Weirs are among the most important hydraulic structures in water engineering, playing a key role in flow control and measurement, water level regulation, and ensuring hydraulic safety in open channels and hydraulic systems. Among various types of weirs, sharp-crested weirs have always attracted significant attention due to their simple construction, acceptable accuracy in discharge measurement, and wide application in open channels. However, channel width limitations and the increasing demand for higher discharge capacity have made the optimization of the geometric configuration of these weirs increasingly important. One effective approach in this regard is the use of inclined sharp-crested weirs combined with transverse crest slope modification, which can increase the effective crest length and improve hydraulic performance. In this study, the hydraulic performance of an inclined sharp-crested weir with a non-uniform transverse slope was numerically investigated. The main objective of the research was to evaluate the effects of the weir inclination angle and non-uniform transverse slope on flow patterns, velocity and pressure distributions, free-surface behavior, and the discharge coefficient. To achieve this goal, three-dimensional free-surface flow simulations were carried out using the FLOW-3D HYDRO software (version 2023R2). The RNG k–? turbulence model was employed to close the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations, as it provides suitable accuracy for simulating three-dimensional turbulent flows, regions with high velocity gradients, and flow separation zones. The computational domain consisted of a three-dimensional model of the sharp-crested weir with different inclination angles and transverse slope configurations. Appropriate boundary conditions for inlet, outlet, walls, and the free surface were defined based on experimental conditions. Prior to the main simulations, a grid sensitivity analysis was performed to select an optimal mesh that ensured sufficient accuracy while maintaining reasonable computational cost. To validate the numerical model, simulation results were compared with available experimental data. Four different weir configurations with varying geometric and angular conditions were simulated. The comparison of upstream water depth between numerical and experimental results showed that the relative error was less than 2% in all cases, confirming the reliability and accuracy of the numerical model. The simulation results indicate that applying a non-uniform transverse slope to the crest of an inclined sharp-crested weir significantly affects flow behavior. Increasing the inclination angle enhances the effective crest length and increases discharge capacity, although a slight reduction in the discharge coefficient was observed in some cases. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that a variable transverse slope can lead to a more uniform flow distribution across the channel width, reduce secondary flows, and improve free-surface stability. Overall, the combined use of an inclined crest and a non-uniform transverse slope can be considered an effective approach for improving the hydraulic performance of sharp-crested weirs in hydraulic structure design.  

   Schizophrenia is one of the most complex psychiatric disorders characterized by widespread abnormalities in functional brain connectivity. This study aims to develop a convolutional neural network-based >In this study, four functional connectivity metrics (PLV, PCC, MSC, and MI) were extracted from EEG signals across five frequency bands. Using a novel brain anatomy-based approach, the 19×19 connectivity matrices were reduced to 5×15, achieving over 90% reduction in feature dimensionality while preserving neurologically meaningful information. For >Results demonstrated that in the subject-independent approach, the multi-branch architecture utilizing all four metrics simultaneously achieved 99.92% accuracy, 100% sensitivity, and 99.82% specificity. In the subject-dependent approach, 78.44% accuracy was obtained with 76.70% sensitivity and 80.53% specificity. Mutual Information (MI) showed the best single-metric performance with 99.43% accuracy in subject-independent evaluation, while Phase Locking Value (PLV) demonstrated the best performance with 79.98% accuracy in subject-dependent evaluation. The innovations of this research include the anatomy-based dimensionality reduction method, comprehensive comparison of four connectivity metrics, multi-branch architecture for simultaneous processing of spatial-frequency information, and dual evaluation paradigm. The proposed system demonstrates high potential for use as a diagnostic aid in early schizophrenia detection, other psychiatric disorders, and brain-computer interface applications. Schizophrenia is one of the most complex psychiatric disorders characterized by widespread abnormalities in functional brain connectivity. This study aims to develop a convolutional neural network-based >In this study, four functional connectivity metrics (PLV, PCC, MSC, and MI) were extracted from EEG signals across five frequency bands. Using a novel brain anatomy-based approach, the 19×19 connectivity matrices were reduced to 5×15, achieving over 90% reduction in feature dimensionality while preserving neurologically meaningful information. For >Results demonstrated that in the subject-independent approach, the multi-branch architecture utilizing all four metrics simultaneously achieved 99.92% accuracy, 100% sensitivity, and 99.82% specificity. In the subject-dependent approach, 78.44% accuracy was obtained with 76.70% sensitivity and 80.53% specificity. Mutual Information (MI) showed the best single-metric performance with 99.43% accuracy in subject-independent evaluation, while Phase Locking Value (PLV) demonstrated the best performance with 79.98% accuracy in subject-dependent evaluation. The innovations of this research include the anatomy-based dimensionality reduction method, comprehensive comparison of four connectivity metrics, multi-branch architecture for simultaneous processing of spatial-frequency information, and dual evaluation paradigm. The proposed system demonstrates high potential for use as a diagnostic aid in early schizophrenia detection, other psychiatric disorders, and brain-computer interface applications.

This study presents a comparative evaluation of the effluent quality of the wastewater treatment plant in Ivan, Iran, over two consecutive years (2020 and 2021), employing the Effluent Water Quality Index (EWQI) based on the standards of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Iranian National Standards. The EWQI was calculated using a dedicated code developed in the Python programming environment, and the obtained results served as the basis for quality assessment and analysis. Findings indicated that, according to the EPA and WHO criteria, the effluent quality in 2020 consistently remained within the “good” range, whereas in 2021, a substantial improvement in the second half of the year elevated the quality to the “excellent” level. In contrast, the Iranian National Standards, owing to their broader permissible ranges for chemical parameters and heavy metals, >Keywords: Entropy Weighted Water Quality Index (EWQI), wastewater treatment plant, EPA standards, WHO guidelines, Iran   

   Today, the issue of climate change and fluctuations and the anomalies resulting from it is one of the most important global issues. Detecting changes in precipitation and temperature is used as the primary evidence of climate change in many regions of the world. Therefore, in this research, by examining the changes in the rainfall of Kermanshah province in different time scales of the year, season and month, it was done to determine the cause of flooding in the part of the streets leading to Nobahar Blvd. Surface water collection networks are responsible for directing and transferring surface water caused by rainfall and daily use, but nowadays, due to the expansion of urbanization and the significant increase in impervious surfaces, this possibility has already become difficult and effective for them. With these transmission networks, Nobahar Boulevard faces many problems during rainfall and runoff. It is possible to help improve the conditions and satisfaction of the people of Kermanshah. And the unpleasant face of waterlogged streets, which causes people's dissatisfaction and also causes pollution to be removed from the city.

