Abstract

This study aims to elucidate the morphometric and morphological details of teeth in the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus, Waterhouse, 1839) and guinea pig (Cavia porcellus, Linnaeus, 1758) using micro-CT and stereology (n=5). Notably, the hamsters exhibited distinctive roots in their cheek teeth, in contrast to the guinea pigs, where the tooth body extended as a dental root into the alveolar sac, making anatomical diagnosis challenging. ? The first and second cheek teeth of the hamster had four roots, but the last one had three roots. The hamster incisive teeth had a more voluminous pulp cavity compared to those of guinea pigs.? While the ratio differences of arch parameters and enamel thickness were not statistically significant (P?0.05).   The enamel layer in guinea pig incisive teeth were significantly thicker than that in the hamster teeth (P?0.05). Regarding the dentine-tooth width, the difference between the upper incisive teeth of the hamster and guinea pig was significant (P?0.05). The ratio of pulp-tooth volume in all incisive teeth of the hamster was significantly higher than that in the guinea pig’s teeth (P?0.05). Histologically, incisors in both species consist of enamel, dentin, pulp, and cementum. Dentin was distinguishable into immature and mature forms in both species, featuring dentinal tubules and a transformation of odontoblast from cylindrical cells near the incisal surface to cuboidal cells near the root apex. Hamster cheek teeth were brachydont with conventional enamel and cementum patterns, whereas guinea pig cheek teeth were hypsodont, exhibiting enamel spaces, cartilage-like cementum, and prominent osteodentin with cellular lacunae. Immunohistochemically, Ki67 proliferation marker was prominently expressed in guinea pig incisor bud-forming cells and some odontoblasts, reflecting active cellular renewal, whereas hamster incisors lacked such proliferative activity. Both species showed absence of pluripotency marker 2-Oct 3/4 in dental pulp and odontoblasts, while S100 protein was present only in mesenchymal cells of hamster incisor pulp. These insights contribute to deeper understanding the evolutionary adaptations in rodent dentition and suggest improved information and methodologies for translational dental studies and selecting more appropriate animal model in dental research.

Keywords: Rodent, dental morphology, comparative anatomy, dietary habits, micro-CT scanning

Abstract

This study investigates the morphological, morphometric characteristics of thoracic and lumbar intervertebral discs (IVD) in guinea pigs. The main objective of this research is to provide baseline data for comparative studies in veterinary and medical fields, especially in relation to common lumbar diseases. In this study, 5 guinea pigs were examined and morphometric parameters were measured using micro-CT images and macroscopic dissection   and compared with each others.

The results showed that 13 thoracic and 6 lumbar discs were identified in guinea pigs. Thoracic discs change from a round shape in the T1-T3 region to triangular and heart-shaped structures in the T4-T13 region, while lumbar discs have a more consistent heart shape. Morphometric analysis revealed statistically significant differences. Lumbar discs were larger than thoracic discs in lateral, dorsal dimensions, and disc area, annulus fibrosus, and nucleus pulposus. In particular, a significant increase in lateral width and disc area was observed at lumbar L5 and L6. Histologically, both disc types had well-organized nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus, and endplates. The endplates were composed of hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, calcified cartilage, and secondary ossification centers with large vascular channels.

Finally, this study demonstrates that although thoracic and lumbar intervertebral discs in guinea pigs retain key features histologically, their distinct morphological and morphometric features reflect adaptation to biomechanical demands. However, due to fundamental differences between humans and guinea pigs, the use of this species as a research model for human intervertebral discs should be done with caution..

