In the era of digital transformation, smart governance has emerged as a modern paradigm in public management and policymaking — a paradigm that, by leveraging emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, the Internet of Things, blockchain, and cloud computing, enables the design and implementation of data?driven, tra  arent, accountable, and participatory decision?making systems. This study aims to define the key indicators and dimensions of smart governance — including tra  arency, accountability, effectiveness, justice, sustainability, and citizen participation — and to analyze practical models such as e?government, the participatory model, the data?driven model, and smart urban governance. Furthermore, the study examines applications of smart governance in critical areas such as healthcare, education, security, environment, energy, diplomacy, and urban management. Through a comparative analysis of the experiences of leading countries — including the United States, China, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom — the research explores the opportunities, challenges, and requirements for implementing smart governance in Iran and proposes policy and technical solutions for its realization. The findings of this study can provide both theoretical and practical foundations for improving the quality of governance and enhancing sustainable development indicators in the country.   

   The rapid growth of social commerce as an emerging branch of e-commerce has created extensive opportunities for businesses and users. However, this expansion has been accompanied by a significant rise in cybercrime incidents, exposing users to serious security challenges. The increasing sophistication of malicious behaviors, the exploitation of emerging technologies by cyber attackers, users’ limited cybersecurity awareness, and the absence of adequate security infrastructures are among the key factors that heighten the vulnerability of social commerce environments. Accordingly, the primary objective of this study is to identify the major challenges contributing to cybercrime occurrence in social commerce and to propose effective countermeasures with a specific emphasis on user empowerment. This research adopts a mixed-method approach (qualitative–quantitative). In the qualitative phase, a systematic content analysis of authoritative sources along with expert consultation through the Delphi method was conducted to identify the most influential challenges and components. Subsequently, in the quantitative phase, the extracted factors were evaluated using a structured questionnaire and statistical analysis to determine the significance and impact of each variable on social commerce security. The findings reveal seven key components—user awareness and training, security infrastructures and technologies, user trust and interaction, legal and policy-related challenges, technical challenges and specific cyberattacks, user empowerment, human-resource-related factors, and emerging technologies—that play a critical role in both enabling and mitigating cyber threats. The results indicate that user empowerment across three core dimensions—enhancing digital and security literacy, improving threat-detection capabilities, and promoting safe behavioral practices in online social interactions—can substantially reduce the likelihood of users becoming victims of cybercrime. Furthermore, strategies such as developing targeted educational programs, designing user-centric security mechanisms, strengthening protective regulations, and employing advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence for threat monitoring are essential for establishing a secure social commerce ecosystem. Ultimately, the conceptual model proposed in this research can serve as a practical framework for platforms, policymakers, and businesses operating in the field of social commerce and contribute meaningfully to reducing cybercrime and improving user security.

The main goal of e-government is to create an electronic city that uses digital services based on need. Governments play an important role in protecting property rights, providing infrastructure, functioning of monetary, financial and human resources markets, monitoring economic activities and controlling corruption. This research is an applied research based on the purpose, a descriptive research based on data collection and a quantitative and qualitative research based on the approach or methodology. In this research, content analysis and Delphi methods are used to collect data.  

   Today, unemployment is a major economic challenge in Iran, significantly impacting the country's economic performance and creating various economic difficulties. E-commerce, as a sector influenced by technological advancements, plays a substantial role in generating new employment opportunities for the economy. However, the development of this sector is not solely dependent on the level of a country's digitalization but is also related to the speed of technology adoption and its integration into business environments.E-commerce has led to the formation of new businesses and is characterized by the diminished role of distance, reduced transaction costs, facilitated information gathering, balanced supply and demand, decreased need for intermediaries, and reduced necessity for physical presence. As a symbol of the modern economy, e-commerce is considered one of the most critical drivers of societal progress and holds a significant share in global trade.The objective of this research is to examine the effect of e-commerce development on employment in Iran using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and the EViews software. For this purpose, monthly data from the years 2015 to 2023 (1394 to 1402 in the Persian calendar) has been utilized. This study is descriptive in nature and applied in terms of its purpose. The current research is based on the hypothesis that e-commerce development has a positive effect on employment. Therefore, considering the positive impact of e-commerce on Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the estimation results indicate that the development of e-commerce has had a positive effect on employment in Iran.

  Today, trade openness is considered as one of the fundamental pillars in the process of economic globalization and the development of e-business. Reducing trade barriers and increasing international interactions not only provide the basis for the transfer of new technologies and increasing access to global markets, but also improve productivity, increase competitiveness, reduce transaction costs, and expand innovation opportunities. These factors, along with the expansion of digital infrastructure and the growth of e-commerce, can directly affect the improvement of social welfare indicators and the achievement of sustainable development. In this regard, the present study examines the impact of trade openness on the development of e-business in Iran and analyzes the relationships between key variables of the digital economy and international trade using the ARDL econometric model. The research findings showed that investment in digital infrastructure, improving the quality of communication services, and paying attention to the principles of sustainable development play a fundamental role in the growth of e-commerce in Iran. However, the results obtained indicate that trade openness in the current conditions of Iran has not had a significant effect on the expansion of e-commerce and the increase in the number of businesses with the electronic trust symbol (Einmod). This is due to several key factors: first, extensive sanctions and restrictions on trade and financial exchanges that have prevented Iran from taking advantage of the potential capacities of trade openness. second, the structural dependence of the economy on natural resources, especially oil and gas, and the fragility of the domestic economy against fluctuations in global energy prices. third, institutional and infrastructural weaknesses in areas such as tra  ortation, logistics, the banking system, and access to new technologies. At the same time, additional studies show that trade openness can indirectly and in the long term affect the development of e-commerce by facilitating technology transfer, increasing knowledge-based interactions, and creating competition in domestic markets. However, the realization of these effects requires the removal of structural barriers, institutional reforms, and improvement of international relations. Accordingly, the research results emphasize that policymakers, in addition to pursuing the expansion of trade interactions, should pay special attention to developing information technology infrastructure, strengthening the financial and banking system, and enhancing the competitive capabilities of domestic firms so that the positive effects of trade openness on e-commerce in Iran become apparent.

   On the one hand, the world is developing and the role of information and communication technology (ICT) and e-commerce is increasing day by day, and on the other hand, the environmental issue is an important issue at the global level. The aim of this study is to investigate the direct and indirect effects of information and communication technology on carbon dioxide emissions of large Asian emitters. This study uses panel econometrics to examine the relationship between information and communication technology and environmental quality in selected Asian countries over the period 1990-2022. The selected Asian countries are: China, India, Japan, Iran, Indonesia, South Korea, Saudi Arabia, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Kazakhstan, United Arab Emirates, Pakistan, Iraq, Philippines, Uzbekistan, Bangladesh, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, which respectively have the largest share in CO2 emissions in the world. In this study, the ICT indicators are: fixed telephone, mobile, Internet. The results of the cross-sectional dependence test indicate the existence of cross-sectional dependence between countries. In accordance with result of the result of unit root test, the cointegration test is used to examine the existence of a long-run relationship between the research variables. The results of this test indicate the existence of a long-run relationship between the model variables. Given the existence of   heterogeneity and autocorrelation, the FGLS estimator is used to estimate the model. According to the results obtained, renewable energy significantly reduces carbon dioxide and helps improve environmental quality. The N-shaped environmental Kuznets curve is confirmed in these countries. The results show that the direct effects of ICT indicators on carbon dioxide emissions are negative and significant, and the indirect effects from the trade channel are positive and significant. The net effect is negative and significant up to the threshold level of trade. At the threshold level, the net effect is zero and becomes positive after that. It is suggested to policymakers to consider information and communication technology and its benefits in formulating measures for sustainable development programs. It is also recommended that as economies move towards globalization and increased trade, the use of renewable energy instead of fossil energy is recommended.

