Referees play a vital role in sports competitions and the quality of their performance can determine the final outcome of the match. Goal orientation and self-efficacy, as two important psychological constructs, can have a direct impact on referees’ behavior and decision-making. However, research on these variables among referees, especially in the Persian Gulf region, is very limited. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between task orientation and self-orientation with self-efficacy of national and international tennis referees in selected Persian Gulf countries. The present study will be applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive correlational in terms of its data collection method. The statistical population of the present study is all national and international tennis referees in selected Persian Gulf countries. The sample size will be 151 people (based on the Krejci and Morgan table). The Task Orientation and Self-Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) and Referee Self-Efficacy (REFS) will be used to collect research data. Data analysis will be performed using statistical tests including Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and multivariate linear regression analysis. This research can contribute to a deeper understanding of the psychological factors affecting referee performance and provide a basis for designing training and support programs based on goal orientation and self-efficacy. The findings can assist sports organizations and federations in selecting, training, and evaluating referees.

   Introduction and Objective: Decreased motor and cognitive function is one of the main problems of the elderly. The use of exercise training can be suggested as an effective intervention program. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of cognitive and psychomotor training on executive functions, fear of falling, cognitive indicators, and daily activities of elderly women in Kermanshah city. Methodology: The research method of the present study is a semi-experimental design with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this study included all elderly women over 65 years of age in Kermanshah city. The statistical sample included 45 elderly women between the ages of 65 and 75 who were selected using convenience sampling and randomly assigned to three groups: cognitive, perceptual-motor, and control training. The Fall Efficacy Scale test was used to measure fear of falling, the Mahoney and Barthel (1965) Daily Activities Scale was used to measure the daily activities of the elderly, the Flostein Cognitive Status Assessment (1975) was used to measure cognitive index, and the Gerard Executive Function Questionnaire (2000) was used to measure executive function. For data analysis in the descriptive statistics section, the mean was used to calculate central tendencies and the standard deviation of the data was used to calculate dispersion tendencies. In the inferential statistics section, after ensuring the normal distribution of the data using the Shapiro-Wilk test, the ANOVA test was used

هدف: دوران سالمندي ويژگي هاي جسمي و خلقي را براي هر فرد در طول زندگي به وجود مي آورد، بنابراين هر فرد سالمند نيازمند فعاليت هاي ورزشي جهت ارتقا سلامت جسمي و رواني خويش براي بهبود كيفيت زندگي خود است. با افزايش سن تغييراتي در كيفيت زندگي و ساختار خواب و ريتم شبانه روزي ايجاد مي شود. اين تغييرات منجر به بروز اختلالات خواب و شكايات مكرر ناشي از آن مي‌گردد. سالمندان بسياري در سال هاي اخير به ورزش روي آورده اند زيرا   ورزش يكي از بهترين راهكارها براي حفظ سلامتي افراد سالمند مي باشد. موارد و روش‏ها: جامعه آماري اين پژوهش را مردان سالمند 65 – 75 سال شهر كنگاور تشكيل دادند. از اين جامعه آماري 24 نفر (گروه هاي 12 نفره تجربي و كنترل) به عنوان نمونه در پژوهش حاضر شركت كردند. پس از انتخاب نمونه‌ها ابتدا جهت اندازه گيري كيفيت زندگي و خواب از آنها پيش آزمون گرفته شد. زمان تكميل پرسشنامه ها دو روز قبل از شروع پروسه پژوهش بود. بدين صورت كه به منظور اندازه گيري كيفيت زندگي از پرسشنامه كيفيت زندگي كه بر اساس معيارهاي مطرح شده توسط سازمان بهداشت جهاني تحت عنوان (WHOQOL-BREF) مي‌باشد و ترجمه فارسي آن در سايت سازمان موجود است، استفاده شد. براي ارزيابي كيفيت خواب از پرسشنامه كيفيت خواب پيتزبورگ استفاده شد. اين پرسشنامه بهترين ابزار براي اندازه گيري كيفيت خواب در افراد سالمند است. برنامه تمريني به طور كامل در دست نوشته‌اي در اختيار گروه تجربي قرار گرفت و آنها به مدت 8 هفته، در روزهاي فرد تمرينات تركيبي تعادلي و هوازي را در خانه انجام دادند. در حالي كه گروه كنترل هيچگونه تمريني انجام نداد. سپس از آزمودني ها پس آزموني جهت اندازه گيري كيفيت زندگي و خواب كاملا مشابه با مرحله پيش آزمون گرفته شد. يافته‏ها: با توجه به اختلاف معنادار بين پيش آزمون و پس آزمون داده‌هاي بدست آمده از پژوهش اينطور مي توان عنوان نمود كه انجام   هشت هفته تمرين تعادلي هوازي در خانه تاثير معناداري بر كيفيت زندگي و كيفيت خواب آزمودني‌ها دارد.    كليد واژها: تمرين تعادلي هوازي، سالمندان، كيفيت زندگي، كيفيت خواب

