It aimed to investigate the influence of seed origin and weight on the germination, survival, and growth of Persian oak seedlings in the Cheleh and Vijenan areas of Gilan-e Gharb county.    Methods: In this study, Persian oak seeds were collected in 2021 from two different origins in Gilan-e Gharb county (Cheleh village at an elevation of 1110 meters and Vijenan district at an elevation of 850 meters). The seeds were measured for morphological characteristics (weight, length, and width) and >Results: The findings of this study indicate that seed weight and geographical origin have a significant effect on the Dixon's Quality Index (DQI) of Persian oak seedlings. Based on statistical analyses, the heavy seeds from the Vijenan region, which were sown immediately after collection, produced seedlings with the highest quality. In contrast, the light seeds from the Cheleh region, sown after a 20-day delay, exhibited the lowest quality. It was also determined that seed weight and geographical origin had distinct and significant effects on various aspects of the growth and survival of Persian oak seedlings. While seed weight had a limited effect on germination and initial survival, it significantly influenced vegetative indices such as collar diameter, height, and leaf count. Specifically, heavy seeds demonstrated a clear superiority in all stages of seedling growth. On the other hand, seed origin also had varying effects; seeds from the Cheleh region performed better in terms of germination and height growth, whereas seeds from the Vijenan region were superior in the seedling quality index (DQI). Concluding Remarks:  The findings demonstrate that utilizing heavier seeds and implementing immediate sowing post-harvest in the Vijenan area yields superior quality seedlings. These results offer valuable insights for developing effective strategies for the rehabilitation of Zagros forest ecosystems.

   The Zagros forests are the second largest forested region in Iran, predominantly composed of oak trees, which is why these forests are referred to as the Western Oak Forests. A portion of the Zagros forests is located in Kermanshah Province, where two oak species, Quercus brantii (Persian oak) and Quercus infectoria, are distributed. The objective of this research was to investigate the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of oak seeds in Kermanshah Province. For this purpose, seed samples were collected from various locations within the province's forests and tra  orted to the laboratory. In the laboratory, quantitative traits of the seeds such as the weight and length of the whole fruit, length, weight, diameter, and volume of the nut (achene), as well as the weight and thickness of the cupule were measured for both species. Subsequently, after determining the moisture content and pest infestation rate of the seeds, the concentrations of iron, copper, zinc, manganese, phosphorus, and nitrogen, along with the protein content of the seed coat (pericarp) and kernel, were analyzed. Finally, statistical software was used to analyze the quantitative and qualitative data of the seeds. The results revealed that all quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the seeds from both species, collected from different locations across the province, exhibited statistically significant differences both intra species and inter species.    Keywords: Chemical elements, Oak seed, Quercus infectoria, Quercus brantii

Fungal pathogens are one of the factors that cause damage in agricultural products. Volatile compounds and other bacterial metabolites by inducing resistance in plants are considered as a promising alternative to chemical toxins and management of plant pathogens. Light regulation is one of the strategies to control plant pathogens and is one of the key factors in regulating the growth, development and response to stresses in plants, bacteria and fungi. In this research, the effect of full, red, blue, far-red, UVA, green and dark light spectrums on the physiological characteristics of the B. pumilus INR7 antagonist bacteria, including types of bacterial movements, population growth, biofilm formation, changes in intensity, and the type of volatile compounds released And also its effect on the growth of plant pathogenic fungus A. brassicicola in laboratory conditions and their interaction were investigated. The results showed that the light spectrum has a significant effect on the physiological characteristics of the antagonistic bacteria, so that the red light spectrum has the most and the dark has the least effect on twitching and swimming movement, the dark has the most effect and UVA has the least effect on the swarming movement, the green light spectrum It has the most effect and UVA has the least effect on population growth, the green light spectrum has the most effect and other spectrums together with darkness have the same effect on biofilm formation, as well as light spectrums separately cause changes in the intensity and also the type of volatile compounds released by the antagonistic bacteria. became Electron microscopic photography of the antagonist bacteria grown in the vicinity of light and dark spectrum showed that the UVA light spectrum and darkness caused the antagonist bacteria cells to stick to each other as well as the formation of biofilm. Full light spectrums and UVA have also increased the size of bacterial cells compared to darkness. The light spectrums were also effective on the physiological characteristics of the pathogenic fungus A. brassicicola, so that the blue light spectrum caused growth and darkness caused a reduction in the size and area of the pathogenic fungus. The full spectrum of light, UVA, red, green and blue had a similar effect and darkness caused a decrease in the population of pathogenic fungal spores per milliliter. On the other hand, the light spectrum of UVA increased and darkness decreased the growth of pathogenic fungi in the presence of antagonistic bacteria in dual culture. Also, the green light spectrum has the most and the dark has the least effect in comparison with the full spectrum and darkness in the growth of the pathogenic fungus in the presence of the volatile compounds of the antagonist bacteria.  