  This study is focused on designing an electronic

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   اين رساله به بررسي نقش انرژي خورشيدي در كاهش مصرف انرژي ساختمان پرداخته است، در قدم اول اين پژوهش به بررسي روشنايي طبيعي ساختمان پرداخت شد و با اختصاص دادن 30 درصد بازشو به پوسته هاي خارجي بنا مقدار روشنايي طبيعي مطلوبي كه در حد استاندارد LEED باشد براي ساختمان تامين گرديد. در قدم بعدي عايق كاري جدارهاي خارجي انجام گرديد و مشخص شد استفاده از عايق هاي حرارتي مي توانند نياز ساختمان به انرژي را كاهش دهند در همين راستا پنجره هاي ساختمان نيز از حالت تك جداره به دو جداره تغيير كرد و با احداث دو مدل سايبان بر روي پنجره ها تلاش شد كه مصرف الكتريسيته كه جهت خنك سازي بنا استفاده مي شد با اين راهكار كاهش يابد. همچنين با استفاده از ديوار ترومب و ايجاد تهويه طبيعي در ساختمان مقداري ديگر از انرژي مصرفي در ساختمان كاهش يافت و در آخر با هوشمند سازي تجهيزات الكتريكي ساختمان، استفاده از تاسيسات سرمايي و گرمايي با راندامان بالا و جايگزين كردن آنها با سيستم ها با كارايي كمتر مقدار مصرف انرژي را كاهش داد. در نهايت با قرار دادن سلول‌هاي خورشيدي بر روي بام بخش زيادي از انرژي مورد نياز ساختمان تامين و مقدار توليد كربن دي‌اكسيد بنا نيز منفي شده است. در انتهاي رساله اعتبارسنجي طراحي پژوهش صورت گرفت و ساختمان طراحي شده با ساختمان واقعي كه هر دو در يك اقليم و شهر قرار داشتند مقايسه شدند و نتايج نشان داد كه با استفاده از راهكارهاي استفاده شده در اين پژوهش مي توان مصرف برق ساختمان را 3 درصد افزايش و مصرف گاز را 86 درصد كاهش داد. كاهش كلي ساختمان با استفاده از راهكارهايي گفته شده 75 درصد مي باشد. اين رساله به بررسي نقش انرژي خورشيدي در كاهش مصرف انرژي ساختمان پرداخته است، در قدم اول اين پژوهش به بررسي روشنايي طبيعي ساختمان پرداخت شد و با اختصاص دادن 30 درصد بازشو به پوسته هاي خارجي بنا مقدار روشنايي طبيعي مطلوبي كه در حد استاندارد LEED باشد براي ساختمان تامين گرديد. در قدم بعدي عايق كاري جدارهاي خارجي انجام گرديد و مشخص شد استفاده از عايق هاي حرارتي مي توانند نياز ساختمان به انرژي را كاهش دهند در همين راستا پنجره هاي ساختمان نيز از حالت تك جداره به دو جداره تغيير كرد و با احداث دو مدل سايبان بر روي پنجره ها تلاش شد كه مصرف الكتريسيته كه جهت خنك سازي بنا استفاده مي شد با اين راهكار كاهش يابد. همچنين با استفاده از ديوار ترومب و ايجاد تهويه طبيعي در ساختمان مقداري ديگر از انرژي مصرفي در ساختمان كاهش يافت و در آخر با هوشمند سازي تجهيزات الكتريكي ساختمان، استفاده از تاسيسات سرمايي و گرمايي با راندامان بالا و جايگزين كردن آنها با سيستم ها با كارايي كمتر مقدار مصرف انرژي را كاهش داد. در نهايت با قرار دادن سلول‌هاي خورشيدي بر روي بام بخش زيادي از انرژي مورد نياز ساختمان تامين و مقدار توليد كربن دي‌اكسيد بنا نيز منفي شده است. در انتهاي رساله اعتبارسنجي طراحي پژوهش صورت گرفت و ساختمان طراحي شده با ساختمان واقعي كه هر دو در يك اقليم و شهر قرار داشتند مقايسه شدند و نتايج نشان داد كه با استفاده از راهكارهاي استفاده شده در اين پژوهش مي توان مصرف برق ساختمان را 3 درصد افزايش و مصرف گاز را 86 درصد كاهش داد. كاهش كلي ساختمان با استفاده از راهكارهايي گفته شده 75 درصد مي باشد.

   The current research was carried out with the aim of analyzing the challenges of developing electronic businesses in the context of domestic social networks. The research is practical in terms of purpose and has used the mixed research method. The community in the qualitative and quantitative part of the research includes managers and practitioners of electronic businesses active in Iranian social networks, which were conducted using the snowball sampling method in the qualitative part of 18 in-depth semi-structured interviews. And in the quantitative section, 50 samples of experts in this field with the most expertise were selected. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was verified by experts in the qualitative section by selecting a suitable sample and reviewing the participants, and in the quantitative section, the questionnaire was confirmed by experts, and the reliability was also measured and confirmed through Cronbach's alpha (0.71%). In the qualitative section, the codes were checked and extracted using the content analysis method. The findings indicate the extraction of 7 main categories and 20 sub-categories. The main categories are; Challenges related to users are infrastructural and technical, laws, Iranian social networks, management, human and economic weakness. is The findings of the qualitative part were prioritized with the help of the Friedman test method, and according to the analysis, based on the results obtained from the Friedman ranking test of 79 factors under investigation, the factors; Absence of regulatory laws with a rating (09/64), causing disturbance to the contacts of social networks with a rating (13/63), lack of public acceptance of these networks with a rating (06/62), poor technical infrastructure with a rating (62/05), the audience's lack of security trust in domestic social networks with a rating (61/87), the multitude of rated social networks (61/31) and the low knowledge of experts in the field of social networks with a rating (67/60) were introduced as having the highest priority according to the respondents and the factors; The difficulty of user entering Iranian networks with a rating (17/49), the lack of familiarity of activists with these networks with a rating (12/25), information theft with a rating (25/27), the challenge of being more expensive and unstable Iranian server with a rating (25/29), failure to update these networks on time with a rating (25/33); Inaccuracy in choosing the media with a rating of (25/41) and weakness in the consequences of mistakes in networks with a rating of (25/78) had the lowest priority according to the respondents.

  This research has investigated and implemented a combined model of fuzzy logic and decision tree to diagnose heart disease using medical data of 920 patients (UCI database). After reviewing and preparing the data, the information of 304 patients were selected as complete data, and their quantification and normalization process was performed with the Min-Max method. The local database of the deputy scene hospital was also used to complete the model. The decision tree model was extracted with an accuracy of 78.30% and the area under the ROC chart equal to 0.798, but the classification error was reported as 22.36%. According to the decision tree, the fuzzy inference system was implemented with 9 inputs and 12 fuzzy rules. Then, the combined decision tree-fuzzy inference system model was implemented with 70 hospital data and evaluated with 35 new data. The results showed that the model was able to achieve an overall accuracy of 91.43% in data classification. The sensitivity of the model was 89.47% and 93.75% for the diagnosis of healthy people and heart patients, respectively. Comparison with other methods showed that the proposed model has a higher accuracy between 1 and 12% than the support vector machine, artificial neural network and k-nearest neighbor methods. The results of this research showed that the use of local data tailored to the specific characteristics of each region can improve the accuracy of machine learning models in medical applications. The combined decision tree-fuzzy model with high accuracy and simplicity in implementation was introduced as an effective tool for diagnosing heart diseases.

  Like many economic sectors of the country, startups in general and internet startups in Iran face many challenges and problems in the way of formation and development. In line with these challenges, the current research seeks to identify and prioritize the factors that harm the formation and development of internet startups in Iran. Identifying the dimensions of harmful factors on the development of Internet startups, identifying harmful components in each dimension, identifying harmful indicators in each component, and finally prioritizing the most important harmful factors on the development of Internet startups are the goals of this research. . The research methodology is applied in terms of purpose, in terms of qualitative data nature (content analysis and Delphi) and in terms of data collection method, it is a descriptive research. In order to collect data, first by reviewing the theoretical foundations and background of previous researches using the content analysis method, the obstacles to the development of Internet startups in Iran were identified and through the Delphi method, the obstacles were confirmed and prioritized. The statistical population in the content analysis method included all reviewed articles and researches in the field of Internet startups, and the texts that were most related to the research subject were selected. The statistical population in the Delphi method included 21 executive experts who were active in the field of Internet startups and academic experts in the field of technology and entrepreneurship who were selected by purposive sampling and then snowball until saturation was reached. The findings of the research show that in the content analysis method, 60 indicators were extracted to examine the obstacles to the development of internet startups in Iran and they entered the Delphi stage. In two Delphi rounds, 16 indicators were added to the indicators by experts. And out of a total of 76 indicators, only 3 indicators were not approved by the experts. The proposed model of this research includes 8 dimensions, 40 components and 73 indicators.

   Abstract Due to its historical, natural and cultural attractions, Iran has pristine and unique grounds for the development of tourism. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of designing and evaluating a model for the development of ecotourism internet businesses with a mixed approach. The study population of this research in the qualitative part included all the experts in this field and the statistical population in the quantitative part was the owners of eco-tourism businesses active in the Instagram social network. The participants in the qualitative section were selected using the targeted sampling method in the number of 20 people, and in the quantitative section, they were 185 people, of which 150 responded. In order to collect data in the qualitative part, a semi-structured interview was used. The interviews were finally categorized in the form of 116 codes in 14 subcategories and 5 main categories using the three-step coding method; And then, in the quantitative part, the researcher-made questionnaire was divided among the statistical sample of the quantitative part after validation. Then, using the structural equation model and Amose22 software, the model extracted from the qualitative part was validated. The findings showed that in the category of causal conditions, there were sub-categories of factors related to platform, content and access, also in the category of contextual conditions, there were sub-categories of technological and executive factors, and also in the category of intervening conditions, there were sub-categories of policy, legal, cultural and social. And the categories of strategies, including improving financial activities, improving technological promotion, improving customer-oriented strategies, and the categories of consequences, including job productivity, continuity of communication with customers, all have a direct impact on the ecotourism internet business development model. In the quantitative part, the identified categories were able to explain about 36% of the variance of the dependent variable. Attention and planning to improve the identified variables for ecotourism business owners can improve these businesses. Keywords: active e-businesses, tourism industry, social networks.. Abstract

   Background and objectives: With the advancement of digital technology, industries are increasingly utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to reduce human costs and enhance efficiency. In recent years, AI-powered customer services, such as smart robots, voice recognition, and other intelligent technologies, have been widely employed in the customer service industry. Furthermore, due to the significant increase in the number of users, continuous expansion of customer consultations, staff shortages, low work efficiency, repetitive manual errors in business, and other challenges, the importance of AI-powered customer services is growing day by day. Understanding the significance of innovation in services through AI technology is crucial because customer satisfaction is a significant outcome of service innovation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the factors influencing customer satisfaction with AI-powered customer services in online shopping. Research Methodology: This study is applied in terms of objective, descriptive-survey in terms of data collection method, and mixed-methods in terms of data type. The qualitative part of the study involved reviewing 90 articles and extracting dimensions and relevant codes through content analysis. In the quantitative part, a 31-item questionnaire using a 7-point Likert scale was distributed among a statistical population of 55 experts and specialists in the field of artificial intelligence. The questionnaire's validity was assessed using face validity and confirmatory factor analysis, and its reliability was evaluated through calculating McDonald's omega (0/703) and Cronbach's alpha coefficients. Additionally, the structural equation modeling (SEM) technique was employed using SmartPLS software version 4 to estimate, fit, and evaluate the research model. Findings: The research findings, based on a combination of three dimensions, nine concepts, and 50 codes, revealed that the components include perceived usefulness, user characteristics (optimism, innovativeness, discomfort, and insecurity), and system characteristics (response time, accuracy, and ease of use). The results of this study based on the hypotheses indicated a significant positive relationship between perceived usefulness and customer satisfaction. Additionally, optimism had a positive and significant effect on perceived usefulness, while user discomfort had a negative impact on perceived usefulness. The other components did not have a significant effect on perceived usefulness and customer satisfaction in this study. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that perceived usefulness enhances customer satisfaction with AI-powered online shopping services. Furthermore, user optimism increases perceived usefulness, ultimately leading to higher customer satisfaction. On the other hand, user discomfort diminishes perceived usefulness, resulting in decreased customer satisfaction with online shopping. Consequently, several recommendations were proposed to enhance customer satisfaction, perceived usefulness, and user optimism, as well as reduce user discomfort. These recommendations include providing training for users, offering practical examples of AI utilization, improving user interfaces, providing feedback to users, promoting a culture of AI service usage through advertisements in public media and social networks, implementing security measures, offering multiple options for interacting with AI systems, conducting surveys, and providing a contact option with operators, among others.

