This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing part of corn with oat (regular and autoclaved) and supplementing diets with the active dry yeast Saccharomyces boulardii on the productive performance, egg quality, and blood biochemical parameters of laying hens. A total of 192 Lohmann LSL-Lite hens, 36 weeks of age, were used in a completely randomized design with six dietary treatments and eight replicates, each containing three birds. Although the experimental period was originally planned for ten weeks, due to war-related constraints and management limitations, data collection was completed after six weeks. The experimental treatments included: (1) a basal diet without oat and without yeast (control), (2) basal diet with yeast, (3) diet with regular oat without yeast, (4) diet with regular oat and yeast, (5) diet with autoclaved oat without yeast, and (6) diet with autoclaved oat and yeast. In the oat-containing diets, 22% of the corn (on a dry matter basis) was replaced by oat. The yeast product used was S. boulardii (Parsylact Co., Iran) containing a minimum concentration of 3×10¹? CFU/g. Results showed that dietary inclusion of autoclaved oat and yeast significantly (P<0.05) improved egg production, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio compared to the control group. The highest production rate and the best feed efficiency were observed in hens fed diets containing autoclaved oat combined with yeast. Egg internal quality indices, including Haugh unit and albumen height, were significantly improved by these treatments, while eggshell thickness and egg weight were not affected. Moreover, hens receiving autoclaved oat and yeast exhibited lower serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels compared with the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, replacing 22% of corn with autoclaved oat, along with supplementation of Saccharomyces boulardii

The need to increase wheat yield and quality, tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, adaptation to climate change, and the increase in the world population have increased the need for wheat breeding through its wild ancestors, including emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum   .dicoccoides). Emmer wheat's ability to produce high yields in poor soils, and its resistance to disease and tolerance to drought and heat stress have made it an important species with a very rich gene pool. In the present study, in order to investigate the genetic diversity of Amr wheat germplasm in terms of phenological and agromorphological characteristics as well as grain quality traits including iron, zinc and soluble protein concentrations, 150 Amr wheat genotypes originating from different countries (Iran, Syria, Turkey, Lebanon, Iraq and occupied Palestine) were evaluated in an alpha lattice design with two replications in the 1401-1402 crop year under rainfed and supplementary irrigation conditions at the research farm of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of Razi University. The results of the combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of environment was significant for all measured traits except spike length and peduncle length, the effect of genotype was significant for all traits except leaf chlorophyll index, and the interaction effect of genotype × environment was significant for all traits except leaf chlorophyll index and days to spike. The highest general heritability (0.86) was obtained for the plant height trait under dryland conditions, which can indicate the possibility of successful selection for this trait. Based on the results of phenotypic and genotypic correlation analysis in both conditions, plant height had a positive and significant correlation with spike length and number of grains per spike, as well as spike length with number of grains per spike and peduncle length. In both conditions, a positive and significant correlation was observed between the grain iron and zinc content traits, and it is likely that these two traits can be increased simultaneously. In supplementary irrigation conditions, a negative and significant correlation was observed between zinc content and grain soluble protein. Cluster analysis using UPGMA and WARD methods was performed based on the measured traits, and according to the results of the false F, the Amer wheat genotypes were divided into four groups under dryland conditions and into two groups under supplementary irrigation conditions. Keywords: Genetic diversity, drought tolerance indices, phenological traits, grain quality traits, morphological traits, Amer wheat  

Introduction and Problem Statement:This study investigates the capacities and advantages of sustainable livelihoods in the Sarfirouzabad district, located in Kermanshah Province. Achieving sustainable development is not possible without improving livelihoods and reducing poverty in rural areas. According to data from Iran's Statistical Center, the annual income ratio of rural households to urban ones in this area is significantly low, leading to the unsustainability of rural livelihoods. Additionally, climate change and the instability of natural resources threaten food security and the livelihoods of residents. Therefore, identifying capacities and advantages in this district is essential for strengthening sustainable livelihoods and reducing economic and social vulnerabilities. Materials and Methods:This research was conducted descriptively-analytically using both qualitative and quantitative methods. In the qualitative section, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 local residents, identifying five types of capital: natural, physical, human, financial, and social. These interviews aimed to gain an in-depth understanding of local capacities and existing challenges regarding sustainable livelihoods. In the quantitative section, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to prioritize capacities and advantages. A sample of 20 experts and informed individuals in local development was selected, and paired comparison questionnaires were distributed to collect data. The data were analyzed using Expert Choice software. Findings and Conclusion:The findings revealed that physical and natural capital have the highest priority in improving sustainable livelihoods. Analysis of interview results and paired comparisons indicated that cultivating high-value-added products, particularly saffron, and raising livestock and poultry were identified as the most important advantages for enhancing sustainable livelihoods. Saffron, due to its high labor demand and suitable income generation, presents an attractive job opportunity for local residents. Additionally, livestock and poultry farming, being a traditional occupation with local expertise, can contribute to food security and improve household economic status.The results emphasize that leveraging local capacities and strengthening them can lead to sustainable job creation and improved quality of life for residents in this district. These findings are particularly significant for planners and policymakers in the context of rural sustainable development. Recommendations:Based on the study's results, it is recommended that educational and supportive programs be designed and implemented to enhance human and physical capital in the region. These programs could include training courses in sustainable agriculture, natural resource management, and technical and vocational skills. Additionally, attention to developing the necessary infrastructure for increasing productivity in high-value-added crops and livestock and poultry farming could significantly improve the sustainable livelihoods of Sarfirouzabad residents.Furthermore, creating distribution and marketing networks for local products and establishing service-related jobs in tourism could play a crucial role in strengthening the local economy. These approaches would not only help improve residents' livelihoods but also contribute to preserving natural resources and enhancing the quality of life in these areas.  

