Heavy metal contamination, particularly from nickel and chromium ions, have significant environmental and health risks due to their toxicity and persistence in water. Conventional removal methods mostly are lack of selectivity and efficiency. It pushes researchers to explore the novel adsorbents. In this study, phycocyanin-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles were prepared to selectively immobilize Ni(II) and Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solutions. Magnetic nanoparticles were first synthesized and coated with polyethyleneimine, followed by functionalization with phycocyanin to provide active binding sites for metal ions. Adsorption experiments were conducted under different conditions, such as initial metal concentration, and contact time, and removal efficiency and adsorption capacity were calculated. The adsorption kinetics were analyzed using a pseudo-second-order model, while Langmuir isotherms were applied to determine maximum adsorption capacities. Results showed rapid Ni(II) adsorption within minutes, whereas Cr(VI) uptake was slower but reached similar capacity over extended time, reflecting differences in affinity and interaction mechanisms. Maximum adsorption capacities were 13.85 mg/g for Ni(II) and 22.17 mg/g for Cr(VI), and adsorption was strongly influenced by pH, with nickel favoring alkaline conditions and chromium favoring acidic conditions. Desorption experiments showed that the adsorbent could be regenerated and reused, indicating practical applicability. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups responsible for selective binding and the stability of phycocyanin on the magnetic core. In conclusion, the magnetic adsorbents provided selective, efficient, and reusable removal of nickel and chromium ions, suggesting a promising approach for wastewater treatment and offering a foundation for future studies to optimize performance. Keywords: Phycocyanin, Magnetic nanoparticles, Nickel, Chromium, Adsorption

      Although airlift bioreactors have recently achieved success in the simultaneous removal of carbon (C) and nutrients (N and P) from various wastewaters, their focus has largely been on conventional mechanisms such as simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) and enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR). Building on this, the present study aimed to establish diverse mechanisms for synchronous CNP removal in a hybrid dual internal circulation airlift A2O (DCAL-A2O) bioreactor by implementing specific operating conditions. The influence of nitrogenous species, particularly NH4+-N/(NH4+-N + NO3--N) ratio (0.5-1.0), and hydraulic retention time (HRT; 8-12h) on the bioreactor's performance was investigated. The synergistic effect of various biological mechanisms played a significant role in achieving simultaneous CNP removal in a single-stage bioreactor. Under optimal conditions, achieved at an NH4+-N/(NH4+-N + NO3--N) ratio of 0.55 and an HRT of 10.5 h, the bioreactor demonstrated exceptional performance, with removal efficiencies of 95.4 % for total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) (inlet: 1500 mg/L), 86 % for total nitrogen (TN) (inlet: 210 mg/L), and 66 % for total phosphorus (TP) (inlet: 45 mg/L), along with an effluent turbidity of 9 NTU. Furthermore, the hybrid DCAL-A2O bioreactor exhibited outstanding nitrate removal efficiency of 98 % when treating high-strength nitrate wastewater (262.5 mg/L). In conclusion, the hybrid DCAL-A2O bioreactor proved to be highly effective for simultaneous CNP removal and demonstrated superior performance in nitrate removal from high-strength nitrate wastewater.

   The present work evaluated the lycopene recovery from industrial tomato waste using cellulase enzyme along with ethanol and alkaline treatments. Central composite design (CCD) was applied to optimize the enzymatic step. An optimal lycopene yield of ??about 51.09 µg g-1 was obtained under the cellulose-to-tomato peel ratios of 4.25 mL g-1, the temperature of 48.25 ?C, and hydrolysis duration of 152.81 min. A combination of the enzyme-ethanol treatment (at 60°C for 5 s) before solvent extraction resulted in a very small increase in lycopene yield while a combination of the enzyme and alkaline treatments (45% KOH, 10% sample weight at 55°C for 30 min) enhanced significantly the lycopene recovery yield by 249.6%. In lycopene extracted under optimal conditions, the highest antioxidant activity against H2O2 as an oxidizing agent was shown at about 75.4% in the case of the enzyme-alkaline treatment.   