Background and objective: Improvements in adipocytes levels can reduce the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease, indicating adipocytes to be a hopeful remedial target in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and other related diseases. However, there is no consensus on the role of various exercise training on adipokines in T2DM and the results are contradictory. Therefore, this systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression investigated the effects of different types of exercise training on some adipokines concentrations in T2DM.   Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Google Scholar, ProQuest, Cochrane, and Clinicaltrials.gov up to September 2024. Resistin ,Apelin,Visfatin and Vaspin were included   to investigate the effects of   exercise training in this study . Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effect model (DerSimonian-Laird method) to calculate weighted means differences with 95% confidence intervals.Results: Analysis of 37 studies (52 intervention arms, n = 1811) demonstrated that exercise training significantly decreased resistin (MD: -1.02 ng/ml, 95% CI: -1.48 to -0.57, p=0.0001) and visfatin (MD: -0.70 ng/ml, 95% CI: -1.07 to -0.32, p =0.0002) levels but has no significant effect on Apelin (MD 0.02 ng/ml, 95% CI: -0.04 to 0.08, p =0.55)and Vaspin (MD: 0.00 ng/ml, 95% CI: -0.0 to 0.0, p =0.69) levels compared to control in T2DM. Slightly stronger effects were observed in aerobic, combined and resistance training in men and mor than 8weeks of intervention. Meta- regression analysis also showed that there is a significant linear relation between resistin and BMI changes. Conclusions: Overall, exercise training decreased inflammatory indices with a positive supplementary effect for T2DM patient. Keywords: Exercise training, Adipokines, Insulin resistance, Type 2 diabetes.   

  Abstract Sports exercises have been proposed as a therapeutic method for empowering, treating and controlling high blood pressure, and as lifestyle modifications, it has been recommended for one of several cases. On the other hand, studies show that resistance exercises are very effective on muscle growth and strength. Along with sports activities, it has been shown that nutritional interventions also affect these factors. One of these can be the consumption of dark chocolate supplements containing polyphenols. Polyphenols present in dark chocolate, especially flavonols, cause dilation of blood vessels and decrease blood pressure by increasing the production of nitric acid from the endothelial tissue. On the other hand, catechins are molecules from the flavonoid family that are abundant in dark chocolate. These molecules have a positive effect on muscle growth factors. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the acute consumption of dark chocolate supplement on the index of pressure perception, blood pressure and post-exercise upper body resistance performance in resistance trained girls. This research will be a double-blind randomized design and the subjects will be placed in one of the designated positions randomly.12 active female students will voluntarily participate in this research. It should be noted that the participants are randomly assigned to the supplement or placebo group for two weeks, so that the supplement group is 500 mg of dark chocolate extract containing 125 mg of polyphenol and 25 mg of epicatechin and the group Placebo 500 mg placebo (starch) is taken daily in one capsule. During resistance activity, the index of pressure perception and resistance performance, then post-exercise blood pressure is measured. Before taking the supplement or placebo, the subjects are pre-tested, so that after the general and specialized warm-up, a resistance training protocol with barbell chest press including 5 sets until exhaustion with 75% maximum 1 maximum repetition by the company. It is done with 2-minute rest intervals.Participants are advised to perform as many repetitions as possible until reaching 15 repetitions or muscle failure. Then, after two weeks of taking the supplement and placebo, the pressure perception index, resistance performance during activity and blood pressure after exercise are evaluated again under the same conditions as last time.

