based on morphological features. In this study some important grains allergy were identified based on Durham and Erdtman methods in Kermanshah province (especially in Hassa   Abad). Pollens morphological characters were investigated using the light microscope. Morphological featurs shewd all pollens belonge to Apiaceae, Asteraceae ,Chenopodiaceae, Fagaceae , Juglandaceae, Papilionaceae ,Pinaceae,   oaceae and Polygonaceae

  Tomato is one of the most economically important crops of the world and Iran which its production seriously threatens by broomrape infection. In order to evaluate the effect of plant probiotics and allelopathic crops rye and hairy vetch on control of broomrape in tomato, greenhouse and field studies were conducted in 2015 and 2016 at Razi University. In greenhouse study the treatments included using different tomato cultivars Karoon, Aras, Sivand and Super Strain-B, allelopathic crops and various isolates of plant probiotics INR7, P2, B60, B71, E11. Examined treatments in filed stud which were chosed based on previously conducted greenhouse study were insisted of using two tomato cultivar Aras and Sivand, plant probiotics INR7 and B71, and allelopathic crops of rye and hairy vetch. For comparison, a non-treated (control) also was included. In this study for tomato plants, stem height and diameter, number of lateral shoots, fruit weight and number (both single and overall yield), and dry and wet weight f aerial and underground parts were measured. In addition, shoot number and dry weight of broomrape were recorded. Generally, results of this study showed that Sivand the most resistant cultivar against broomrape infection while Aras had the highest susceptibility. Interestingly, while the level; of broomrape invasion on Sivand was intensive but its yield was not diminished by broomrape. Using residues of hairy vetch was very effective in reducing the infection of broomrape on tomato. Hence, it could be concluded the most important achievement in our study was the complete inhibition of broomrape infection in tomato. Incubation of tomato seedling with plant probiotic B71 had no direct effect on broomrape infection while using plant probiotic INR7 increased tomato yield. The effectiveness of plant probiotics on tomato yield was very variable in the presence of allelopathic residues. Integrating these factors was more effective on tomato yield than their sole application. This shows the importance of selecting different factors in integrated management of broomrape I tomato crop. Under real agricultural conditions, the effectiveness of each given factor is determined by others and their subsequent interactions.

  Wilting and decaying diseases of Fusarium ordinary peas root caused by fungi (Fusarium oxysprum f.sp.cicer and F. solani f.sp. pisi) were of the most important diseases this plant in different countries and Iran and their control are difficult and costly. Continuous use of fungicides is caused the development, rebellion and resistance the pathogen against fungicides, Biocontrol of plant fungal diseases by bacteria antagonist is a powerful replacement for chemical pesticides. In this study, control factors this disease by ordinary pea plant growth promoting bacteria has been studied in laboratory and greenhouse. Isolation of bacteria was done in the farms of Kermanshah and Kurdistan provinces, and screening was performed in the laboratory by inhibiting zone. Number of 100 bacteria were isolated and with screening in the laboratory by inhibiting zone 16 isolates that formed halo, were selected and B6 isolate with 10 mm inhibitory zone introduced as the best isolate. In the results greenhouse B2 and B13 isolates against pathogenic of F. o had the greatest influence and decreased disease more than 90%. B2 isolate increased aerial organs length of 1/73 times and root length of 2/41 times and also increased aerial organs dry weight of 3/5 times and root dry weight of 2/17 times and B6 isolates against the pathogen with least control, the disease was reduced by 40%. B2 isolate increased aerial organs length of 1/44 times and root length of 1/75 times and also increased aerial organs dry weight of 5/03 times and root dry weight of 2/99 times and in the greenhouse results B6 isolates was effective against pathogenic of F. s and patients over 70 reduced. This isolate increased aerial organs length of 1/3 times and root length of 1/38 times and also increased aerial organs dry weight of 5/27 times and root dry weight of 4/48 times. identify R DNA 16S showed that isolates were as B1, B2, B6, B10, B11, B12, B13, B14 and B15 belong to species syringae Pseudomonas, Bacilus subtilis, B6, P. putida, P. syringae, B12, Bulkholderia cepacia, B. subtilis, B. cepacia were. In total isolates B6 and B2 is introduced as superior isolate.Key words: Biological Control, Fusarium Oxysprum, Fusarium Solani, Zone of Inhibitory, Bacillus, Pseudomonas.

