Flood is one of the most destructive and frequent natural disasters, causing extensive human and financial losses worldwide. This research aims to delineate floodplains and assess flood risk in the Qarah-Su River located in Kermanshah Province, Iran. In this study, the hydraulic model HEC-RAS was used in both Steady State and Unsteady (Unsteady) flow conditions to simulate floods with various return periods (2 to 1000 years). To estimate peak flood discharge in an ungauged area (Doab Qaranji), two methods, the Area-Discharge method and the SCS Unit Hydrograph method, were utilized. The geometric data required for the model were extracted from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) using the RAS Mapper module. Furthermore, satellite imagery from Sentinel-1 (radar data), Sentinel-2, and Landsat-8 on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, along with NDWI and MNDWI indices, were used to extract actual flood extents and compare them with the model results.   

  abstract Porous weirs in river engineering have recently attracted the attention of researchers due to their advantages over the solid type. The hydrodynamics of this type of overflows is more complicated due to the flow of both internal and overpassing. In this research, the aim of the numerical analysis of the hydrodynamics of the wide-edge porous spillway body is. For this purpose, a total of 243 different models including 9 different overflow geometries with three different porosity of materials (40%, 47% and 50%) and 9 different flow rates between 10 and 30 liters per second have been analyzed in three dimensions using FLOW-3D numerical model. is In this research, the determination of the optimal granulation arrangement of the materials, the determination of the discharge coefficient based on different porosities, as well as the comparison with the theoretical relationships, as well as the examination of the hydraulic parameters and the presentation of relationships in this regard, have been discussed.

Slope breakers are the most common hydraulic energy structures that are used for energy consumption in irrigation   and drainage networks, water treatment systems, eroding waterways, and wastewater collection and disposal. When the natural slope of the ground is higher than the slope of the designed channel, slope breakers are used to transfer water.  The loss of energy in this structure occurs due to the impact of the water jet on the bottom of the channel and the creation of a hydraulic jump in the calm pond. Also, considering that in some irrigation and drainage networks, an overflow may be built upstream of the breakwater in order to control the water level. The effect of the construction of this structure on the hydraulics of the flow passing through the breakwater is discussed.  In general, the goals of this research include the numerical simulation of the flow passing through the vertical breakwater using Flow-3D software, the investigation of the amount of energy consumption passing through the vertical breakwater, the validation of the experimental relationships presented for the flow characteristics, the investigation of the effect of the overflow installation on the energy consumption, The study of supercritical and subcritical flow in the upstream channel is based on the characteristics of the flow.

   Flumes with a special cross-section and different degrees of convergence and divergence are used to measure flow indirectly. In many of these flumes that have been investigated in the rectangular channel, the stage-discharge relationship in the trapezoidal constriction section has been obtained using dimensional analysis. In this research, using the energy relationship between the upstream section and the throat (trapezoidal) section, a relationship has been developed to calculate the discharge. The correctness and accuracy of the proposed relationship were checked using different laboratory data. For the flume proposed by Aali and Vatankhah (2023), the proposed relationship has an NRMSE of less than 5%. In the hydraulic laboratory of Razi University, a wedge-shaped structure was installed in the middle of the rectangular channel with a width of 37 cm. This structure was designed and built with two different side slope and four different throat width (8 different configurations). The total sections of this structure in the throat are trapezoidal. For the side slope of 0.4 and 0.5, the NRMSE value is 10.9 and 6.1 percent, respectively. For this structure, relationships have been developed using dimensional analysis. The relationship proposed in this thesis can be used for rectangular channels with trapezoidal throat cross section. There is no need for calibration with laboratory data to calculate the flow using this relationship. Comparison with laboratory data has shown that this relationship has high accuracy in discharge prediction.

   Abstract It has long been customary to build dams and reservoirs to store water on the surface ground. Although dams are good structures for storing water, they are exposed to evaporation in dry areas, and sometimes due to lack of proper rainfall, the volume of the reservoir decreases. Underground or groundwater dams, unlike surface dams, are built underground and are used to store groundwater in areas where evaporation is high and surface water supply is low. These dams can recharge aquifers or raise the reservoir level in an aquifer with low flow to a level that can be easily exploited by pumping operations. Compared to conventional methods of surface water storage, underground dams have many advantages such as much lower construction cost, proximity to the place of consumption, being more hygienic, less loss due to evaporation, easier maintenance, less risk of pollution, durability and longer life, and non-occupancy the lands on the ground level are for the dam reservoir. Despite some disadvantages such as the small volume of the water volume, the impossibility of estimating the volume of the reservoir, and the lack of control of the conditions of the subsurface tank, the experience of using them in different regions of the world in arid and semi-arid climatic conditions has been very successful. In this research, using a multi-criteria decision-making system (analytical hierarchical analysis) and Boolean logic, 21 effective factors in locating an underground dam were investigated. These factors include 14 factors that prohibit the construction of an underground dam and 9 effective factors (geology, fault density, sediment thickness, permeability, water quality, slope, hydrographic network, distance from the village, and topography of areas with the ability to build a dam). A map of suitable places was prepared with 5 categories: completely unsuitable, unsuitable, assessable, suitable, and very suitable. The basis of classification was normalizing the obtained weights and converting them into percentages. For this purpose, the five categories 90 to 100, 75 to 90, 50 to 75, 35 to 50, and below 35% were selected. Based on the obtained results, nearly 1% of the lands in the western Kermanshah areas were classified as very suitable areas, 9% as suitable areas, 66% as intermediate and assessable areas, 22% as unsuitable areas, and 2% as completely unsuitable areas. The area under the curve in the ROC diagram was used to validate the model. For this purpose, 30 random points were selected in the GIS environment in non-prohibited areas obtained from the Boolean model, and the values of the five groups were transferred to these points. By field control of random points using Google Earth, the suitable areas were indicated with the number 1 and the unsuitable areas with the number 0, and then the ROC diagram was drawn. The results indicated about 60% conformity with the AHP model, which shows that the model is moderately valid. The reasons for this average adaptation are the lack of a layer of gorges and the lack of high-precision satellite images, which were among the limitations of this study.

The quantitative and qualitative limitations of water resources and the increase in population are among the cases that show the need to pay attention to how water is consumed and deal with the problems caused by water scarcity by planning water resources and providing methods for their optimal use. make; Therefore, one of the pillars of water resources management is the optimal use of the reservoirs of the country's dams as the main sources of surface water, and this issue has a special importance and place in the science of dam engineering. In this research, first, using the new K-means clustering method, the flow >  

The quantitative and qualitative limitations of water resources and the increase in population are among the cases that show the need to pay attention to how water is consumed and deal with the problems caused by water scarcity by planning water resources and providing methods for their optimal use. make; Therefore, one of the pillars of water resources management is the optimal use of the reservoirs of the country's dams as the main sources of surface water, and this issue has a special importance and place in the science of dam engineering. In this research, first, using the new K-means clustering method, the flow >  

  To investigate the effect of tillage systems on the yield and yield

Velocity distribution is one of the most important subjects in open-channel hydraulics, as it enables the determination of parameters such as flow rate and shear stress on the channel walls. Velocity distribution in rivers is three-dimensional, and Navier-Stokes equations can be used to estimate the velocity distribution. Numerical solutions for governing flow equations in three dimensions are complex. In certain situations where structures are not present in the river path, the equations can be simplified and solved in two dimensions by making certain assumptions. In this research, a two-dimensional mathematical model proposed by Kien and his colleagues, which is a partial differential equation in the form of a Poisson equation, is utilized to estimate the two-dimensional velocity distribution. The governing equation is solved using the finite volume method with the application of boundary conditions. The grid generation is the first step in the numerical solution of differential equations. Using structured rectangular or triangular grids, velocity distribution in an open channel can be calculated. One of the common methods for dealing with complex geometries is the use of unstructured triangular grids. Due to their unstructured nature, these grids can represent elements with various shapes in the domain, regardless of geometric complexity. The aim of this study is to develop a two-dimensional model for velocity distribution in open channels with irregular cross-sections using numerical solution and triangular mesh generation. Furthermore, the influence of vortex viscosity estimation methods and slip and no-slip conditions at the boundaries on the velocity distribution is also investigated. The accuracy of the numerical solution is evaluated by comparing it with the experimental results of Linn (1986), Tominaga and his colleagues (1989), and the Soren River estuary. The investigations show that the numerical approach provides satisfactory accuracy in estimating the maximum flow velocity and velocity distribution pattern in floodplain areas and the main channel cross-section.   