Abstract Members of the genus Bacillus are considered effective and useful microorganisms in controlling plant pathogens. By producing antibiotics and volatile compounds, Bacillus isolates prevent the growth of mycelium and reduce the spore germination capacity. These bacteria also induce plant resistance against pathogens. Nevertheless, the production of efficient and long-lasting commercial products has been a constant challenge in the production of biological agents. The aims of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of several Bacillus isolates in suppression of strawberry gray mold in the laboratory, and the possibility of preparing microcapsule formulations of effective isolates using biocompatible materials. Different isolates of Bacillus were prepared from the microbial collection of the Iranian plant protection research institute and their effectiveness in inhibiting strawberry gray mold disease with Botrytis cinerea agent was evaluated in vitro and also in greenhouse conditions on strawberry plants inoculated with the pathogen. Then the inhibitory ability of the isolates was evaluated and the best isolates with the highest efficiency were selected and their microcapsule formulation was prepared and evaluated. The microcapsule was prepared using biocompatible alginate compounds and natural minerals, and after its preparation, the release process, durability and resistance to environmental conditions were investigated. The optimal microcapsule based on the results obtained from the structural chemistry analysis and evaluation in laboratory conditions was chose for in planta tests. At the end, the properties of the resulting microcapsules were evaluated in the control of strawberry gray mold disease. Key word: Postharvest, slow release, bioretention, microencapsulation, Botrytis cinerea   

  Forest statistics has an important role in forest management and provides information on forest parameters; Without forest statistics, due to the lack of sufficient information for planning and implementation, it is not possible to have sustainable management. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of different formulas for estimating the density of distance sampling methods as fast and low-cost methods for estimating the density of oak trees. With this aim, a polygon with an area of nine hectares was selected in Zardlan Sardsir forests of Ilam province and some of their characteristics were measured by the 100% statistical method and also by measuring the distance-azimuth between the trees, a spatial map was prepared. Then, in the field of statistics, 50 walking sampling points were carried out in AutoCAD software, and 6 distance sampling methods including nearest person, nearest neighbor, T-square, combination, common point and square method were implemented in each point. After obtaining the available distances in distance methods, different estimators of each method were used to calculate density. The results showed that the estimators of Cottam et al. (1953) and Diggle (1975), Cottam and Curtis (1954) and Heydari et al. Using the accuracy criterion had better performance than other estimators

   Botanical gardens all over the world are a place for collecting different plant species, preserving and researching them, that is why most of these gardens belong to universities and research institutions. In other words, it can be estimated that there are more than 1775 botanical gardens all over the world that try to preserve and cultivate plants and try to educate people, students and enthusiasts with these valuable creatures. introduce The Zagros Botanical Garden includes a variety of tree and shrub species that was established in Razi University campus in 2016 and the seedlings of its species were collected from different parts of the country and planted here, and on the other hand Currently, Kermanshah province is suffering from drought, so the important measures that can be taken in this field is to identify the species that have more survival and survival in the current conditions. The purpose of this research is to investigate the diameter and height growth of these seedlings as well as their survival in the conditions of Kermanshah. For this purpose, first in 1400, the location of all seedlings in the UTM system was measured and recorded using a tape measure for distance and a Sunto compass for azimuth, so that they could be used by other researchers in the surveys of the following years. Then, by taking 100% statistics and using a diameter caliper at the collar, stump (40 cm) and chest (one meter and thirty cm) locations, up to a millimeter accuracy, and using a tape measure, the height of seedlings of 38 tree and shrub species They were measured to the nearest centimeter and recorded. In the next step, in 1402, to determine the survival percentage of species, the number of non-dried seedlings of all species was counted. The obtained results showed that the above-mentioned species had statistically different diameter growth of neck, trunk and chest as well as height growth, but they did not differ from each other in terms of survival. The results of this survey can be used for botanical garden managers, researchers, and students of natural resources fields, especially for master's and doctoral theses, as well as educational matters.    Key words: diagonal growth, height growth, seedling, survival, Zagros Botanical Garden.