    AbstractDifferent species of Pythium and Phytophthora are the main causal agents of seed rots, damping-off of seedlings, root and crown rot and sudden death of cucurbits. The pathogens inflict major yield losses in cucurbits. Regarding to significant acreage of cucurbits cultivation in Kermanshah province, this study was conducted to identify the dominant Oomycetes species in cucurbits fields of the region and to investigate their phylogenetic relationships specially those isolates that have intermediate morphological states.During field visits, from May to September 2014, More than three hundreddiseased samples were collected from 86 cucurbits (cucumber, watermelon, melon and squash) fields in various parts of Kermanshah province and 347 oomyceteisolates were recovered.Species were identified based on morphological characteristics of sexual and asexual organs and colony morphology on various media. Partial cytochrome oxidase II (COX II) DNA coding sequences and internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) of selected isolates were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis using genetic distance method with Neighbor Joining (NJ) approach was performed using the MEGA5 software.Based on morphological, physiological and phylogenetic studies, Nine Pythiumspecies (including: P. aphanidermatum,P. dissotocum,P. catenulatum, P. kashmirense,P. middletonii, P. nodosum, P. oligandrum, P. torulosum and P. ultimum), two phytopythiumspecies (Pp. mercurial and Pp. Litorale)andthree Phytophthora species (Ph. melonis, Ph. nicotianae andPh. parasitica)were identified. P. aphanidermatum was the dominant species in cucurbit field of Kermanshah province and nearly 48 percent of oomycetes isolates were belonged to the species.This is the first report of Pp. mercurial from Iran. The association of Pp. mercurial, P. kashmirense and P. torulosum with disease symptoms in cucurbits is also reported for the first time in the world.Pathogenicity tests showed that all oomycetes species identified in this study werepathogenicat leaston some tested cucurbit plants including cucumber, watermelon, melon, cantaloupe and squash. P. aphanidermatum,P. ultimum, Pp. Litorale, Ph. nicotianae andPh. parasitica were pathogenicon all

The rhizobacteria established around the rhizosphere, in addition to their role in growth promotion through regulation of plant hormones and production of secondary metabolites have this ability to halter the disease via production of inhibitory metabolites, induction of defense mechanisms and enhancing sensitiveness to pathogen attack in the plants. In one part of this research the effect of 107 isolates of rhizobacters from outer rhizosphere along with 68 rhizobacter isolated from tomato rhizosplan and 12 commercial isolates were studied and their application in the seed, soil and kaolin treatments in order to select the most effective isolate and treatment in plant growth was investigated. In this process 14 isolates were selected in primary and secondary screening tests of plant growth promotion. Based on our results kaolin was statistically better than seed and soil treatments but there was no significant difference between seed and soil treatments. In other part of our research phenotypical appearance of biological control through split root method and induced resistance by rhizobacters against Pythium aphanidermatum causal agent of tomato damping off was investigated. In this part of research it was concluded that rhizobacters including E-18, E-8, B-124 and 2 commercial isolates Known as Bacillus pumilus INR7 and Bacillus sp. could control the tomato damping off as 65, 75, 65, 75 and 50 percent respectively. Among these rhizobacters only 2 native isolates with code numbers E-8 and E-124 and the commercial isolate INR7 through split root method could induce the resistance in the host as 65, 75 and 75 percent respectively. After these experiments for plant growth promotion and disease controlling 5 isolates that created better results were selected and after DNA extraction, the 16S genomic region was amplified through PCR reaction and sequenced. In order to verify the identification and proximity relationship among the species, phylogenetic tree was drawn and it was concluded that the isolates B-124, E-8, E-18, E-11 and E-10 has the most similarity to Acromobacter sp., Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis, Burkholderia sp. and Acromobacter sp. respectively. In conclusion native isolates could effectively promote the growth and control the damping off disease in tomato crop as the same of commercial isolates.   Keyword: Biological control, damping off, rhizobacteria, induced resistance, split root