  Modern power systems rely on advanced technologies and communication networks that enable efficient monitoring, control, and operation of physical equipment. These tools offer diverse services in terms of functionality and enhanced reliability; however, their increasing use has led to a rise in vulnerabilities and cyberattacks. Such vulnerabilities have serious consequences, including blackouts and detrimental effects on electrical infrastructure. Therefore, developing effective models for identifying and classifying adverse events in power systems for the prompt issuance of control commands is of great importance. In this context, cyberattacks on SCADA systems, which are widely used for monitoring large production systems and modern power networks, have become a significant challenge. These systems are particularly vulnerable to various cyberattacks due to their unique features, including remote communications and management of critical infrastructure. Detecting these attacks using traditional Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) is challenging due to the complexity and diversity of threats, highlighting the need for innovative and effective methods for accurate identification of these attacks. In this regard, a two-stage feature selection method utilizing Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the War Strategy Optimization (WSO) algorithm, along with a Feedforward Neural Network (FFNN), has been proposed. In this method, the number of layers and the number of neurons in each layer of the FFNN are optimally determined by the WSO algorithm. This approach is designed for the precise identification of malicious attacks. The performance of the proposed method has been evaluated using laboratory SCADA system data, and the results demonstrate satisfactory effectiveness in detecting cyberattacks. This research can significantly enhance the resilience and safety of SCADA systems against cyber threats and serve as an effective solution for managing and mitigating risks arising from cyberattacks on critical infrastructure.

In this research, desulfurization through an adsorption method using activated carbon derived from oak seed husk was investigated for a model fuel consisting of n-hexane solvent and the sulfur compound dibenzothiophene. The activation process utilized chemical activation with phosphoric acid. The adsorption process was conducted in a batch system, and the nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm for the synthesized sample was >  

The aim of this research is to increase the efficiency of the photocatalyst composed of bismuth chromate and copper oxide along with reduced graphene oxide under visible light to remove phenol. Bismuth chromate has shown good activity as a promising photocatalyst in removing organic pollutants from aqueous solution; But due to the high rate of electron/hole recombination, it has been used less. To reduce the electron/hole recombination rate of this photocatalyst, there are several methods, including combining with other semiconductors, among the semiconductors, metal oxides have shown good performance. In this research, the combination of bismuth chromate and copper oxide along with reduced graphene oxide was prepared using hydrothermal synthesis method and ternary composite with different molar ratios. Among them, the composite had a better performance in removing phenol. By examining effective parameters such as catalyst dose, solution pH, initial concentration of phenol and determining optimal conditions including catalyst dose equal to 1mg/L, pH equal to 5 and initial concentration of phenol, the photocatalytic performance improved and the removal rate reached 97%. Using the results of XRD, FTIR, FESEM, EDX and UV-vis analysis, the optical and structural properties of the synthesized photocatalysts were checked, and the results indicate the correct and good synthesis of the photocatalysts and the higher photocatalytic performance of the ternary composite compared to other photocatalysts under visible radiation. This composite still shows good performance after 4 reuses. The ternary composite prepared in this research has a favorable performance for the photocatalytic decomposition of phenol pollutant under visible light irradiation.

  In this study, the effects of various pretreatment methods on cellulase enzyme production from wheat straw using solid-state fermentation and the fungus *Trichoderma reesei* ATCC 26921 were investigated. Wheat straw, as a significant agricultural waste in Iran, has high potential for producing industrial enzymes and bio-products. The main objective was to find the optimal pretreatment method for maximizing cellulase production. Through Box-Behnken design, the best fermentation conditions were found at 30°C, 80% humidity, over 6 days. The study explored acidic, alkaline, combined, and deep eutectic solvent pretreatments, revealing that the deep eutectic solvent calcium carbonate-glycerol improved enzymatic activity by 38% compared to untreated samples. FTIR analysis showed enhanced lignin and hemicellulose degradation, improving cellulose accessibility. This research emphasizes sustainable development and optimal use of agricultural waste, offering new pathways for industrial enzyme production and reduced environmental pollution.