   Land use means the type of land use to meet human needs, in other words, land use change means both a change in the structure and function of a specific type of use (qualitative change) and a change in the spatial space and extent of that use (qualitative change). And it has always been one of the most important factors through which humans affect the environment. The development of land cover and land use change is needed not only to prevent it but also to manage and plan a case. This research is the construction and prediction of land use changes in Ravansar region using satellite images and geographic information system. For this purpose, Landsat satellite images of 2020, 1990, and 2010 were prepared. Satellite images were analyzed for geometric and radiometric errors. For this purpose, six land use classes in the studied area were determined and a land use map was prepared for the studied years. The results showed that in the last 30 years, a total of 31,248.62 hectares of land has been changed. In addition, using the logistic regression model, the effect of physiographic and human factors was evaluated, which showed that land use change has a direct relationship, while with the factors of slope percentage, height above sea level, distance from the road, distance from residential areas And. The distance from water sources has an indirect relationship. The CA-Marcov model, which is a combination of the automatic cell model and the Markov chain, has been used to predict land use change in 2030 and 2040. The valid model is also based on the night map made in Year. 2020 was done with the actual map of the same year and the Kappa coefficient obtained from the comparison with the value of 95.49% indicates the high ability of the model in simulating land use changes for the future.

Abstract One of the important issues in human health and agricultural products is soil health and quality that soil quality. Soil quality can be affected by inherent soil characteristics and human management factors. Mahidasht plain in Kermanshah province due to the importance of crop production with different land uses of rainfed and irrigated agriculture in this study was studied to calculate soil quality. soil quality in this study, the soil quality of the region was calculated using two indicators of cumulative soil quality and soil quality. Soil sodium,   potassium, SAR, EC, pH, texture, organic carbon, equivalent calcium carbonate, bulk density and   phosphorus measured to determine soil quality and measured soil quality calculations Using PCA was converted to the minimum data set and the characteristics of total soil sodium, total soil potassium, sand, bulk density, EC organic carbon and phosphorus were selected as the minimum effective sets in PCA. were plotted both linearly and nonlinearly. Finally, the quality of cumulative soil with linear weighting more reliably showed the quality of soil in the region and total sodium was selected as the most important factor affecting soil quality. Key Word: Soil health, Soil Compression, Soil physical Character, Soil quality, PCA, Soil quality index, Minimum data set.   

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is a perennial plant of the Fabaceae family and an important fodder crop in the world. Bean leafroll virus causes many damages and reduces the yields by 30% or more in plants of the Fabaceae family.   This virus is one of the most important pathogens of alfalfa and in addition to reducing the yield of infected plants, it causes stunting and yellowing symptoms. Bean leafroll virus is being transmitted by aphids in a persistent, circulating, and non-propagating manner. Due to the importance of alfalfa and lack of knowledge about the status of infection with this virus in alfalfa fields in Kermanshah Province, this study was conducted to detect the virus in alfalfa fields in some parts of the Province. Samples were collected from alfalfa and chickpea farms in different parts of Kermanshah Province (farms of Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University in Kermanshah, Geravand village, Harsin, Mahidasht, Dinavar, Islamabad, Gilan-Gharb, Kangavar, Ravansar, and Sahneh). The leaves of alfalfa and chickpea plants that showed yellowing symptoms were selected and tested using DSMZ antibodies (including IgG code AS-0142 and specific monoclonal antibody code AS-227/1) by the TAS-ELISA method. Among 157 samples tested, 17 tested positive in the ELISA test, including 12 samples of alfalfa (from Harsin, Mahidasht, Dinavar, and Faculty of Agriculture) and 5 chickpea samples (from Dinavar and Faculty of Agriculture). In the aphid transmission test by Aphis fabae, the infection was transmitted from alfalfa to Vicia faba. In this study, Bean leafroll virus was detected for the first time in the alfalfa fields of Kermanshah Province.   