Abstract Research Aim: Tailings dams are built in the mining industry to manage and store the residual waste materials, known as tailings, that remain after the extraction and beneficiation of metallic and non-metallic ores. Tailings often contain toxic materials. This research involves the simulation of a localized tailings dam breach with a water pond, the investigation of the hydraulic characteristics of the flow, and the comparison of a tailings dam breach with and without lateral slopes. It also investigates the impact of different water surface elevations, locations, and breach widths on the flood and the volume of eroded sediment in a tailings dam's local failure. Research method: In this research, the two-dimensional HEC-RAS software, which utilizes shallow water equations, was used for the numerical simulation of laboratory tailings dam failure cases. For the validation of the simulation results against the laboratory data, the Mean Absolute Relative Error (MARE) and the coefficient of determination (R²) were employed. Findings: This research was conducted to investigate the pattern of bed scour, the amount of sediment transport, changes in the hydraulic quantities of the flow, and information about the floods resulting from local failures under different water surface elevations, locations, and breach widths. Conclusion: The Wu as the sediment transport function was most compatible with the experimental results. In the case of local failure far from the abutment, the shear stress and the Froude number were maximized after the localized dam breach in the downstream flow, which decreased over time with the reduction of the water surface elevation and began to increase at the edge of the scoured area. The side slope increased the scour by a factor of 1.3. Unlike the breach location and the lateral slope, the breach width and the water surface elevation significantly impacted the hydrograph pattern of the outflow resulting from the tailings dam failure. Ultimately, HEC-RAS was able to perform the simulation with relatively high accuracy, which could serve as an alternative to costly and time-consuming experiments. Keywords: Tailings dam, Dam break, Scour, Numerical simulation, HEC-RAS 2D

   مهمترين قدم در راه آبرساني ساختمان­ها، تامين آب سالم و بهداشتي است. بيماري­هاي ناشي از آشاميدن آب آلوده بسيار خطرناك مي­باشند. كنترل كيفيت آب از نظر املاح محلول، رنگ، بو ومزه و باكتري­هاي موجود از لحاظ بهداشتي واجد اهميت حياتي است. مخازن عموما به منظور ذخيره آب پاك، ذخيره براي توزيع، گندزدايي، تامين فشار، جمع آوري، پمپاژ و يا تركيبي از اين موارد طراحي مي­گردد. مشكلات كيفيت آب در تاسيسات ذخيره­سازي را مي­توان بعنوان مشكلات ميكروبيولوژيكي، شيميايي و يا فيزيكي طبقه­بندي كرد. سن بيش از حد آب در بسياري از تاسيسات ذخيره­سازي احتمالا مهمترين عامل مرتبط با كاهش كيفيت آب است. انباشته شدن رسوب در مخازن مشكلات بالقوه در كيفيت آب وافزايش تقاضاي ضدعفوني كننده، رشد ميكروبي، كدورت آب و پوسيدگي كلر را به دنبال دارد. جهت بررسي بي­خطر بودن آب ذخيره بايد تحقيقاتي صورت گيرد. بسياري از ساختمان­ها داراي مخازن ذخيره آب در زيرزمين يا پشت بام هستند تنها در صورتيكه مخزن به درستي طراحي و نصب شده باشد و در شرايط خوبي نگهداري شود استفاده از آن بي­خطر خواهد بود.   در اين تحقيق با روش مشاهده و بازديد ميداني سعي شده است الزامات مربوط به مخزن ساختمان مورد مطالعه قرار گيرد. نتايج نشان داد كه بسياري از الزامات مربوط به اين مخازن در منطقه مورد مطالعه رعايت نشده است.

Abstract Research Aim: Floods cause extreme and irretrievable human and economic loss. Estimating flow of floods leads to designing hydraulic structures in order to prevent flooding. The aim of this thesis is to find a formula to predict the flow of floods using physiological parameters in ungagged stations. Research method: In this research at first the most important and effective factors to estimate peak flow would be investigated. Then the parameters would be probed through Exploratory factor analysis technique and the most sufficient ones would be chosen. In order to increase the accuracy of this investment, dimensionless parameters were used. Afterwards regression analysis relates a dependent variable, which is discharge, to explanatory variables and generates equations for estimating the peak flow. To achieve more complicated and more accurate formula and also increase coefficient of determination utilizing genetic programming algorithm is helpful. Findings: The most important factors to affect floods through some recurrence intervals included 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 years were examined and some formulas were presented as a way to predict peak flow. Conclusion: Efficacious factors in estimating peak flow are drainage area, storage, lake area, annual runoff and slope of watershed. Implementing dimensional analysis and genetic algorithm gives some equations to predict peak flow which the coefficient of determination is more than using regression. Keywords: Peak flow, Regression, Non-dimensional parameters, Factor analysis, Genetic Programming هدف از اين پژوهش پيش بيني دبي پيك در مناطق فاقد داده‌هاي آماري با استفاده از پارامترهاي بدون بعد مي¬باشد.

