The synthesis, characterization and evaluation of iron(II) gluconate complex as a biodegradable chelating agent were systematically investigated for potential agricultural applications. Iron(II) gluconate was synthesized via the controlled reaction of ferrous sulfate with sodium gluconate under optimal pH and temperature conditions to ensure high purity and stability of the resulting complex. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses confirmed the coordination of the gluconate ligand to the iron ions through the oxygen donor atoms of the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. In addition, spectrophotometric analysis was used to detect the complex formation and confirmed the interaction between iron ions and gluconate ligands. Atomic absorption spectroscopy provided quantitative confirmation of the iron incorporation in the complex matrix. Experimental results showed that iron(II) gluconate exhibits a stable coordination structure with remarkable solubility and chelation efficiency, comparable to synthetic agents such as EDTA, but with the significant advantage of biodegradability and environmental safety. Consequently, the synthesized iron(II) gluconate complex can be considered as an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional synthetic chelates and provide an effective tool for enhancing iron uptake in plants and promoting sustainable agricultural practices in line with environmental protection.

   In this study, the synthesis of ethylenediamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid (EDTMP) chelate was investigated. Due to its unique properties, including the ability to form stable complexes with metal ions, this compound finds applications in various industries, particularly in agriculture.   The research evaluates the synthesis method of ethylenediamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid and examines the effects of reaction factors such as reaction time and precursor concentration on synthesis efficiency. Additionally, the structural and chemical characteristics of the final product have been analysed using spectroscopic technique FT-IR and UV-VIS.  

In this study, the adsorption–desorption behavior of the metal–organic frameworK MIL-101(Cr) and its ionic liquid-modified samples was analytically investigated. >  

  Abstract: This study investigates the enhancement ofpiezoelectric performance of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers with reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/polyoxometalate (POM) nanofillers. Synthesis of nanofibers by electrospinning technique led to alignment of molecular dipoles in nanofibers and supported polarization and stretching. Designed nanofibers was fully characterized and piezoelectric properties were measured and confirmed by a piezo tester device. The open-circuit voltage (VOC) of the fabricated PENG was measured and results showed that PENG fabricated by PVDF-RGO-[(tert-Bu)4N]4PCoW11O39 (P-R-CoW) nanofiber, with a 1 wt % of CoW and 0.2 wt% of RGO with an VOC of 6.75 ± 0.1 V revealed the best electrical performance. Using an electric circuit, capacitors of 1, 2.2, 4.7 and 10 ?F were charged to 5.13, 1.77, 1.12 and 0.73 V respectively in 80 s. The maximum power density of 0.012 Wcm?2 was obtained in the resistor 103. The PENG was stable in long-term cycles without significant decreasing in VOC. The output power of PENG turn on four commercial LEDs with 1.8 V and also a 5 V buzzer sounds. Piezoelectric energy generation from target PENG, could monitor simple human movements. For wrist and elbow at angles of 30, 60, 90?, and VOC

Due to pollution caused by the consumption of fossil fuels, the use of piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) for the construction of self-powered sensors to supply energy for nanoelectronics and wearabledevices through harvesting mechanical energy from the environment, has becomesignificant. In this work, we propose a method for designing a flexible PENG using electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers. These nanofibers are infused with reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and heteropoly acids (HPAs) containing molybdenum and vanadium in different ratios (H3PMo12?nVnO40,where n = 0, 2, 3, 4). The incorporation of RGO into the composite material aims to form conductive networks and enhance its electrical conductivity, while the specific of HPAs, which includes redox activation centers and high charge transfer capabilities, contribute to increased electronic polarization, and charge storage. The nanofiber composites were characterized using SEM-EDX, ATR-FTIR, DSC, EIS and, XRD to study their morphology, structure, and thermal properties.The measurement of the piezoelectric property was confirmed using a piezotester device. The results showed that reducing the vanadium content in HPA and increasing the molybdenum content led to an improvement in the piezoelectric properties. Furthermore, the PENG containing PVDF-RGO-H3PMo12O40 with 1.5 wt% of H3PMo12O40 demonstrated better electrical performance, with an output voltage of 7.80 V and a maximum power density of 20.80 ?Wcm-² at 105 W, with a resistance change from 102 to 107 W. This device also showed promising potential for monitoring body movements and distinguishing between different fingers.