   Abstract The importance of physical activity and its relationship with the reduction of cardiovascular diseases, especially hypertension, cannot be ignored, and exercise is one of the non-drug methods for treating hypertension. Citrulline malate is considered as a sports supplement that improves resistance performance and lowers blood pressure. The purpose of the present study is the acute effect of oral citrulline malate supplementation on upper body resistance performance, blood pressure and post-exercise hypotension in recreationally trained resistance men. The present research was double-blind and the subjects were placed in three randomly determined positions. 12 volunteer male bodybuilders have participated in this research. 60 minutes before the start of resistance training protocol with barbell chest press including 5 sets of 15 repetitions with 75% of a maximum repetition, subjects were given 8 grams of citrulline malate, 12 grams of citrulline malate and placebo in three different positions. Subjects complete as many repetitions as possible until reaching 15 repetitions or muscle failure. The order of placement in three positions was random and the interval between the positions was one week. Objective: To compare the acute effects of taking two doses (8 and 12 grams) of citrulline malate oral supplement on upper body resistance performance, blood pressure and post-exercise hypotension in resistance trained men. Cases and methods: The present research is in the form of semi-experimental and double-blind designs, and the subjects will be placed in three designated positions in a random and crossover manner. Findings: Short-term use of citrulline malate supplement caused a significant increase in resistance performance, a significant decrease in arterial blood pressure, a significant decrease in post-exercise blood pressure, and a significant decrease in heart rate. Conclusion: The results obtained from the research show that after consuming 8 grams and 12 grams of citrulline malate, there was a significant increase in resistance performance, a significant decrease in arterial blood pressure, a significant decrease in post-exercise blood pressure, and a significant decrease in heart rate. . As a result, according to the present research, male athletes are recommended to include the use of citrulline malate supplement in their program in order to improve performance in training from the perspective of resistance performance. Keywords: post-exercise blood pressure drop, resistance training, citrulline malate supplement, upper body resistance performance

   Tumor markers are substances found in body fluids such as blood, urine, serum and body tissues and are increased in people with cancer in various tissues. Most tumor markers are proteins that either increase in response to changes in the cancerous condition or are made by the cancer cells themselves. Carcinoembryonic antigen is one of the tumor markers predicting recurrence of colorectal cancer The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), quality of life and sleep quality in female colorectal cancer survivors. 12 female colorectal cancer survivors who had performed surgical resection with mean age (55.66±4.99 years), weight (75.16±12.48 ­­kg) and height (164.5±4.90 cm) were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Subjects in the experimental group completed a total of eight weeks of HIIT (3 session per week, separated at by least 24 h). each performed eight 1-min session at 95% HRmax of intense walking interspersed by 2-min interval of slow walking as recovery. Blood samples were taken from participants before and after the intervention to evaluate the effect of HIIT on CEA, in order to evaluate the effect of HIIT on quality of life and sleep quality the WHOQOL-BREF and Pittsburgh questionnaires were completed by the participants. The result showed that the 8 weeks of HIIT had no significant effect on CEA (p=0.456), but 8 weeks of HIIT had significant effect on quality of life (p=0.028) and sleep quality (p=0.027). Keywords: carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), high intensity interval training (HIIT), colorectal cancer     

Consuming a high-fat meal may lead to postprandial lipemia (PPL) and inflammation. Repeated episodes of exaggerated postprandial lipemia may hasten the progression of atherosclerosis. The purposeof this study was to Comparison the acute effects of high-intensity interval and concurrent training on postprandial lipemia in inactive healthy young men.Research Methodology: In line with the objectives of the study, 12 inactive healthy young men (age: 20.34±1.71 years, BMI: 24.05±2.55 kg/m2,weight 75.36±3.57 kg,   height 177.32±3.76 cm) of Kermanshah participated in the present study as a sample available and voluntarily that randomly divided by tow groups A and B. At first group A done high intensity interval training and after one week do the concurrent training and group B first done concurrent training and after one week do the high intensity interval training. Before 48 hours performing protocol, subjects recorded all nutritions, bevereages and weight ownself. Than this diet for the same time replication for second time. After each exresice trills tomorro blood samples in overnight fast was gathered at 8 AM. To determine the normal distribution of data use of Shapiro-Wilk test, then idependent t-test was used for hypothesis of this study.  Results: The results showed that subjects have a differences significant in LDL chelestrol level (6/77% increase) after high-intensity interval training then time aftrer concurrent training. But this level in HDL chelestrol (5/81% increase) and vLDL chelestrol (4/73% increase) was not significant. Results also showed that subjects have a differences significant in triglycride (TG) (10/10% increase), total chelestrol (TC) (7/00% increase), free fatty acids (FFA) (10/98% increase) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) levels (7/36% increase) after high-intensity interval training then time aftrer concurrent training.  Conclusion: According to the results, it seems postprandial lipemia decrease in inactive healthy young men after high-intensity interval training then time aftrer concurrent training.