Keywords: Guinea pig, Intervertebral disc, pine, roRdent, Micro-CT

چكيده مقدمه و هدف : فاض?ب دفعي بيمارستان از مهم‌ترين منابع انتشار عوامل عفونت‌زا در مح?ط است. وجود عواملانگلي متعدد و زئونوز در فاضلاب بيمارستاني و احتمال راه‌يابي اين فاضلاب به آبهاي آشاميدني يا محصولات كشاورزي، خطري بالقوه جهت انتقال بيماري‌هاي‌ انگلي به انسان و دام محسوب ميشود. فاضلاب‌ها به دليل دارا بودن مواد مغذي ميتواند براي اصلاح خاك استفاده شود و چنانچه به شكل صحيح سالم‌سازي نشود، عوامل مقاوم انگلي نظير تخم كرم‌ها و كيست تك‌ياختهها ممكن است وارد محصولات كشاورزي شود. هدف از ا?ن مطالعه تع??ن وضع?ت آلودگي‌انگل? فاض?ب خام بيمارستان امام رضا (ع) شهر كرمانشاه است. مواد و روش‌كار : اين مطالعه بر روي نمونه‌هاي اخذ شده از بيمارستان امام رضا(ع) شهرستان كرمانشاه صورت گرفته و نمونه‌گيري از فروردين ماه 1403 تا شهريور ماه 1403 به مدت 6 ماه و به صورت هفتگي انجام شد. نمونـه‌هاي اخذ شده بـراي انجـام آزمايشات انگل شناسي به آزمايشگاه انگل شناسي دانشكده دامپزشكي دانشگاه رازي منتقل شدند. آنـاليز انگلـي بـر اسـاس روش بيلنجـر بـا لام شـمارش مـك ‌مسـتر انجام شد. جهت تشخيص آلودگي نمونههاي اخذ شده به تك‌ياخته كريپتوسپوريديوم از هر نمونه 3 گسترش تهيه‌كرده و پس از ثابت كردن با اتانول به روش ذل-نيلسون اصلاح شده رنگ‌آميزي ميشود و زير ميكروسكوپ مشاهده شد و وجود آلودگي و شدت آلودگي براي هر نمونه ثبت گرديد. جهت مقايسه آلودگي در ماههاي مختلف نمونهگيري از آزمونهاي آماري در بستر نرم‌افزار    استفاده شد. در اين مطالعه مقادير p كمتر از 05/0 معنيدار در نظر گرفته شدند. نتايج : بر اساس نتايج به‌دست‌آمده، در روش تلمن تخم تنيا، لارو نماتود، تخم هيمنولپيس نانا، كيست ژيارديا، كيست كيلوماستيكس، كيست آميب، كيست بلاستوسيستيس هومينيس، كيست يوامبا بوتچلي مشاهده شد و فاضلاب تصفيه شده بيمارستان امام رضا ازنظر آلودگي با كريپتوسپوريديوم در مواردي بسيار كم مثبت بود. آزمون‌هاي آماري كه بر روي نتايج روش تلمن انجام شد، اختلاف معني‌دار بين آلودگي انگلي فاضلاب تصفيه شده ماه‌هاي نمونه‌گيري را نشان نداد. همين‌طور اختلاف معني‌دار بين آلودگي انگلي فصل بهار و تابستان فاضلاب تصفيه شده بيمارستان امام رضا ديده نشد. آلودگي به كريپتوسپوريديوم در ماههاي مختلف بيمارستان و در فصول بهار و تابستان اختلاف معني‌داري را نشان نداد. نتيجه‌گيري : آلودگي فاضلاب بيمارستان امام رضا(ع) كرمانشاه به انواع انگلهاي پاتوژن، نشاندهنده توانايي پسابها و كود ناشي از آن در آلوده سازي منابع آبي و محصولات كشاورزي مورداستفاده براي انسان و دامهاست. لذا سالم‌سازي صحيح فاضلاب قبل از ورود به محيط‌زيست از اهميت بالايي برخوردار است. كلمات كليدي : فاضلاب، فاضلاب بيمارستان، آلودگي انگلي، كرمانشاه، تك‌ياخته، كرم

Conclusion: The gills of longspine Scarper (Paracapoeta trutta. Heckel 1843) are similar to the gills of other bony fish under microscopic examination.  

Keywords: gill, long-finned black fish, histology, surface ultrastructure

Abstract

Introduction and aim: skin is one of the important organs in aquatic animals, especially bony fish and amphibians. Due to its specialized cells and structures, it plays a role not only in the obvious function of protection against environmental factors but also in maintaining and regulating osmotic balance, sensory perception, and the secretion of certain substances. The health status of the skin and its structural changes reflect the health of the fish and are key to understanding the progression of diseases and the impact of environmental changes on fish. On the other hand, fish skin today has applications in other industries such as medicine, pharmaceuticals, human and animal nutrition, and also in cellular and tissue research, leading to an increasing interest in its study. This interest aims not only to reduce costs associated with environmental pollution from fish farming waste but also to utilize these resources in other fields. Therefore, understanding fish skin and its structures is of great importance. In this study, the skin of the Longspine Scarper (Paracapoeta trutta Heckle 1843), as one of the native fish of the western region of the country, will be examined using light microscopy, and the surface ultrastructure of the skin will be studied using scanning electron microscopy.

Material and method: In the present study, five specimens of long-finned black fish were caught from the Sirvan River at the site of the Daryan Dam. After being transferred to the histology laboratory, 1 cm by 1 cm skin samples were taken from the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the anterior and posterior regions and immersed in containers containing fixative solution. After fixation, the samples underwent tissue processing, and tissue sections were prepared. Subsequently, the tissue sections were subjected to general staining and specific staining with Masson's trichrome, periodic acid-Schiff, and Alcian blue, and were examined using a light microscope. Necessary images were captured with a digital camera. Histometric analysis was performed using ImageJ software, and the resulting data were subjected to statistical analysis. Additionally, tissue samples from the dorsal and ventral skin of the fish were taken, and after fixation and dehydration, they were sent to the electron microscopy laboratory for processing and to obtain electron images of their surfaces.