   Abstract Knowledge of phenology and ecology as well as weed germination characteristics play an essential role in designing effective policies for their management in agricultural fields. Musk weeds of Vicia genus are the predominant species in rainfed fields in Iran. In order to evaluate the plant growth phenology and germination ecology of Caspian vetch and broadleaf vetch as important and predominant weeds in dryland wheat and chickpea fields, an experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications during two cropping years 2019-2020 in rainfed farms located in Kozran section of Kermanshah province were implemented. The farm where the study was conducted had a history of high infestation with both species of vetch. Previous experiments have shown that the emergence of these two species began in early February and continues alternately until April in the fields. Three peaks of emergence of both species in the three months that were the window of emergence of these two species, namely February, March and April of each year were selected and in each peak 15 plants to measure morphological traits and different phenological stages until the end of the growing season in fallow. Crop and other weeds were kept away from competition. Also, the percentage of seed germination of both species and their response to various factors of dormancy breaking were investigated. The results of this study showed that seeds were dormant after harvest and dormancy required a after ripening, so that with increasing number of weeks after harvest, germination percentage reached 40%, but never increased in the fourteenth week after harvest. The results of differentseed dormancy-breaking treatments in both species showed that the germination percentage with mechanical scraping by sandpaper had the highest performance. The results obtained in the morphological section showed that the studied traits including 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod and ratio of pods to flowers in both species had almost the same trend and plants established in February compared to post-establishment They were always superior. Calendar onset and degree of day-cumulative growth of each phenological stage also differed between establishment dates and crop years and its effect on height, number of leaves, number of pods and lateral stems produced in both species was significant. The establishment of Februry in May indicated more power and competition with the crop, and as a result, more damage to it. In general, based on the results of this study, it can be suggested to control and manage earlier settlements of these two weeds, which have competitive power and consequently higher damage to crops in their field control management program and that later established plants can not compete. Hardiness in the rainfed fields of the region. From a practical point of view, it is better to plant the crop later so that we do not face stronger plants of these weeds to compete with the crop. Keywords: after-ripening, dormancy breaking, sub-Branch

identification of amylase producing   thermophilic fungi from soil and composting inKermanshah province (West of Iran) AbstractAn investigation was carried out on the occurrence ofthermotolerantand thermophilic fungi soil samples collected from cultivated andnatural regions in Kermanshah province, municipal waste compost and mushroomcompost, 2017–19. Fungal isolates were recovered using the soil dilution platemethod on potato dextrose agar at 45 and 50 °C. Totally, 24 fungal isolateswere obtained from soil and compost. DNA extraction was carried out using aGenomic DNA Purification kit. The ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 (ITS) Regions wereamplified using ITS1 and ITS4 primers. Fragments about 500–700 bp wereamplified and after sequencing deposited in GenBank. Based on morphologicalcharacters and sequence data of the the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA,these fungi were identified as Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillusnidulans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillusterrus, Melanocarpus albomyces*, Malbrancheacinnamomea*, Thermomyces dupontii*, Thermomyceslanuginosus*, and Thielavia arenaria*. Asterisksindicate species that are the new records for the mycobiota of Iran. Thefrequency of thermophilic and thermotolarant fungi in municipal waste compost was higher than soil(agricultural and virgin) and Aspergillus species were the most abundantfungi identified in this study. In the present study, Aspergillus fumigatuswas the most abundant among Aspergillus species isolated from soil andtwo types of compost including mushroom and municipal waste compost.This species had a favorable growth at atemperature of 45 degrees Celsius and due to its better growth in thetemperature range of 25-45 degrees, it is considered thermotolerant. In thisstudy, 24 isolates were isolated from soil (cultivated and uncultivated) andtwo types of compost (municipal waste compost and mushroom compost).   Eleven isolates belonged to soil samples andnine isolates belonged to compost samples of municipal waste and four isolatesbelonged to compost samples of fungi, respectively. In order to identifyamylase-producing isolates, the obtained isolates were cultured on agar starchmedium and placed in three replications at different temperatures of 40, 45 and50 °C. After 48 to 72 hours of growth of isolates, the colony was flooded with Logolsolution. In this study, a clear halo was observed around the colony of allisolates except for two species of Thialavia arenaria and Melanocarpusalbomyces, which indicates the consume of starch by the fungus and theability to produce amylase enzyme. The maximum halo belonged to the species, Thermomycessp., Malbranchea cinnamome, Thermomyces lanuginosus andThermomyces dupontii, respectively  