تغيير اقليم و افزايش جمعيت موجب افزايش مصرف در شبكه‌هاي توزيع آب و به دنيال آن افزايش سرعت جريان در لوله‌ها و كاهش فشار در گره‌ها شده است. در اين حالت برخي مشتركين امكان دريافت آب موردنياز را نخواهند داشت. تعويض لوله‌ها با لوله‌ها با قطر بزرگتر يكي از راهكارها مي‌باشد. اما نيازمند صرف زمان و هزينه قابل توجه است. تحويل نوبتي آب مي‌تواند در شبكه‌هاي موجود براي حل مشكل به كار رود. تحويل آب براي 6 ناحيه شبكه توزيع آب شهر تازه‌آباد به صورت 12، 8 و 6 ساعته با هدف تامين آب مورد نياز و يكنواختي توزيع بالا با استفاده از الگوريتم جستجوي هماهنگ تك هدفه و دو هدفه بهينه شد. در مدل هيدروليكي از روش تحليل هيدروليكي مبتني بر فشار و روش گسيلنده براي تعيين دبي گره‌ها استفاده و نتايج باهم مقايسه شدند. در سناريوهاي مختلف امكان تحويل آب در 4، 3 و 2 نوبت بررسي شد. مقايسه نتايج نشان داد كه در الگوريتم تك هدفه نسبت آب تامين شده به آب مورد نياز بيش از الگوريتم دو هدفه است. اما يكنواختي توزيع در الگوريتم دو هدفه افزايش پيدا كرده است. در تمام سناريوها جواب‌هاي روش تحليل هيدروليكي مبتني بر فشار در تمامي نواحي شهر تازه‌آباد در ساعات اوج مصرف قرار گرفته است. به عبارتي نمي‌توان به صورت نوبتي آب را به نواحي مختلف تحويل داد. اما در روش گسيلنده معمولا در 2 بازه زماني آب تحويل داده شده است. در شبكه تازه آباد چنانچه در 2 نوبت آب تحويل داده شود، حداكثر دبي در شبكه بيش از حداكثر دبي شرايط موجود شبكه است. اما در صورت تحويل آب در 3 و 4 نوبت حداكثر دبي به حداكثر دبي شبكه نزديكتر خواهد شد. اختلاف حداكثر و حداقل دبي شبكه در الگوريتم دو هدفه كمتر از الگوريتم تك هدفه بوده است. تحويل آب در 4 نوبت كمترين تغييرات دبي و ضرايب مصرف را داشته است. با توجه به سناريوهاي بررسي شده در شبكه تازه آباد، تحويل آب در 8 ساعت به عنوان بهترين گزينه انتخاب شد. در اين حالت نسبت آب تامين شده به آب موردنياز حدود 70 درصد و يكنواختي توزيع حدود 87 درصد خواهد بود. حداكثر دبي در شبكه توزيع آب تقريبا برابر حداكثر دبي در شرايط فعلي است. همچنين محدوده تغييرات دبي و ضرايب مصرف كمتر از شرايط فعلي است. به عبارتي در شبكه تغييرات فشار كمتر از شرايط فعلي خواهد بود.   

Abstract The use of conservation tillage methods to preserve soil health has received attention in recent years. On the other hand, evaluating the effects of these methods on crop yield and weed control can lead to selecting the appropriate method and obtaining the maximum benefit of it. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of a five-year history of conservation tillage compared to conventional tillage during the 2022 in the Ravansar district, Kermanshah. For this purpose, 65 dryland wheat fields were selected, where tillage was performed using one of three methods of no-tillage, reduced tillage (using a disk), and conventional tillage (using a moldboard plow). The farms were divided into four groups based on their five-year tillage history: 1) no-till with direct seeding, 2) reduced tillage using a disk, 3) conventional tillage using a moldboard plow, and 4) a combination of no- tillage, reduced tillage, and conventional tillage over the past five years. Sampling was done using two methods: 1) direct sampling from the farms, and 2) obtaining information from the farms and farmers using a questionnaire. In the direct sampling method, weed density was recorded by species in two stages, before and after herbicide application, using a random sampling method. Furthermore the Simpson's Dominance Index and the Smith and Wilson Evenness Index of weed communities were calculated. Information related to land management, including soil preparation method over the past five years, type of chemical fertilizer used, seed variety, seed rate, planting date and method, as well as farmers' experience, education level, farm area, occupation, ownership, and residence situation were collected through a questionnaire. The results showed that the five-year tillage history had a significant effect on wheat yield, weed density, species richness, and population evenness. Wheat yield in the no-till system was 38.3%, 44.6%, and 52.7% higher than minimum tillage, combined tillage, and conventional tillage, respectively. In the conventional tillage system, weed density and species richness were significantly higher, while population evenness of weeds was lower compared to conservation tillage systems. Weed density had a negative relationship, and population evenness had a positive relationship with wheat yield. The composition of important weed communities in the fields under conventional tillage was completely different from fields with combined tillage, reduced tillage, and no-tillage. However, the most important weed species in fields with reduced tillage and combined tillage showed similarities. The investigation of applied agricultural management practices showed that crop density and planting method had a significant effect on wheat yield, and the selection of these practices was directly related to the choice of conservation tillage methods. The study of farmers' characteristics and its relationship with the selection of tillage method also indicated the necessity of educating and raising awareness among farmers about the impacts of conservation tillage. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of adopting conservation tillage practices for maintaining weed control, improving wheat yield, and preserving soil health. It also emphasizes the need for farmer education and awareness regarding the benefits and implementation of conservation tillage methods.   

   از عوامل اصلي آسيب وتخريب سازه‌هاي هيدروليكي، وقوع آبشستگي موضعي است. در بررسي و مطالعه سازه‌هايهيدروليكي درون رودخانه‌اي، تعيين ميزان فرسايش و رسوب‌گذاري امري ضروري مي‌باشد. ميزانفرسايش و يا رسوب‌گذاري هنگامي كه يك سازه هيدروليكي در حال اجرا است، باعث مي‌شوداز تخريب سازه و تغيير ژئومرفولوژي رودخانه جلوگيري كند و باعث كاهش هزينه هاياقتصادي شود. در اين پژوهش عملكرد مدل عددي Flow 3D به منظور شبيه‌سازي آبشستگي پايين دست كف بندافقي مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. نتايج صحت سنجي اين مدل عددي با مدل آزمايشگاهي نشان دهندهقابليت مدل مذكور در شبيه‌سازي پديده مورد نظر بود. با توجه به ماهيت بستر وكارايي كف‌بند افقي، از سناريوهاي مختلف شبيه سازي استفاده شد دراين پژوهش 45 آزمون با استفاده از نرم‌افزار Flow 3D به منظور تعيين ميزان آبشستگي، رسوب‌گذاري وتنش برشي انجام شد. شبيه سازي هاي اين تحقيق شامل پنج عدد فرود به مقادير ،0.32،0.3، 0.25، 0.2 و 0.15 و سه ضريب زبري مانينگ ، 0.025، 0.02 و 0.014 براي دانه بندي 0.85 ميلي متر، دانه بندي 1.4ميلي متر و هچنين تنش برشي در دانه بندي 1.8 ميلي متر مي‌باشد.پس از صحت سنجي مدل، حاصل شد كه مدل انتقال رسوب نلسون به همراه مدل آشفتگي ?-k بيشترين تطابق را باداده هاي آزمايشگاهي دارد. نتايجحاصل از شبيه‌سازي نشان داد كه با افزايش ضريب زبري، سرعت جريان گذرنده و آبشستگيپايين دست نيز كاهش يافته است. علاوه بر اين، نتايج اين پژوهش نشان داد كه باافزايش ضريب زبري، رسوب‌گذاري و تنش برشي افزايش پيدا كرده است. با توجه به تاثيرپذيري پديده آبشستگي و رسوبگذاري نسبت به عدد فرود، نتايج نشان داد كه با افزايشعدد فرود آبشستگي افزايش يافته است.