As the first need of human life, water is the most important element in nature and has always occupied human thought. The control and optimal use of water has been a manifestation of civilization since the distant past. The creation of old dams and dams and bridges in our country shows the importance of this issue in the country. Rivers are the main source of water for humans and other creatures. In order to control the water resulting from rainfall on the banks of the rivers, especially in the lower regions of the country, he created canals to transfer water to different agricultural, urban and rural areas for industrial, drinking and agricultural purposes. Keep in mind that this itself causes water wastage and land pollution around the canal, to prevent water wastage and land pollution adjacent to the earthen canals, the covering of the canals should be considered, which in this case should be considered. be placed Both economically and in terms of water wastage. From the point of view of the ruling regime, he paid attention to the current. For this purpose, it is possible to mention the application of modeling of hydraulic structures in water transmission channels with the help of HEC-RAS software.   

In thisstudy, the efficiency of an advanced photocatalytic oxidation process for theremoval of Methylene Blue (MB) dye from synthetic wastewater wasinvestigated.     composiwas used, and the process was examined under visible light irradiation. Tooptimize the conditions for photocatalytic decomposition, the Box-Behnkendesign method was employed. -   compositeswith different molar ratios (1:2, 1:1, 2:1) were synthesized using thehydrothermal method. The highest photocatalytic removal efficiency in theinitial experiments was found to be 85%, attributed to the BC-2:1 composite.XRD, FTIR, FESEM, EDX, and UV-Vis analyses were employed to identify thestructural and optical properties of the synthesized photocatalysts.FE-SEMshowed relatively uniform distribution of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles onbismuth chromate ( ) nanotubes. UV-Vis analysisindicated that the highest photocatalytic performance was achieved by theBC-2:1 composite, with a band gap of approximately 1.73 eV compared to thelower performance under visible light irradiation of pure CuO and . This enhanced photocatalyticactivity can be attributed to the heterogeneous p-n synergistic effect. Pure   and CuO samples individually were not capableof effectively performing the photocatalytic reaction for Methylene Blue (MB)removal. However, the composite samples exhibited highly desirablephotocatalytic activity. Photodegradation experiments were conducted with theproposed optimal parameters, including an initial MB concentration of 18.89mg/L, a pH of 11, a catalyst dose of 0.99 mg/L, and a light intensity of 29.2W. The suggested system's response (percentage removal) was 91.97%.The averagepercentage removal of the dye, based on three repeated measurements, was90.06%, indicating the applicability of the proposed model. Furthermore, the -

Purpose: Tailings dams that are built in mines and processing plants are hydraulic structures for collecting and storing waste materials in the form of effluents and waste materials from the concentration process in processing plants and minerals. The discharge of sewage and waste materials stored in the dam due to the leakage or failure of the dam creates an important environmental environment in the region, and its entry into surface water, underground and soil causes irreparable damage to the environment and human life. . comes with Due to the inefficiency of tailings dams, less attention is paid to their proper design and construction, which breaks 2.5 times more than water dams. Waste materials in dams may have a longitudinal slope or both longitudinal and transverse slopes. In this project, an attempt has been made to investigate the effects of the longitudinal slope and the combined lateral and longitudinal slope of the bed on the volume of output material and the shape of the eroded bed. Methodology: Due to the fact that the way waste material is placed in the reservoir of the dam may have an effect on the appearance of the eroded bed and the volume of material removed due to failure. A laboratory study should be done in this case. In this research, in order to investigate the effect of longitudinal slope and combined lateral and longitudinal slope of the bed on the volume of output material and the shape of the eroded bed at the end of the experiment, scans of the topography of the eroded bed were prepared. According to bed topography scans, the volume of output material and the shape of scour hole have been investigated. Findings: When the slope of the bed in tailings is only a longitudinal slope, the volume of removed material has decreased by 8.3% compared to the largest volume of material removed in the case of both longitudinal and transverse slope. Also, the development of the eroded cavity along the width of the reservoir or the dam body during the longitudinal slope of the tailings material is about 12 times the width of the failure. While this amount is about 5 to 6 times in both longitudinal and transverse slopes. Result: When tailings have only a longitudinal slope, the development of the scour hole is across the reservoir or the main body of the dam. When the tailings have a slope of both length and width, the development of the shale hole is along the length of the tank, and there is no significant change in the volume of the external material due to the failure of the bed slope change.   

   As one of the most basic urban infrastructures, water distribution networks are very important for human society, especially in Iran, and considering the water supply in the country in the past few years, it needs to design basic networks. Economy is needed in the country. Therefore, the improvement of water distribution networks is not a step towards the management of water resources and also the basic design of water distribution networks. So that the optimization takes into account economic limitations and water resources and maintenance of the network, etc. Since one of the important factors in the control and management of the network is the application of optimal pressure in the network, and it is also another factor for planning the economic plan or reducing the costs of construction and maintenance of water networks, in this thesis, locating the optimal position of pressure relief valves in the network as a supplier The goal has been to reduce the costs in the network, and the pressure is another goal, taking into account the provision of the desired pressure. Also, the NSDE multi-objective algorithm is used as an optimization model in this research, and the commercial and free EPANET software is used for the hydraulic simulation of the water distribution network. A case study in this research is for Khorramshahr water distribution network. In this research, it has been shown that after the implementation of the model, the results obtained in the improved model are completely superior to the current state, that is, the state without valve breaker. So that for one pressure relief valve, the pressure is 8.616% and for 2 pressure relief valves, this amount of pressure reduction is equal to 39.64%. 39.642% pressure reduction in three pressure relief valves in Khorramshahr water distribution network, 39.839% pressure reduction in 4 pressure relief valves, 55.262% pressure reduction in the network and for 6 and 7 pressure valves a pressure reduction equivalent to 55.287 and 55.456 It was very useful and practical to consider the scenario of firefighting in the network to evaluate the target. On the other hand, it can be said that adjusting the pressure relief valve in accordance with the positions and output options of the proposed models is a significant improvement in the issues, i.e. the pressure is in the desired range and the costs are reduced.