  The construction industry is one of the most important industries in driving the economic cycle of countries. The significance of this industry is especially notable in developing countries where there is a greater need for new infrastructure development. On the other hand, the use of modern building methods and advanced technologies to improve quality, reduce time and costs, and increase productivity has always been a focus for stakeholders in this field. One of the most important mechanisms that have emerged in recent years is "Building Information Modeling/Management," or BIM for short, which specifically focuses on improving the construction industry in its initial stages. Building Information Modeling (BIM) reduces common engineering errors by creating a consolidated information structure through digital tools and providing a unified view of all information and managerial and engineering decisions. This process is currently being researched and used by leading companies, research groups, and governments worldwide. Implementing this process in our country requires relevant methods, guidelines, and infrastructure. Unfortunately, like in other countries, there are challenges to overcome. This thesis aims to facilitate the implementation of the Building Information Modeling (BIM) process by creating an EIR (Employer’s Information Requirements) worksheet as the first step in implementing the BIM protocol. It seeks to provide a clear understanding of BIM and its practical applications to senior managers and decision-makers. By reviewing library resources and designing a case study aligned with BIM process capabilities and compiling information, this thesis results in a proposed "Employer's Information Requirements" worksheet and provides solutions for completing such worksheets in accordance with higher-level documents.

   Abstract Yeast extract is a powdery substance that contains useful substances such as soluble proteins, vitamins and minerals and is widely used in food, medicine, and industrial microbiology industries. This substance is produced as a biological product from the decomposition of the cell wall of yeasts (various strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae). In the present study, in order to reduce the production costs of yeast extract, beet molasses was used as a carbon source in the batch cultivations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (PTCC 5052) at a temperature of 30 ?C and a stirring speed of 150 rpm. The growth curve of yeast was investigated in different initial concentrations of molasses and the results showed that increasing the concentration of molasses in the range of 0-10 vv-1% did not inhibit the growth of yeast and the Monod kinetic model with the specific maximum growth rate of 0.164 h-1 and half-saturation constant 1.78 vv-1% was well described the experimental data. Also, by matching the biomass experimental results with the cell maintenance energy concept model, the theoretical yield of biomass production from reducing sugars in molasses and the maintenance energy coefficient were estimated at 1.739 gcell g-1   and 0.0518   g gcell-1 h-1, respectively. High relative biomass yield and the low maintenance energy coefficient indicates favorable cultivation conditions to achieve a high biomass in the fermentation stage. After cultivation, yeast cells entered the stage of cell wall disruption. At this stage, the processes of autolysis, plasmolysis (in the presence of 0.5 M solution of NaCl and KCl), and ultrasound (20 kHz) were investigated. The results showed that the lowest production yield of yeast extract from biomass (Yp/x) with about 42% was obtained during 24 h from the plasmolysis process by the KCl solution. While, the ultrasonic process after 60 min obtained Yp/x about 78%. The integration of the plasmolysis (NaCl solution) and ultrasonic provided a yeast extract production yield of 81%. In this way, the best result was obtained for the production of yeast extract using 10 vv-1% of molasses in the fermentation stage after 24 h and applying the process of cell disruption with ultrasonic waves.   