      Abstract    The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term use of taurine supplementation on lactate and blood pressure levels after a period of exhausting exercise in active female students. The whole study was semi-experimental and the method was quasi-experimental. For this purpose, 14 students with a mean age of 20.57 ± 0.93, height 167.14 ± 2.65cm, weight 66.42 ± 4.43 kg participated in the study as available samples and The randomized form was included in two groups of supplement and placebo. During the two pre-test and post-test sessions, they participated in exhausting exercise activities (Bruce test). Use for one week. After the end of the supplement, the post-test was performed immediately. Heart rate was measured at each stage and after reaching exhaustion, in order to cool down for 3 minutes, walking on a treadmill at a speed of 4km / h was performed, then the person's blood pressure was in a sitting position and 6 minutes after the end of the test, lactate Blood was measured from the subjects' finger blood samples. In order to differentiate between the variables in the inferential statistics section, before analyzing the data, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to ensure the normality of the data, due to the natural distribution of the data and the small number of variables to examine the pre-test data. After the test, paired t-test was used. The results of the study showed that short-term use of taurine supplementation significantly reduced the lactate response (p = 0.000) of the subjects after a period of exhausting exercise Cause

   Abstract Objective: The goal of sports science researchers and researchers is to maximize the performance of athletes in different fields of sport. To this end, researchers seek to identify factors that influence athlete performance and it is well accepted that sleep is one of the essentials of health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 30-hours sleep deprivation on the response of leptin and ghrelin levels to an Exhaustive activity among active male students. Materials and Methods: Among the active male students of Razi University of Kermanshah, 20 undergraduate students were selected through convenience sampling and participated in the study. Subjects were evaluated by simple randomized cross-sectional design in two situations. Results: Information related to the comparison of post-test and pre-test in two experimental (sleep deprivation) and control (adequate sleep) situations showed that leptin hormone in sleep deprivation conditions decreased compared to rest conditions (9.4 %) And ghrelin hormone in experimental conditions increased compared to control conditions (2.04%) and this difference is considered significant at the level (p = 0.0012). Insomnia also caused significant changes in physiological parameters (VO2max, heart rate, blood pressure, time to exhaustion, etc.). Conclusion: 30 hours of sleep deprivation decreased leptin and at the same time increased ghrelin, which indicates the importance of night sleep, which is one of the influential factors associated with obesity and overweight. Especially by coaches and athletes who after sleep deprivation cause a significant effect on their performance, should be given more attention.

  The aim of this study is a comparison between the effects of two types of active recovery and cold water immersion on Hemolysis factors after one session practicing volleyball. This research has been done with a Quasi-experimental design and repeated measures of pre-test, post-test and follow up test. Ten women as volleyball player took part in this study (age 22.20± 3.39 years, weight 63.77 ± 8.11 kg, and High 165.10±7.09 cm). Practice protocol includes two sessions and every session took long 90 minutes practice with the interval of one week. Every session consisted of 30 minutes general and specialized warm up, 45 minutes practice of volleyball's techniques, and 15 minutes recovery. At the end of the first session, active and routine recoveries in volleyball field including jogging with tensional moves were applied. In addition, cold water immersion with 10 degrees centigrade shoulder-high was done at the end of the second session. Venous blood sampling with the aim of estimating the effect of practice in recoveries on hemolysis factors before practice, after practice, immediately after recovery, and 24 hours after recoveries, has been done from anti-cubital vein. Statistical analysis was run through Variance analysis with repeated measures and LSD test for comparing multiple pairwise for assessing averages difference with the level of confidence (p<./05). The results showed that after a volleyball training session with active and routine recovery, the measure of HGB, HCT, and RBC are decreased significantly after practice in compare to their levels before practice. Also, Bilirubin T, Bilirubin ind are increased significantly. However, 24 hours after practice in compare to immediately after practice, there was a significant decrease in Bilirubin T and a significant increase in MCV. Furthermore, comparison of hemolysis factors in recovery of cold water immersion indicated fewer modifications in compare to active recovery. What is important is the lack of meaningful difference in all factors. With respect to modifications made in factors, increasing Bilirubin, and controlling plasma volume, these findings can be a sing of hemolysis on a day after volleyball practice. Furthermore, based on statistical results, the types of recovery did not have any meaningful effect on hemolysis factors.