Research Aim: Tailings dams play a critical role in the mining industry, responsible for safely collecting and disposing of tailings while also conserving water and protecting the environment. However, the practice of constructing these structures using the tailings themselves, coupled with inadequate design and supervision, has resulted in a high number of tailings dam failures. This research aims to investigate the potential impact of tailings dam failures in terms of tailings output. The goal is to use this information to prevent future losses and protect against the negative consequences of tailings dam failures. Research method: This research focuses on the specific scenario of tailings dam failure near the support, where a nearby pond is present and the tailings are not prone to liquefaction. In order to conduct a thorough investigation, a large-scale pond was used to ensure that the results are not influenced by the dimensions of the dam reservoir. Additionally, a valve was incorporated into the laboratory model to simulate local failure scenarios. The tests were carried out at varying water levels and repeated three times to ensure the validity of the results. Findings: In this research, the bed erosion pattern and sediment transfer rate were studied in relation to the impact of increasing water levels in the tailings dam reservoir during a local failure near the abutment. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that over time, as water and sediment are released from the dam reservoir, a pit forms in the sedimentary bed. This pit eventually develops into a submerged hydraulic jump. Additionally, it was observed that the length of the scour hole along the direction of the dam body is roughly twice that of the scour hole's length in the direction perpendicular to the dam body.   

Tailings dams are structures builtto store waste from mining operations as well as mineral extraction operationsfrom ore. Tailings dams are completed over time and raised according to thevolume of tailings produced. The purpose of building these structures is tostore waste materials in order to prevent environmental pollution. In thisresearch, the amount of mineral tailings transferred due to a local gap farfrom the support in tailings dams with water in the reservoir is investigatedin a laboratory manner. It should be noted that three different water levelswere considered in this study. In order to validate the failure of the dam was repeatedthree times in each water level. According to the laboratory results, it wasobserved that three types of flow patterns can be seen in these failures. Thedimensions of the scour hole caused by the failure of the dam in the directionof the failure are 2 to 5 times that of the direction perpendicular to thefailure. It also found that with the increase of the water level, the volume ofthe discharging materials increases.

The stability of seismic earth dams is particularly critical to the integrity of downstream areas. This thesis describes a numerical study related to both the seismic response and the analysis of earth dams using the finite element method. In this thesis, we will study the effect of the hydrodynamic stresses of an upstream reservoir on the elastic seismic response of dams. A methodology will be proposed in which the reservoir field is modeled with a particular focus on the accurate prediction of the hydrodynamic pressures on the upper dam face. The main part of the thesis is related to the study of the design of the Shehabi dam under study and their hydrological and historical seismic data, which will be analyzed in order to validate the numerical model and get a good agreement between the recorded and projected data. Obtaining dam response during an earthquake with different acceleration and duration using Geo-Studio Seep/w and Quake/w software. Subsequently, using as a reference the calibrated model, parametric studies are performed in order to obtain a better insight into the dynamic response and analysis of the response of the embankment of the dam under consideration during an earthquake with different acceleration, duration and water reservoir level. It is better that we will conduct a three-dimensional seismic analysis of the Shehabi dam by adopting the initial values of the shear stiffness. This will enable insight into the effects of the dam-valley interaction it will confirm whether the \\amount" of stiffening adopted in this study is appropriate.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear stress distribution on the bed of a trapezoidal channel, which is one of the most widely used open duct channels. The flow structure in open ducts is directly affected by how the shear stress is distributed in a humid environment. The equilibrium of uniform currents is due to the shear stress on the wet environment of the channel and in the direction of the flow path. On the other hand, the non-uniform distribution of this stress on the bed and the wall of open ducts causes corrosion of the bed at one point and sedimentation at other points. In this study, laboratory data from a highly accurate article by Tominaga et al. Were used as an indicator for validating a computer model developed with Flow3D software, which obtained a correlation coefficient of 0.92 between the values The laboratory confirmed the accuracy of the numerical model by plotting the shear stress values ??of the channel bed resulting from the software implementation. In the next step, trapezoidal channels with different geometric dimensions were analyzed and for 88 different states, shear stress distribution, flow pattern, velocity field, fluid level, and secondary flow pattern were examined and plotted based on geometric characteristics. Dimensional cross-section and shear stress, the effect of channel dimensions on shear stress distribution were investigated. Responses showed that dimensionless shear stress has a limited range, and the shear stress distribution follows a relatively constant pattern. Finally, certain diagrams and tables were obtained for hydraulic designers to achieve the correct understanding and amount of shear stress and its distribution in the trapezoidal channel bed under similar conditions, by spending the least amount of time.  

   Hydraulic jump is one of the complex issues of hydraulic science. It is also very important to reduce the energy downstream of hydraulic structures, for which the supercritical current upstream must be converted to the subcritical current downstream. To reduce energy, a phenomenon called hydraulic jump occurs, which is associated with excessive energy consumption. In general, hydraulic jump is divided into two categories: free and submerged. Whenever the downstream water jumps are greater than the secondary depth, the hydraulic jump occurs submerged. This study was conducted to numerically study the three-dimensional vortex flow in the case of a severely submerged hydraulic jump in the case of a sudden opening downstream. In the present study, the question is what part of the channel width should be where the energy dissipation occurs in the submerged hydraulic jump, so by moving the sudden opening from the center of the channel to other coordinates of the channel width and examining the effective parameters in Hydraulic jumps such as horizontal velocity profiles, vertical velocity profiles, pressure, energy dissipation and viscosity by cross-section in the channel have investigated the effect of this displacement on the energy dissipation of hydraulic jumps. In order to numerically study the submerged hydraulic jump, a three-dimensional code developed by (Mahmoudi Nia et al,1391). In accordance with the laboratory model of Zari and Badour (2007) was used. In the next step, numerical modeling validation is performed with laboratory results, and then the parameters that are not addressed in the article Zari and Badour (2007) are studied, and finally by changing the sudden opening from the center of the channel to other coordinates, the rate of change It has been evaluated in hydraulic jump performance. In general, after examining the effective parameters in submersible hydraulic jump and flow patterns, it was concluded that if there is a sudden opening in the center of the channel, due to its centrality and distance from the walls, vortices appear at the beginning of the jump and then at the end. We saw a slow flow pattern jump, but when a sudden opening is located near the walls, we will not see a slow flow pattern due to the impact of the flow pattern hitting the wall and the resulting vortex at the end of the jump.                Keyword: Numerical Simulation, submerged Hydraulic Jump, Vortex Flow, Turbulence Profile, 3D Flow Pattern

Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE FA استفاده از اطلاعات ماهواره‌اي جهاني ، در دسترس و ارزان‌تر در اندازه گيري ويژگي‌هاي رودخانه‌ها ، كه به‌عنوان جايگزيني براي اندازه گيري‌هاي در محل و گران قيمت مورد استفاده قرار مي‌گيرد. با استفاده از داده‌ها و اطلاعات ماهواره‌اي مطالعات نشان داده است كه مي‌توان دبي رودخانه‌ها را به‌طور دقيق كاليبره كرد. دو روش جديد از توسعه زنجيره‌هاي ماركوف (MC) ، يعني روش‌هاي آنلاين-زنجيره‌هاي ماركوف (O-MC) و زنجيره‌هاي پيشرفته آنلاين ماركوف (EO-MC) در مطالعه حاضر براي افزايش عملكرد پيش بيني MC معرفي شدند. مزاياي روش O-MC نسبت به MC از پياده سازي آنلاين حالت‌هاي صحيح و EO-MC   نسبت به MC مزاياي اجراي هم‌زمان آنلاين حالت‌هاي صحيح و ماتريس ماركوف (MM) به‌روز شده در طي داده‌هاي آموزش است. اين روش‌ها براي پيش بيني سيگنال‌هاي ماهواره‌اي كوتاه مدت رودخانه mohave استفاده شد. در مرحله بعد ، به‌منظور اندازه گيري قابليت اطمينان محاسبات ، تحليل عدم قطعيت مونت‌كارلو براي هر سه روش مبتني بر MC در نظر گرفته شد. براي انجام اين كار ، هر مدل 1000 بار توسعه داده مي‌شود و دو شاخص 95 درصد عدم قطعيت‌هاي پيش بيني شده (95PPU) و ضريب فاصله متوسط (d-factor ) محاسبه مي‌شود. عملكردهاي MC و دو پسوند آن يعني   O-MC و EO-MC نيز در موارد عدم وجود اطلاعات آموزشي مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. براي انجام اين كار، درصد آموزش كل مجموعه داده‌ها از ?? درصد به ? درصد به‌تدريج كاهش‌يافته و عملكرد مدل‌ها در توليد سيگنال‌هاي دقيق آينده در مجموعه داده‌هاي مشاهده‌شده محاسبه مي‌شود.در آخرين مرحله از اين مطالعه، مشكل ورودي متغير ورودي (IVI)براي روش‌هاي مبتني بر MC در نظر گرفته شد و نتايج با رگرسيون خطي، Perceptron Multi (LR)، ماشين يادگيري افراطي (elm)، و روش‌هاي رگرسيون توابع پايه شعاعي (RBF)مقايسه شدند. نتايج نشان داد كه عملكرد EO-MC و O-MC بسيار بهتر از روش MC ساده است. علاوه بر اين ، مي‌توان نتيجه گرفت كه EO-MC و O-MC تقريباً در تحليل عدم قطعيت عملكرد يكساني دارند و هر دو آن‌ها قابل اعتماد و قوي هستند. مزيت اصلي EO-MC در مقايسه با روش O-MC هنگامي ارائه مي‌شود كه عملكرد مدل‌ها در شرايطي مقايسه شود كه تعداد نمونه آموزش بسيار كم باشد. در نهايت ، با توجه به مشكل IVI ، نشان داده مي‌شود كه عملكرد O-MC و EO-MC به‌طور قابل توجهي بهتر از روش‌هاي LR ، MLP ، ELM و RBF است. كليدواژه: داده‌هاي دبي ماهواره‌اي ، دبي روزانه، درياچه موهاو، زنجيره ماركوف، الگوريتم مونت‌كارلو.  

Abstract Objective: Compound channels are the hydraulic cross section of rivers. The entry of municipal, industrial and agricultural wastewater, industrial waste, thermal pollution and nuclear power plants as a stream with different densities into the riverbed is a very important issue and has a great impact on human life and the environment. Investigating how this dense stream propagates through the compound channel helps control pollution in riverbeds and preserve the environment. Research Methodology: In this research, in order to simulate the density flow in a compound channel based on Navier-Stokes equations, the Reynolds stress turbulence model (RSM) has been performed using the open-source software OpenFoam. Assuming a density difference The gap between the two fluids is considered to be Bozinsk. Compound channels with shallow, medium and deep floodplains as well as narrow, medium and wide floodplain have been studied. Results: The accuracy of the model in simulating the experimental model of the initial velocity flow in the compound channel and the dense flow in the rectangular channel is shown. Numerical model is capable of simulating experimental models and the results are in good agreement. Conclusion: Numerical simulation of dense flow with compound channel with different depth and width of floodplain has been done. Studies show that floodplains with greater width and depth have more participation in flow transmission and with increasing depth and width of plain floods, more instability is seen in plain floods. It is low. Also, in a wide floodplain, the dense flow behaves similarly to the main channel.   

Toxicity reduction of silver nanoparticles by ozone gas.