   In order to study agronomic evaluation of recombinant inbred lines resulting from the wheat cultivars crossing, 450 recombinant inbred lines (RILs, F6) derived (three populations) from the crossing of Gascogen × winter backcross of Roshan, Marvdasht × MV17, Marvdasht × Shahpasand were evaluated. The experiment was carried out as an augment design in Research Farm of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, in 2020. The control treatments included five bread wheat cultivars (Roshan, Shahpasand, Morvdasht, Kraichov, MV17, Gascogen), the augment design was in the form of randomized complete block design (RCBD) with eight replicates, and the lines were randomly placed inside them.The results obtained from the correlation analysis showed that kernel yield per square meter had a highly significant positive correlation with straw yield, plant height, peduncle length, flag leaf length, spike length, spike weight, number of kernel per spike, weight of kernels per spike, thousand seed weight, number of spike per m2, weight of spike per m2, weight of stem and leaf per m2, biological yield and harvest index. The results of path analysis showed that number of spike per m2 had the highest correlation and also highest direct effect on kernel yield. According to the results obtained from factor analysis, five main components justified 76.70 percent of the total variation among data. Cluster analysis divided the genotypes into five groups. Generally, the results showed that the lines of the first group were superior to the other groups in terms of the most of the evaluated traits. Therefore, the lines in the first group could be sugessted for further breeding expriments. Key words: Augment, bread wheat, cluster analysis, recombinant inbred lines.

Abstract Oilseeds are very important as the raw material for the production of edible oil. One of the most important problems in agriculture is the lack of oilseeds and dependence on their import for various purposes. Dragons head is a multi-purpose plant with diverse and abundant capabilities and applications, which and can play a very important role in sustainable agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Plant breeders need vast resources of germplasm to carry out breeding activities on crops. Therefore, identifying the factors and indicators effective on increasing the yield and improving the biochemical characteristics of the Dragons head medicinal plant and using them in genetic and agronomic programs seems necessary. In this research, the number of 35 new ecotypes of Dragons head along with the control cultivar “Sara” were studied using a simple lattice design with two replications. The experiment was conducted in Sarab-Changai Research Station, Lorestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Centre, Khorramabad, Iran during the 2021-2022 cropping year. Various traits including days to flowering, day to physiological maturity, plant height and sub-branch number in plant were recorded. After harvesting, capsule number in plant, number of grains per plant, seeds weight per plant, thousand seed weight, grain yield and seed oil content were measured. Analysis of variance based on lattice design showed that the effect of treatment for single plant weight trait was significant at the probability level of 0.01 and   that for days to physiological maturity, biological yield and grain yield was significant at P<0.05. The results of variance analysis of morphological traits based on randomized complete block design showed that there was a significant difference between ecotypes in terms of the number of grain per plant and high significant difference in terms of capsules number per plant traits, the seed weight per plant and the thousand seeds weight. The highest amount of seeds weight per plant and grain yield was recorded for ecotype No. 36 (Sonqor city) and the lowest amount of seeds weight per plant was recorded for ecotype No. 10 (Tabriz 5). The thousand seeds weight and days to physiological maturity were the highest in ecotype No. 25 (Alvar Bostan-Abad village). The lowest thousand seeds weight was observed in ecotype No. 3 (Kelvanaq 4). The highest amount of seed oil content was found in ecotype number 17 (Kelvanaq13) and the lowest one was found in ecotype number 23 (Varzaqan 1). grain   was negatively correlated   with days to flowering and days to physiological maturity. The correlation between grain yield and oil percentage was positive and significant. The thousand seeds weight   was positively correlated with single plant weight and seeds weight per plant, and was negatively   correlated with seed number per plant and the number of capsules per plant.   ased on cluster analysis, ecotypes were divided into five groups. Ecotypes number 36, 31, 34, 35, 18, 32 and 23 with the smallest distance from the ideal ecotype, the largest distance from the non-ideal ecotype and the highest value of SIIG index were the best ecotypes in this study. These ecotypes were mostly in the same group in the cluster analysis.    Keywords: Cluster analysis, Dryland, Grain Yield, Oilseed, SIIG index,      

Zagros forests have been faced with many fires in recent years, so they can be aware of the effect of fire on trees and shrubs and their revitalization process can begiven to the vegetative response. After the fire, the forest was used to takeappropriate measures and operations to restore Zagros forests. Therefore, in this study, using Landstet satellite images, OLI sensor was examined during the period of 1399-1399 to investigate the recovery process of covering after fire. According to the date of fire in each of the areas studied, images were created before and after the fire, and the monitoring of the burnt areas was carried out at an annual interval with the image. April was considered to investigate the forest floor coverings and images of August and September to investigate the forest tree cover. NDVI and NBR indexes were used to investigate the recovery process of the vegetation and were determined by the results of the DNBR index. Due to the impact of rainfall on the masses of forest cover, rainfall data were used during the period 1396-1396. It is a vegetable cover and the increase in fuel and the risk of fire. Therefore, in the current research, the forest type and the intensity of fire were considered as factors affecting the process of forest recovery. It should be noted that in the Iranian oak type in the Jalalvand area and the Iranian-Mazodar oak in the Rijab area, the NBR and NDVI index recovery speed was higher than the Cormo-Renjen Brigade in the Qalajah area. In general, in forests where fires have been less severe, the process of repair is faster and in more severe fire floors, the repair is longer. The results of this study indicate that the NBR index is appropriate to investigate the timing of forest recovery in Zagros forests.

   Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) is an annual flowering plant of the Brassicaceae family and a medicinal oil seed. It has low requirements for water and fertilizer and has significant adaptability to harsh environmental conditions such as cold and drought. But despite its importance, the product is considered new to Iran and needs more research and attention. In this study, 18 Camelina doubled haploid lines along with Soheil variety were evaluated in terms of agronomic and biochemical characteristics in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications in field conditions. Crop traits including plant height, number of sub-branches, number of pods in main and sub-branches, number of seeds in pods, weight of 1000 seeds and biomass and biochemical characteristics including the amount of fatty acids of the studied lines by GC-MS method It was measured.   Results of morphological data and variance analysis of fatty acids showed significant differences between lines in all studied traits, indicating the existence of diversity among lines. The results of cluster analysis by UPGMA method and Euclidean distance square based on morphological traits and fatty acids divided the lines into two and three groups, respectively. In order to investigate the molecular diversity, Camelina doubled haploid lines were studied using 15 I   retrotra  oson Primers, and 14 Primers showed proper polymorphism and produced clear and scorable bands. The primers produced a total of 325 bands, 83 of which were polymorphic. The average number of amplified fragments was 23.21. Primers I   (2076) and I   (2271) produced the largest number of bands by producing 31 bands. Primer I   (2226) produced the least number of bands by producing 13 bands. The average number of polymorphic bands for each primer was 5.93. The average polymorphic percentage (PP) of the primers was 25.41%. In total, I  (2076), I  (2237) and I  (2239) primers with high values of polymorphic band number, polymorphic percentage, marker index, effective polymorphic ratio, resolving power and polymorphic information content were the most effective in distinguishing lines and as Informative primers were introduced. After examining the Jaccard genetic similarity matrix based on the I   index, the variation range of the genetic distance of the lines was calculated from 0.4 to 0.9. Clustering based on the Jaccard similarity coefficient divided the lines into four main groups. According to the decomposition into principal coordinates, the first two principal components explained a total of 32.08% of the changes, which indicated the almost appropriate coverage of the markers at the genome level. Based on the principal coordinate analysis results, the lines were placed in five groups. The results of Mantel's test of the molecular and morphological data showed that there is a significant positive correlation between the two matrices, and it can be said that the diversity at the field level confirms the diversity at the molecular data level. However, the similarity matrix obtained from molecular data and fatty acids, as well as the similarity matrix obtained from morphological data and fatty acids, showed their non-significance. Therefore, I   markers appear to be suitable markers for studying the genetic diversity of camelina, and the diversity observed among lines could be used in camelina plant breeding programs to produce varieties with desired characteristics.

  Forest statistics has an important role in forest management and provides information on forest parameters; Without forest statistics, due to the lack of sufficient information for planning and implementation, it is not possible to have sustainable management. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of different formulas for estimating the density of distance sampling methods as fast and low-cost methods for estimating the density of oak trees. With this aim, a polygon with an area of nine hectares was selected in Zardlan Sardsir forests of Ilam province and some of their characteristics were measured by the 100% statistical method and also by measuring the distance-azimuth between the trees, a spatial map was prepared. Then, in the field of statistics, 50 walking sampling points were carried out in AutoCAD software, and 6 distance sampling methods including nearest person, nearest neighbor, T-square, combination, common point and square method were implemented in each point. After obtaining the available distances in distance methods, different estimators of each method were used to calculate density. The results showed that the estimators of Cottam et al. (1953) and Diggle (1975), Cottam and Curtis (1954) and Heydari et al. Using the accuracy criterion had better performance than other estimators

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Camelina seed with its unique compounds and in this research, thirteen Camelina double haploid lines were conducted in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications. The studied characteristics included morphological, agronomic and biochemical traits  

  

   In order to study the genetic diversity of 361 oat genotypes in terms of different agronomic and morphological traits, an experiment was conducted in the form of a square lattice design with two replications in 2019-2020 cropping year in the Research Farm of Razi University, Kermanshah. The results of analysis of variance showed the existence of diversity for all traits at the 1% probability level. The results of correlation coefficients for grain yield showed that this trait had a positive correlation with harvest index, number of   panicle per m2 , thousand grain weight, biological yield and hectoliter weight. In factor analysis, 76.05% of the data variations were justified by three factors. The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that76.2% of the variations in grain yield were justified by number of panicle per m2, thousand grain weight, number of grain per panicle, biological yield, days to physiological maturity, plant height and hectoliter weight. Based on the results of path analysis, biological yield followed by number of   grain per panicle and thousand grain weight had the most positive direct effect on grain yield, respectively. The most positive indirect effect on grain yield was shown by number of panicle per m2   throught day to physiological maturity. Cluster analysis divided the studied genotypes into ten groups. Based on the results of cluster analysis and the Selection Index of Ideal Genotype (SIIG), genotype number 285 (220-NMO-758) was recognized as a high-yield genotype among 361 studied genotypes.