  The purpose of this

Freesurface flow in hydraulic are defined using shallow water equations, providedthat the vertical dimension is very small compared to the horizontal dimension.Which are theequations governing the flow of a shallow water. Due to the fact thatanalytical models offer a wide range of changes in water height, the numericalmodel is able to show changes in water level at different moments. Numerousnumerical methods have been proposed by researchers to solve the shallow waterequations, among we which can mention the finitedifference, finite volume and finite element methods. Require problem meshingin all these methods for Discretization of equations. In thisresearch to solve problems, an unstructured triangular grid is used, which is produced by Easy Mesh program. Tosolve the shallow water equation, a time splitting and the finite volume methodare used along. Time splitting method works in a way that divides each timestep several virtual time step. Suchthat, first the two equations of advection and diffusion in the first step, andthen in the next step, which is within the same virtual step thefriction term will enter the computational cycle, and in the next step, theeffect of gravity and survival equation will be applied in the calculations. Byexamining the Lax-wendroff, Fromm,QUICKEST and First order methods for solving the advection sector as well as explicit andimplicit methods for solving the diffusion sector. Wasconcluded that the Fromm method and the implicit method for solving are better accurate. Itshould be noted that in solving the scattering equations by implicit method, thereare methods such as Gaussian elimination, iterative solution and TDMA that dueto obtaining a multi-diameter matrix in the numerical model, the iterativesolution method has been used. In orderto validate the numerical model and analytical solution, have been solvedproblems such as Gradually VariedFlow, one-dimensional and two-dimensional dam break, sudden expansion ofthe canal and the spur dyke structure. Accordingto the results obtained from the model and comparing it with the analyticalresults in solving the spur dyke structure Problem, at distancesaway from spur dyke, this error in results between the model and the analyticalsolution is reduced, Maximum of this error is near the turbulent flow. As a result of this comparison, this numericalmodel has an acceptable agreement with the results of analytical solution andthis model can be used in other problems that have similar conditions to thisproblems.Keywords: Shallow water equation, Irregular triangular grid, Timesplitting method, Finite volume method  

Existence of high pressures in water distribution networks will increase leakage and drop in pipes and reduce pressure in some parts of the network. Distribution network pressure management is done to reduce high pressures by various methods such as the use of pressure relief valves, zoning, pumps with variable speed, etc. Reliability index is used to assess the network pressure status. Javanrood water distribution network has a rugged topography and faces the problem of high pressures.In this study, for Javanrood network, it was determined using multi-objective optimization algorithms in order to increase the reliability of the location and settings of pressure relief valves. For this purpose, various scenarios were designed and implemented. Among these scenarios, it is possible to increase the pressure reliability by 0.603 if adjusting pressure relief valves are used. Also, if the designer chose the diameter of the network pipes in order to maximize reliability, this index would increase to 0.6524.In the two-objective algorithm, with the aim of increasing the compressive reliability and reducing the cost of pipe preparation, the compressive reliability was increased by changing the diameter of the pipe and an adjustable pressure relief valve to 0.6259. However, the study of hydraulic parameters showed that in this case, the speed reliability is lower than the current situation. In other words, by reducing the diameter of the pipe, the speed increases and the pressure decreases.In general, the reliability indicators defined in any network will not be able to reach number one. The reason for this can be attributed to changes in water consumption during the day and night. As the consumption of nodes changes, the pressure in the node and the velocity in the pipes will change.Keywords:Reliability, pressure management, water distribution network, multi-objective algorithm, pressure relief valve

   Today, due to over-exploitation of agricultural lands and feeding of crops by chemical fertilizers, regardless of organic fertilizers in soil nutrition, a situation has arisen in which our agricultural soils are among the poorest soils in terms of organic matter. This issue necessitates the use of green and livestock fertilizers in Iran's agricultural systems. Considering the importance of green manure plants as organic fertilizers, in order to investigate the growth characteristics and biomass production capacity of several species of green manures, A factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design was conducted in 1397 in the research farm of Razi University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Kermanshah. Experimental factors included two factors (green manure including: 1. Iranian clover 2. lathyrus 3. vetch 4. rye 5. barley) and (planting time included: two dates of the last decade of November and the first decade of December). The results showed that planting date treatment had a significant effect on the five percent probability level on the percentage of green cover. Green manure treatment showed a significant effect on green cover percentage, dry weight, fresh weight, leaf area index, crop growth rate at the level of 1% probability. According to the results of comparing the means, in the planting date treatment, the highest percentage of green cover was related to the November planting treatment (83.4%) and the lowest green cover percentage was related to the December planting treatment (76.85%). In relation to green manure plant treatments, the highest percentage of green cover was related to rye and barley treatments (94.5% and 90.5%, respectively) and The lowest was allocated to lathyrus, vetch and Iranian clover treatments (with values of 75, 71.5 and 69.38%, respectively). The highest dry weight of single plant was assigned to barley and rye treatments (with values of 26.86 and 26.82 g, respectively), but there was no significant difference between these two plants in terms of dry weight of single plant. The lowest single plant dry weight among green manure treatments was related to lathyrus, Persian clover and vetch treatments (21.0625, 20.85 and 17.56 g, respectively). Also, the observations of this study showed that the highest leaf area index was related to rye and barley treatments (with values of 4.97 and 4.72, respectively) and also, the lowest was observed in the treatment of Iranian vetch and clover (with values of 2.856 and 3.141, respectively). In this experiment, the highest growth rate was related to rye and barley (with values of 1.38 and 1.37, respectively), but there was no significant difference between the two treatments in terms of growth rate. The lowest growth rate among green manure treatments belonged to lathyrus, clover and vetch treatments (with values of 1.1, 1.03 and 0.92, respectively). In this study, it was observed that the effect of cover plant cultivation date on the production of green cover of these plants is effective. Regarding the C/N ratio, considering that the highest green cover and growth rate and uptake were related to rye and barley treatment and the highest amount of this ratio was assigned to two plants of rye and barley green manure (32.67 and 33.113). As a result, it can be said that in terms of green manure with high green cover, the best options in the climate of Kermanshah in this study are rye and barley green manure. Given that the main purpose of this experiment was to find a suitable planting date as well as the best option among plants grown as green manure, It can be said that more green cover (83.4%) has been produced in the date of November cultivation and it can be a more suitable date for cultivating these green manure plants and finally controlling winter weeds.

پيش‌بيني فشار در اثر پديده ضربه قوچ در طراحي خط انتقال و تجهيزات مقابله با ضربه قوچ از اهميت زيادي برخوردار است. روش‌هاي عددي مختلفي براي حل معادلات ضربه قوچ به كار مي‌رود. در اين پژوهش روش طيفي چبيشف و روش ويسكوزيته فوق طيفي چبيشف براي حل اين معادلات در حالت بسته شدن ناگهاني و آهسته شير با ضريب زبري ماندگار، شبه‌ماندگار و غيرماندگار به كار رفته است و با داده‌هاي آزمايشگاهي مقايسه شد. در تمام حالات نتايج روش طيفي چبيشف با ضريب زبري غيرماندگار نسبت به شبه ماندگار و ماندگار به داده‌هاي آزمايشگاهي بسيار نزديكتر است. در حالت بسته شدن سريع شير هر دو روش طيفي با ضريب زبري غيرماندگار داراي خطاي 4 درصد در پيش‌بيني فشار و نتايج هر دو روش برهم منطبق هستند. روش‌هاي طيفي فشار كمتر از داده‌هاي آزمايشگاهي را محاسبه مي‌كند. در اين حالت نتايج روش تفاضل محدود نيز داراي خطاي حدود 4 درصد و فشار را بيشتر از فشار واقعي محاسبه مي‌كند. اما در حالت بسته شدن آهسته شير با ضريب زبري غيرماندگار، تمام روش‌ها در محاسبه فشار داراي حداكثر خطاي 7 درصد در انتهاي لوله و 1/2 درصد در وسط لوله هستند و مقادير فشار حداكثر 0224/0 ثانيه ديرتر از زمان واقعي پيش‌بيني مي‌شود. روش طيفي چبيشف با تعداد گره و زمان محاسبات كمتر نسبت به روش‌هاي عددي روشي كارآمد در حل معادلات ضربه قوچ است.