چاقي و اضافه‌وزن به همراه اختلالات ليپيدي و متابوليكي مرتبط با آن، يكي از نگراني‌هاي بسيار مهم در جهان امروز است. اخيرا تمرينات تناوبي پرشدت (HIIT) براي كاهش وزن بسيار مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. بنابراين هدف ما بررسي و مقايسه اثر حاد يك جلسه تمرين تناوبي پرشدت و تمرين هوازي بر نيمرخ چربي دختران داراي اضافه وزن است. به اين منظور ?? دختر جوان داراي اضافه وزن به روش نمونه­گيري غير­تصادفي در دسترس انتخاب شدند و همه آزمودني­ها در هر دو نوع تمرين شركت كردند. قبل از شروع آزمون، اندازه‌گيري‌هاي شاخص‌هايي از قبيل قد، وزن و شاخص توده بدن (BMI) انجام شد. تمرينات به صورت تك جلسه­اي انجام شد كه شامل يك جلسه تمرين HIIT و يك جلسه تمرين هوازي بود. براي اجراي پروتكل تمريني HIIT از ? تكرار ?? ثانيه‌اي آزمون وينگيت استفاده شد، به اين صورت كه آزمودني‌ها ?? دقيقه گرم كردن را بدون بار   انجام دادند، سپس به مدت ? دقيقه با سرعت ?? دور در دقيقه ركاب زدند و در نهايت ?? ثانيه با نهايت سرعت ركاب زدند. براي انجام تمرين هوازي آزمودني­ها بعد از ?? دقيقه گرم كردن، به مدت ?? دقيقه با شدت ?? درصد ضربان قلب حداكثر بر روي تردميل دويدند. نمونه­هاي خوني بلافاصله قبل و بعد از هر جلسه تمرين از وريد سفاليك آزمودني­ها در حالت ناشتا براي اندازه‌گيري سطوح نيمرخ چربي جمع آوري گرديد. سطوح نيمرخ چربي بعد از تمرينات HIIT بدون تغيير بود. با اين حال بعد از تمرين هوازي افزايش معنادار سطح HDL مشاهده شد. همچنين مقايسه نتايج دو جلسه تمريني نشان داد كه در تمرين HIIT سطوح كلسترول تام و LDL كاهش بيشتري داشت. به طور كلي تمرين هوازي را مي‌توان به عنوان روشي موثر براي بهبود سطوح نيمرخ چربي در نظر گرفت. همچنين مي‌توان از تمرين HIIT براي اين منظور و به عنوان روشي نوين و مفرح براي بهبود سطوح چربي خون بهره گرفت.

  Review:The aim of this study was to compare the effects of eight weeks of cognitive integration - move on some cognitive factors, balance and quality of life of older women is the city of Kermanshah. For this purpose, 30 elderly women with an average age of 54/6 ± 15/69 years through Wechsler scale software WMS-III, and focused attention from software Selectiv & Divaided attention version of Al-use design. Also stork stand test, to evaluate static balance and tug testing to assess the balance was Pvyaastfadh. they did. component focused attention has increased significantly compared to the control group (103/0 = (p. However, other results showed that cognitive exercises integration - movement has a significant effect in improving working memory (001 / p =), static balance ( 001 / 0p =), dynamic (000/0 (p = and quality of life  ) 000/0 (p = compared to the control group and the control group was not significant in any of the components level.  Key words: aging, static balance, dynamic, focused attention, working memory, quality of life