   Abstract: Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the acceptance of solar energy in rural communities in the central part of Kermanshah township. Energy is the main force of human life and their social life and has led to the economic development of societies. Solar energy is one of the most important and widely used energies that, in addition to being renewable, has caused less damage to the environment and humans. Unfortunately, there are villages in our country that are not connected to the national electricity distribution network, and if these people are connected to the national network, additional pressure will be applied to the electricity distribution company, which will lead to more air pollution. On the other hand, most of these villages have a population of less than 20 people, which will not be economically viable to wir these areas. Therefore, the use of solar panels can be untying.    methodology: The present study is a quantitative-qualitative paradigm and consists of Four steps. This research is both applied and fundamental. For this purpose, first the zoning of rural areas of Kermanshah township was done with the help of information obtained from the province electricity distribution company and GIS software. In the second step, after obtaining information through individual interviews and analyzing the content of the main sentences, the main concepts are identified. In the third step, the main concepts are formulated and a researcher-made questionnaire is filled out with the help of 200 villagers in the central part of Kermanshah township, whose number is calculated by Morgan formula, of which 118 were men and 82 were women. The obtained data were analyzed using    software and the final model was obtained using AMOS software.    Results: Based on the findings, the central part is considered as the population of the present study. Based on the findings of the external variables model, which includes government support, information and education, professional characteristics, participation, individual-social characteristics and acceptance of leading and reputable people, has affected on the two variables is perceived usefulness and perceived ease, and these two are effective on the variable of attitude, and the variable of attitude on intention, and intention have also been effective on the variable of actual use. Perceived ease variable also affected perceived usefulness. But the usefulness variable has no effect on intention and their relationship is also negative. The goodness of the fit of the model with the number 0.880, shows the fit of the model well.    Conclusion: Based on the results, there is a positive and significant relationship between external variables and perceived usefulness. There is also a positive and significant relationship between external variables and perceived ease of use. In addition, there is a significant and positive relationship between the perceived ease variable and the perceived usefulness variable. Furthermore, there is a significant and positive relationship between perceived usefulness and attitudes toward use. There is a positive and significant relationship between the variable of attitude to use and intention to use. There is also a positive and significant relationship between the variable of intention to use and actual use. However, the relationship between perceived usefulness and intention was negative and there was no significant relationship because solar panels have not been used or have a negative experience in rural communities. Based on the results, 6 variables have been added to the Davis technology acceptance model, and people in rural areas of the central part of Kermanshah township are interested in installing panels if the restrictions are lifted.   

Abstract Drought is one of the most important factors in reducing production in arid and semi-arid regions. It is important to study the response of plants to drought stress to reduce water consumption in areas facing water shortages. Among the wild relatives of wheat, diploid species with desirable characteristics have high potential in crop modification. One of the important epigenetic changes that is associated with the pattern of gene expression and causes genetic instability is DNA methylation. In this study, the Coupled Restriction Enzyme Digestion-Random Amplification (CRED-RA) technique and five RAPD primers were used to identify changes in genome methylation in two einkorn wheat genotypes (H9 and S10) collected from Kurdistan and Kermanshah provinces in four moisture stress regimes (irrigation at 100%, 75%, 50% and 25 % of field capacity) in two stages including 14 days after application of drought stress and 14 days after re-irrigation. A  factorial experiment  wa  conducted  ased on a  completely randomized desig  with  three replications in the greenhouse of Razi University, College of Agriculture. Physiological traits measured included relative leaf water content, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and stomatal conductance. The results of analysis of variance after moisture stress showed the effect of stress on the measured traits. The most changes in methylation pattern were observed as a result of severe moisture stress in irrigation treatment at 25% of field capacity in both genotypes. Most of the fragments that showed a change in methylation pattern due to moisture stress, returned to the pre-stress state after stress removal, which indicates the reversibility of methylation changes in the genome. Fragments with similar methylation pattern variability in the three replications can be used after recovering and sequencing to study the genomic regions involved in response to drought stress in einkorn wheat. Keywords: CRED-RA technique, DNA methylation, einkorn wheat, moisture stress   

Plants’ seeds are a natural storage organ that is considered by genetic engineers as an ideal target for the expression of recombinant genes. Therefore, controlling the expression of transferred genes in this organ is one of the most important steps toward the development of the molecular farming strategy. A practical solution for this purpose is to identify, isolate and use the seed-specific promoters in important commercial species such as rapeseed. Oleosin is one of the most abundant proteins in the seed proteome of rapeseed and its expression is controlled by highly spatiotemporal promoters. The promoter of this gene causes strong expression of the reporter gene such as GUS in embryonic tissue and seed endosperm. In this study, in order to apply and identify the regulatory elements in the Oleosin promoter, this sequence was isolated from the canola genome and cloned into the   K+ vector. Comparing the sequence of the cloned fragment with the sequences in the NCBI database showed that, this sequence has significant similarities with the two categories of identified sequences. One group is the Oleosin gene-like sequences and the other is the methionine sulfoxide reductase gene-like sequences. This means that this fragment is present in an intergenic region that justifies the bidirectional function of this promoter. Drawing the phylogenetic tree and calculating the genetic distance of the cloned fragment with these sequences showed that the genetic distance of the cloned fragment with the existing sequences for the Oleosin gene is much less than the methionine sulfoxide reductase genes. Sequence analysis of this fragment showed that this fragment contains a large number of regulatory elements in both sense and antisense strands such as TATA-box, RY element, prolamin-box and Skn-1 motif. Most of these regulatory elements were identified in the 400 terminal nucleotides of this fragment (the region corresponding to the promoter of the Oleosin gene), while its 540 primary nucleotides bear a striking resemblance to the CDS region of the methionine sulfoxide reductase genes. Further studies showed that the density of regulatory sequences in the sense strand (Oleosin gene promoter) was higher than in the antisense strand and many regulatory elements such as napin motif, pyrimidine-box, E-box, SEF3 and SEF1 binding sites were present only in the sense strand. This means that this promoter has a completely different function in expressing the two genes under its control so that most of the regulatory elements that are present in the sense strand (but not in the antisense strand) are found in seed-specific promoter  