   ABSTRACT Introduction: Nowadays, growing population and extending urbanism has led to various social, economic, and environmental inconsistencies around the world. One of the major problems of –especially large- cities is waste management. Improper location of landfill sites in many places has resulted in harmful environmental consequences, thus locating the sites through a scientific approach is of prime importance. In Iran, most landfill sites were located traditionally, where waste is build up, burn or burry improperly. Current landfill site of Kermanshah city also has not been located suitably, that has and will impose frequent environmental problems. Pollution with organic compounds and heavy elements are majors among them. Objectives: This work carried out to find one or more areas proper for Kermanshah landfill site using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and Fuzzy logic (FL) in environment of geographical information system (GIS). Materials and methods: Based on recommendations by experts, most important criteria extracted, which furthermore considered along with standards defined by Environmental Conservation Organization (ECO). In addition, minimum required landfill site area -assuming no recycling and composting- estimated conservatively some 158 ha. for 20 years ahead. A buffer of 32 km (32buffer) around the city considered for the study. Layers of information including geology, soil, land use, precipitation, slope, prevailing winds, etc. were calculated with GIS, and all pixels in each of which weighted according to AHP results. To find most proper areas inside 32buffer in form of membership values, all the weighted layers of information overlaid through application of AND, OR, SUM, PRODUCT, and GAMMA fuzzy operators in GIS environment. Outputs of AND and GAMMA produced acceptable results, however, by comparison the latter selected for further studies. To make the locating results more compatible with common legal limits of the city, a 20 km buffer (20buffer) masked within the 32buffer. Considering a range of (and not just the highest) membership values, six areas (named 1 through 6) in GAMMA output for 20buffer were selected, delineated, and evaluated. Results: Findings showed GAMMA=0.9 as the best operator for locating landfill site in this study. Based on ECO criteria, selected areas examined and areas No. 1 and 3 were diagnosed as best among others. However, due to some advantages area No. 3 of some 1255 ha. was chosen, which showed high levels of the majority of criteria. Some surprising features were: surrounded with high mountai   reachable trough a strait; no water (surface or ground) water resource; close to the city (10km); far enough from airport, historical monuments, and faults; scarce agricultural lands; low land price; sufficient (and much more) area for estimated twenty-year solid waste of the city; etc. Considering the advantages, study of soils and clay mineralogy of the area were also conducted, which were suited as well. Soils were generally young with no or little horizonation, but enough depth to provide cover for fillings. Clay fraction was dominated with 2:1 minerals of Smectite and Illite groups with traces of Kaolinite and chlorite and perhaps Palygorskite/Sepiolite, which was in accordance to landfill site requirements largely. In addition to landfill site, the area provided a good potential to locate recycling and composting stations, for which an exploratorymap prepared.