Result: The results of this study showed tha, the skin of the the Longspine Scarper consisted of three structural layers: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis comprised a living and active stratified squamous epithelium made up of epithelial cells in three forms: cylindrical to cuboidal on the basement membrane, polygonal, and flat squamous at the surface of the epidermis. Additionally, goblet and club cells were observed among the epithelial cells. The dermis was divided into two layers, loose and dense, beneath the basement membrane, extending to broad muscle bundles, and contained blood vessels, pigment cells, and fat cells, which also encompassed the scales. From a histometric perspective, the thickness of the epidermis on the ventral surface in both anterior and posterior regions was greater than that on the dorsal surface, with the thickness in the posterior regions being greater than in the anterior regions. In counting secretory cells, the craniodorsal and caudoventral regions had the highest number of goblet and club cells, showing a significant difference (P<0.05) compared to other studied regions. A significant difference (P<0.05) was observed in the comparison of two cell populations in each region, except for the anterior ventral region in the other three regions. The scales of the black longfin fish were of the cycloid type, and in the ultrastructural study using an electron microscope, the arrangement of scales on the skin surface and their posterior regions covered by the epidermis were observable, along with the patterns of micro-ornamentation of the surface cells and the head pores among them. The structural features of the surface scales included rounded protrusions and transverse grooves, and their arrangement in the anterior, posterior, and lateral regions of each scale was similar to cycloid scales in other related species. However, the eccentricity of the focus area, the convex anterior and posterior edges, and the central and short lateral line canal in the scales along the lateral line were distinctive features of this species' scales

Conclusion: the general structure of the skin tissue of Longspine scarper was similar on both the dorsal and ventral surfaces. However, the skin thickness on the ventral surface was greater than that on the dorsal surface. Additionally, from a histological, histochemical, and ultrastructural perspective, it was similar to other freshwater fish

Keywords: Longspine Sca

The present study was conducted for investigating the sperm morphology and morphometry of Kurdish stallions. The semen samples were collected from 10 Kurdish stallions. Three preparations from each ejaculate were stained with eosin-nigrosin (EN), Diff-Quik (DQ), and Rose Bengal (RB). The area, perimeter, length, and width of the sperm head as well as tail length and total sperm length were measured. The parameters ellipticity, elongation, roughness, and regularity were calculated. The morphology of sperm was also investigated under scanning and transmission electron microscopes. DQ and RB provided more clarified images for examining sperm structures compared to the EN method. The head length, head width, area, and perimeter in EN were significantly higher than those in DQ and RB (P?0.05). Furthermore, the difference in head width, head area, and head perimeter between DQ and RB was not significant (P?0.05). The tail length and total sperm length in all methods were close together (P?0.05). The highest percentage of normal sperm was seen in DQ and RB methods (82.55±2.88 and 88.31±5.19) respectively. The highest values for ellipticity, elongation, and regularity were found in RB, whereas the highest value for roughness was measured in EN. Tail defects including coiled tails, and folded midpieces were the most frequent. Scanning electron microscope revealed two types of head shapes: heads with round anterior border, and heads with flat anterior border. The results indicated that despite the routine use of EN for morphological assessment of stallion sperm, RB and DQ can be considered for more clarified details of sperm structure including acrosome and midpiece. Furthermore, the Kurdish stallion sperm has morphometric traits in the normal range established for stallions, however, some traits were larger than those reported for other breeds. It seems that the sperm of the Kurdish stallion has a longer head and tail in comparison to other horse breeds.

Choosing the right and safe anesthetic regimen is always animportant part of many surgeries. Therefore, the use of appropriate analgesicsin patients undergoing surgery is necessary to reduce the pain and prevent theincrease of oxidative stress factors (glutathione pathway). Among these drugs,ketoprofen and meloxicam can be used as NSAIDs. The aim of this study was to compare the effects ofketoprofen and meloxicam on the glutathione pathway in ketamine-xylazineanesthesia in rats. 80male rats aged 5 weeks were purchased. 5 rats were sampled from the heart, then75 rats were randomly divided into 3 groups. For each blood sampling 5 heads wereselected. 30 minutes before induction of anesthesia, the control group receivedsaline and the groups 1and 2 received ketoprofen and meloxicam respectively bysubcutaneous rout in the same volume. The ketamine-xylazine combination wasthen injected intraperitoneally to anesthetize all rats. Sampling times were;before induction, 30 and 60 minutes, and 24 and 48 hours postinduction. Afterseparating the blood serum, the serum levels of oxidized glutathione, glutathione, glutathione peroxidaseand glutathione reductase were measured by calorimetry usingcommercial kits. In surgeries where analgesia under 24 hours is moreimportant, it is better to use ketoprofen, and if analgesia after 24 and 48hours is important, it is better to use meloxicam.

  Evaluation of relationship between histopathological lesions and cardiac biomarkers changes in lambs with foot and mouth disease