The main goal of the current research was to design a model in line with the development of organizational entrepreneurship with an open innovation approach in the Ilam Gas Refinery. In order to achieve the goal in the present study, a sequential exploratory combined method was used, and the data were collected in two stages. In the qualitative phase, the required data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with 30 experts in the form of the Foundation's data approach. In this section, in order to check the validity of the combination of the four-stage framework and the six key questions model, and the within-subject agreement method was used to check the reliability, and finally, the data was collected and using the systematic plan of Strauss and Corbin, the codes and components of the organizational entrepreneurship development model with an innovation approach were used. It was obtained again and compiled in the form of a conceptual data model of the foundation. With the participation of experts in the field of entrepreneurship and innovation management at Razi University of Kermanshah and the senior management staff of Ilam Gas Refinery, a questionnaire was designed and distributed among the administrative staff of Ilam Gas Refinery through a random sampling method. In the quantitative phase of the research, using the confirmatory factor analysis method and the use of factor load criteria, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, composite reliability, average variance explained and the significance level of Bartlett's test, the validity of each of the components of the obtained model was examined in the qualitative part. found that the results indicated the validity of all components of the paradigm model. The findings of the research indicate that the causal conditions include the components of aggressive competition, entrepreneurial opportunism, knowledge acquisition, development of innovation resources and reduction of the cost of imitation, strategies also have the components of promoting internal and external partnerships, developing extra-organizational communication networks, improving infrastructures. technological organization, promotion of entrepreneurial behavior indicators in the organization, active cooperation in environmental innovation networks and effective knowledge management in the context of organizational digital literacy components, commitment and participation of human resources, innovative policy making, flexibility of organizational boundaries and risk culture Adaptability and creativity in the part of intervening conditions are also the components of open data culture, governance regulatory status, the level of financial and spiritual support of the government, the ruling view towards fundamental partnerships and the intellectual property exchange process, and finally, in the consequences part, the components of innovation governance in processes organization, improving the learning ability of the organization, effective management of market turbulence, improving the innovative performance of the organization, and maintaining and promoting sustainable factors of competitive advantage. Based on the obtained results, the realization of the development of organizational entrepreneurship with an open innovation approach requires synergy and fundamental partnerships between the key players of the open innovation ecosystem and adjusting or strengthening some of the structural variables that the decision makers of the organization can take into consideration and adopt favorable policies. In order to improve the necessary conditions for the realization of organizational entrepreneurship with an open innovation approach.  

The current study is a survey-analytical study that aims to investigate the relationship between supply chain information management and information system infrastructures with production performance, taking into account the moderating role of supply chain integration. The statistical population of this research is made up of all the people familiar with the process of production, sampling method was also used. The reliability of the questionnaire wasoperation, maintenance and working of all small and medium businesses active in Kermanshah province, whose number is equal to 2928, which according to Cochran's formula, the sample size is equal to 339.71 people. Considering the possibility of some questionnaires being unusable, 350 questionnaires were distributed, of which 340 questionnaires were usable, and simple random confirmed by Cronbach's alpha, and its validity was confirmed by the validity technique of content validity ratio and content validity index. The structural equation modeling technique (SmartPLS software) was used to test the research hypotheses. The research findings showed that supply chain information management has a significant effect on supply chain integrity. Supply chain information management has a significant effect on production performance. The infrastructure of the supply chain information system had a significant impact on the integrity of the supply chain. The effect of supply chain information system infrastructure on production performance was significant. The integration of the supply chain had a significant effect on the production performance of the company. The mediation of supply chain integration between supply chain information management and production performance of the company had a significant effect, and finally, supply chain integration had a significant effect between supply chain information system infrastructure and production performance, which mediates.

  چكيده امروزه سرمايه اجتماعي نقش بسيار مهمتر از سرمايه فيزيكي و انساني در جوامع ايفا مي كند و شبكه هاي روابط جمعي و گروهي انسجام بخش ميان انسانها و سازمانهاست . از اين رو در غياب سرمايه اجتماعي، ساير سرمايه ها اثربخشي خود را از دست مي دهند و بدون سرمايه اجتماعي پيمودن راههاي توسعه و تكامل فرهنگي و اقتصادي ناهموار و دشوار مي شود و با تغيرات نرخ ارز در ارتباط است . لذا در مطالعه حاضر به بررسي تاثير تغييرات نرخ ارز بر سرمايه اجتماعي پرداخته شده است. تحقيق به لحاظ هدف از نوع مطالعات كاربردي و به لحاظ روش تحقيق از نوع مطالعات توصيفي – همبستگي مي باشد. از بين كليه شركتهاي پذيرفته شده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران با توجه به شرايط ورود به مطالعه در طي سالهاي 1376 تا 1396 تعداد 95 شركت به روش حذف سيستماتيك انتخاب شدند . نتايج نشان مي دهد كه تغييرات نرخ ارز بر سرمايه اجتماعي ساختاري، شناختي و رابطه اي در شركتهاي پذيرفته شده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران تاثير معني داري وجود دارد.

  urpose: The present research was conducted with the purpose of presenting the conceptual model of entrepreneurial university with a skill approach in Iraqi students of Razi University. Method: This research is exploratory in terms of its purpose and practical in terms of its use. The implementation method of this research is database. The statistical population of this research included experts, professors in the field of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs. The required data were collected using targeted sampling with the snowball method and semi-structured in-depth interviews with experts. Max Kyuda version 22 software was used for data analysis. . Based on the results of the research, the causal, contextual, intervening factors, main phenomenon and strategies and consequences were identified during three stages of open, central and selective coding using MAXQDA 2022 software. Findings: The findings showed that the obtained categories were categorized under 31 sub-categories and 12 main categories in 6 main categories, which causal factors include; Infrastructural factors and human factors, the central category including organizational factors and structural factors; The strategies mentioned monitoring and implementation and technology. Background conditions have been emphasized on organizational attitudes, beliefs and strategies, and include intervening conditions, legal factors, and political factors. Also, the consequences included financial and social factors. Results: Creating and expanding academic entrepreneurship requires simultaneous attention to all structural, content and contextual aspects. In addition to this, the implementation of the entrepreneurial university model requires the formulation of entrepreneurial policies and perspectives, conducting internal and external studies, the formulation of specific strategic and operational plans for each university, and the continuous implementation and evaluation of these plans.

  This study was

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   Abstract Mental models and beliefs that result from the human cognitive system and learning lead to the formation of institutions. Institutions determine the scope of choices and decision-making of individuals and societies and the fate of the development of societies. Therefore, it is necessary to modify them to realize development. Since people are born in a world full of institutions, their mental models get used to common institutions from the birth moment, and consequently, they do not recognize the problems of ineffective institutions to resolve them. This is the main obstacle to the development of developing countries. Hence, this paper attempts to find a solution to empower and increase people's cognition and knowledge. The data were collected by the library-documentary method, and descriptive-analytical method and content analysis method were used to analyze the data. According to the findings of the paper, critical thinking can lead to institutional modifications by empowering rational thinking, evaluating inferences and beliefs, and providing a ground for changing mental models and beliefs, which ultimately help provide necessary prerequisites for development. Also, considering the three reasons of the importance of critical thinking, the formation of personality in the first years of life, the permanence and better consolidation of what is learned in the mind, if the education starts from childhood, the best time for teaching evaluative thinking is the elementary education stage. In order to examine the current status of teaching critical thinking in elementary school, in this treatise, the first to sixth science books of this stage and the sixth book of thinking and research are. were subject to content analysis in terms of training this content. In the science books of this stage, low-level skills of critical thinking such as analysis and inference have been given, but little attention has been paid to other skills. In the book of thinking and research, good attention has been paid to some high-level elements of critical thinking such as evaluation. More attention should be paid to other important skills such as identifying assumptions.

the changes in technology in the last decade, the way of supplying and sellingproducts is very different from the past. Nowadays, one of the most populartools for communicating with customers and advertising products is using socialnetworks. One of the important topics propounded in the field of electronicmarketing is the discussion of loyalty. With the spread of e-commerce, one ofthe challenges in electronic stores is that commercial businesses face manycompetitors and customer loyalty is low. Customer loyalty in public andelectronic loyalty, in particular, are less studied topics; This gap isespecially more serious in the theoretical literature of the marketing field inthe country. Therefore, the upcoming research aims to examine the effects ofmarketing in the platform of social networks and customer experience onrelationship quality and electronic loyalty by using a descriptive-surveyresearch method. The method of collecting information is a combination oflibrary research and field research. A questionnaire was used to collect data,the reliability coefficient of which was obtained by calculating Cronbach'salpha of 0.79, and the validity of the questionnaire was investigated via facevalidity. A statistical sample of 394 people was extracted based on Cochran'sformula from the statistical population including all followers of tourismpages and handicrafts online stores on the Instagram social network in a simplerandom sampling method. The data analysis method is structural equationsmodeling which is done with LISREL software. In summary, the findings of thisresearch confirm the fact that marketing in the context of social networks andcustomer experience has a positive and meaningful effect on the quality of therelationship. Also, relationship quality has a positive and meaningful effecton electronic loyalty intention. Thus, observance of basic and fundamental issues inrelation to customers, employment of experienced and trained administrators tocommunicate with customers, accurate recognition of the target audience,cooperation with influencers, coverage of business news, representingattractive aspects of business, and continuing to produce and publish content,especially Video content and two-way interaction with customers are recommended.to businesses that act in social networks.    