   In addition to its economic role in the country's development, the forest contributes to environmental protection and biodiversity, reducing pollution, regulating temperature, protecting water and soil, and consequently reducing soil erosion and increasing water resources. Therefore, the purpose of this realization is to evaluate the structure of Zagros forest Structureand quantitatively evaluate its impact while also comparing the impact of different forest, rangeland and agricultural land uses on hydrological components and soil physical and chemical properties in part of the river basin. Death is located in Chahar Azar in Kermanshah province. Accordingly, an area with degraded forest land (with severe, medium and low level of degradation) along with rangelands and agricultural lands was selected. In the study area, three forest mass with a total area of ??0.5 hectares and all characteristics Trees were measured in the desired area and then the nearest distance sampling method was applied in this area. Subsequently, the study area was divided into three compaction categories. Hydrological parameters were measured in each forest condensation area and in both agricultural and pasture land uses. Precipitation was run at a rate of 83 mm / h for 24 minutes. Rain simulation was repeated six times per user. Samples of surface soil (0-20 cm) were collected along each plot to study the soil characteristics of each land use. The results showed that sample fragment 1 and 2 have random distribution pattern and sample fragment 3 has clumped distribution pattern and based on the accuracy criterion for estimating the quantitative characteristics of density and canopy cover presented by Byte and Ripley give better results for the approach of the nearest person to mass one and for estimating height for masses one and three. The results of soil studies in three forest mass showed that the physical and chemical properties of soil in the three studied mass were not significantly different, while the percentage of organic matter and nitrogen in the three forest, pasture and agricultural land uses were not significantly different. So that the amount of nitrogen and organic matter in forest and rangeland soil was higher than agricultural land. Rainfall simulation results also showed that runoff time, suspended sediment load, sediment concentration and runoff coefficient were not significantly different in the three studied populations, but the volume of runoff produced was significantly different between treatments. Species with masses one and three were statistically equal and both were less than mass two. But in the three land uses the volume and coefficient of runoff and load and sediment concentration were significantly different between treatments, so that the volume and coefficient of runoff were higher in forest mass and sediment load and concentration were lower than the other two uses. On the other hand, the results of organic matter loss measurements showed that there were no significant differences among the three forest mass, but there was a significant difference among the three land uses so that more organic matter forest land Wasted by the rain. Therefore, one of the most important services and functions of forest ecosystems is to prevent soil erosion, which should prevent soil erosion in the country by preserving and preventing deforestation and changing land uses.

  AbstractThe structure of forest stands changes over time due to human or natural disturbances.   Investigation of these changes in relation to environmental factors and turbulence plays an important role in the dynamics analysis and management ecosystems. In order to better understand the forest ecosystems and its dynamics, it is necessary to study the forest structure and its order in a quantitative manner. Zagros forests as one   of the most extensive vegetation habitants in the country and the second important forest ecosystem of Iran, although not very important in terms of industrial wood production. Due to its important role in regulating water and soil and ecological interaction of the region, the purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in the structure of Kermanshah Sorkh­ Dizeh forest after a thirteen year period. In order to this survey, in first   fifty circular plots in a 100m*100m network   with geoplaner software were denoted and then in this stand, the forest structure characteristics that measured in thirteen years ago, in circular plots were carried out. The results showed that dominant species (Quercus brantii ) and spatial pattern of stand (clumped distribution) have not been changed. The density of stand was decreased in thirteen years ago, 178.4 trees per hectare in 2005 decreased to 119.4 trees per hectare in 2018, but the canopy cover of   trees in this stand was increased from 1676.490 m2ha-1 in 2005 to 1767.09 m2ha-1 in 2018. In this period the percent of stand canopy cover changed from 16.77% to 17.67%.   The percent of stand canopy cover as canopy cover was not significant. In summary, the results showed that dominant species, spatial pattern of trees, canopy cover and percent of canopy cover of this forest were not changed but trees density of stand was decreased and statistical surveys improved this matter.   Keyword: Structure – density – canopy cover – circular sampling method – spatial pattern