آب و رسيدن به راندمان انتقال و توزيع بالاتر در شبكه‌هاي آبياري مدرن، سيستم‌هاي تحت فشار جايگزين مجاري روباز مي شوند. در اين راستا طراحان شبكه‌هاي آبياري به دنبال اين موضوع هستند كه طراحي خود را به اقتصادي‌ترين طرح ممكن نزديك نمايند تا علاوه بر تأمين نيازهاي مصرف‌كنندگان به بهترين شكل هزينه نيز تا حد ممكن كاهش يابد. اهميت اين موضوع هنگامي روشن مي‌شود كه مهندسين با طرح‌هاي بزرگ روبه‌رو مي‌شوند. در عمل مهندسين با تجربه براي يافتن يك طرح با قيمت كم، به صورت سنتي از روش‌هاي آزمون و خطا مبتني بر قضاوت مهندسي استفاده مي‌كنند. به دليل اينكه روش‌هاي سنتي هيچ تضميني براي رسيدن به جواب بهينه و يا حتي نزديك به جواب بهينه ندارند، تحقيقات بسياري در زمينه روش‌هاي بهينه‌سازي انجام‌شده است. با توجه به توصيه‌هاي انجام‌شده توسط محققين قبلي يكي از توانمندترين روش‌هاي بهينه‌سازي و راه‌حل مسائل پيچيده رياضي ، الگوريتم ژنتيك مي‌باشد كه از آن به‌طور گسترده‌اي در حل مسائل مهندسي آب   استفاده ‌شده است. بر اين اساس در اين پايان نامه طراحي بهينه سيستم آبرساني شبكه آبياري تحت فشار اسماعيل آباد مورد توجه قرار گرفت. بصورت ويژه اثر روش هاي مختلف برآورد افت جريان بر طراحي بهينه سيستم مذكور مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. براي اين منظور يك كد كامپيوتري شبيه ساز- بهينه ساز توسعه داده شد. بهينه سازي بر اساس روش الگوريتم ژنتيك دودويي و شبيه سازي بر اساس حل معادلات جريان غير ماندگار انجام مي شود. در شبيه سازي جريان غير ماندگار روش هاي مختلف محاسبه افت ازجمله   افت ماندگار، شبه ماندگار و غير ماندگار در نظر گرفته شده است.   با استفاده از نتايج   Covas و همكاران(2004و 2005) و داده هاي اندازه گيري Bergant و همكاران (2001)   مدل شبيه ساز جريان غير ماندگار مورد صحت سنجي دقيق قرار گرفت.   نتايج اين صحت سنجي نشان داد دقت مدل در شبيه سازي سيكل هاي فشار جريان   بسيار مناسب عمل مي كند و عملا اختلاف بين سيكل­ها در مدل حاضر با نتايج حقيقات قبلي وجود ندارد و مي­توان از صحت داده­هاي خروجي از نرم افزار اطمينان داشت. با استفاده از طراحي بهينه خط لوله نيمه اصلي آبياري باراني بر روي سطح بدون شيب با چهارخروجي جانبي كه توسط واليانتزاس ( Valiantzas, 2003b) معرفي شد صحت سنجي مدل بهينه ساز انجام شد.   نتايج نشان داد هزينه پروژه و فشار در ابتداي سيستم با مقادير ارايه شده توسط   واليانتزاس اختلاف قابل ملاحظه­اي نداشت.   پس از صحت سنجي اثر روش هاي مختلف برآورد افت بر هيدروليك جريان در شبكه اسماعيل آباد و در ادامه بر طراحي بهينه آن مورد تجزيه و تحليل قرار گرفت.   بهينه سازي بدون در نطر گرفتن   قيود و ملاحظات ضربه قوچ و با استفاده از افت ماندگار هيزن-ويليامز   نشان داده شد كه   هزينه لوله گذاري   محاسبه شده برابر با 725292 دلار است كه در مقايسه با هزينه اجرا شده 8/12 درصد كاهش داشته است. در حالت استفاده از افت غيرماندگار( رابطه Brunone, 1991) و با در نظر گرفتن ملاحطات ضربه قوچ   هزينه لوله گذاري به مقدار 3/743543 دلار رسيده است. اين هزينه در مقايسه با شرايط بدون در نظر گرفتن ضربه قوج ( مقدار 87/725292 ) 18250 دلار يعني حدود 5/2 درصد افزايش داشته است. در اين حالت با قطر دو لوله P2P11 و P11P12   تغيير داشته و فشار ورودي از 087/139 به 65/133 متر كاهش پيدا كرده است.   علاوه بر اين نتايج اين تحقيق نشان داد با درنظر گرفتن ملاحظات ضربه قوچ در بهينه سازي شبكه،   در نظر گرفتن يا   عدم در نظر گرفتن   افت غير ماندگار تاثيري بر   قطر هاي بهينه شده   ندارد.   بر خلاف تحقيقات آزمايشگاهي كه در اعداد رينولدز نسبتاً كوچك انجام شده اند در مقياس واقعي و   اعداد رينولدز بالا مقادير افت غيرماندگار نسبت به مقادير افت ماندگار نمي­تواند قابل ملاحظه باشد و بر طرح بهينه تاثير گذار باشد.

Correct identification and proper management of soil resources to efficiency principles, goals and programs for providing agricultural areas of the country, is very important. The main factor in agriculture as soil quality has a key role and elderly. Recognizing soil physical properties can be properly managed in order to exploit the right of the soil, and this is not possible unless the impact of soil properties and quality on the crops is recognized. In this regard, in the cropping year of 2018, a study was conducted in Bilavar- Kermanshah Province as a Spatial variation of soil physical quality in a farm Rapeseed, with the aim of investigating the effect of soil physical properties on rapeseed yield. For this purpose, physical properties (soil texture, bulk density, electrical conductivity, moisture content and porosity) and chemical properties (organic matter, EC, pH and percent of lime) of soil were determined Then, according to the geographical location of the sampling points on the map and to determine their geographic locations using GPS on the ground, using the ArcGIS maps, soil characteristics were drawn. Finally, after harvest, the relationship between Rapeseed yield and soil physical index was investigated. The results showed that the values of bulk density ranged from 1.24 to 1.65 g / cm3 in the field, which is related to the amount of clay and sand. The porosity was between 42 and 53% and was correlated with the bulk density. Saturation was between 32.1% to 53.3% and compare zoning maps with maps of the spatial variation of moisture content soil bulk density showed that the highest percentage of saturated water content located in areas with the lowest bulk density. Saturated hydraulic conductivity range was between 0.27 and 0.33 cm/h, which is classified in the class of soils with low saturated hydraulic conductivity. The highest amount of organic carbon is located in the northern part of the field and the soil of the region with 0.7% to 1.27% of organic carbon is classified in the class of soils with low organic carbon. Physical indicators of the health of the soil, there was good correlation with Rapeseed yield and the correlation coefficient in the surface soil was 0.68. Overall, the physical index of soil health can be used to determine the yield potential of crops.  

   Abstract: Job empowerment( employability) has been proposed as one of the key strategies for the development of entrepreneurial activities in rural areas. However, the empowerment and development of job skills of rural youth depends on various factors, among which teamwork skills have a special place. In this regard, the present study was conducted to investigate the role of teamwork skills on the job empowerment of rural youth in rural communities, sanjabi rural Districtin in Kermanshah. The present research method was descriptive-analytical in terms of quantitative intellectual orientation. The statistical population of the study consisted of rural youth (15-35 years) (N = 4288). The sample size was determined using 351 multi-stage cluster sampling method. The data required for the research were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed through face and content validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed using   23 software. Based on the results, there was a significant relationship between teamwork­ skills, job empowerment   and psychological empowerment with demographic characteristics such as education level, job status and type of employment of rural youth. Findings from correlation analysis showed that teamwork­ skills and its components (except communication) have a direct and significant effect on the job employment of rural youth in Sanjabi rural district. The findings also showed a direct and significant effect of psychological empowerment and its components (except autonomy) on the teamwork skills of rural youth studied. The direct and significant effect of psychological empowerment and its components (except competency) on the job empowerment of rural youth in Sanjabi rural district was also confirmed. Finally, the findings of Teamwork skills (except for its components of communication, coordination and interpersonal communication) and psychological empowerment (except for its components of competence and Feeling effective) have affected the job empowerment of rural youth in sanjabi rural Districtin. The results of the present study indicate that the collective and Team skills and psychological readiness of young people are the motor and dynamics in the fields of team and group entrepreneurship to create employment, self-employment and income generation.    Keywords: Skill, Teamwork, Employability(Employment,Job), Rural Youth, Sanjabi Rural District.

      Abstract: Integrated exploitation of surface and groundwater resources is one of the most important challenges facing water researchers. Integrated use is the exploitation of surface and groundwater resources in order to increase the amount of available water and the sustainable use of available water resources. Therefore, proper planning in this field requires knowledge of how surface and groundwater interact in the region and the estimation and calculation of surface and groundwater parameters and factors affecting it. Therefore, one of the main objectives of the current study is to simulate the interaction of surface and groundwater by creating a dynamic connection between surface and groundwater resources in the mid-Darband and Bilehvar plains so that the data and results are monthly between the WEAP surface water model and the water model. MODFLOW underground is in circulation. In this research used combination of simulation and optimization models. WEAP model has been used for simulation two reservoir systems consist of Gavoshan and Shohada dams which are stated in Gavehrood basin .In this regard, reservoir operation modeling has been done according to current situation in operation area for 72 months in during 2007 to 2013 years. Hence afterData collection, formed the WEAP model input files and model has been calibrated . In this chapter, the results of simulation of river and aquifer interaction in the case of simultaneous exploitation of surface and groundwater resources based on a coupled WEAP-MODFLOW model are presented. The results of simulation of surface and groundwater using WEAP and MODFLOW models are presented and the current conditions of exploitation of water resources in the region will be examined if the existing policies continue. In the following, the results of the interaction of the river and the aquifer and the share of the mysterious river in feeding or draining the aquifer or groundwater in a statistical period are discussed. Finally, while examining the percentage of meeting the needs and related reliability, the balance of water resources in the region and the components of the balance in terms of integrated operation and Exchange of the mysterious river with the plain of Miandarband and Bilevar have been evaluated. So that the simulation results showed that one of the most important achievements of this research is the creation of simulation of saturated and unsaturated soil area using complete hydroclimatology balance components as a coupled model of surface and groundwater. Also, during the period of 6 years, the highest amount of aquifer feeding in the plain is in the months of November to February, and because of the high rainfall on the plain in these months. In these months, in addition to rainfall, there is some nutrition from the infiltration of irrigation water. But in the warm months of the year, irrigation is done only through the infiltration of irrigation water.