The aim of present study was investigating the acute and chronic effects of consuming Coenzyme Q10 supplement on rate of creatine phosphokinase after exhaustive aerobic activity of Bruce. For this purpose 12 out of 22 players of youth B’esat Kermanshah football team ranging from 17-19 in age volunteered to take part in this study. The study was conducted in 8 weeks and participants were posited into one situation but into two groups of control (N=12) and experimental (N=12). The experimental group during one session (acute effect) in 8 weeks (chronic effect) consumed 200 milligrams of coenzyme Q10 supplement (2 tablets each100 milligrams) daily. In order to exert muscular damage in subjects, they were tested by exhaustion test. The exhaustive Bruce test (running on the rotary bar model pulsar med 3p manufactured by the German company h/p cosmos) started with a speed of 1/7 miles per hour (2.74 kilometers per hour) and 10% tilt. Then in each stage 1.3 kilometers per hour and 2% tilt was added.   Exhaustion time is when the subjects are not able to run. In order to recognize the exhaustion subjects were talked to while performing the test and they declared that they are unable to continue running. Before and after the Bruce test in all three positons of acute, control, and chronic, 5 cc blood was bled from all subjects’ vein head elbow. BMI was calculated by the body composition measurement set called ZEUS 9.9 .The activity of serum total lactate dehydrogenase enzyme was determined by the CPK kit of Bio-System Company and auto-analyzer set (Biochemistry Synvva). All measurements were done form 9-11.5 pm in the same ventilation and light conditions. Data were analyzed by repeated measure paired – samples T Test at P ? 0.05.The results showed that consuming Coenzyme Q10 after exhaustive aerobic activities (Bruce test) caused a significant decrease of inflammatory markers in subjects’ blood’s creatine phosphokinasein the acute position. But in the chronic position no significant effect of consuming the supplement on decreasing blood’s creatine phosphokinase was observed.Conclusion:   Based on the results, it can be concluded that long-term (8 weeks) Coenzyme Q10 supplementation can reduce aerobic exercise-induced creatine kinase elevations (cellular damage indices).

  The aim of this study was to compare the effects of eight weeks of cognitive integration -move on lipid profile and some physical fitness in elderly women Faktvhay city of Kermanshah. For this purpose, 30 subjects elderly women with an average age of 54/6 ± 15/69 years through volunteers were selected and randomly divided into control and experimental, and after blood sampling, test stand stork, test (go and back) tug , Wales and sit in order to evaluate static balance, dynamic balance, flexibility and hamstring muscles of the back, leg muscle strength and the use of hand-held dynamometer was used to measure muscle strength. The control group without any interference to their own daily routine and Group Exercise 8 week training protocol integrated cognitive exercises - rally. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to ensure normal distribution of data using independent t-test and t Shd.zmvn To examine the differences within and among the training group were employed. Intra-group analysis showed that triglyceride and LDL component of the training group and power, compared to the control group showed no significant difference, however, reduce cholesterol, increase HDL, increase in static balance, dynamic balance, increase flexibility and increase leg muscle strength compared to the control group was statistically significant. Based on the results obtained from this study is integrated motion exercises significant influence Drklstrvl, HDL, static balance, dynamic balance, flexibility and strength of the lower extremities (legs) in the city of Kermanshah were elderly women.

    The aim of present study was investigating the acute and chronic effects of consuming Coenzyme Q10 supplement on rate of creatine phosphokinase after exhaustive aerobic activity of Bruce. For this purpose 12 out of 22 players of youth B’esat Kermanshah football team ranging from 17-19 in age volunteered to take part in this study. The study was conducted in 8 weeks and participants were posited into one situation but into two groups of control (N=12) and experimental (N=12). The experimental group during one session (acute effect) in 8 weeks (chronic effect) consumed 200 milligrams of coenzyme Q10 supplement (2 tablets each100 milligrams) daily. In order to exert muscular damage in subjects, they were tested by exhaustion test. The exhaustive Bruce test (running on the rotary bar model pulsar med 3p manufactured by the German company h/p cosmos) started with a speed of 1/7 miles per hour (2.74 kilometers per hour) and 10% tilt. Then in each stage 1.3 kilometers per hour and 2% tilt was added.   Exhaustion time is when the subjects are not able to run. In order to recognize the exhaustion subjects were talked to while performing the test and they declared that they are unable to continue running. Before and after the Bruce test in all three positons of acute, control, and chronic, 5 cc blood was bled from all subjects’ vein head elbow. BMI was calculated by the body composition measurement set called ZEUS 9.9 .The activity of serum total lactate dehydrogenase enzyme was determined by the LDH kit of Bio-System Company and auto-analyzer set (Biochemistry Synvva). All measurements were done form 9-11.5 pm in the same ventilation and light conditions. Data were analyzed by repeated measure paired – samples T Test at P ? 0.05.The results showed that consuming Coenzyme Q10 after exhaustive aerobic activities (Bruce test) caused a significant decrease of inflammatory markers in subjects’ blood’s creatine phosphokinasein the acute position. But in the chronic position no significant effect of consuming the supplement on decreasing blood’s creatine phosphokinase was observed.Conclusion:   Based on the results, it can be concluded that long-term (8 weeks) Coenzyme Q10 supplementation can reduce aerobic exercise-induced lactate dehydrogenase elevations (cellular damage indices).Keywords: coenzyme Q10 supplement, lactate dehydrogenase, exhaustive Bruce test.