  Abstract  Due to the importance of Zagros forests in Iran, especially in terms of water conservation, soil and biodiversity, optimal management is needed. Zagros forests have been susceptible and fragile due to irregular exploitation in recent years and are not in desirable condition in terms of density and canopy cover. Therefore,   awareness of the density and canopy status of Zagros forests is important for their preservation, restoration and expansion. Therefore, timely access to statistics and information in these forests seems necessary in order to manage and plan them. This study aimed to investigate changes in some quantitative characteristics of a natural Quercus brantii stand in a statistical period of 13 years in Sorkhe Dize forest of Kermanshah. For this purpose, 50 sampling points were considered as sampling centers in the study area and using geoplanner software, a grid of 100 meters by 100 meters was designed within the area and then the coordinates of these points were entered into GPS and stored. Then in the forest area ,after finding points within the target stand on the ground by applying distance sampling point center quarter method(PCQM)   and T square method at each specified point, target characteristics (species, two diameter of the canopy   and …) of the trees were measured and recorded in the sampling forms. The results of data analysis over the 13-year period showed that in the T square sampling method the density and canopy cover decreased from 111.4 nha-1 and 2374 ha-1 in 2005 to 109.59 nha-1 and 1983.86 ha-1 in 2018. The results also showed that in the point center quarter method (PCQM) the density and canopy cover decreased from 76.62 nha-1 and 2171 ha-1 in 2005 to 42.47 nha-1 and 933.99 ha-1 in 2018. In both sampling methods, the distribution of the number of canopy level >  Keyword: forest – canopy cover – density- distance- sampling

  Research was conducted to determine the water requirement and different plant coefficients and of Ambarbo rice variety in Razi University of Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus. A series of Lysimetric experiments in the field and greenhouse were conducted during two years of 1396 to 1397. Experiment were conducted for two years. In the field condition three drainage lysimeters with diameter of 1.2 and height of 1.4 meters and in the glass room 6 lysimeter with diameter of 0.40 and height of 0.80m with 20*20 plant distance were used. Also, during both years of investigation and based on meteorological data, the total potential evapotra  iration in field conditions was calculated using the Penman-Monteith FAO method as 435.61 and 438.65 mm for both years of investigation respectively. The same parameter was estimated in greenhouse conditions by (pan dir=rtl align=right>    Keywords: Ambarbo Rice variety, Water requirements, Drainage Lysimeter, crop coefficients, Greenhouse and farm conditions  Research was conducted to determine the water requirement and different plant coefficients and of Ambarbo rice variety in Razi University of Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus. A series of Lysimetric experiments in the field and greenhouse were conducted during two years of 1396 to 1397. Experiment were conducted for two years. In the field condition three drainage lysimeters with diameter of 1.2 and height of 1.4 meters and in the glass room 6 lysimeter with diameter of 0.40 and height of 0.80m with 20*20 plant distance were used. Also, during both years of investigation and based on meteorological data, the total potential evapotra  iration in field conditions was calculated using the Penman-Monteith FAO method as 435.61 and 438.65 mm for both years of investigation respectively. The same parameter was estimated in greenhouse conditions by (pan dir=rtl align=right>    Keywords: Ambarbo Rice variety, Water requirements, Drainage Lysimeter, crop coefficients, Greenhouse and farm conditions  