   The concern of knowing and mastering the future has always been one of the inherent curiosities of mankind; Curiosity that is mixed with financial interests has increased its value. The science of futurology deals with knowing and discovering the future with a practical view. This approach requires every business today. The present study was conducted with the aim of future research of the health products market of knowledge-based companies in Kermanshah province. The research approach used is mixed. The statistical sample of the research included 16 experts from knowledge-based companies that produce health products, who were selected based on the purposeful snowball sampling method. In various parts of the research, as needed, various tools such as in-depth semi-structured interview, group discussion, review of documents and questionnaires were used. The findings of the first stage of this study were based on the identification of 24 key indicators, which were categorized into four categories of opportunities, threats, strengths and weaknesses according to the SWOT matrix, and subsequently the market development strategy was formulated and presented. Using the Delphi-fuzzy analysis approach, the most important strategies for planning in the future for the development of markets were identified and prioritized in 32 strategies, which were divided into 8 categories. The results indicate that the knowledge-based companies that produce health products in Kermanshah province should continuously analyze the environment and market with appropriate planning to create valuable resources in the future, have a successful presence in domestic and foreign markets, and effectively deal with sanctions. As well as dealing efficiently with unexpected events, and besides developing knowledge and new technologies, they should give importance to employing expert and efficient people, especially in the field of marketing.

University graduates are often sent to the job market with the aim of playing a role in the majority of abilities and knowledge. What is taught during education should create changes in people's insight, knowledge and skills so that after education, the needs of the society can be answered. Apart from the quantity of graduates, there must be quality and harmony between what is needed and what is taught; But one of the issues that the education system of many countries of the world is facing is the degree of matching the needs of society with the education of universities and educational centers.   The issue that can be raised is that in many cases, these requirements are not related to the acquired knowledge and skills of the graduates, or the emerging needs due to environmental changes suggest the need to change the existing fields or create new fields. Based on this, changing the title or contents of courses and creating interdisciplinary courses is a solution to overcome these problems. This research is carried out in order to examine the degree of conformity of the real needs of the labor market with the characteristics of management graduates, and it is faced with the problem that to what extent the characteristics of university graduates in the management field are compatible with the market needs? If there is a difference between the market's needs and the output of the universities, what measures should be taken to close this gap? The current research is a type of applied research that has been done with both quantitative and qualitative methods. In the qualitative section, after interviewing 17 experts in educational fields, and open, central and selective coding on the interviews, finally a conceptual model was drawn for the development of additional technical education in the university. Data collection in the qualitative part continued with the snowball method until theoretical saturation was reached. After drawing the conceptual model, structural equation method was used to verify the model with smart pls software. The statistical population in this section included decision makers and influencers in the field of education as well as students and graduates of management fields. The number of samples in this section was 120 people. The results of checking this section with the software also indicate the relative fit of the model with quantitative data. In summary, the findings of this research have shown that the development model of additional technical education is affected by various factors that can be >  

   راه هاي اساسي در راستاي تبديل نظريه هاي تدويني به عمل، ارائه و پيشنهاد راه حل هايي مناسب در هر پژوهش صورت گرفته است. اين كار مي تواند تا حد زيادي دستيابي به موفقيت در آينده را براساس نتايج به دست آمده از پژوهش را تضمين كند. اين مهم نشان مي دهد كه ارائه نتايج علمي و صحيح در قالب پيشنهادهايي مناسب تا چه اندازه در يك پژوهش داراي اهميت است. در واقع نتيجه گيري هايي كه بر اساس تحليل هاي صحيح شكل گرفته باشد، مي تواند شرايط مناسب تحقق موضوع و هدف پژوهش را ايجاد و مهيا كند. در ادامه به هر يك از سؤالات پژوهش با توجه به يافته­ها و نتايج به دست آمده پاسخ داده شده است.

In recent years, the most important issue that has been faced by the human society is the discussions related to the environmentt. Factors affecting the environment have caused pollution in the water and air, and these pollutions have caused global warming, which has caused many concerns for the world community. In this research, due to the importance of the environment, an attempt is made to examine energy efficiency. For this purpose, the effect of energy intensity variables (energy efficiency index), gross domestic product, energy consumption, degree of trade openness (trade liberalization), clean energy substitution on the amount of carbon dioxide emissions (environmental quality index) using the data method A panel was investigated during the period of 2000-2020. The results of the research show that the replacement of clean energy has a negative effect on the quality of the environment, and the variables of energy intensity, energy consumption, gross domestic product and the degree of trade openness have a positive and significant effect on the quality of the environment.   

  The purpose of this research is to provide a model for customer life cycle management in social network banking. Other objectives of the research are to determine the weight and relative importance of the indicators used in the grouping of bank customers, to determine the CLV position of each of the customer categories and to determine the appropriate strategies of the bank in dealing with each of the customer categories that are engaged in social network banking at different stages of the customer's life cycle. Is. Also, the role of social networks in the banking system and the opportunities created by it were comprehensively investigated. The type of research method of this research is based on the purpose of an applied research, based on data collection is a survey descriptive research, and based on the approach or methodology, it is a qualitative research. In this research, content analysis and Delphi methods were used to collect data. The content analysis method was used to extract the research model and the Delphi method was used to test the model and improve it. The means of data collection were content analysis, document studies and Delphi method, interviews and distribution of questionnaires with closed and open questions. In the documentary and library method, theoretical foundations related to the research subject and the background of the studies conducted inside and outside the country on the subject under study were examined and many written sources including books, articles, theses and websites were searched. Then, the identified factors were strengthened by means of a Delphi questionnaire with closed and open questions. In the content analysis method, the statistical population included all the reviewed articles in the field of customer life cycle management and social network banking, and only the texts that were most related to the research topic were selected. The statistical population of the research using the Delphi method was academic experts and IT officials working in banks and universities, 30 of whom were selected by judgmental purposeful sampling and then snowballing until saturation was reached. The results of the research show that in the content analysis method, 60 indicators were obtained to provide a model for managing the customer life cycle in the bank and they entered the Delphi stage. In three Delphi rounds, 44 indicators were added to the indicators, and out of a total of 104 indicators, all were agreed upon by the experts. The proposed model of this research has 4 dimensions, 22 components and 104 indicators.

Abundance of natural resources is one of the important characteristics of oil countrie  

   Poverty is one of the most important economic variables that affects all economic and social issues of the society and is the main factor for growth and development in the economy. This study uses the statistical evidence of Iran's provinces over 2009-2019 to estimate the poverty rate using the Fixed Angle Inverse approach and then examines the relationship between labor productivity and poverty. The results of the estimates show that the poverty ratio has increased from 15.6% in 2009 to 23.4% in 2019. At the provincial level, the percentage of people below the poverty line in Sistan and Baluchistan province is the highest at 49% and in Tehran province at the lowest at 6.4%. Labor productivity in 2009 based on gross domestic product at the base price of 2011 was equal to 0.24 billion rials per employed person, and it changed to 0.336 in 2019 in a fluctuating trend. The estimation results show that there is bidirectional causality from poverty to productivity. Also, poverty has a negative and significant effect on labor productivity. But at the provincial level, it has been confirmed only in the provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran, West Azerbaijan, Kermanshah, Khuzestan, Fars, Razavi Khorasan, Isfahan, Hamedan, Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari, Lorestan, Zanjan, North Khorasan and Alborz. However, there is some kind of causality from labor productivity to poverty at the country level for all provinces, but the negative effect of productivity on poverty has been confirmed only in the three provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran and Yazd. Therefore, improving the quality of education and health in order to increase the ability of the workforce and increase productivity, increasing the share of activities with high added value, focusing on creating economic stability and reducing the efficiency of markets without added value in order to develop activities with high added value are the most important policies proposed to reduce poverty and increasing productivity in Iran's economy.

  The use of valuable business opportunities in the service sector, especially in the tourism industry, is a characteristic of the 21st century. Ecotourism is considered one of the branches of tourism, which branched off from rural tourism, and is now proposed as a new approach in this industry. It has become one of the most important economic sectors in many countries of the world. The tourism industry, with its ever-increasing growth and global nature, needs to be actively present in virtual communities. And to reach a worthy position, they should take advantage of new tools based on information technology. Operators of tourism businesses, especially those active in the field of ecotourism, can use virtual spaces as a different place for marketing and provide a new and suitable distribution channel for providing self-services; and attract tourists by introducing their business. Today, with the development of information technology, many businesses have accepted it as part of the value chain in their organization and updated and developed their work processes with the help of information technology resources. Ecotourism is also not without this way and in many countries, electronic tourism has spread well. One of the management measures in order to take advantage of information technology facilities is the use of social media to attract and retain customers, which can benefit It deserves the attention of organizations. In this study, using qualitative content analysis and Delphi method, effective factors in the use of social networks in ecotourism marketing have been identified and prioritized, and appropriate policy solutions have been proposed based on the findings. In terms of its practical (developmental) purpose, this research is a qualitative research in terms of its approach or methodology, and in terms of its data collection method, it is a survey type. In order to collect information, first by conducting library research and analyzing the content of different sources, the factors and factors affecting the marketing of social networks in tourism were extracted, and then by using the questionnaire tool and using the Delphi method, the opinion of 25 people The experts of information technology, tourism and marketing fields - who were selected by targeted sampling method - were asked about the indicators and key factors of success in social network marketing. In the end, the research model was identified by extracting five criteria for success in social media marketing, including the role of the social network platform, the role of electronic content, the role of businesses, the role of users, and the role of macro policies and governments.