  Abstract:  Due to the complexity and structure of the water supply networks, a computer simulator is needed to analyze the performance of the networks during operation. One of the most important parameters in computer software is the close proximity of the modeling results to the actual state of the system which must be precisely adjusted to achieve this goal.To achieve this, model coefficients must be adjusted and calibrated by field data. Parameters that are constantly changing in water distribution networks are: pipe roughness coefficient and demand pattern coefficients. These variables are not explicitly calculated by direct measurement and are usually estimated by measuring the outputs of the outputs of the models and the steps to obtain these variables are like an inverse problem.In this study, EPANET hydraulic software and genetic algorithm were used to optimize the coefficient of roughness of water supply pipes and demand pattern coefficients. The objective function in this study is to minimize the sum of the observed and computational pressure difference in the network nodes.Increasing the number of data points increases the accuracy of the results, but the cost of calibration also increases Therefore, the overall objective of this study is to determine the hydraulic calibration of the water supply network with minimum pressure measurement points.In this case, there are usually many clusters of solutions that obtain acceptable error at the sampled points, but have many other errors that can be mistakenly selected as the model's final answer if not accurate. In this research, we have presented some strategies that can be used to obtain the realistic model solution while utilizing minimum sampling points.  Keywords: Pipe roughness coefficient - Demand pattern – Water distribution network - Genetic algorithm.  

   abstract Weirs are the oldest man-made hydraulic structures that are widely used in practice, hence their study is of particular importance. The most common division of the   weirs are two broad crest and sharp crest. The sharp crest are formed with rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, circular, parabolic, and so on. . In this study, we first introduced a special type of sharp crest weir called morning glory sharp crest weirs.    Given the occurrence of the critical flow depth in the crest of the weir, the analytic stage- discharg relatio     Q = ((2a?g) / (n + 1) ^ (3/2) [((n + 1) / (n + 2))] ^ n + 3/2)) H ^ (n + 3/2) were derived for the desired weirs. For this type of weir, 2 = n and a depends on the weir geometry. The results of this study indicated that measured stag-discharge relation   is not consistent with the analytic stag-discharge relation   . So that the measured discharge for a fixed stag greater than the analytical calculate discharge. Then, in order to fit the analytical sateg –discharge relatio   to the measured one a correction coefficient was applied to the analytic relation. This correction coefficient is a function of the ratio of the water   head   to the height of the weir   and the a / n ratio. This coefficient was optimized using gene expression programing (GEP)method.    In order to determine the three-dimensional flow pattern on the wier,numerical simulation was performed by FLOW-3D software. The numerical simulation results showed that the FLOW-3D software, in addition to providing a three-dimensional flow pattern and calculating parameters such as velocity components , pressure, discharge, etc., has the   ability to simulate the mesured stage- discharge relation   for this type of proposed weir. Key word: Stag-discharge relation   , Analytical solution, Moring glory shar   crest weir, FLOW -3D, Discharge coefficient.

    In this Study, using the Ansys Fluent numerical software, the Azad dam’   Spillway has been simulated. Ansys Fluent is one of the most powerful software in Flow modeling that uses computational fluid dynamics to decompose and solve the governing equations of the phenomenon studied. In this study, the outputs of the software, such as the elevation of the boundary between water and air (water surface), the Static Pressure, the average velocity, and subsequently the values of the index of cavitation in the non-aeration mode during the spillway, were extracted in the experimental model and the numerical model of the Azad dam’s spillway And presented. Validation of results was performed using experimental results of Azad dam’s spillway model with 1:33.33 scale, and then a numerical model for the optimal mesh for the other flows was also performed. The Amounts of water surface, Static pressure, and average velocity were calculated using Tecplot software, and the cavitation index was calculated during the spillway, and it was observed that during a definite end of the Spillway (160 m in reality and 6.3 meters in the model), the cavitation phenomenon It will also happen on the Spillway. As a result, to eliminate cavitation on the Azad dam’s spillway, an aeration system has been used, with dimensions selected according to criteria. In the next step, the location of the aeration system and the number needed to eliminate cavitation on the spillway have been investigated. In this research, three scenarios (four, three, and two aeration systems at different intervals) have been used. Using the numerical model for each scenario, the values of Static pressure and velocity were extracted using TecPlot software, and The cavitation index was also calculated. With regard to the Static pressure in all three modes (four, three and two aeration systems), It was understood that the pressure for the aeration Flow, only in aeration position, has a slight disparity with the non-aerated state. Also, with regard to the mean velocity values, it was observed that the velocity values from the aeration system to a considerable distance at the downstream, were significantly reduced. also, It can be seen that, unlike the static pressure values, the aeration system has been able to reduce the flow velocity in the vicinity of duct coatings in critical areas and ultimately improve the flow state in terms of cavitation phenomena. Finally, the Spillway with two aeration systems was chosen as the best option, because by comparing the cavitation indexes it was found that the multiplicity of aeration system had little effect on the results and the two aeration systems were sufficient for this spillway at specified intervals. Choosing this scenario will also save you time and money.Keywords: Ogee Spillway, Azad dam’s, Cavitation, aeration system, Ansys Fluent.

  Understanding the phenomenon and its response to various issues in today's engineering affairs, such as air and space, fluid mechanics, etc., is of considerable importance. Knowing and studying the flow characteristics in the channels is one of the important issues in designing various types of structures associated with them as well as planning schemes. The exact determination of the shear stresses of the bed and wall from the theoretical point of view, as well as from the point of view of applied issues such as its role in erosion studies and sedimentation and design of protective coatings, is of particular importance. Compound channels include a deep main channel and one or two flood plains around it, which are relatively smaller than the main channel. Hydraulic studies on these channels are much more complicated than conventional channels because of the interactions between the flood plains and the main canal. In this study, the performance of the Ansys Fluent three-dimensional numerical model in simulating various hydraulic parameters for a rectangular compound channel with smooth and rough beds has been investigated. The model of turbulence and mesh network was simulated with the help of the results of the experimental model and the numerical model of health assessment and various scenarios using the numerical model. Comparison of shear stress values ??shows that with decreasing depth in flood plains, the rate and percentage of shear stress in flood plains increases and decreases in the main channel. By reducing the depth of water in the main channel, the percentage of shear stress in the main canal increases and decreases in flood plains.   Also, increasing roughness can increase the shear stress. The results of the studies also indicate that increasing flow rate increases the flow power and At the intersection of the flood plains and the main canal, the speed is higher and there are vortices in this area. In the present study, the phenomenon of momentum transfer with the aid of transverse velocity vertexes was investigated. By comparing the ratio of different shapes, a stable compound channel was introduced based on the momentum transfer phenomenon. Other work done in this study is to investigate the depth profile of velocity, which is plotted for different simulation scenarios. In this regard, roughness of the profile of the depth profile changes the velocity and reduces the average velocity. The results of this research can play a role in designing sustainable channels, especially at the intersection of the main channel and flood plains.Key words: Three-dimensional numerical model, Ansys Fluent, compound channel, shear stress, momentum transfer, stable channel, flood plain, main channel

  Due to the severe limitations of available water resources, the cost of construction and operation of water supply systems and the rapid population growth and the growing demand for drinking water for this population, the optimal design of these networks, so that the best performance in The length of the operating period is of necessity. One of the most important network design factors is the choice of appropriate diameters based on the cost and lack of pressure and flow rates in the network. The issue of minimizing the cost is done by minimizing the diameter of the pipework, which reduces the pressure on the grid. Since the supply of proper pressure in the nodes is one of the important principles of design and low pressure will result in the lack of full water supply to the site, so in this research the problem of optimization in several sample networks with the objectives of minimizing cost and minimum Deficiency of pressure is defined throughout the network. EPANET software was used for hydraulic analysis of sample networks and the multi-objective optimization process was coded using PESA-II, NSGA-II, MOPSO, SPEA-II transcoding algorithms in MATLAB software environment and Connecting them to the EPANET body. cost dependant First, only by considering the relationship between cost and diameter and pipe lengths, the program was executed with 10,000 and 20,000 replications. Then, in the next definition, the cost of the violation of the permissible pressure range (minimum and maximum allowable pressure of 30 and 70 meters respectively) was added to this function and the program was repeated with 200 repetitions. The results showed that these algorithms have high ability to find optimal solutions and were able to optimize the network in terms of cost and pressure by finding the diameter of the pipes. In all of these algorithms, taking into account the cost of an exceedance of the permissible pressure limits leads to a reduction in the number of replicates with the number of optimal answers and the time to achieve convergence will be significantly reduced. But in general, in the latter case, the two algorithms PESA-II and SPEA-II had a better relative performance than the other algorithms, and the MOPSO algorithm was the last.