   The sharp decline in fossil fuels, as well as the increase in the emissions of harmful air pollutants and greenhouse gases from this burning, which also includes a large percentage of energy, have reduced the acceptance of these fuels. As a safe, renewable and non-toxic fuel, biodiesel is a good alternative to petroleum diesel. The study used cattle slaughterhouse fat waste as cheap raw materials to produce biodiesel fuel by homogeneous game Trans-sterification. From the design of experiments with the design expert software to the response level method (RSM) the effects related to temperature operating parameters, potassium hydroxide catalyst concentration and molecular ratio of methanol to oil were examined individually at three different levels. A total of 17 experiments were designed and conducted individually to investigate the effects of these parameters on reaction efficiency. The results obtained are confirmed by preparing the sample in the predicted conditions of the model. The highest yield related to the molecular ratio of methanol to oil was 6: 1, the catalyst concentration was 1.25% by weight of potassium hydroxide and the reaction temperature was 62 ° C with a reaction time of 1.5 hours of 8.97% by weight. There was a good match between the data from the experiments and the statistical model for the yield of biodiesel produced. The properties of biodiesel produced were determined by the quality in terms of fuel characteristics such as density, gravity, ignition point, sulfur value, humidity and combustion point, and were well matched by the use of EN and ASTM standards. The study shows that cattle slaughterhouse fat waste can be used as a raw material for the production of biodiesel by the Trans-sterification method with the catalyst of homogeneous play of potassium hydroxide and methanol solvent.

The increase of population has led to increase the demand for housing, which in contrast to the insufficient and inappropriate supply of housing And due to the lack of economic power and the high share of housing costs in the household budget, the low-income sections of the society. Having a suitable house for the unemployed and with various conditions such as mortgage, rent and marginalization in the units They live in unfavorable housing. Designing a suitable housing that fits the needs of the target community and paying attention to the cultural conditions that govern those communities is one thing It is one of the solutions to meet the needs of low-income groups for housing. Therefore, in this thesis, try to It is that by determining the characteristics of the ideal housing and examining the basic human needs, the ideal residential complex designed for the low-income text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;mso-line-break-override:none;word-break:normal;punctuation-wrap:hanging">The society's income leads to solving the problem of housing poverty, security and public welfare and according to quantitative aspects And the quality of housing will increase the level of satisfaction of the residents. Considering that it is the core of the city of Kermanshah. It is a historical context, the aforementioned design idea is also an answer to the problem of low-income housingIt is on a local scale, it can help the issues and problems in the historical context of Kermanshah city is also In recent years, the concept of urban improvement has become one of the most important methods of organizing dilapidated urban tissues And areas with informal texture have become. These concepts are also considered in our country. Textures Worn out and informal has become one of the challenges of citizenship management in the past decades. From Also, the comparison of the potential of two worn-out and informal contexts for improvement is considered one of the important issues which has been less investigated. The present study aims to compare the capacity of urban regeneration in wealthy neighborhoods. The worn-out and informal urban texture has been done in Kermanshah city. This research is applied and descriptive. It is analytical. Its target population includes low and middle income groups who can afford quality housing. They are not desirable in suitable neighborhoods in the center of the city, as the residential context of Modares street in Kermanshah. It is worn out and selected for review and design. The results of this thesis show From the point of view of the residents of the target neighborhoods, the improvement of social conditions is the first indicator with potential in urban improvement. Economic prosperity is the second indicator with improvement capacity, physical improvement is the third indicator with potential Improving the environmental status of the fourth indicator has potential in urban improvement. Improved capacity A city in the micro-scales of socio-cultural conditions, economic prosperity, improvement of the environmental situation and so on Improving physical quality in worn tissue is high and high. Urban improvement capacity in this area Scales are also average in the informal context. In total indicators, the capacity of urban improvement in Worn-out texture is more than informal texture that should be considered by urban improvement managers.   