Recognizing the emotional states using matching point  

  :Abstract Every communication network is assumed as a set of interference channels. Therefore, interference channels can be considered as the most important part of the wireless communication system. Each interference channel has included some transceivers, in which all transmitters send signals to their corresponding receivers. In order to maximize the transmission data rate, one common way is to increase the transmitter's power but this fails to be functional in interference channels because it increases the interference power at the receivers as well. Recently alongside all applicable methods to reduce the interference effect at the receivers, such as (TDMA),(FDMA),(SDMA),(CDMA), a method known as Interference Alignment (IA) has been developed. In IA method it is assumed that received signal su  aces in each receiver is projected into two independent linear su  aces with equal dimensions. By this way interference signals from interfering devices are grouped (normally half-size) and desirable signals from each transmitter are placed in an independent linear interference su  ace. Requardless of many advanteges of this method, it is not very functional because it is drastically dependent on the channel state informations (CSI). For this reason this method needs to be improved to a desirable function level. Thus, In this thesis a reconfigurable antenna, which enhances interference alignment with no access to CSI in transmitters, is introduced. It has made the IA to an applicable method. In this way, the need to use the MIMO antenna's and joint processing decreases

  Abstract Investigating and studying the flow characteristics at the confluence of the rivers has been one of the topics discussed in the last decade, where the region is known as the one with high turbulence and three-dimensional motion. Due to changes in the amount and direction of velocity, flow rate and sediment discharge, phenomena such as bed erosion and bank erosion occur. The sepration zone immediately forms a junction down stream and causes flow contraction. which this leads to an increase in velocity and thus to bed erosion. In addition, the resulting vortex flow creates problems for shipping. Therefore, numerous field and laboratory studies have been done to investigate the pattern of flow and sediment conditions at the confluence. These studies have investigated the effects of various parameters such as the discharge ratio, Froude number, and the angle of junction on the hydraulic conditions of the flow. However, no significant studies have been done to reduce the velocity and decrease the dimensions of the separation zone at the open channels junction. The present study aims at investigating the effect of nonsubmerged guide walls on the separation region and velocity variations. Firstly, a numerical model was written utilizing the flow3d software, which, according to the previous studies, was verified. Then, the effects of the guide walls on the junction flow pattern were investigated. In addition, the effect of the guide walls on decreasing dimensions or removing the separation zone as well as the velocity reduction at the open channel junctio   were investigated. The results showed that the application of the guide wall decreases the velocity at the open channel junction. Also, in models where the wall was spaced b/2 (b is the width of channels) from the inner wall of the main channel, the separation zone was not omitted, but its length was reduced. And in models with wall b/4 spaced from the inner wall of the main channel, the separation zone was removed.

development of hydrologic models for flow routing in multiple-branches systems

  در تونل هاي آبگيري سدها از دريچه هايي با مدخل ورودي بيضي گون جهت كاهش افت و احتمال وقوع كاويتاسيون استفاده مي شود اين دريچه به وسيله شبكه آشغالگيري كه در ابتداي دهانه نصب مي گردد جهت جلوگيري از ورود آشغال هاي بزرگ كه امكان آسيب رساندن به سيستم انتقال از جمله دريچه ها، شيرها و توربين را دارد محافظت شود. طراحي مدخل و شبكه آشغالگير مناسب نيازمند شناخت جريان در اطراف شبكه آشغالگير و اطراف مدخل بيضي گون مي باشد، همچنين ضروري است بررسي گردد كه شبكه آشغالگير و دريچه آبگيري   بر مشخصات جريان تا چه طولي از تونل، پنستاك، دريچه ها و خروجي تونل تاثيرگذار بوده و مقدار اين اثرگذاري در طرح بهينه اقتصادي، ايمني و عمر سازه مورد بررسي قرارگيرد. در اين پژوهش به بررسي مقدار اثر تغيير دماي جريان و مقدار هواي سيال در جريان دوفازي ماندگار و دائمي در حالت هاي مختلف بازشدگي دريچه كشويي به عنوان پارامترهاي متغير سيال پرداخته شد كه نتايج آن نشان داد كه اثر تغيير دما و غلظت هوا برفشار جريان اثري بسيار جزئي و بر خصوصيات سرعت اثري تقريبا جزئي دارد. اثر تغيير زبري ديواره ميله هاي شبكه آشغالگير، ديواره تونل، تغيير قطر ميله هاي شبكه آشغالگير، اثر انسداد شبكه آشغالگير به وسيله تنه هاي درخت و تغيير شرايط ورودي و خروجي سرعت و فشار جريان در     بازشدگي هاي مختلف دريچه كشويي از پارامترهاي مهم به عنوان پارامترهاي متغير مقادير اوليه و شرايط مرزي است كه تحليل شدند. مي توان نتيجه گرفت اثر تغييرات جزئي در شرايط مرزي و مقادير اوليه بسيار بيشتر از اثر تغييرات قابل ملاحظه ي محدود در مشخصات سيال خواهد بود. از نتايج ديگر اين پژوهش مي توان به تحليل رفتار سه بعدي جريان در اطراف     ميله هاي شبكه آشغالگير و دريچه كشويي اشاره كرد كه در حالت انسداد يا بسته بودن بيش از يك حد مشخص ( سرعت و فشار اعمالي) موجب پس زدن جريان، آشفتگي ها و نوسانات شديد و در بعضي حالات عدم پايداري و همگرايي معادلات خواهد گشت.

بررسي عددي روش هاي مختلف استهلاك انرژي جريان پايين دست شيب شكن هاي واقع در كانال هاي باز