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  In this thesis, a method for the synthesis of novel compositepearlescent pigments using MWO4

In this study, different mixed metal oxides, ZnxMgyFe(3-x-y)O4,with different values of x and y were synthesized by co-precipitation methodfrom chloride salts of iron, zinc, and magnesium. The synthesized samples werecharacterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ultraviolet-visible diffusereflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS). Coating of ZnxMgyFe(3-x-y)O4-alkyd-basedformulations on mild steel substrates were used for corrosion analysis in 3.5w.t.% of NaCl solution. The surface response method study model(RSM) were used to optimize the coating effect on the corrosion rate. Also, theCCD design model, central composite design, was used and each factor wasexamined at 5 levels. The results showed that ZnxMgyFe(3-x-y)O4mixed metal oxides will be considered as anticorrosionadditives in protecting metal substrates. Key words: Corrosion, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, design of experiments,mixed metal oxides.  

  In thisdissertation, we synthesize a number of anti-corrosion composites using bentonite, which is a natural clay with a soft texture and is capable of exchanging cations, as well as cerium phosphate, which has an inhibitory role. We use scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and induced plasma optical emission spectroscopy to describe the fabricated specimens and analyze them. Also, the anti-corrosion performance of the samples has been proven by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and salt mist testing, and the results show that increasing this composite to epoxy coating has significantly increased the corrosion resistance of the coating, which is better than epoxy coatings. As a result, new, inexpensive pigments with special applications were synthesized on a laboratory scale using simple and efficient methods. In this dissertation, we synthesize a number of anti-corrosion composites using bentonite, which is a natural clay with a soft texture and is capable of exchanging cations, as well as cerium phosphate, which has an inhibitory role. We use scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and induced plasma optical emission spectroscopy to describe the fabricated specimens and analyze them. Also, the anti-corrosion performance of the samples has been proven by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and salt mist testing, and the results show that increasing this composite to epoxy coating has significantly increased the corrosion resistance of the coating, which is better than epoxy coatings. As a result, new, inexpensive pigments with special applications were synthesized on a laboratory scale using simple and efficient methods. In this dissertation, we synthesize a number of anti-corrosion composites using bentonite, which is a natural clay with a soft texture and is capable of exchanging cations, as well as cerium phosphate, which has an inhibitory role. We use scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and induced plasma optical emission spectroscopy to describe the fabricated specimens and analyze them. Also, the anti-corrosion performance of the samples has been proven by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and salt mist testing, and the results show that increasing this composite to epoxy coating has significantly increased the corrosion resistance of the coating, which is better than epoxy coatings. As a result, new, inexpensive pigments with special applications were synthesized on a laboratory scale using simple and efficient methods.

In this research, a low-cost disposable colorimetric microfluidic paper-based analytical device (?PAD) was developed for determination of nitrite and nitrate species in water. Here we used a novel and cheap technique for fabricating ?PAD by using Whatman filter paper (No. 1). Nitrite was determined directly by the Griess reaction based on reaction of nitrite with a primary aromatic amine (e.g. sulphanilamide) under acidic conditions to form a diazonium salt which further reacts with an aromatic compound containing an amino group (e.g. N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride) to form an intensely colored azo dye. Nitrate could not be detected directly and must be reduced to nitrite first. This reduction step was carried out on a hydrophilic channel of the ?PAD using a reductant. We compared the effect of Z   and ZnMPs as reducing agent and found that Z   was the best reducing agent for reducing nitrate to nitrite on reduction channel of the paper.

Recently, inorganic pigments have become a subject of extensive scientific investigation. In the synthesis of these pigments an optimal, uniform particle size is important because it influences gloss, hiding power, tinting strength, and lightening power. Silica can be easily and controllably made with spherical morphology from the nano- to micrometer size. If the silica spheres are coated with layers of pigments, a kind of composite pigment material with spherical morphology will be obtained, and the size for the pigment particles can be controlled by size of the silica. Furthermore, because silica is cheaper than most pigments, these composite pigments will be cheaper than the pure pigments per unit mass. Organic coatings are employed in order to protect the metal structures against corrosion. The coatings act as physical barrier between the metal surface and the corrosive environment restricting the corrosive species diffusion into the metal surface. However, the electrolyte permeation into the coating matrix causes coating damage and creation of pores. This means that the degraded coating could not provide long term corrosion protection properties. Therefore, different kinds of anticorrosive pigments can be added to the coating matrix to improve its anticorrosion properties. The corrosion protection properties of the pigments depend on the chemical nature, shape and size of the pigments. Silica and silicate materials have also shown to have potentially interesting anti-corrosive properties. Therefore, in this thesis, we used different silica sources, including calcium silicate, rice husk ash, nano silica and aerosil silica and aims to synthesize pigments containing CoWO4 and CoAl2O4 for paints intended for corrosion protection of steel  