The goal pursued in this research is to increase the photocatalytic performance of Ag2CrO4(ACO) under visible light irradiation to remove alizarin red (AR) color pollutant. Due to the narrow energy gap and also the recombination rate of this photocatalyst, its photocatalytic performance decreases. To solve this problem, NiFe-LDH photocatalyst, which is a member of the double-layer hydroxide family, was used along with ACO. Three composites with different molar percentages (AN1-1: AN2-1: AN1-2) were prepared, among which composite (AN1-1) Ag2CrO4@50% NiFe-LDH50% was the best sample with a removal rate of 97.1% in AR degradation. . Also, the properties, structure and characteristics of pure Ag2CrO4 and NiFe-LDH and their composites were determined by XRD, FESEM, FTIR, EDX mapping and UV-Visible analyses. It was found that Ag2CrO4@NiFe-LDH composites with the Z design structure, in addition to increasing the active sites and increasing the specific surface area, reduce the recombination rate of pure Ag2CrO4 and NiFe-LDH. From the technique of designing Box Behnken experiments, which is one of the most commonly used designs in response surface methodology (RSM), to optimize operating conditions and investigate the effect of 4 independent parameters: catalyst amount (0.5-1.5 g/L), solution concentration (5 -20 mg/L), pH (12-4) and light intensity (52-13 W) were used. The importance of independent parameters and their interaction was determined using ANOVA. Using numerical optimization, the optimal values of the selected parameters equal to 1.34 g/L of catalyst, solution concentration of 16.45 mg/L, pH = 10.74 and light intensity of 15.53 W were obtained as optimal conditions with a desirability coefficient of 1.00 and an absorption value of 95.71%. The closeness of adjusted R2 (0.9838) and predicted R2 (0.9507) values show that this model can be successfully used for prediction. Also, after 3 cycles, the degradation efficiency of AN1-1 decreased by only 8.16% and no significant deactivation was observed, indicating the high stability and remarkable reusability of the photocatalyst; Therefore, the prepared composite can be suitable for the photocatalytic removal of wastewater containing colored pollutants.  

In thisstudy, the efficiency of an advanced photocatalytic oxidation process for theremoval of Methylene Blue (MB) dye from synthetic wastewater wasinvestigated.     composiwas used, and the process was examined under visible light irradiation. Tooptimize the conditions for photocatalytic decomposition, the Box-Behnkendesign method was employed. -   compositeswith different molar ratios (1:2, 1:1, 2:1) were synthesized using thehydrothermal method. The highest photocatalytic removal efficiency in theinitial experiments was found to be 85%, attributed to the BC-2:1 composite.XRD, FTIR, FESEM, EDX, and UV-Vis analyses were employed to identify thestructural and optical properties of the synthesized photocatalysts.FE-SEMshowed relatively uniform distribution of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles onbismuth chromate ( ) nanotubes. UV-Vis analysisindicated that the highest photocatalytic performance was achieved by theBC-2:1 composite, with a band gap of approximately 1.73 eV compared to thelower performance under visible light irradiation of pure CuO and . This enhanced photocatalyticactivity can be attributed to the heterogeneous p-n synergistic effect. Pure   and CuO samples individually were not capableof effectively performing the photocatalytic reaction for Methylene Blue (MB)removal. However, the composite samples exhibited highly desirablephotocatalytic activity. Photodegradation experiments were conducted with theproposed optimal parameters, including an initial MB concentration of 18.89mg/L, a pH of 11, a catalyst dose of 0.99 mg/L, and a light intensity of 29.2W. The suggested system's response (percentage removal) was 91.97%.The averagepercentage removal of the dye, based on three repeated measurements, was90.06%, indicating the applicability of the proposed model. Furthermore, the -

  The increasing construction of high-rise structures in cities and the placement of buildings on soils with different layers show the need for engineers to pay attention to the effect of different conditions of soil layers on the seismic response of structures. In this study, after validating the 3D numerical model using the previous shaking table test, the effect of soil layering on the seismic response of resistant concrete buildings has been investigated by considering the soil-structure interaction (SSI). Using Abaqus finite element software, a set of numerical modeling for a 15-story building placed on layered soil with different values of shear wave velocity has been simulated. Nonlinear dynamic analysis under seismic motion has been performed in a direct way and the results have been compared and discussed in terms of maximum lateral displacement, shear force, maximum relative displacement of floors and acceleration response spectrum. The results showed that the deeper the soil layer with the lower shear wave speed and the closer it is to the ground surface, the higher the values of lateral displacement and shear force, the relative displacement of layers and the acceleration response spectrum. Also, according to the results, soil layering has a major contribution to the seismic response of buildings by considering SSI, and considering SSI ensures the safe and economical design of structures. Keyword: soil-structure interaction, numerical modeling, soft soil, abacus, relative displacement, floor shear