  پيش بيني بار معلق رسوبات رودخانه قره سو با استفاده از محاسبات نرم

  Nowadays, dams are one of the most important sources   of water supply in drinking, agricultural, industrial sections, energy generation and other water related activities. The development of reservoirs operating policies to meet each of the water requirements is vital. operating policies are in fact guidelines that,   specify the amount of storage, and also the waterrelease to meet needs, seasonal flood control, and other reservoir operating purposes in the intended steps. In reservoirs operating , a high percentage of system reliability is a positive factor, but in arid and semi-arid regions where the amount of discharge into the reservoir has   evere fluctuations, it is reasonable to reduce the system reliability and dercrease the amount   water allocation to the Consumption points ,to prevent the occurrence of critical conditions such as emptying the reservoir. According to the above, optimization of operating policies has become more important as demand grows, especially in dry years, taking into account hedging. Reservoir optimization models have different approaches that the modeling and their assumptions can be   determinative in reservoir operating. In models where the input data of the reservoir is the recorded river data and were assumed definitive, the results of the model are limited to historical data and should be calibrated for new input flows to the reservoir. In these models, ignoring the rules of hedging in arid and semi-arid regions can lead to severe failures in the operating of the reservoir. In this study, which was carried out on Balaroud reservoir dam located in Khuzestan province, the optimization model was based on the new PSO (parametrization-simulation-optimization) method. In this method, considering the stochastic flow conditions, the optimal reservoir ration parameters are determined through the reservoir simulator link (WEAP model) to the NSGA-II multi-objective optimization algorithm. In order to apply the stochastic flow conditions, the inflow into the reservoir ,initially 4800 synthetic monthly times series was generated for each Bootstrap, Thomas and Fiering, Fragment and Valencia-Schaake methods. Then the statistical parameters of the produced series of each method were compared with the historical river series. The results showed that the Fragment method was better than other methods, and the series produced by this method were used to apply the stochastic conditions in the PSO model. In the model, 4800 months for calibration and 372 months for the validation of the model are included. At the end, the results of the PSO model were compared with the results of the standard operating policy (SOP). The results show that the proposed model has been able to manage the allocation in needs of dry months and prevent the reservoir from emptying.

تأمين آب موردنياز كشاورزي، صنعت و آشاميدني نيازمند برنامه­ريزي­هاي دقيق و درازمدت است. با توجه به مشكلاتي از قبيل خشك­ سالي­ها، كمبود بارندگي و مصرف بي­  hy;رويه­ي آب­هاي زير زميني در سال­هاي اخير، اهميت اين موضوع بيشتر شده است. از اين رو پيش­بيني متغيرهاي هيدرولوژيكي به ­منظور مديريت بهره­برداري از منابع آب امري ضروري است كه در اين بين تراز سطح درياچه­  hy;ها به­عنوان يك ميراث طبيعي اهميت ويژه­اي دارد. بدين­منظور استفاده از روش­هايي كه با صرف كمترين وقت و هزينه به دقيق­ترين نتيجه برسد بسيار حائز اهميت است.در اين پايان­نامه مطالعه­اي در رابطه با پيش­بيني تراز سطح درياچه انجام شده­است. اين مطالعه به اين شرح صورت گرفته­است. در ابتدا نرمالسازي داده­هاي تراز سطح درياچه در محدوده   انجام گرفت. پس از آن به انتخاب تركيب ورودي­هاي مختلف با استفاده از همبستگي­نگارها پرداخته شد. نتيجه آن شامل 16 نوع تركيب ورودي متفاوت است. پس از آن با اين 16 نوع تركيب مدلسازي بوسيله روش ELM صورت گرفت. سپس با استفاده از شاخص­هاي آماري، نمودارهاي رگرسيوني و نمودارهاي سري زماني اين 16 مدل با يكديگر مقايسه شدند و بهترين مدل برگزيده شد. مدل برتر در اين پژوهش مدل 3 معرفي شد و در نهايت نتايج اين پژوهش با نتايج ارائه شده محققين در گذشته مقايسه شد. نتيجه اين مقايسه به برتري مدل ارائه شده در اين پايان­نامه انجاميد.

  Open channels from the past are the most effective and optimal sections used in water transmission systems. Among the various methods of water transfer, the use of gravity and the movement of water in a free-flow flow, along with the construction of appropriate canals and hydraulic structures, such as valleys and overflows, are the most commonly used methods for watering and irrigation. Considering channel characteristics, including type, gender, as well as the geometric shape of the channel section, is essential. The most important axis is the design of water channels, the transfer of water from the place of extraction to consumption, with the least losses and the lowest cost of exploitation, which the issues above have made the experts persuaded to revise the design and construction of water channels in scientific circles. This has led to studies on floor coverings and channel walls, manning roughness determination and critical depth determination, since channel deformation increases with sedimentation at the channel floor.  In this research, in order to obtain a clear understanding of the effect of wall and bed roughness on the flow pattern (longitudinal velocity and transverse flow), experiments were conducted on the flow in a direct trapezoidal channel. Variables in this test series are the average velocity (discharge 5, 6.6 and 8.2 L/S), roughness mode (all without roughness, only rough wall and all surface of the roughness channel), roughness (9, 12 and 15 mm) and depth of flow (13 and 16 cm). Speed measurements were made by a two-dimensional electromagnetic speedometer, accurate to 0.001 m/s. An inventive method has been used to measure vertical velocity, which is described in full in Chapter 3. By analyzing and analyzing the results of the experiments, it was found that with increasing average flow velocity, an accidental increase in roughness occurs, and velocity contours rotate away from the rough parts. When the only wall is rough, the contours tend to the middle of the channels width toward the bed, and with the addition of the roughness of the substrate, these contours are removed from the bed and somewhat back to the wall. The increase in average velocity increases the effect of the depth of flow on roughness, which is more tangible for a situation where the only wall of the roughness channel is rough. By increasing the size of the roughness and adding the roughness of the bed, it is observed that the secondary vortex flow moves toward the free surface of the stream and sometimes moves towards the wall, but there are also examples of defects indicating that it is not predictable The phenomenon of product is turbulence

  AbstractIn this study, Boehmite nanoparticles are made by hydrothermal method and then functionalized with (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) by an inert solvent method (ALOOH@APTES) then ALOOH@APTES functionalized with salicylaldehyde (salicyl Schiff - Base functionalized boehmite or   ). The Boehmite functionalized Nano particles were used as a new Nano filler for preparation of nanocomposite membranes based on Polyether sulfone by phase inversion to remove heavy metal ions. FTIR، XRD، FE-SEM، AFM and CA analyses have been done to investigate the structure of nanoparticles and their effect on membrane properties, whey filtration and feed filtration including single solutions of copper sulfate, nickel sulfate, zinc sulfate and Plumbum nitrate in ion-free water at 100 ppm concentration. The results showed that Boehmite functionalized Nano particles in polyether sulfone membrane increased flux and improved removal for the heavy metal ions including nickel, Plumbum, zinc and copper than bare PES. Nanoparticle’ s desire to bond each other on membrane surface By creating interconnected networks make traps for trapping metal ions. By increasing the percentage of Nano particles in the casting solution, agglomeration of Nano particles causes reducing flux and increasing the percentage of removal. The results of the purification showed that membrane with 1Wt. % of    with 93/4% copper removal, 97/85% Plumbum removal, 98/1% Zinc removal, 11/1 Kg/m2h flux and 90% FRR is the best membrane for Cu, Pb and zinc removal. This membranes ability to remove nickel is better than other structured membranes but it isn’t desirable economically.