Identifying and Analysis of the factors affecting Acceptance of Business Intelligence in Kermanshah Hospital  

  The development and penetration of social networks and the increasing number of users of these networks have created a very suitable environment for launching and introducing new businesses, considering that after nutrition, which is the need for food (water, food, fruit, etc.) ), clothing is the second priority of family consumption, clothing is one of the basic human needs, it can be considered as one of the most suitable fields for creating a new business and entrepreneurship in the context of social networks. In this research, the effective components for starting and improving this type of business have been discussed. After reviewing the theoretical foundations and previous studies through the quantitative method and distributing 384 questionnaires among the respondents and analyzing the results using pls software, the research findings indicated that all the hypotheses have a significant effect and are confirmed. The variables of trust level, payment method and shipping method, product characteristics, taffeta buying, improving the supply and increasing the Internet penetration rate with the desire to buy customers have a positive effect and the lack of a single standard in sizing, it is not clear whether the negative effects on the customer's desire They are related to the purchase of clothes from social networks in the context of business. Therefore, those who are trying to start a business and entrepreneurship in this field should consider these factors and try to strengthen the positive effects and reduce the negative effects. The development and penetration of social networks and the increasing number of users of these networks have created a very suitable environment for launching and introducing new businesses, considering that after nutrition, which is the need for food (water, food, fruit, etc), clothing is the second priority of family consumption, clothing is one of the basic human needs, it can be considered as one of the most suitable fields for creating a new business and entrepreneurship in the context of social networks. In this research, the effective components for starting and improving this type of business have been discussed.

  With the advent of toxins in the food chain, people's awareness and sensitivity to the destructive consequences of excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides on the environment increased. Over the past few decades, excessive use of chemical pesticides to control pests and plant diseases has created many problems for humans, the environment and other living organisms living in natural habitats, so that by consuming toxins in food production farms, toxins have entered the human food chain. One of the consequences of human diseases is one of its consequences. On the other hand, since medicinal plants are a subset of agriculture, their proper and planned exploitation can lead to economic prosperity and solve many problems in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and environmental industries; Therefore, in the face of environmental, social and economic impacts, industrial cultivation; The production of sustainable and healthy food and medicine seems more vital than ever. Therefore, the formation of green entrepreneurship is mainly focused on increasing environmental issues and its development can play an important role in creating sustainable employment, reducing environmental problems, reducing diseases and illnesses caused by the consumption of unhealthy food and chemical drugs. The main purpose of this study is the strategic analysis of green entrepreneurship in the field of medicinal plants in Kermanshah. This research is applied in terms of type of purpose and based on the nature in the exploratory mixed research group (qualitative-quantitative). Targeted and snowball sampling was conducted with 16 farmers cultivating medicinal plants, managers and experts of Jihad Keshavarzi, natural resources experts and activists in the field of medicinal plants in-depth and semi-structured interviews. In the data analysis stage, all the information obtained from the interviews, after being handwritten, was repeatedly reviewed and re-read, and the initial codes were extracted from them. The codes that referred to a concept and were placed in a category were then placed in a concept, and the concepts related to a category were placed in a category on a more abstract level. Then, in order to explain and analyze the current situation regarding green entrepreneurship in the field of medicinal plants, a list of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats was extracted. Based on the research findings, the obtained categories including 5 categories as strengths, 4 categories as weaknesses, 6 categories as opportunities and 7 categories as threats were extracted. In a small step, to rank the SWOT factors and sub-factors and select the best strategy, in the form of AHP-SWOT technique and using Expert Choice11 software. According to the findings, green entrepreneurship strategies in the field of medicinal plants include: use of appropriate infrastructure and capable forces to improve the employment situation, reform of decision-making methods, planning and policy-making to improve the employment situation, strengthening supervisory and control systems. Quality of life of individuals in society, strengthening marketing, advertising and education by using specialized and capable forces, creating coordination between decision-making institutions using elites in order to make maximum use of suitable substrates of medicinal plants, strengthening marketing and programming Effective policymaking in the field of green entrepreneurship is the use of efficient oversight systems to integrate the power of decision-making institutions.

this study aimed to analysis the barriers to entrepreneurship in the mobile games industry in Iran. In order to prepare the data, first by studying the theoretical foundations and literature of the research and the existing documents related to the research topic through content analysis, the existing barriers to entrepreneurship in the mobile games industry were identified and   Then, through Delphi method, these barriers were approved and prioritized. The present study is a in terms of applied purpose, in term of data collection descriptive and It is a mixed research in terms of methodology. The statistical population in the content analysis method included all Internal and external scientific sources and documents and research literature and existing background related to the research topic. the statistical population of the study in Delphi method were experts in the field of technology, video games and mobile phones in the country, who were selected by purposeful sampling method in the form of snowball and according to indicators such as experience, ability, desire, participation and availability and 25 panel members Delphi collaborated with the researcher until the end of the third round. The results show that in the content analysis method, 67 indicators for   the barriers to entrepreneurship in the mobile gaming industry were extracted and the Delphi phase of the research began and then in 3 rounds of Delphi, 24 indicators were added to the indicators and out of 91 indicators proposed in the Delphi rounds, 55 indicators were approved by the panel members. the Suggested pattern of this research has 6 dimensions, 28 components and 54 indices. It can be concluded that entrepreneurs in the path of activity in the mobile games industry face barriers related to the dimensions of financial barriers, human barriers, cultural barriers, infrastructure barriers, legal barriers and managerial barriers. In the continuation of the research, solutions and suggestions are presented in order to eliminate these obstacles.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the Covid-19 crisis on businesses in the tourism sector of Oramanat region of Kermanshah province and to provide solutions to address them in the crisis. The research was quantitative-qualitative in nature and with inductive approach. Quantitative data were collected by Khosravi standard questionnaire (1400) and the data were analyzed by    26 software. Qualitative information was obtained through interviews and this information was analyzed by coding method using qualitative content analysis. The study population in this study is in the quantitative part of tourism business owners who used the census method for sampling and in the qualitative part were field experts and experienced business owners who were selected from the purposeful method. The Corona crisis was one of the new crises that, in addition to endangering human health, had unprecedented effects on various businesses, including tourism businesses. The closure of businesses in this area and the lack of income and unemployment of people had a negative impact on employment and had a great economic impact on the families involved. Using the results of the questionnaire, we prioritized the dimensions of business resilience, according to which the economic capacity in the first priority and the dimensions of policies and support, socio-cultural, communication-information capacities, The psychology of human resources, foresight and opportunity, changing and modifying marketing strategies, adhering to health protocols, brand identity, situational awareness, human resource management and adaptation are in the next priorities, respectively. And using the results of the interview, strategies such as government support and banking policies, improving the economic conditions of the people, compliance with health protocols by the people, changing and reforming business strategy, insurance coverage, human resource management and economic capacity to help The resilience of tourism businesses in the crisis was presented.   

  Knowledge-based economy is one of the most attractive economic topics in the last two decades due to its rapid transformation, rapid return on investment and tremendous impact on growth. The importance of this issue is the position that knowledge-based economy has in the growth, development and dynamism of the country's economy, because in the current competitive environment, product growth and stabilization of economic fluctuations, is one of the most important macroeconomic goals of any country.More specifically, the purpose of this study is to "examine the role of democracy and democracy in achieving the growth and development of knowledge-based." Due to the nature of the subject, the type of this research is developmental and applied and in terms of scope is case and in terms of method is among the descriptive-analytical researches. In the model studied in this research, following the framework of Eric and Levy, the relationship between the institutional variable of democracy and the growth of knowledge-based development is examined using the endogenous growth model. In this study, in addition to the democracy index (average 4-year trend of electoral parties), civil free ideas and the degree of openness of the economy and sanctions are also used as control variables in the model, because they can be a factor influencing export growth and development. Recognize High Tech (alternative variable) knowledge-based.The statistical population of the study is selected countries of Mena (oil and gas producing countries in the Middle East and North Africa).Data collection tools: In compiling this research, first the concepts and theoretical foundations related to library resources, specialized journals of Internet scientific databases, articles and reputable Internet journals will be extracted. Then, using time series panel data (dynamic panel) during the period (2019-2000), the desired information will be extracted and obtained from the WDI World Database (2019) for the countries of the Mena region.Analysis tools: In this study, the data obtained using Minitab statistical software were classified and the dimensions and channels of influence of democracy and democracy; Knowledge-based economic growth and development will be extracted using the dynamic panel model in Eviews software version 9. In this study, the results obtained from the model parameters in the countries of the Mena region are as expected. Therefore, حاكي of تاييد پژ پژ and ست نشاn gives the meaning of بين موكر س س ي ي ي ي ي ي ي ي ي ش.. ابق ابق نت ايج ايج از از از از.......................... در.......... در در در در در در در در در در در در در در در در در By reviewing the policies and laws related to the 4-year trend of electoral parties with the development of exports of knowledge-based products and services, it can be seen that there are different policies and laws in most of the subject areas related to the development of exports in this sector. Therefore, it seems that most of the existing challenges are due to the non-implementation of 4-year-old party laws.