    Any atmospheric phenomenon that causes the weakening and destruction of economic, social and physical capabilities, such as financial and psychological damage and the destruction of infrastructure and economic resources, is defined as Atmospheric disasters. Each of the atmospheric elements can only cause significant atmospheric hazards such as heat wave, dust storms, heavy rainfall, hail, frosty, and frostbit, but most of the mortal and financial losses are based on combined atmospheric phenomena and secondary dangers arising from them.The main objective of this paper is to identify atmospheric hazards in Kermanshah province. For this purpose, the data of the Meteorological Organization of Kermanshah province on a daily and monthly basis for 5 synoptic meteorological stations in the province of Kermanshah for a period of 30 years (1987-2016) were used which were investigated the thirteen significant of atmospheric hazards.In general, the phenomena were studied in two main ways: 1. the use of certain meteorological codes determined by the World Meteorological Organization for each of the phenomena. 2. For some the hazards were exploited by separate and special methods to adequately reflect the occurrence of the phenomenon. Taking into account the similarities and differences, the thirteen of atmospheric hazards were >Parts of the center and south of Kermanshah province are among the most vulnerable areas due to the frequency of occurrences, while the western parts have the lowest amount of risk. The Space patterns of hazardous represents increasing trends of risks related to visibility from the south and center towards the west and east of province and versus have a reverse pattern in terms of precipitation and temperature hazards. It is found that the rate of occurrence of precipitation and temperature hazardous decreases from south to east and west.In Kermanshah province, frosty, wind chill, days with dust and rainfall have showed the highest occurrence rate among of the thirteen of atmospheric hazards investigated. At the same time, the lowest frequency of occurrence of hazards is also related to a very severe drought, severe drought, and moderate dryness. According to the zoning map of atmospheric hazards, parts of the central and south province with regard to the frequency of occurrence of various types of hazards by placing on the Average rank are considered to be the most disaster area in Kermanshah province. Some parts of the western regions have the least risk of occurrence and is somehow the safest region and at the same time, parts of the north and east of the province experience little hazard in terms of occurrence.   And To estimate   Effective rain is used   Of the three methods Percentage , USDA and SCS. After preparing effective rain tables , Average monthly amount and Effective rain Average annual is Calculated To the three method     and for every 5 stations. The maximum average effective rainfall is calculated At each statio     is related The USDA   method . Effective precipitation values calculated Percentage method   is a lot . But The lowest average effective rainfall is calculated At each station is related to The SCS method.   After review And the comparison of the values obtained from each of the methods,   CS method Recognized An appropriate option for estimating effective rainfall in this basin. and In the ARCGIS environment,   Effective Rainfall Map is Done To contrasts In all three ways. And in the eastern and western parts of the province, the plants have More water requirements than northern parts and Using    software And conduct Student Distribution Test , Effective precipitation values by SCS method in 3 confidence intervals of 90, 95 and 99 percent   Was calculated.

  One of the uses made in the northern Zagros pollarded oak trees and the foliage for feeding livestock. Several centuries in Europe to control and adjust the height of the trees they are pruned. This operation is called Lopping (pollarding) is said. To study the effects of pollarding on forest structure and spatial pattern of trees on both quantitative and qualitative characteristics in forests voshkalan, located in the city of Marivan, two standes are 20-hectar pollarding and not pollarding   was investigated. 10 ar 60 plots in each stand for grid dimensions 50 x 50 randomly Systematic, and Quantitative features of trees (Diameter at breast, density, canopy, and height) were measured. The qualitative features of them (resprouting Well, resprouting average, resprouting weak, the number of healthy trees, dry trees , mistletoe on trees and tree density infectoria) are measured and recorded. UTM coordinate system to GPS location points moved. Statistical Summary trees in the stand showed a significant effect of pollarding on forest structure factor is the marked decline in the area of the canopy so that the volume of this factor is almost half of pollarding on forest structure. To see that the average size of the canopy intact stand 188.57 cubic meters. Whereas the characteristics of this factor (pollarding on forest structure) and showed a significant difference to the amount of 80.29 cubic meters as a result of this characteristic is involved. The results of statistical tests (t-test) showed the characteristic features of four little tree canopy, average diameter at breast height, average height and density of trees undisturbed tannic between two bodies of pollarding and there is a significant difference, So that the characteristic average diameter at breast height pollarding average stand of workers is intact and features of the cover and density as a result of this operating tannic trees (pollarding) declined. The qualitative features of the all features had significant differences between the two populations. So that the stand resprouting and pollarding of healthy trees have been much better condition than the standes. Two specifications of dry trees and mistletoe on the trees in the intact stand relative to the stand pollarding more.The results Spatial structure indicate that the most quantity characteristic exponential models were examined in two areas. The average height and average diameter of the spherical model showed in both populations studied. The results of the spatial structure features of the study also showed that all the parameters in the two regions has a correlation ratio was 25-75 percent, so the spatial average showed. The qualitative characteristics of spatial structure suggests that two variables in a pile of dried tree pollarding and resprouting Well undisturbed stand strong correlation with ltr">