   Abstract: In order to Evaluation of the factors affecting yield grain and herbages of 16 genotypes Vicia ervilia Under stre   and non-stress conditions, experiments in the research farm of Razi University of Kermanshah, in years 2016-2017 and 2017-2017 in tow Completely randomized block   design with three replications . Each year, diversity terms of morphological traits, yield and yield components. have been studied. The results of combined analysis of each year in both stre   and non-stress conditions as well as combined analysis of traits in two years in both conditions showed that the genotypes were significantly different from most of the studied traits. Based on the results of comparison of means, yield and yield components in all genotypes were reduced by applying water shortage stress in stress conditions and the percentage of reduction was not the same in all genotypes. The results showed that in the non-stress place of genotype 4 with the highest number of pods per plant, the number of seedlings per plant and 1000-seed weight had the highest grain yield (922.4 kg / ha) and in the dryland genotype 6 had the highest grain yield.According to the results of biplot chart in stre   and non-stress conditions, grain yield had a positive and high correlation with plant height, yield components, harvest index and negative correlation with the number of days to flowering. according to the results of Causal analysis in both years, in non-stress conditions, the number of seeds per plant and in stress conditions, biological yield had the most direct and positive effect By factor analysis, three factors were identified in both environments that explained 71.62 and 71.74% of the data diversity, respectively. Based on the evaluation of drought tolerance indices, stress intensity (SI) was equal to 0.34. Grain yield in non-stress conditions had a high correlation with SSI, TOL, MP, GMP and STI indices but grain yield in stress conditions showed a significant negative correlation with SSI and a positive correlation with GMP and STI. Therefore, due to the correlation of grain yield in both non-stre   and stress conditions with GMP and STI indices, these two were the best indices for selecting and determining drought tolerant cultivars for 16 Vicia ervilia genotypes. Genotype 15 with the highest value of these two indices was identified as a drought tolerant genotype in this study. Keywords: Causal analysis, Drought, Vicia genotypes, Yield and yield components, Biplot chart..   

Abstract To evaluate of drought tolerance in 23 durum wheat different genotype, two field experiments were carried out at Research Farm of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah in 2017-2018, Under stress replications. Genetic diversity of some morphological traits, yield and yieldand non-stress conditions, -- two completely randomized blocks designs with three components, and qualitative traits have been studied. The findings of simple differences in most of the studied traits. Based on mean comparisons,   the quantitative traits studied in all variance analysis (both rain-fed conditions and supplementary irrigation) and combined analysis of variance showed that genotypes had significant genotypes were reduced by applying drought stress in rain-fed conditions, and the percentage of reduction in total greatest effect of stress was on biological yield and afterwards on grain yield   was recorded for genotypes 1 and 16 which decreased their performance by 47.72 and 31.78 percent genotypes was not the same. Stress intevsity was 0.1. By growing wheat in the drought environment, the amount of protein and gluten in the grain increased while the amount of starch, moisture and energy produced decreased. The grain yield was 5190 and 5140 respectively. Based on the results of mean comparisons over the two environments, the highest kg / ha, respectively, for Genotype 12. The lowest grain yield was observed in the non-stress environment in genotype 18 and in the rain-fed environment in genotype 9. According to the results of by-plot chart in supplement arirrigation gluten, but in drought conditions, the percentage of grain gluten had a conditions, grain yield was not related to the percentage of protein and genotype 17 had the highest protein and gluten content, and genotype 12 negative correlation with grain yield. In both water and drought conditions,analysis in both irrigated and drought conditions, the number of spikes per square meter (Khorramabad landrace) had the highest grain yield. According to the results of path were identified, which justified 80.70% and 79.27% of the total variation, respectively. Evaluation of had the most direct and positive effect on grain yield. By factor analysis in both environments, 4 factors drought tolerance indices showed that MP, GMP and STI indices due to high conditions were as the best indices for selection and determination of drought tolerant genotypes for 23 different durum wheat accessions. Genotype 12 with the highest correlation with grain yield in both drought and supplementary irrigation amount of these three indices was identified as the drought tolerant genotype in this study   key words: Biplot chart, Causal analysis, Ideal Genotype Selection Index,Quantity and quality of grain, wheat genotype   