  Abstract:  Coastal protection against erosion is one of the main objectives of river training in the sustainable development of water resources. Because the erosion of river banks, damages to agricultural lands, damage to adjacent structures, such as bridges and roads, the flow of waterways and environmental issues are significant. This causes a large amount of money to be spent annually on protecting the shores of the river from erosion. Coastal conservation methods are divided into two general categories of direct and indirect protection from the viewpoint of the performance of structures. In the indirect method, the stabilization of the rivers is carried out by the construction of transverse structures or spillways along the erodible coastline.Groynes structures are designed with the aim of sedimentation and preventing the erosion of the edges and edges of the river and the stabilization of the river's position. The groynes are well-structured and adaptable to the diverse river conditions that are widely used in planning training, and in particular the stabilization and restoration measures of the sides. Therefore, it is important to study the process of erosion and sedimentation within the range of groynes from different aspects of design, conservation and maintenance. Much research on scour and flow pattern around the groynes is done by different researchers, but to scouring around hokey-shaped groyne is not well studied experimentally.`Given that the use of three-dimensional models in flow pattern analysis in rivers is accurate, but economically and time-consuming. On the other hand, single-dimensional models are generally associated with significant errors because they do not take into account the three-dimensional nature of the flow. Because of the time and cost savings, two-dimensional models are always used as a substitute method but less accurately used by researchers. Therefore, in the present research, in order to check the ability of the SRH-2D model to simulate the erosion pattern around the hokey groynes, first, using the experimental data, the erosion and sedimentation values ??around the groyne will be measured for at least two different hydraulic conditions.The collected data is used to validate and calibrate the numerical model. After the model calibration and ensure to the model accuracy, with the implementation of numerous models, flow patterns and sediment patterns around the hokey groyne are analyzed with different geometric conditions and in different locations along the 90° bend. Finally, the effect of various forms of hokey in different locations is compared to the flow and sediment pattern. The SRH-2D model is a two-dimensional model and is particularly suited for issues where two-dimensional effects are important. Its model include use in-stream structures, flow in the bends, flow in the drains with lateral channels and backflow in the agricultural channels.This model is preferred in cases where the study area is wider than the three-dimensional model in a shorter time frame. The required mesh is provided using the SMS model and the mesh generated in the SRH-2D environment is called.Key Words: River Organization, Hokey Groynes, SRH-2D model, flow and sediment model, 90° Bend

  (According to the Environmental Bureau, the rapid growth of the city and industry and the growing population growth has causedThat the amount of atmospheric pollutants has increased more and the suspended particles become the most important air pollution in metropolitan cities.Air pollution causes heart and lung disease.UHC and CO emissions are caused by incomplete combustion of fuel and air mixtures,While NOx and CO2 emissions are generated by the engine in the engine,Also, fine and tiny particles suspended from coarse particles are more dangerous.The purpose of this study was to use various ratios of bioethanol fuel with gasoline in different engine periods in the state of the EGR and to use different ratios of bioethanol fuel with gasoline and different temperatures of the intake air to the engine in different engine periods in the EGR mode with the aim Reducing the amount of pollutants and particulates in both the EGR and the EGR mode in the petrol engine pride.In this research, the Pride engine was used with the Siemens fuel system.For testing, fuel mixtures with bioethanol and conventional gasoline were used, fuel with ratios of 0, 5 and 10% bio-ethanol was used.The experiments were carried out at three levels of inlet air temperature of 12, 15 and 18 degrees Celsius and 1000, 2000 and 3000 rpm.Each experiment was repeated three times.The Airrex Five Gas Testing Machine was used to measure the contamination.Particles suspended by the IAQ 3016 particle counterpart model manufactured in the United States were measured.The effect of fuel type treatments and engine speed on exhaust and particulate exhaust gases in the EGR state and the effect of fuel type treatments, inlet air temperature and engine speed on exhaust and particulate emissions in EGR mode were investigated.Data were analyzed by    software and factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with comparisons of the meanings using Duncans multiple range test.The effect of engine speed and fuel type and the interaction between engine speed and fuel type in the EGR state on all traits were significant at 1% level.And the only interaction between the engine speed and fuel type on carbon dioxide (CO 2) has had a significant effect on the 5% level.Also, the effect of engine speed on particles of 5 microns and the effect of fuel type on particles of 3 microns is also significant at 5% level.In EGR mode, the effect of engine speed on the temperature of the exhaust air and contaminants of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), uncured hydrocarbons (uhc), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and suspended particles at 1% have been.The effect of fuel type on air temperature was not significantBut on other traits it is significant at 1% level except for 0.3 micron particles which is significant at 5% level.Also, the effect of air temperature on all studied traits is significant at 1% level and 0.3 ?m for suspended particles at 5% level.According to the results of Duncans test, with increasing engine speed, the amount of carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (uhc) contaminated, but the amount of carbon dioxide (CO 2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and suspended particles increased .By increasing the percentage of bioethanol, the amount of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2), unreacted hydrocarbons (uhc) and suspended particles decreased, but the amount of nitrogen oxides (NOx) increased.For the effect of engine speed and fuel type in EGR, the amount of pollutant emissions was lower than that of the EGR, but the particle size of 0.3 micron in the EGR state was less than that of the EGR.

  an adequate estimation of Manning roughness has a significant effect on hydraulic routing. So far several relationships have been proposed for calculating manning roughness coefficients in composite sections, each of which can have a different effect on the computational flood area. One can conclude that research has been carried out so far which can be very tiny differences in the determination of manning roughness values Estimated area of flood lands changed tens of thousands of square meters and thus have a significant impact on the estimated losses. this also affects river planning and management. there fore, such plans and actions directly related to the management and management of rivers require careful consideration in the choice of manning roughness determination method. the purpose of this study is to determine the irrigation channel roughness coefficient. for this purpose, for a more detailed study 420 meters from the channel of 3 km three mills Songor was selected and 15 cross sections were harvested. the velocity of the water flow was measured accurately using the molten device at the inlet and outlet sections and the level of water level in all sections before and after the dredging. In this research, a computer model was developed consisting of two sub-optimization programs using genetic and hydraulic algorithms based on standard step-by-step method for calculating flow profiles. the input of the computer model includes the geometric characteristics of the studied range, the amount of input flow and the profile of the water level measurement over the interval. after determining the number of chromosomes and the manning roughness limit, ultimately, the roughness coefficients for each section are optimized by comparing the computational water surface profile and the measurement. in order to validate the model, the genetic algorithm model is evaluated using solving linear and nonlinear optimization problems that have analytical solutions and it is shown that the results obtained from the model with the analytic solution results are completely equal. In order to verify the hydrodynamic model, its results were compared in some specific cases with the results of the HEC-RAS model. the results of the validation of the hydrodynamic model showed that there is a correlation coefficient of 0.99 between the water surface digits calculated by the present model and the HEC-RAS software. also, in this research, the manning optimum roughness coefficients were calculated in two steps before and after the dredging. the results showed that manning roughness optimized after dredging was 50% less than before dredging.  Keywords: Roughness coefficient, Three mill channel, numerical simulation, continuous flow, genetic algorithm

  The velocity distribution is the most important variable for determining the flow characteristics such as discharge, shear stress distribution, sedimentation, erosion, head loss, energy factor, and the required momentum requirement for hydraulic. The velocity distribution in a channel is influenced by geometric shape, bed roughness, and the presence of structures, and must be studied and examined before solving a variety of hydraulic problems in open channels. The velocity distribution in open channels has been studied over many years, and in recent years, this problem is investigated by solving the Navier-Stokes hydrodynamic equations that are combined with turbulent models.The velocity distribution equation can be the velocity values ??in vertical directions Exaggerated by assuming that the maximum velocity is on or below the water surface. This equation does not have the constraints and defects of other common equations, and the velocity distribution corresponds to it in a physical space with a probability distribution. This distribution has an M parameter called "entropy parameter" whose value is used as an indicator for comparing different patterns of flow velocity distribution in the channels.