  The dependence of the soils behavior on time may lead to structural and chemical changes in chemical and mechanical processes that lead to softening, hardening, loss of adhesion between particles, cementation, or changes in conductivity properties. The need to predict the properties and behavior that will occur in months or years will be a major engineering challenge. Time dependence can be attributed to the effect of long-term structural summation on the density of the earth, the deformation of ground structures, natural movements, and the drilling of slopes. In this study, the stability of sand gravel that is exposed to water flow has been evaluated over time. This analysis has been performed using both laboratory and numerical methods that have good and acceptable compliance. Also, the effect of resistance parameters (adhesion and friction angle) and slope angle have been evaluated by numerical modeling. The new relation presented from numerical results by using multiple regression shows an acceptable match, so that the overall relation presented with R ^ 2 = 0.86 shows good results.

  AbstractCollision of two flow in open channelsand its three-dimensional dynamic effectonthe on the sedimentation and distribution of water is a common phenomenon in natural rivers, irrigation and drainage networks, collect and guideof surface water systems, sewer and etc. Junctio  ecause of the effects on the flow structure including sediment tra  ort, results of measurement and pollutiondistribution in flow have an important effect in hydraulic engineering and this factorshave becomejunctionto the routine structures.Complex hydrodynamic of flow at the junctionsare dependent on many geometry and hydraulic parameters such ascollision of two channels angle, channel shape, slope, Froude number, Reynolds number, discharge ratio and the ratio of channel width.In this study, in order to reach a clear understanding of the physics governing on the flow field in open channel junction by a FLOW-3D software, VOF method and the RNG k-? turbulence model flow field in 90   junction in open channel numerical simulation and by using results of experimental studies, the results of numerical solution has been validated.Comparison between numerical results and laboratory measurements indicatedthe capability of numerical model for simulation of three-dimensional flow pattern in open channel junctions.The purpose of this studyputting obstaclein tributary channelto prevent sediment tra  ort from tributary-channel to main channel and reduce pollution in the main channel.In this study, aobstacle placed in the tributary-channel and to examine the various parameters of flow and compare this model to the simple junction.In this thesis tried that the influence of the obstaclewith 10 cm width at three points of tributary-channelsand at a height of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 m have be monitored on velocity parameters, shear stress, Froude number, water level changesAnd is trying to with transfer the obstacle with 10 cm width at various points of tributary-channelsand changes elevation that lead to an optimal model to be more appropriate hydraulic conditions.At first aobstaclewas placed at the end of tributary-channels by adding different width and 0.1 height and0.25 ratio of discharge that modeling and analysis by Flow-3d software and to more analyze and evaluate after the specified width, height change effects in different points of the tributary-channel is checked.After reviewing the results of model with obstaclein height and different point of tributary-channels,the model by the obstacle height determined where the hydraulic conditions more efficient than mode simple junction was selected.

  umerical Study Of the Effect of Local Change of Channel Width On Flow Pattern In Open-Channel Junction

  owadays, according to the importance of water, flood and Hydrological problems, studying on these issues are essential. There are many studies were tried to employ the Regression between the maximum flow rate of a floodwater and region characteristics. In these studies, the problems with reaching to a general relation between the maximum flow rate of a floodwater and region characteristics are the results of the failure of key variables. The goal of this study is getting the relation between the maximum flow rate of catchment regions for Lorestan with physical and climatic parameters of these catchment regions. I this research 67 parameters have been used which they are related to the catchment regions (Morphometric features of regions, river network, focus time and climatic parameters) and finally using factor analysis technic these parameters decreased to 10 more effective parameters (12-20 percent slope area, the slope average, direct height, slope deviation, slenderness ratio, minimum slope, impure slope of the mainstream, the surface area of the region and Williams focus time). In factor analysis considering to the special amount and percentage of the cumulative variance the number of factors has been reduced from 7 to 5 factors. Therefore, by the use of four MSA methods has been exploited. In the first method for the best parameter selection using matrixes has been decided but considering the linear dependency that exists between the parameters, this method has been rejected. In the second method among the parameters that are related to the catchment regions, each parameter with the maximum coefficient factor has been chosen as the main parameter. Thus, considering the amount of the amount KMO coefficient, the impact of the other parameters on main parameters has been analyzed. In the third method among the five reached factors each parameter that emits the most coefficient factor could be chosen as the main parameter then the other parameters considering the amount of KMO coefficient should be analyzed. In the fourth method, the first 15 parameters that have the most coefficient factor has been chosen as the main parameters then again the rest of parameters considering the amount of KMO coefficient have been analyzed.To do more analysis in catchment regions and achieving the maximum flow rate for a floodwater in a year, two different scenarios (without clustering, clustering based on effective parameters) has been applied that could be considered for the hydrologic homogeneity of the catchment regions. Therefore, by the use of the clustering analysis, the separated groups for scenarios have been created and each group by the use of detection function has been evaluated. Regarding the results from the different scenarios, it seems that in achieved models employing clustering analysis, considering the amount of VIF and multi-variable regression results validation it is shown that a better explaining factor could be obtained. Eventually, the third method of factor analysis regarding the achieved multi-variable regression results has been chosen as the best method.  Keywords: the maximum flow rate of floodwater; Lorestan; factor analysis, homogeneous regio   multi-variable regression; clustering technic.