   Entrepreneurship is an economic activity, because a new business is started and managed with the intention of creating value and financial profit and through the optimal use of limited resources. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the entrepreneurship of rural women in Nahavand. This research is based on the purpose of applied research and is based on the nature and method of descriptive research. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire and the statistical population of the study consists of women entrepreneurs in rural areas of Nahavand city, in which a total of 110 people, as a sample, were surveyed. Its validity was confirmed by the supervisor, consultant and relevant experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which indicates the desired reliability. To analyze the data obtained using Smart PLS software version 3, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were performed and also found There is a direct relationship between individual factors, family factors, economic factors, socio-cultural factors and entrepreneurship of rural women, based on the results of path analysis, the impact of individual factors (0.556); Family factors (0.125); Economic factors (0.398); Socio-cultural factors (0.349), which shows the impact of all identified factors on entrepreneurship of rural women. Finally, individual and economic criteria had the greatest impact on entrepreneurship of rural women. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Women, Rural Women, Nahavand County

Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of social support, loyal behaviors and attractiveness of technology on social business. The present study was applied in terms of purpose and correlational in terms of descriptive method. This study was applied in terms of method and regression in terms of descriptive-correlational purpose. The data required for this study were collected by Molino et al.'s (2019) Social Support Questionnaire, Liang Shen et al.'s (2019) Technology Attractiveness, Bintztack et al.'s (2003) Loyal Behaviors (2003), and Adenour (1397) Social Business Statistics. All students in Arak who are in Islamic Azad University, Arak University and Payame Noor University of Arak who buy from Digi Kala site and have had the experience of buying from this site at least once, which according to Cochran's formula for this volume of society, 379 Subjects were selected for stratified sampling. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyze the collected data. The results showed that social support has a positive and significant effect on social trade, loyal behaviors on social trade and technology attractiveness on social trade. Keywords: social support, loyal behaviors, technology attractiveness, social business   

   Today, the ecotourism industry has become one of the important sources of income for the villagers. IT, as an empowerment and integrator of the value network in the ecotourism industry, can play a significant role in the development of this industry and in addition to increasing local employment, increasing the income of local people and capabilities of rural areas. This study aims to provide a model for the developing ecotourism industry in Iran with an emphasis on IT. This research is a qualitative research that has been done by content analysis and Delphi methods. In the content analysis method, the indicators of the initial model have been extracted and this model has been completed and tested by the Delphi method. The statistical population in the content analysis method included all texts related to the research topic and in the Delphi method were experts and university professors specializing in e-tourism and e-tourism industry which 30 experts cooperated until the end of the third round. Sampling method was done in content analysis method using counting and in Delphi method using snowball. Based on the findings of the first part of the research, 38 indicators have been identified, and in the second part, 24 indicators have been added to model, of which six of the identified indicators have not been agreed by experts. The research model includes 56 indicators, 34 components and 9 dimensions (including legal infrastructure, financial infrastructure, mobile commerce infrastructure, e-advertising management, content marketing, customer relationship management, e-HRM, local partnership and software infrastructure). In this research, an innovative model for the development of ecotourism industry is presented. Although many studies emphasize on tourist attraction, this model encompasses all three stages of tourist life cycle management, which include attracting, maintaining, and developing a relationship with the tourist. Also, the proposed model covers the four approaches existing in the theoretical foundations in the field of eco-tourism industry development, which include the four perceptual, behavioral, service and educational perspectives. The proposed model of this research has raised issues far beyond the aforementioned views. Attention to all the extracted indicators of this research model in all its dimensions is suggested as practical suggestions for the development of ecotourism industry.

  This study was conducted to identify and analyze the drivers of game industry development in Iran. The present study is applied in terms of purpose, mixed in terms of data nature and a descriptive research in terms of data collection method. In order to collect data, first, by reviewing theoretical foundations and previous studies through content analysis method, strategies for the development of the game industry in Iran were identified and through the Delphi method to confirm the identified indicators and complete the indicators, as well as prioritize solutions. The statistical population in the content analysis method is statistical including all published texts in the field of development of the computer game industry in the world that have been related to the subject of research. The statistical population of the research in Delphi method, experts familiar with the subject of computer game industry with research background, 36 of whom have been selected by purposive sampling method and then snowball to reach the theoretical saturation. This research has been done from April 1400 to February 1400. Findings show that in the content analysis method, 50 indicators were identified to identify and analyze the drivers of the development of the computer game industry in Iran and reached the Delphi stage. In the three rounds of Delphi, 14 indicators were added to the indicators and out of a total of 64 indicators, only 9 indicators were not agreed upon by the experts. The proposed model of this research has 6 dimensions, 26 components and 55 indicators. The results showed that the computer game industry in Iran has a series of supportive dimensions including: legal drivers, drivers of knowledge-based economy, drivers of human resource management, drivers of supply chain management, drivers of market management and advertising, and drivers Is the technical infrastructure of the gaming industry. During the research, solutions for the development and progress of the computer game industry in Iran were presented.

Natural disasters are a series of harmful and unpredictable events such as floods, earthquakes, storms, etc. that have no human origin. In this research, economic feasibility of different methods of energy supply after natural disasters is considered. The potential and production capacity of various rural energy supply methods in Dalahou County were evaluated and using AHP method, different energy supply options for different areas of energy needs such as lighting for debris removal and outdoor space, canopy power supply, cooking, heating, spa supply. Consumption, power supply of agricultural pumps and rural energy supply in the long run were compared by experts through questionnaires and pairwise comparisons, and finally, for each type of energy field, the preferred option was introduced. The results of this study showed that the preferred option for providing lighting to remove debris from the mobile hybrid optical tower is to supply electricity to the rural network canopy, which is the preferred option in case of natural disasters to the photovoltaic system to provide spa, solar water heater It is preferable to cook wood stoves, to provide wood stove heating and to supply electricity to agricultural pumps, solar pumps, as well as to provide rural energy in the long run, solar energy and biogas.   

  Calamities and natural disasters have been an integral part of human life throughout history. Natural hazards Due to the growth of economies and the development of global infrastructure, the global economy suffers wider financial losses than in previous years. In Iran, as one of the 10 accident hotspots in the world, evaluation of financing methods before and during natural disasters seems important and necessary. In this study, the methods of financing natural disasters in order to provide appropriate solutions for Iran with emphasis on the Kermanshah earthquake in Sarpol-e Zahab in 1396 have been discussed. This study was performed using multi-criteria decision making method and hierarchical analysis method with more than five opinions. Therefore, it is a descriptive-survey research. In the sample selection process of this study, the opinions of 6 economists and managers with experience in financing natural disasters have been used to analyze the information and complete the questionnaire. According to the results, despite the fact that in Kermanshah earthquake, compared to similar cases of previous earthquakes in the country in terms of timing, method of work and reconstruction, there are improvements compared to previous experiences, but still natural crisis management In Iran, it focuses on the post-crisis period and less attention is paid to pre-crisis cases and new financing methods. To improve the current situation, and to get out of the current trend, the use of global trade such as joint reinsurance and crisis management funds seems important and necessary. The results of statistical analysis indicate that the combined method with the highest weight has the first priority in Kermanshah province. The results show that the methods are 1- Government general budget 2- Personal funds and loans from dependents 3- Use of foreign facilities 4- Domestic bank loans 5- Natural disaster fund 6- Natural disaster insurance 7- Crowdfunding 8- Combined methods for providing There are financial crises caused by natural disasters and according to the conditions of Kermanshah earthquake, the mentioned methods are the best or the most useful and available methods.

  Review: The aim of this study was to identify and prioritize the effective factors of using electronic human resource management on the quality of hospital services It was performed in Imam Reza Hospital in Kermanshah province. The research is applied in terms of purpose and uses a mixed research method has taken. The study population includes managers, staff and medical staff of Imam Reza Hospital. in part Qualitatively, the code was studied and extracted using exploratory content analysis method. Findings indicate the extraction of 3 main categories And 6 subcategories. The main categories are; Employee participation, providing information and training to employees and using management Electronic human resources as the main category and sub-categories also include, increasing and decreasing factors, promoting and inhibiting factors and Is inside and outside the organization. The findings of the qualitative section were prioritized using the method of hierarchical analysis and according to the analysis In the category of participation in both incremental and decremental dimensions, respectively, objective observation of the benefits of using human resource management Electronic in how to upgrade, encourage and reduce the volume of work and redundant tasks with a relative importance factor of 0.496 and not using the offer Employees and experts with a relative importance coefficient of 0.292 has gained the highest priority. In the category of amount and benefits of use Electronic human resource management in two parts inside and outside the organization, respectively, information classification and speed up recovery Clients' information with a relative importance factor of 0.261 and savings in hiring new staff according to the standard criteria Selection and employment in the system with a relative importance coefficient of 0.300 has the highest priority, and finally, accurate specification Indicators, metrics, standards of organizational establishment with a relative importance coefficient of 0.397 and lack of public acceptance and lack of sufficient awareness in use Electronic services in the two sections of promoting and preventing factors in the category of providing information and training to employees give the highest priority gained

   كارآفريني از منابع مهم و پايان ناپذير همه جوامع بشري است كه به عنوان يكي از مهمترين سرمايه‌هاي يك كشور محسوب مي‌شود. كارآفريني، يك سبك زندگي يا يك فرهنگ و يكي از شيوه‌هاي كاهش بيكاري و افزايش اشتغال، به عنوان موتور رشد و توسعه اقتصادي عمل مي كند كه سبب پيشرفت و اصلاح جامعه است. هدف پژوهش حاضر به بررسي اثربخشي مشاوره شغلي به شيوه يادگيري اجتماعي (انتخاب شغل كرامبولتز) بر تغيير نگرش و افزايش رفتار كارآفرينانه دانشجويان دانشگاه پيام نور شهرستان سرپل‌ذهاب است، جامعه آماري شامل كليه دانشجويان دانشگاه پيام نور شهرستان سرپل‌ذهاب ??? در سال تحصيلي 1399-1400 نفر بود كه ??? نفر از اين دانشجويان به عنوان حجم نمونه با استفاده از نمونه‌گيري تصادفي ساده انتخاب شدند، پس از توزيع پرسشنامه در بين آنان ?? نفر از افرادي را كه پايين‌ترين نمره كسب كرده بودند، به شكل تصادفي ساده در دو گروه آزمايش (?? نفر) و كنترل (?? نفر) قرار گرفتند و سپس گروه آزمايش به مدت ? جلسه يك و نيم ساعته در معرض مداخله (مشاوره شغلي به شيوه يادگيري اجتماعي كرامبولتز) قرار گرفت و گروه كنترل در اين مدت هيچ مداخله‌اي دريافت نكرد. يافته‌هاي پژوهش نشان داد كه مشاوره شغلي به شيوه يادگيري اجتماعي (انتخاب شغل كرامبولتز) بر تغيير نگرش و افزايش رفتار كارآفرينانه دانشجويان دانشگاه پيام نور شهرستان سرپل‌ذهاب تاثير دارد. يافته هاي نقش و اهميت مشاوره شغلي به شيوه يادگيري اجتماعي كرامبولتز را خاطر نشان مي سازد.