Using efficient policies in the operation of reservoirs has become very important due to the occurrence of periodic droughts and also limitation of water resources in Iran. The management of reservoirs is one of the most effective non-structural ways to overcome of these limitations such as water resources scarcity, water demands increasing and finally occurrence of drought. Using optimization techniques in optimal operation of water resource systems are one of the solutions that can reduce the effects of water shortages. In this study, optimal operation of Jamishan reservoir with the aim of optimal water allocation from reservoir is considered to supply the agriculture water demands of Dinavar and Chamchmal plains using stochastic and deterministic dynamic programing approaches. Applying of the water allocation priorities between release and storage targets to supply water demands in drought conditions is considered. In this study a 41-year hydrological period (from 1971 - 1972 to 2011-2012 years) has been used. Different interval of reservoir storage (3, 5, 7 and 10) and reservoir inflow (3, 5, and 7) were used for dynamic discretization of stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) model. The best reservoir and inflow and I=3 respectively. Stochastic dynamic programming was applied to Jamishan reservoir with these classes in seasonal and monthly period by several objective functions. Water allocation results and reservoir rule curve have been presented for each period. In case, 7 interval classes for reservoir storage and average monthly and seasonal reservoir inflow in each period were applied in dynamic programming (DP) model with several objective functions. The water allocation results were compared with SDP model. The results confirm that the SDP model had the better performance rather than the DP model in water allocation and reservoir rule curve with the least objective function.

  Abstract    Today, the   urvey and analysis of uncertainties in any program is considered necessary,So that without considering and analyzing these uncertainties The occurrence of unpleasant situations that their events challenge the programs goals, Not waiting. These studies are conducted within the framework of risk management .In principle, the Monte Carlo simulation method is used as a tool for analyzing and integrating the various combinations of uncertainties. Uncertainty is integral component of hydrological and hydraulic models. Proper assessment of uncertainty in hydrological models may help to avoid high risk decisions, high cost of product-life cycle, over design structures. The aim of this study was to quantify the uncertainty of flood zoning maps for the reach of Seymwreh River. In this area due to heavy rains, floods cause a lot damage. First, the HEC-RAS flood zoning was calibrated based on F factor. Subsequently, using artificial data generation, 30 artificial data series were generated for the period of returns of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 years. In Finally, the probability boundaries of the flood plain of the river were determined at the probability level of 90% and 10%, using the probability curve. The results showed that the increase in uncertainty bandwidth will increase as the maximum uncertainty bandwidth of 450 hectares is related to the flood with a return period of 100 years performed according to Monte Carlo simulation method with random sampling of the parameters space (floodplain and channel roughness coefficients). The model was run 500 times, and the results were evaluated comparing with observed area based on the F factor. Response surface curves obtained from sampling Monte Carlo showed that the highest performance of F when the coefficient of roughness for the channel and floodplain is 0/046 and 0/058. Then using the cumulative distribution function of flood zones, an uncertainty was reached at the upper and lower limits.      Keywords: Uncertainty,   Probability flood plain, Mont Carlo, Seymareh river

  افزايش جمعيت، افزايش تقاضا براي غذا را به دنبال خواهد داشت بنابراين توليدات كشاورزي بايد با سرعتي برابر با رشد جمعيت، ولي با همان زمين­ها و منابع آب ثابت، رشد كنند.   به منظور تعيين ميزان رشد و توليد ماده خشك گياه تحت تاثير آبياري با نقطه شبنم، پژوهشي گلخانه اي و مزرعه اي طراحي گرديد. تاثير آبياري با نقطه­شبنم، آبياري­معمولي و بدون آبياري بر­روي صفات كمي و كيفي گيا­هان در پژوهش­هاي گلخانه­اي و مزرعه­اي مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند كه پژوهش گلخانه­اي در دو مرحله (جوانه زني بذر و مرحله رشد رويشي گياه)   اجرا گرديد. در پژوهش در مرحله جوانه زني،   تاثير تيمار­هاي آبياري با نقطه­شبنم و بدون آبياري در قالب طرح كاملا تصادفي با سه تكرار بر درصد جوانه زني بذرنخود، گندم، خيار، كتان، چغندر، شنبليله در سال 1394 ارزيابي گرديد. كه تيمار آبياري با نقطه­شبنم باعث جوانه زني بذر در مقايسه با شاهد (بدون آبياري) گرديد. پژوهش گلخانه اي در مرحله رشد رويشي گياه در قالب طرح كاملا تصادفي با سه تكرار ­روي صفات رويشي نخود و گندم بكار رفت. تيمار­هاي آبياري شامل آبياري با نقطه­شبنم و آبياري معمولي بودند. مقايسه ميانگين داده­ها براي نخود نشان داد كه تيمارآبياري معمولي نسبت به آبياري با نقطه شبنم داراي وزن تر ساقه، وزن تر تك برگ، وزن خشك ساقه، وزن خشك تك برگ، وزن تر كل ساقه و برگ، وزن خشك كل ساقه و برگ و نسبت برگ به ساقه بيشتري بود. مقايسه ميانگين داده­هاي نشان داد كه تيمارآبياري با نقطه­شبنم نسبت به آبياري با روش معمول از نظر طول ساقه، تعداد برگ، وزن تر ساقه، وزن ترتك برگ، وزن خشك ساقه، وزن خشك تك برگ، وزن­تر كل ساقه و برگ، وزن خشك كل ساقه و برگ، سطح برگ، نسبت برگ به ساقه و وزن مخصوص برگ) تفاوتي نداشت. پژوهش مزرعه­اي در قالب طرح بلوك هاي كامل تصادفي با سه تكرار در سال 1396-1395 اجرا گرديد. در اين بخش سه تيمارآبياري با نقطه­شبنم، آبياري معمولي و ديم روي نخود اعمال گرديدند. صفات مورد بررسي   شامل كلروفيل a،   كلروفيل b،   كارتنوييد،   كلروفيل كل،   كلروفيلa/b،   هدايت روزنه­اي،   فتوسيستم (2)،   فتوسيستم (1)،   محتواي رطوبت نسبي آب، ارتفاع ساقه،   تعداد ساقه، تعداد برگ، تعداد غلاف حاوي تك بذردر هر بوته، تعداد غلاف حاوي دو عدد بذر   در هر بوته، تعداد غلاف خالي در هر بوته، تعداد غلاف در هر بوته، طول غلاف، قطر غلاف، تعداد دانه در هر بوته،   وزن 100 دانه، عملكرد در يك هكتار، عملكرد كاه­وكلش در يك هكتار، عملكرد دانه در تك بوته، عملكرد كاه­و­كلش تك بوته، عملكرد دانه در يك متر مربع، عملكرد كاه­و­كلش يك متر مربع، وزن بيولوژيك تك بوته، وزن بيولوژيك در يك متر مربع، شاخص برداشت تك بوته، شاخص برداشت در يك متر مربع بودند. تيمارهاي آبياري اثر معني داري بر   هدايت روزنه­اي،   FV/FM، شاخص كارايي فتوسنتز و تعداد برگ   نخود در شرايط مزرعه داشتند ولي تاثير تيمارها   بر ساير صفات مزرعه اي معني دار نبود. مقايسه ميانگين داده ها نشان داد كه آبياري­با­نقطه­شبنم نسبت به شرايط ديم از نظر   هدايت روزنه¬اي،   FV/FM، برتري داشت. تيمار آبياري معمولي و ديم سطح برگ بالاتري نسبت به آبياري با نقطه شبنم داشتند. آبياري معمولي نسبت به ديمكاري شاخص كارايي فتوسنتز   بيشتري داشت. با توجه با نتايج بدست آمده مي توان گفت كه آبياري با نقطه شبنم بعلت تامين مقدار اندكي رطوبت بهتر است در مراحلي كه گياه احتياج كمتري به آب دارد مانند جوانه زني استفاده گردد، هرچند در شرايط بي آبي مي تواند تا حدي رطوبت مورد نياز گياه را تامين كند و راهكاري براي مقابله با خشكي باشد.

  The study of students views about the hidden curriculum in agricultural fields of Razi University     Amirhosein Alibeigi1, Parvaneh Ahookhosh2       Hidden curriculum is the same experiences that students learn at the University and during the inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -0.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm -0.3pt 0pt 0.35pt; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: ltr" >This qualitative research is done with case study method on agricultural students of Razi University. Data through individual semi - structured and deep interviews on the 25 students (sampling with maximum difference method) up to the time of data saturation was done and the content analysis method was used (using the software Maxquda 12). Among the total of 75 codes extracted from the results, 5 themes were extracted which each one contain numerous themes. Among these themes, factors such as taking routine in terms of teaching methods and content, cold and non-effective interactions between master and student, unfair evaluation, the lack of attention to the needs and expectations of students and then the negative views of students towards their ability and field of study can be named.   Reduced motivation and escape of educational environment, the lack of a useful and fruitful communication with the master, come down the academic performance of students, the lack of desire to participate in practical and entrepreneur activities, increased anxiety and stress, a sense of skepticism toward the continuing education, reduce self-esteem, hopele  ess and extreme negative in students, are the common perspectives towards the hidden curriculum.   One of the experiences acquired by the students can be notice to these cases: learning to fawn for raising confirmation sense of the masters, becoming the score as a criterion and increase the cheat to earn more score at any cost, to memorize the curriculum materials pasittacinely, disregard to the practical and left; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: ltr" align=left>      Keywords: Hidden Curriculum, Agriculture Higher Education, Social Interactions, Teaching Methods, Evaluation Methods.   