  Abstract: Water in plants seems essential. In this study, the evaluation of scenarios for increasing the water use efficiency of rainfed barley in Kermanshah province using Aquacrop plant growth simulation model is investigated. For this purpose, the required model data including climatic, vegetation and soil data related to the plant were given to the model. Considering the elements and climatic factors affecting the barley yield in Kermanshah province, also the results of aquakrap model implementation and tests performed between yield values and climatic variables, it seems that the amount of rainfall during the growth period and its distribution is the most important. The influencing parameter on the amount of rainfed barley yield at the five stations studied. Also, the stations with higher rainfall showed better performance. But for the blue atmosphere, there is no significant relationship between the values of blue water yield and precipitation, as the blue atmosphere is more dependent on irrigation and management methods. The highest average rainfall performance simulated by the Aquavrap model was at the Ravansar station and the lowest at the Sarpul-Nab station. Meanwhile, the spatial variability of rainfed barley yield in the province is much greater than the blue one, which may reflect the rainfall differences in the region and its effect on the rainfed climate. Also, the highest average performance of blue atmosphere is related to Sarpolzahab station and the lowest average is for Kangavar and Islamabad stations.Based on the results of the aquacraft model, the simulated performance of blue barley and rainfed was significantly more sensitive to planting date variations. Among the dates executed for the model, the date with the highest average yield was considered as the optimum date for planting. The optimal planting date for rainfed barley at Kermanshah and Ravansar Station is October 20 (October 28), Islamabad and Kangavar October 10 (October 18), and Sarpulzabab November 20 (October 4-5), as well as the optimal planting date for barley Blue at Kermanshah and Islamabad stations is October 30 (October 8), Kangavar and Ravansar October 10 (October 18) and Sarpolzadeh November 10 (November 19). In general it can be stated that due to the general limitations of the model implementation, the aquacraft model has been able to properly simulate different stages of barley. Keywords: Barley, Water Use Efficiency,, Aquacrop Simulation Model

Lettuce is considered as a model plant for biotechnology because of its compatibility with stable genetic transformation and tissue culture. In gene transformation, optimization of tissue culture is the first step to achieve a transgenic plant in order to reproduce the plant as soon as possible. GDP-mannose-3’,5’-epimerase (GME) is one of the key genes in ascorbic acid biosynthesis pathway in plants. The present study aims to transfer GDP-mannose-3´,5´-epimerase (GME) gene from Actinidia deliciosa L. into Lactuca sativa L. First, in order to transform GME into Lactuca sativa L., its tissue culture was optimized and then gene transformation was done. Moreover, to investigate callus induction rate using the effects of explant (cotyledon and true leaves) and 16 plant growth regulator combination including concentrations of 0.02, 0.04, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/l NAA and 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/l BAP, and also direct regeneration rate using the effects of explant (cotyledon and true leaves) and 6 plant growth regulator combination including concentrations of 0.02 and 0.05 mg/l NAA and 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/l BAP, a factorial replacement series experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was conducted. No analysis was performed since no result was obtained for direct regeneration experiment with the listed treatments. The results from ANOVA indicated that interaction effects of explant type and plant growth regulators (BAP and NAA) were significant at 1% probability level in callus induction, relative water content, weight growth, and indirect regeneration. Furthermore, the results of means comparison revealed that the highest percentage of callus induction and indirect regeneration (100%) were observed on leaf and cotyledon explants and MS medium containing 0.1 mg/l BAP and 0.04 mg/l NAA. In order to transform GME into Lactuca sativa L. using L. sativa L. cv. Setareh and Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain (C58) on two types of explants (cotyledon and true leaves), a factorial replacement series experiment with three replications and 2 min and 8 min inoculation was done. The results also confirmed the presence of pBI121+GME in transgenic plants. In addition, the explant true leaves and 2 min inoculation (with 18 percent transformation ratio) were more suitable for transformation. Keywords: Transformation, tissue culture, vitamin C, lettuce, GME   

  AbstractStresses are an important factor in reducing crop production and water-deficient is one of the most important stresses. Camelina sativa L. as oilseed plants belongs to Brassicaceae family has many properties and applications in industry, pharmaceutical sciences, human and livestock nutrition and cosmetic industries. This plant is more favoured than other oilseeds due to its benefits such as low water requirement, low inputs and adaptation to stresses such as cold, drought and pests. The present study was conducted to evaluate the water deficit tolerance of six genotypes of camelina in 2018-19 in terms of some traits in tissue culture and greenhouse experiments. Analysis of variance in greenhouse studies in a randomized complete block design showed significant differences between studied genotypes as well as stress levels for plant height, root length, root weight, seed yield, biological yield and harvest index. Mean comparison results showed that Soheil cultivar had the highest grain yield (3.03g). In the callus induction and cotyledon culture of six genotypes experiment, the effects of four levels of water deficit including 0, 20, 10 and 30% PEG6000 were investigated based on completely randomized design. The variables of callus growth rate, relative callus growth rate and relative callus water content under stress conditions were also studied. The results of statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the camelina genotypes in studied traits (under stress conditions) and between different stresses. In plant tissue culture experiment, Soheil cultivar due to its higher relative water content (8.32%) and relative growth rate of callus (4.29%), among other genotypes it was identified as a high tolerance cultivar to water deficit. So, the Soheil cultivar is reported as the least susceptible to water deficit in greenhouse and callus induction studies.

Tomato is the second most commonly used vegetable after potatoes and is undoubtedly one of the most widely used horticultural products. Because tomato is one of the most important crops in Iran, understanding the genetic diversity of genotypes cultivated in Iran is of great importance. In this research, 99 genotypes were collected from Rojin taak, Golsam, gorgan, Behta, Hezare sewom and Falat Companies in order to evaluate the genetic diversity of tomato. molecular studies at the Biotechnology Laboratory of the Department of Plant Genetic Engineering and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Sciences and Agricultural Engineering, in 2017-19. To evaluate the genetic diversity of tomato genotypes, a SCoT molecular marker was used. Of the 36 SCoT primers used, there were 15 polymorphic initiators. Out of 207 bands produced, 206 bands were polymorphic, and the mean of the polymorphic percentages and the mean of the Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) was estimated to be 99.92 and 0.298, respectively, and the size of the bands varied from 250 to 3200 bp. In the study of genetic similarity between genotypes, Jaccard genetic similarity coefficient was more than 0.166 between genotypes 34 (104) and 97 (ZTP 8) to 0.837 between genotypes number 86 (Namib F1) and 87 (1227) variables And its average was 51.95. Cluster analysis was performed based on Jaccard's similarity coefficient and Centroid method. Therefore, genotypes were divided into three clusters. Analysis of the main components of the genotypes was divided into four groups, which explained the first three components of 58.821% of the molecular variations and the results of the analysis of the main components largely corresponded to the cluster analysis results. Molecular analysis of variance showed that there is a high variation among the populations. In the present study, the SCoT molecular marker was successfully used to study the genetic variation among tomato cultivars and produced a high level of polymorphism, indicating a good effect on the differentiation of tomato genotypes.   