The purpose of writing this study is to identify the factors affecting sales success in virtual networks and prioritize these factors and finally reach the research model. The statistical population of this exploratory mixed research in both qualitative and quantitative parts includes successful virtual sellers and people who have the necessary work experience or knowledge and experience in the field of virtual sales (on social networks: Telegram, Instagram and WhatsApp) in the country. In this study, the main criterion for determining the sample size in the qualitative part was to achieve a theoretical saturation point that sampling was done with a purposeful approach and snowball method. In this study, first in the qualitative phase, semi-structured and in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 experts and secondary data were extracted from various texts and sources. Using content enalysis method and coding of variables extracted from interviews and secondary data (including books, internal and external articles and websites), two main categories, 9 categories and 43 components were finally identified. To ensure the accuracy and robustness of the qualitative part of the research (equivalent to validity and reliability in quantitative research), methods of selecting appropriate samples and reviewing participants and experts were used. In the quantitative phase of the research, through the distribution of a researcher-made questionnaire and an experts survey, information was collected from 53 people in a targeted and accessible manner. 4The validity of the questionnaire was done in two parts: validity (approval by supervisors and consultants) and reliability (Cronbach's alpha: 0.897). In this part of the study, the identified variables were ranked using Spss software based on Friedman test. Then, using Smart Pls software, the researcher-made model was evaluated and its fit and goodness were tested. The results of measurement model test, structural model test and general model test showed the appropriateness and suitability of the research model. According to the results, the category of "effective presence in social networks" (with an average rank of 8.68) in the group of basic factors for launching virtual sales and the category of "sales incentives" (with an average rank of 7.08) in the group of factors affecting progress Virtual sales are the most important categories in these two groups (major categories). Also, the results of general prioritization of research categories showed that after the category of active presence in social networks, respectively, categories targeted activity, sales incentives, customer satisfaction attract, digital literacy and sales skills, effective advertising, saler ethics, sales facilities and support after the purchase, they affects the sales success of the virtual networks. Each of these categories has several components that according to the results, the product quality component (with an average rating of 28.08), which is a subset of customer satisfaction attract category, was recognized as the most important component for success in virtual sales.

      The purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize the variables affecting the development of health tourism in Kermanshah. This research is an exploratory mix (qualitative-quantitative), which is a research method in the qualitative part of content analysis in which categories and concepts were extracted from interviews and in a quantitative part using Friedman test in   26 software and in In this section, the identified categories of qualitative phase were ranked. The data collection tool was semi-structured in the qualitative part of the in-depth interview and a questionnaire in the quantitative part. Participants in the qualitative section were 10 experts who identified the concepts using snowball sampling method and achieving theoretical data saturation. Also, the study population in the quantitative section were 45 health tourism experts. According to the results of this research, soft infrastructure categories (with an average rank of 5) are the most important category in the success of health tourism development. Then, in order of the following categories: hard infrastructure, government support, cultural and social issues, marketing and advertising are effective on the success of health tourism development. Each of the categories has several components, which according to the results, the component of medical equipment (with an average rank of 16.89), which is a subset of the category of soft infrastructure, was recognized as the most important component for success in the development of health tourism.

   Abstract    Today's organizations need managers who want to challenge existing norms, so the presence of managers with high entrepreneurial skills as a new strategy in organizations to achieve innovation is of particular importance. The issue of innovation duality is exploiting existing opportunities and innovations and exploring new opportunities and innovations, and since innovation and entrepreneurship in small and medium-sized businesses enable these businesses to compete competitively and profitably Gain in the market through the continuous adaptation of new products and ideas, are considered as the main mechanism of economic growth in these industries. The aim of this researcher in this study is to investigate the effect of managers' entrepreneurial skills on the innovation ambidexterity   in small and medium industries in Kermanshah with the mediating role of knowledge management. The present research is applied in terms of descriptive-survey method. In order to collect data, the Smith (2008) Standard Entrepreneurial Skills Questionnaire, the Innovative   Innovation ambidexterity Questionnaire, and the Jashpara Knowledge Management Questionnaire (2004) were cited. The statistical population is managers and activists in the field of small and medium industries in Kermanshah and the sample using Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table is equal to 280 people. The research hypotheses were analyzed using    and PLS software and all research hypotheses have been confirmed. The results show that entrepreneurial skills have a positive and significant effect on the duality of innovation and entrepreneurial skills through knowledge management have an effect on the duality of innovation.    Keywords: Entrepreneurial skills, innovation ambidexterity, Knowledge management, Small and medium industries.      

   Justice and fair distribution of income have always been the concerns of policymakers in every country; Therefore, the study and analysis of the factors affecting it is of particular importance. The stock market and its impact on income inequality are among the most important of these factors; Therefore, in this study, the effect of the stock market on the Gini coefficient as an index of income inequality during the periods of 2019-1993 in a selection of developing countries and using quantitative panel regression is investigated. The results of model estimation show that with increasing investment in the stock market, the market turnover ratio increases and also the value of transactions increases. Due to the positive effect of the two on the Gini coefficient, inequality increases at first, but because the stock market is large. It becomes more and more pervasive, as a result of which the market value of the stock market increases relative to GDP, which has a positive relationship with the Gini coefficient, and different strata and more income groups turn to investing in the stock market. The results of this study indicate that first the income distribution inequality is increased and then over time this inequality decreases with the increase of people's income from investing in the stock market.

this study aimed to analysis the challenges of green information technology deployment in hospitals and Treatment centers. This study is a in terms of applied purpose, In terms of data nature, quality (content analysis and Delphi) and It is a descriptive study in terms of data collection method. In order to prepare the data, first, by reviewing the theoretical foundations and previous studies through content analysis method, the challenges of deploying green information technology in hospitals and treatment centers were identified and through Delphi method, the challenges were confirmed and prioritized. The statistical population in the content analysis method included all articles reviewed in the field of green information technology that Only the texts that are most relevant to the research topic are selected. the statistical population of the study was delphi method, university experts and information technology officials working in hospitals, health centers and universities, 21 of which were chosen by the purposeful sampling method and then the snow ball was selected to reach the saturation limit. Findings show that in the content analysis method, 28 indicators for the challenges of deploying green information technology in hospitals and medical centers were extracted and reached the Delphi stage. in the three Delphi rounds, 22 indicators were added to indicators and and the total of 50 indicators were not only 6 indicators of the general agreement of the experts. the proposed model of this study has six dimensions, 17 components and 44 indices.   

      Abstract This study aims to evaluate the harmful factors on medical tourism in Kermanshah and strategies to improve them as a case study. Therefore, at first, a semi-structured interview was conducted with experts in the field of medical tourism in Kermanshah province in order to formulate the basic principles necessary to identify the harmful factors on medical tourism in Kermanshah. According to the purpose of this research, the present study is in the field of applied research in terms of purpose. On the other hand, considering that in this research, library study methods as well as field methods such as questionnaires have been used, it can be stated that the present research is a descriptive survey research based on its nature and method. Data collection methods in this study were divided into two categories: library and field. Regarding the collection of information related to the literature and research background, library methods were used and to collect information to answer research questions, the field method was used. In this study, interviews and questionnaire tools were used to collect research data. In the present study, because research approaches in operations have been used, therefore, the study population consists of experts and senior experts in the field. In each of the study phases, the group of experts has been determined based on the technique used. In the first phase of the study after screening the sub-criteria by Delphi technique; The network analysis process technique has been used to prioritize the sub-criteria. In the next phase, the internal relations of the criteria are measured with the Demetel technique. After ensuring the reliability and validity of the existing questionnaire as the main tool of data collection, the questionnaire was distributed among experts in the study area and thus the raw data to process, analyze and answer research questions. Brought. The results of these tests are summarized below. The findings of the present study have been used as a sample by distributing a questionnaire among experts in the field. The main purpose of data analysis is to study the phenomena and relationships between the variables of the research subject. After analyzing the collected data, the proposed model of the present study, which is the use of network analysis (ANP) model, was examined. The panel was determined based on a combination of experts with different specialties and a sample of 10 people was used in the interview section and 12 people in the questionnaire section. After determining the most important criteria of the subject under study and determining their internal relations using the Dimtel technique, the priority of each of the identified criteria will be prioritized. Network Analysis Process (ANP) technique was used to prioritize the sub-criteria. In the first step, by interviewing 10 medical tourism experts with open coding method and sorting them, 100 basic indicators were obtained and using the Smith Barin model, the mentioned indicators were divided into two categories: national and hospital. Each of its national and hospital criteria includes 4 sub-criteria and using MAXQDA software, the qualitative part of the research indicators was summarized. After that, using the Delphi technique, the indicators have been screened. If, according to experts, 28 indicators remained out of 100 indicators, one index was added to the indicators in the Delphi stage, and a total of 29 indicators remained. . In the next step, using the confirmatory factor analysis of SMART-PLS software, the construct validity of the initial model was examined and in this part, all indicators remained.