Ghrelin and obestatin are orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides, respectively, which are believed to be important in the regulation of energy homeostasis and body weight control. Studies on the effects of exercise on ghrelin and obestatin, especially in human, are few and limited. One the other hand, it has been shown that hypoxic conditions can also effect hormones levels. Thus, The aim of this study had been investigated the effects of resistance exercise in hypoxic conditions and normoxic on plasma levels of ghrelin and obestatin in healthy girls.In this regard 12 active women with an average age of 27±3/53 years, performed strength training in hypoxic conditions and normoxic in different days. Resistance exercise was included 5 sets of 10 repetition at 70% of one repetition maximum bench press and squat with barbell. The rest Time between sets and activities was a minute. The condition of hypoxia (O2=14) was suffered before performoing of resistance exercise and continued up to the end of the activity. Blood samples were taken form the each of subject twice for each of session (before and immediately after exercise activity). The results showed that acute effects of resistance exercise in hypoxic and normoxic conditions does not influence plasma of ghrelin and ghrelin into obestatin. while it decrease significant plasma levels of obeststin in conditions of hypoxia (P=0.004). In general, we can conclude that resistance activity in hypoxic conditions has greater impact on obestatin hormone than normoxia conditions.                                                AbstractGhrelin and obestatin are orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides, respectively, which are believed to be important in the regulation of energy homeostasis and body weight control. Studies on the effects of exercise on ghrelin and obestatin, especially in human, are few and limited. One the other hand, it has been shown that hypoxic conditions can also effect hormones levels. Thus, The aim of this study had been investigated the effects of resistance exercise in hypoxic conditions and normoxic on plasma levels of ghrelin and obestatin in healthy girls.In this regard 12 active women with an average age of 27±3/53 years, performed strength training in hypoxic conditions and normoxic in different days. Resistance exercise was included 5 sets of 10 repetition at 70% of one repetition maximum bench press and squat with barbell. The rest Time between sets and activities was a minute. The condition of hypoxia (O2=14) was suffered before performoing of resistance exercise and continued up to the end of the activity. Blood samples were taken form the each of subject twice for each of session (before and immediately after exercise activity). The results showed that acute effects of resistance exercise in hypoxic and normoxic conditions does not influence plasma of ghrelin and ghrelin into obestatin. while it decrease significant plasma levels of obeststin in conditions of hypoxia (P=0.004). In general, we can conclude that resistance activity in hypoxic conditions has greater impact on obestatin hormone than normoxia conditions.

  The aim of this study was to Comparing the effects of aerobic exercise in hypoxic and normoxic conditions on plasma levels of ghrelin and obestatin in male physical education students. For this purpose, 12 subjects with    of body mass index and the ages ranged from 19 to 25 years who until have not been above 2000m altitude from two months before the beginning of the study, volunteered to participate in the study. The exercised intervention included both aerobic exercises which had done in two conditions of hypoxic and normoxia   So that the distance between the two session for each subject was at least a week. Hypoxic and normoxic conditions was randomly arranged and 6 participants at first who experienced normoxic and 6 other first of all had experienced   normoxic / then Hypoxic conditions. Aerobic exercise included 45 minutes pedaling work over the gauge wheels with 65-70% heart.rate reserve and the intensity of hypoxic was equivalent to 14% oxygen. Blood samples to measure ghrelin and obestatin levels were taken in 4 times in fasting condition, immediately before and after exercise. The findings showed that one session of aerobic exercise in hypoxic condition the obestatin levels, significantly reduced (p=0.021), However in normoxic condition, Obestatin levels did not change. Ghrelin and the ratio of ghrelin to obestatin did not change significantly in any conditions.

  آثار حاد و مزمن تمرين تناوبي شديد بر سطوح تستوسترون،كورتيزول و نيم رخ چربي در كودكان چاق و داراي اضافه وزن