Production of polyhydroxalkanoate (PHA)using activated sludge and renewable resource is suggested to reduce costs ofPHA production. The direct use of activated sludge brings limitation becauseonly a fraction of the biomass can store PHA. In the present thesis, theperformance of different culture selection strategies for selectedPHA-producing microorganisms in the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) usingacetate and soft drink industrial wastewater as carbon source was investigated.In the sequence, efforts were made to make these more favorable to maximize PHAproduction. The maximum PHA content was 79and 25 % (mg PHA/mg TSS) for acetate and soft drink industrial wastewater usinguncoupled carbon and nitrogen feeding strategy, respectively.Biological treatment is a suitablemethod for treating Faraman industrial wastewater (FIW) (BOD5/CODratio of 0.59). Due to the characteristics of this wastewater, treatment of Faraman industrial wastewater requires theimplementation of different redox zone as anaerobic, aerobic, and anoxic fornutrients removal. It is expected that applying of this conditions, besideswastewater treatment, will establish a favorable selective pressure for theselection of PHA-producing microorganisms. For this purpose, the effet of twovariables independent (hydraulic retention time of 12-24 h and air flow rate of1-3 L/min) on the performance of a novel continuous feed and intermittentdischarge airlift bioreactor (CFIDAB) for Faramanindustrial wastewater treatment (CNP removal) and PHA production wasinvestigated. According to obtained data, applying of three zones in the CFIDABwas successfully method for nutrients removal and selection of mixed microbialculture (MMC) with high capacity of PHA production. The maximum removal efficiencyfor TCOD, TN TP in the optimum condition (HRT of 18.5 h and AFR of 2.5 L/min)was obtaianed 92, 71, and 69%, respectively. At this condition, the maximum PHAcontent were 34.5, 5, 11.5% (mg PHA/mg TSS) using acetate,soft drink industrial wastewater, and Faraman industrial wastewater,respectively.Furthermore, the influence of F/M ratio (0.5-5.5 mg COD-S/mgVSS.d) and DO concentration (0.5-3.5 mg/L) on the accumulation performance ofthe MMCs taken from the CFIDAB as surplus sludge under optimum condition usingdifferent carbon sources was examined. From the results, F/M ratio and DOconcentration are two effective parameters in PHA accumulation which can beoptimized for efficient production of PHA. The maximum PHA content was obtained24, 6.5, and 7% (mg PHA/mg TSS)using acetate, soft drink industrial wastewater, and Faraman industrialwastewater in the optimum condition (F/M ratio of 3.5 mg COD-S/mg VSS.d and DO concentration of 2 mg/L), respectively.  

AbstractLicorice (Liquorice) extraction plant wastewater (LEWW) is essentially characterized by the presence of xenobiotic and nonbiodegradable organic pollutants, and the industry is faced with the challenge of effectively removing these compounds before disposal. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are one of the treatment technologies currently being developed to deal with this problem. In this study, the use of photocatalysis and Fentons oxidation in removing chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color from the   LEWW was investigated.In part one (photocatalytic oxidation process),an immobilized TiO2 photo catalytic reactor was developed to treat the LEWW. The analysis of the process was performed by varying three significant independent variables including, three numerical factors (COD concentration, photocatalyst loading and reaction time). The experiments were conducted based on a central composite design (CCD) and analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM). The region of exploration for the process was taken as the area enclosed by COD concentration (300-700 mg/l), photocatalyst loading (0.5-1 g/l) and reaction time (0.5-6.5 h) boundaries. The COD removal efficiency was about 69%, and also SRR was about 350(mgCODremoval/Catalyst,h) at COD concentration of 700 mg/l, concentration of photocatalyst   1 g/l, after 6.5h . Maximum BOD5/COD ratio was found to be about 0.30 in CODin and photocatalyst loading of 700 mg/l and 1 g/l, respectively.Color removal efficieny at the optimum condition was 88.7% after 6h. The effect of oxidants concentration (Hydrogen peroxide, potassium peroxodisulfate and potassium bromate ) on The process performance was conducted at pH of 6.4 (free pH), CODin concentration 700 mg/l, and a TiO2 dosage of 1 g/l. The oxidant addition enhanced the degradation efficiency compared to That without oxidant. The addition of oxidants over the amounts of H2O2 340 mg/l, K2S2O8 4.5 g/l and KBrO3 6.5 g/l, inhibited the system performance. The optimal dosages of oxidants were found to be 340 mg/l, 4.5 g/l, and 6.5 g/l, respectively for (Hydrogen peroxide, potassium peroxodisulfate and potassium bromate). In the fenton process, The effects of H2O2/Fe2+ molar ratio (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3) and reaction time (1-6 h) on the process performance removing color & COD were investigated . Within the range of the experimental conditions used in this study, the LEWW was found to be easily decolourised by Fenton process but mineralization of COD content, required higher reagents dosage and longer reaction time. From the results 72 % of COD could be removed at pH 3, 0.09 M H2O2, 0.036 M FeSO4 and 6 h reaction time.