Abstract One of the main axes of the country's economic structure in the field of trade is the development of exports. In Iran, in order to get rid of the single-product economy, non-oil exports have been emphasized as an important strategy for growth and development in upstream documents, including the policies of the resistance economy and the vision document of the Islamic Republic of Iran (on the horizon 1404). Most of the non-oil exports belong to the agricultural sector, through which the country's foreign exchange earnings are provided. A high share of water consumption (equivalent to 70%) belongs to the agricultural sector, which lack of proper management and planning for optimal consumption in this sector leads to a decrease in groundwater and endangers the sustainability of water resources.   Due to the drought and water crisis in the country as well as Kermanshah province and the decrease in rainfall in the province compared to last year, the proper use of water and its consumption management is considered essential. In this situation, the development of agricultural exports must be in line with the conditions and advantages of the province, because the export of water products not only seriously damages water resources but also causes a significant share of water to leave the country. thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the export products of the agricultural sector from the perspective of the water economy. The descriptive-analytical research method, using economic analysis of water value and cost-benefit analysis, examined the major exports of agricultural products from the province's borders. Tomatoes, cucumbers, potatoes and watermelons were evaluated as water products on the province in the period 1397-1390. According to the results of this study, an average of 141 liters of water is consumed per kilogram of tomatoes, 186 liters of potatoes, 165 liters of watermelon and 246 liters of cucumber. Also, the highest amount of exports during the years 1390-1397   is related to tomato products with a total of 830.2 thousand tons and the total exported water consumption of this product is 365 million cubic meters. The amount of export of potatoes with a total of 498 thousand tons, which is equivalent to 95 million cubic meters, is the estimated water consumption of this product. Watermelon and cucumber products have been exported with a total of 380 thousand tons and 250 thousand tons with water consumption of 68 million and 55 million cubic meters, respectively. Finally, based on the cost-benefit assessment method, the export of cucumber and tomato products with an average benefit ratio of 1.15 and 1.23 is somewhat cost-effective in some years, and two watermelon products with a ratio of 0.64 and potatoes with a 0.98 ratio are not cost-effective.

   Abstract As the economic development engine, the concept of knowledge has become crucially important recently. Owing to dependency on knowledge, this emerging economical structure is generally defined as the "knowledge-based economy". Achievements of the new economy are a more complete realization of the importance of knowledge in all economical such as environmental features. The knowledge-based economy is an economy in which trade, distribution, production and application of knowledge are the pioneers and main drivers of economic growth, wealth creation, job creation and eventually achieve sustainable economic development. In this study, using panel data in the form of the Eviews8 econometric software by means of the nylon data method and with the aim of examining capacities of the knowledge-based economy to achieve the sustainable development through reducing pollution caused by carbon dioxide, two groups of selected developed countries (Western Europe), members of the OECD and chosen developing countries during the years 2018-2000 are compared. The results of this research displayed the influence of explanatory variables on the variable CO1 so that in developing countries the variables such as research and development of the gross domestic product (GDP) and primary education have negative and adverse effects on carbon dioxide emissions, but technology also has positive effects on carbon dioxide emission. For developed countries, the results revealed that the variables of technology, GDP, primary education have negative and reverse effects on carbon dioxide emission, but the research and development variable does not have a significant impact on CO2 emission Keywords: Knowledge-based economy, sustainable development, greenhouse gases

  Considering the

AbstractThis research, except for exploratory (qualitative-quantitative) mixed methods research in the field of theory, was designed to design a comprehensive model of academic entrepreneurship ecosystem with open innovation focus and adaptation rate of Razi University to this model. In the qualitative part of the research, content analysis method and grounded theory method were used to analyze the findings.Participants were 15 academic experts and professors with experience in commercialization or writing in the field, selected through snowball sampling. Data gathering tools were in-depth qualitative interviews with open-ended questions and method of data analysis through open, axial and selective coding.Finally, to arrive at a comprehensive model of 15 themes in the academic entrepreneurship ecosystem and in the categories of causal conditions (inter-university funding, extracurricular communication), contextual conditions (external financial contexts, internal educational contexts, macro education system, cultural factors) Macro, intercultural, human capital), intervening conditions (internal support institutions, external support institutions, motivational factors, internal policy, macro policy making), interactions (intra- and extracurricular networking) and outcome (acceptance of third academic mission) And finally the model of the researcher Was presented. In the other part, the barriers to open innovation were identified through in-depth interviews and seven content-based approaches to content analysis.In the quantitative section, the statistical population consisted of faculty members with five years of experience in Razi University, who were selected using proportional stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and extracted from the qualitative section. In the quantitative section, the ranking of the factors of importance at Razi University was performed by Friedman test, and the status of each component was assessed through descriptive findings. That the university is in a better position than the rest in terms of cultural context, educational context, and human resources. Finally, according to the results of the research, the researcher made suggestions regarding the academic entrepreneurship ecosystem and improvement of academic entrepreneurship conditions at Razi University.

The purpose of the present study is to identify, analyze and rank the factors affecting the development of cultural tourism in Kermanshah province using fuzzy AHP and fuzzy DEMTEL and fuzzy TOPSIS approach.This research is applied in terms of purpose and is one of the descriptive-survey research.In this study, 4 dimensions and 20 indicators influencing cultural tourism development in Kermanshah province were selected based on research literature and interviews with experts and experts.The questionnaires were then collected by experts and experts.Analyzes suggest that in prioritizing dimensions, the economic dimension is more concerned with natural, environmental, cultural, social, political, and security dimensions.The economic dimension was identified as the most important dimension, as well as the natural and environmental dimension as the most influential dimension.The analysis of indicators showed that according to tourism experts in Kermanshah province, respectively, indicators of beautiful natural attractions, government investment, numerous historical and archeological attractions, local markets and private sector participation are superior to other indicators.

Identifying and prioritizing the weighty ability of firms in the age of knowledge based economy

   در دهه­هاي اخير، بسياري از دولت­هاي ملي مسئوليت­هاي برخي از وظايف دولت را به دولت­هاي محلي ومنطقه­اي واگذار كرده­اند. هم منطق و هم روش­هاي اين تفويض اختيارات بسته به شرايط محلي از كشوري به كشور ديگر متفاوت است. در اين پژوهش نقش دولت­هاي محلي در نابرابري درآمد در استان­هاي ايران طي سال­هاي 1395-1385 مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. در اين راستا اثر متغيرهاي مالي دولت محلي همچون نسبت سرمايه­گذاري دولتي به توليد ناخالص داخلي، شاخص­هاي تمركززدايي مالي و نسبت درآمد مالياتي به درآمد عمومي استان­ها بر نابرابري درآمد را با استفاده از روش حداقل مربعات   برآورد كرديم. نتايج برآورد نشان داد كه متغيرهاي تمركززدايي درآمدي و سرمايه­گذاري دولتي رابطه­ي مثبت ومعنادار، اما متغيرهاي تمركززدايي هزينه­اي و ماليات­هاي محلي رابطه­ي عكس   با نابرابري درآمد داشته است. از آن­جايي كه اثر تمركززدايي هزينه­اي بر نابرابري درآمد بسيار بارزتر بوده است در مجموع مي­توان گفت دولت­هاي محلي نقش   بسزايي در بهبود بخشيدن توزيع درآمد داشته­اند.

   امروزه، آرايش كشورها به سمت و سوي ساختار اقتصاد دانش‌بنيان[1] كه مسير توسعه به آن منتهي مي‌شود رقم مي‌خورد. كشورهايي در زمر? توسعه يافتگي قرار مي‌گيرند كه در تكاپوي تحقق اين الگوي توسعه باشند و با بهره‌گيري و انطباق خود با ساختار اقتصاد دانش‌بنيان، مسير پيشرفت و توسع? روز افزون خود را به ارمغان آورند.كشوري در اين عرصه به ديگر رقبا برتري مي‌جويد از دانش[2] كه به عنوان قدرتمندترين موتور توليد در عصر نوين شناخته شده است بهره گيرد. در واقع ايد? افراد و خلق دانش، ثروت و قدرت يك كشور را نمايان مي‌سازد چه بسا كه عصر منابع مادي و فيزيكي جاي خود را به سرمايه‌ها و دارايي‌هاي دانشي داده است. اما آنچه كه در اين راستا مهم جلوه مي‌كند   فراهم نمودن بسترهاي لازم جهت تحقق اين نوع از اقتصاد مي‌باشد كه تمام فعاليت‌هاي آن با نهاد? دانش گره خورده است. بنابراين توجه به فرهنگ[3] و عوامل فرهنگي كه نقش زيربنا در توسع? جامعه را برعهده دارند مي‌تواند مسير را براي تحقق آرمان و سياستگذاري‌هاي كلان يك كشور جهت تحقق   پيشرفت و اهداف توسعه را فراهم سازد. بنابراين، اين پژوهش بر آن است به اين مسئله بپردازد كه تحقق اهداف و برنامه‌هاي اقتصاد دانش‌بنيان در حوز? فرهنگ متأثر از چه عواملي است. همچنين چه شاخص‌هايي نماگر اين عوامل و نهادهاي فرهنگي مرتبط هستند. در صورت تحقق اين هدف مي‌توان اميد داشت كه ضمن كاهش خلأ نظري در اين حوزه، امكان ارائه راهكارهاي عملياتي به بازيگران اين حوزه فراهم شده و به بهره‌گيري عملي از اين مفاهيم در برنامه‌هاي توسعه اين بخش را فراهم سازد. در اين پژوهش، از دو روش توصيفي- تحليلي و پيمايشي براي پاسخ‌گويي به سوالات محوري تحقيق، استفاده شده است. پس از شناسايي عوامل فرهنگي، پرسشنامه‌هايي در اختيار 14 نفر از خبرگان و متخصصين استان قرار داده شد كه ميزان تأثير هر يك از عوامل را در تحقق اقتصاد دانش‌بنيان مشخص نمايند. در نهايت براي رتبه‌بندي شاخص‌ها و مؤلفه‌ها از روش [4]AHP، با استفاده از تكنيك مقايسه‌هاي زوجي از نظرات 20 نفر متخصص   اين حوزه استفاده شد. نتايج اين پژوهش حاكي از آن است كه از شاخص‌هاي فرهنگي آموزش رتبه اول را به خود اختصاص داده است. عقلانيت و مهارت تفكر به تربيت در رتبه‌هاي دوم و سوم قرار گرفته‌اند. 1- Knowledge Based Economy 2- Knowledge 3- Culture