  Abstract   Objective: In order to take advantage of diversity among different varieties and genotypes of plants, at first the existing diversity among them need to be examined. In this research, in order to benefit from the diversity existed among some of genotypes of Camelina plant, the number of 81 doubled haploid lines of this plant were studied at the levels of biochemical and molecular traits.Research Method: The lines of Doubled Haploid of Camelina were cultured in the greenhouse of Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus, Razi University of Kermanshah. This study was carried out in two parts: 1. Biochemical studies, and 2. Molecular studies. In the first part, to analyze the differentiation of these lines in terms of the amount of fatty acids, the levels of fatty acids of these lines were measured with GC-MASS method by reference laboratories and the results were analyzed in the form of a completely randomized design with 3 repeats. The results indicated that there is a significant differentiation among these lines in terms of the amounts of fatty acids. In the second part of this research, DNA was extracted from the leaf samples, and the PCR process was carried out for amplification of a special band of their DNA by using of 10 ISSR primers. Then, the bands were separated and appeared by electrophoresis. Then, their photograph was taken and the results were analyzed by software. At the end, cluster analysis was done to >Findings: The results of Variance Analysis and Compare Means revealed the differentiations among the genotypes. It should be noted that 10 out of 15 primers being used in this research amplified different bands.Conclusions: There is a differentiation in terms of the amounts of fatty acids as well as molecular characteristics among these 81 lines. The biochemical differentiation of these lines is more than their molecular differentiation.  Key Words: Camelina, doubled haploid, genetic diversity, marker

  Identification of traits related to barley yield improvement under rainfed and irrigation conditions will increase the chances of success in breeding programs and will allow planning to select effective traits for yield improvement. The interaction between genotype and environment creates complexity in yield prediction and is a challenge for plant production and breeding programs. In order to investigate the effect of drought stress on yield and important agronomic traits of barley, 21 barley genotypes were grown in randomized complete block designs with three replications under rainfed and irrigation conditions at the research farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah , Iran in the 2016-2017 cropping season. The results of combined analysis of variance showed that the drought stress reduced significantly the thousand kernel weight, biological yield, grain yield, peduncle length/plant height, spike weight, days to physiological maturity, kernel filling period, spike length, stomatal conductance, quantum yield of photosystem II and harvest index. Correlation analysis indicated that there was positive and significant correlation between grain yield, number of seed per spike and biological yield under irrigation conditions. Grain yield was positively correlated with biological yield but negatively with days to flowering under rainfed conditions. According to path analysis, number of seed per spike and thousand kernel weight had the highest direct effect on grain yield under irrigation and rainfed, respectively. Using factor analysis, under irrigation conditions, five factors explained 80.29% of the total variance and under rainfed conditions, 84.70% of the total variance were explained by six factors. The stepwise regression model indicated that 30. 5% of grain yield variations justified by biological yield under irrigation environment, while under rainfed conditions, biological yield, spike length and day to flowering explained 80.4% of the variations. Cluster analysis, >Key words: barley, drought stress, genotype × environment interaction, grain yield, yield stability.

     In order to evaluate water deficit tolerance and genetic variation of 16 bitter vetch genotypes, two field experiments were conducted using randomized complete block design with three replications under non-stress and water deficit stress conditions at Research farm of Razi University, Kermanshah.   Days to flowering, days to maturity, grain filling period, plant height, number of branches, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant, thousand seed weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index were measured in the both environments. Analysis of variance in each environment revealed significant variation among genotypes Combined variance analysis of the data showed that the effect of environment on most traits was significant. Different stress tolerance indices including stress susceptibility index (SSI), tolerance (TOL), geometric mean production (GMP), mean production (MP), stress tolerance index (STI), yield index (YI), yield stability index (YSI) and harmonic mean (HAM) were calculated based on yield data in the both coinditions. MP, GMP and STI indices showed positive significant correlation with yield in the both conditions, and YI and HAM indices were correlated with yield in stress conditions. Therefore, they were appropriate indices for selection of superior genotypes. Based on the biplot of the first two main components, genotypes 2, 3, 13 and 16 were identified as suitable entries for the both conditions. Genetic parameters were estimated for all the   measured traits. As a whole, phenotypic correlations were more than genetic correlations, indicating the effect of environment on the genotypes.Keywords: Genetic Diversity, Water Deficiency Stress, Bitter Vetch

  Vitamin C is a major antioxidant in plants and plays an important role in reducing the overactive activity of reactive oxygen species.In humans, the main role of this molecule, due to its antioxidant capacity, is the elimination of activity of active oxygen species and also acts as a cofactor for many enzymes.Human is one of the few mammalian species that can not synthesize this vitamin and should be obtained through food sources.The GGP gene is one of the most important genes in the biosynthetic cycle of vitamin C, which codes for the GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase enzyme. The preparation of the GGP gene is the most important step in transferring it to enhance the expression of vitamin C in different plants. In this study, the isolation of this gene from the Kiwi plant was carried out through the design of specific primers, as well as the extraction of RNA and gene amplification by PCR. The gene was then cloned in the pTG19-T plasmid via T/A cloning. The molecular analyzes were performed and sequenced for final confirmation. The bioinformatics analyzes of this gene can provide important information on the protein structure and its combined desire for enzymatic reactions, protected areas of the gene and frequency and its differences in different plants. It can be used to increase vitamin C in other plants such as cucumbers, resistance to environmental stresses in different plants, and so on.  