  Evaluation the effect of nitric oxide on antioxidative responses of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and Camelina )Camelina sativa L.), under salt stressQuick Reply

باتوجه به كمبود آب در كشور افزايش عملكر هيدروليكي وبالابردن راندمان توزيع آب در شبكه هاي آبياري ضرروي مي باشد . يكي از راه كارهاي بالابردن راندمان بهره وري آب در كشاورزي افزايش دقت در اندازه گيري دبي و كنترل سطح آب مي باشد . به منظور كنترل سطح آب از دريچه هاي كشويي و قطاعي استفاده مي شود . تخمين ضريب دبي و به تبع آن دبي عبوري از اين دريچه ها ضرروريست . از اين رو دز اين پژوهش به بررسي تاثير آستانه بر ضريب دبي دريچه هاي كشويي و قطاعي در شرايط جريان آزاد با استفاده از نرم افزار فلوتردي پرداخته شده است . 

     In order to investigate the effect of supplemental irrigation and exogenous application of different growth hormones (3?indoleacetic acid [IAA], gibberellic acid [GA3], and 6?benzylaminopurine [6?BAP]) va control (distilled water) at different growth and development stages of pea (flowering, poding, flowering + poding), with rainfed conditions (control), an split-plot experiment using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was setup at Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. According to the results, the interaction effect of supplemental irrigation × hormone was significant on green pod yield, biological yield, 100-grains weight, harvest index and primary and secondary photosynthesis pigments. The number of pods per plant and grains per pod were also influenced by the effects of supplemental irrigation and hormones. The use of supplemental irrigation at two stages (flowering+ poding), and the application of hormones (IAA and 6-BAP) led to produce the highest grain yield, biological yield and 100-grain weight. The highest number of pods per plant and grains per pod was obtained under irrigation at two growth stages and exogenous application of hormones. The highest amount of chlorophyll a and b was related to the plants under supplemental irrigation at flowering + pod and application of 6-BAP and for carotenoids was obtained by application of GA3. Exogenous application of 6-BAP was increased fv/fm, performance index, soluble sugar, soluble protein and leaf relative water content. Effects of supplemental irrigation and hormone were significant on antioxidant enzymes and most of them were obtained under rainfed and application of plant hormone. In general, it can be stated that supplemental irrigation and exogenous application of growth hormones IAA and 6-BAP, can be used to prevent exposure of pea to water stress during critical stages of flowering and poding and it may be appropriate to increasing its economic performance.

The explorers consider the study of water flow in saturated and unsaturated soils to determine the seepage, pore pressure, uplift force and hydraulic gradient in the design of dams. Numerical simulation is a rapid method and low cost for the study of soil water flow, which in recent decades due to advances in computer science has been increased. Most numerical models for water movement in soil is based on finite element method or regular rectangle mesh. Therefore, in this study 2D unsteady flow in porous media is provided based on volume method and unstructured triangular mesh. If the range of simulation has complex geometries and irregular, using triangular mesh is suitable. In this model can be used Van Genuchten equation or other functions to calculate hydraulic conductivity in unsaturated soil for simulation of flow. The numerical model verified with the experimental data of other researchers in two parts: confined and unconfined flow. The average error of numerical model in calculating pressure in confined and unconfined flow respectively are: 1.1 and 1.5 percent, and the average error in calculating seepage in the unconfined flow is 5.6 percent, which is sufficient for the numerical model  

Study of the behavior of rivers given that makes the essential point   that The river is a dynamic process and   according to morphological characteristics behavior of that is Changing. As a result of these changes, hydraulic conditions of the river will be affected. Therefore, it is necessary to effect the combination of flow and sediment especially in unstable rivers Considered.  

  Without a doubt, today the issue of preserving water resources exploitation and maintenance of the necessary economic efficiency, especially in the arid and semi-arid LIFE. This planet is like Iran has a double importance. One of the solutions proposed in recent decades in the management of water resources, surface and groundwater conjunctive use of water resourceses. he main objectives of this study, the simulation interaction between groundwater and surface water using dynamic connection between surface water and groundwater in the plain is cantilevered, So that the data and results on a monthly basis between the surface water and the groundwaterش MODFLOW WEAP is in circulation. Therefore, at each time step of monthly values, influence the balance of rivers, runoff, etc. WEAP model to model MODFLOW groundwater level values, the flow between the aquifer and so calculation and simulation models, WEAP back and this process will continue until the end. Another key goal is to optimize the amount of monthly withdrawals of groundwater and surface water is to fund the planning period.so To perform system optimization, multi-objective model NSGA-II. was used . So that in its first objective maximization of the needs of the project in the second goal of minimizing groundwater level decline during the period was utilized. The decision variables in this model, including the percentage of withdrawals from surface and underground water resources, which were defined as seasonal. The simulation results showed the biggest drop in the region of West and Southeast parts of the northwest and the Lower Plains. That due to the density of operational wells and water in these areas is approximately 11 meters. The northern and north eastern plains, due to lack of exploitation wells and agricultural lands is more fed. And thus a drop in groundwater level in these areas is not high.and Most edema related to a part of the northern part of the study area is approximately 25 meters. This is due to the high rise part of the study area is extremely fed. Also with the three scenarios defined for this study, results showed that if the current pattern and the reference scenario without optimization on average 16.82% of the surface water and groundwater funded by 83.18 percent. After optimization percent of the groundwater in the study area picked up about 5 percent and   the average percentage of optimal supply from surface water and groundwater, respectively, 78.84 and 21.16%, respectively. The optimal scenario the reliability needs of land Pshmynhzar 26% ش 3.2 and 2.6 meters.It means that by construction balarood dam and application scenarios System Optimization average groundwater level to 2.3 meters would improve. Keywords: conjunctive use, dynamic binding of surface water and groundwater, WEAP, MODFLOW, NSGA II

  Abstract Today optimize designing of pressurized irrigation system so as the minimal total cost to be producted, has received considerable attention many years ago by the engineers who study hydraulic works. In this thesis, a computer model is provided which includes two sub-programs based on is genetic algorithm optimization and analysis of water hammer, which language is Visual Basic. The following is the link to the programs and in the form of a computer model that provides the optimize designing of pressurized irrigation system. Two models genetic algorithm and analysis water hammer were independently of calibration. The genetic algorithm using linear and nonlinear constrained optimization problems solved with analytical solutions have been assessed and it was shown that the results of the model is quite analytical results. To verify the model analysis, water hammer, pressure fluctuations in a pressurized irrigation system by closing the valve was tested at the end of a branch, in this case the output of all sprinklers set to zero and the model was run for a long time, so the stability of the system, the pressure remaining in the node that was calculated by the difference between the level of water reservoir at the start of the system and the level of location nodes were compared and results showed that the water hammer nodes as well as pressure values of the predict. After verification and of calibration model, the design of an irrigation system, drainage the main lines and the semi-main, real (Ismail abad network in Lorestan) was used. Analysis of the results showed a 11/39 percent cost reduction regardless of limitations water hammer and 10/63 percent cost reduction with respect to the limitations of its water hammer.

Diversion dams in order to raise the water level of river and conveys of water into the main canal irrigation network is designed. This is a kind of gravity dams and stability supplying by the weight structural. In the event that the dimensions of various parts in the design high considered, stability will be supplying, but due to the increase volume of materials, construction costs, will be more. Design engineer must choose sections of dam that had least amount of materials and meantime be sustainable. Optimize section of diversion dams can be calculated with classic and genetic algorithm methods. The purpose of this study evaluation the efficiency of genetic algorithm to find optimized section of diversion dam in addition to regard laws and regulations designed the least volumes of materials. Decision variables that used in this study include wall height upstream and downstream of dam, slope in the upper body, thickness of stilling basin, thickness of concrete blanket upstream and length of concrete blanket. The objective function is to minimize amount of materials is used. Design constraints used include abide the stability of dam safety factors against Piping, Sliding, overturning and failure. In this research, section of Gamasiab Diversion Dam by using genetic algorithm optimized and the effect of GA operators in objective function were investigated. Results indicated that a significant reduction in the weights with using of optimized parameters. Suitable values for the number of generation, population size, probability crossover and mutation to optimize Diversion Dam were 50, 30, 0.55 and 0.01, respectively. Also effect of elitism on the achieving optimaize answer was studied.