  AbstractOne of the oldest traditional crops is fig (Ficus carica L.) tree that extensive present in several countries around the Mediterranean basin. Iran is the important centers of publishing and distribution of many plant species. Thus, Knowledge of fig genetic diversity is so important. The present study was done to investigate the genetic diversity of 147 fig genotypes in west of Iran by using morphological traits and ISSR and SCoT markers. Genotypes were collected from 25 regions in the provinces of Kermanshah, Kordestan and Ilam. In morphological part, genotypes in terms of 58 traits related to characteristics of tree, leave and fruit were studied. The results of cluster analysis based on the morphological traits divided the genotypes into five groups. Principal component analysis, divided the genotypes into five groups. Factor analysis results showed that 18 factors justified about 75.62% of the total variation that the first three factors could be named as leaf and fruit size factor, growth form and factor affecting little lateral lobes. Correlation analysis also showed significant correlations between traits. In molecular studies, 10 ISSR and SCoT primer showed polymorphic. A total of 155 bands were produced by ISSR markers that among which 144 bands were polymorphic and the average polymorphic was 92.83%. Also 10 SCoT primers produced 183 bands that 169 bands were polymorphic and the average polymorphism was 90.91 percent. The size of the bands based on ISSR and ScoT markers were varied between 250 to 2200 and 250 to 3007 base pair, respectively. In cluster analysis based on ISSR and ScoT markers, genotypes respectively were evaluated in three and five groups which in some cases were similar with morphological dir=ltr>Keywords: Fig, genetic diversity, west of Iran, ISSR, SCoT

  In current study 28 advanced lines of barley were evaluated for drought tolerance using drought tolerance indices, morphological, physiological and agronomic traits. For this purpose, the experiments were laid out under two conditions (stress and non-stress) based on randomized complete block designs with three replications in Research farm of Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah during 2014-2015 growing season. Seed yield, thousand seed weight, number of grains per spike, plant height, spike length, awn length, peduncle length, stomatal conductance, leaf relative water content and Also stress susceptibility )SSI( indices, tolerance ­)TOL(, geometric mean productivity )GMP(, average production )AP), stress tolerance (STI), loss of yield (Yr), yield (YI) and yield stability (YSI) in the both were calculated based on grain yield conditions. Combined analysis of variance showed that there was significant difference between stress and non-stress environments for yield, yield components, plant height, peduncle length, so that the averages of the characters in stress conditions were lower than those in non-stress conditions. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for the traits. The results of correlation analysis of all traits showed a positive significant correlation between yield and harvest index, biological yield and thousand seed weight. under non-stress conditions yield was correlated with harvest index, plant height, spike length, and biological yield. Indices MP with yield in the both conditions and Indiceses GMP, STI in conditions stress had high correlations with yield therefore on the ground of Indiceses suitable for selection higher genotypes introduction Based on three-dimensional chart of these indices, genotypes 1, 9, 25 were most suitable genotypes for the both conditions. These genotypes of were identified as tolerant genotypes according to the biplot of the first and two principal components. In contrast, genotypes 4, 7, 23 and 24 showed more yield reduction in stress conditions. Genetic parameters, phenotypic and genotypic correlation was calculated, As a whole were genotypic correlation higher than phenotypic correlations, indicating High genetic diversity in the barley genotypes.

  This study was carried out to investigate stress tolerance of 20 genotypes of wheat in two rainfed and irrigated conditions, in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications at Research Farm of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah. Agronomic, morphological, physiological and biochemical traits were evaluated. Results of analysis of variance indicated that the genotypes in both conditions were different significantly for the of characters. The results of the combined analysis of variance showed significant differences between traits in rainfed and irrigated conditions. Correlation analysis between indices and yields showed that MP, GMP and STI due to having high correlation with grain yield could be used in selection of genotypes. Based on most indicies 10, 3 and 2 were introduced as the most resistance genotypes and 9 and 8 genotypes most sensitive. The results of study of biochemical traits showed that the enzyme activity of peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase in dryland environment more than irrigated environment. According to the results of the principal component analysis, selected two principal components is explained   by the 94.16% of the total variation, the first and the second components explain 56.56 and 37.60 of total variance percentages, respectively. Biplot diagram showed that the 10, 2, 3, 5, 15, 16, 17, 4 and 7 genotypes were in the vicinity of major vector of indices for drought resistance, in face were in areas with high production potential and low sensivity to drought stress. The genotypes of 5, 15, 16, 17, and 4 more willing to vector of the grain yield in stress condition. This showed that these genotypes in addition to drought tolerance,have high yield in stress condition. Based on cluster analysis, the genotypes in both rainfed and irrigated conditions in the five groups. The results of germination tests showed that genotype 2 in most of the traits, is the best when to other genotypes, thus we can introduce this genotype as drought tolerance genotype in the stage. Genotypes 18, 19 and 20 are the most sensitive genotypes at this stage.