  Heavy metal pollution is one of the concerns that has become a global concern, and cadmium is one of the types of metals that are very dangerous and carcinogenic. Bioremediation is one of the environmentally friendly methods that is a suitable alternative to chemical methods. Biomineralization is one of its subcategories, which is a process during which microorganisms make mineral from the biological mineral environment and eliminate its risk.The aim of this research is to work on the biological mineralization process and test this process in the bacterial culture environment.The microorganism used is Bacillus persicus and the desired metal is cadmium, which by preparing the required solid and liquid culture medium, the defined process for three operational parameters: pH (6.5-8.5), temperature (25-35°C) and the concentration is 1500-200 ppm.The findings indicate that the highest removal rate is 57.17%. In relation to pH, the process of removal increased gradually with the increase of pH from 6.5 to 8.5 and we reached the maximum amount of removal at 8.5. In relation to the temperature, with the increase in temperature from 25 to 35 degrees, the removal status is increasing, and then from 35 to 45 degrees, we have seen a decrease in the amount of removal, and at 45 degrees, we have had the minimum amount of removal. Also, in relation to the concentration, we have seen an increase in the removal rate by increasing the concentration from 200 to about 1240, and after that, a slight decrease has occurred up to the concentration of 1500.The simultaneous state of pH and concentration had the greatest effect on the amount of removal, followed by temperature, concentration and pH respectively.

  In today's urban society, where the stress and consequences of machine life have created the ground for all kinds of physical and mental diseases, spa as a reliable and basic solution to improve human mental and physical health, to avoid today's stressful life and to prevent diseases. It is spiritual. On the other hand, the proper and special use of the healing garden in combination with the spa can create a favorable and relaxing atmosphere to improve the health of the human body and soul and create a healing place. This issue has not been given much attention in our country and the result is an increase in tension, stress and psychological crises. This is despite the fact that most cities in Iran, including Kermanshah, have a high potential for setting up spa and healing garden complexes.Spas have different types according to the services they provide, however, the general goal of all of them is to improve the level of health and well-being of people and maintain, manage and improve health and well-being. The spa that is considered in this thesis is a health spa. Thus, the main goal of this thesis is to provide a framework for the design of the health spa complex in Kermanshah using the component of healing gardens. Reviewing the literature done around achieving the goal of the thesis has led to the formation of the main research question.In this way: What are the conceptual and practical components and principles of garden healing in the architecture of the spa complex? Also, how can these components be properly used in spa design?The approach adopted to answer the research question is qualitative, and the required information was collected using library sources and documents and scientific articles, then the components and healing solutions of the garden in the spa were extracted and deduced with the descriptive-analytical method. Is. The findings of the research show that the four components of stimulation of the five human senses - the feeling of comfort, ease and relaxation - the proper connection and access of the spa to the garden - the feeling of closeness, confidence and control of the environment are the effective components of the healing of the garden in the spa. In the following, each of the components is reviewed and the solutions and design principles related to it are presented.Also, considering the importance of the selected site in the design of the spa and healing garden, these 4 components have been investigated and evaluated in the site using the SWOT table, and after ensuring the suitability of the site, appropriate design planning has been presented.Finally, it has been tried to present the main results of the research by providing a suitable model in the design of this collection. The results of this research show that the design of the spa complex by using the healing garden, by creating a proper relationship between architecture and nature and establishing a balance, creates a healing environment that reduces stress, provides the ground for mental regeneration and causes Promoting the culture of health, wellness and healthy lifestyle

Surfactants are used as emulsifiers in food, agriculture, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Surfactants are often produced by chemical methods and from crude oil derivatives, and their use is not desirable due to their toxicity on living cells. Among the advantages of production and application of biosurfactants is the possibility of their production from agricultural waste and food industry factories, stability in high temperature and pH, and low critical micelle concentration. Biosurfactants can be produced on an industrial scale by yeasts and bacteria, and among them, sophorolipids are widely used. Sophorolipids producing strains are mainly Candida family yeasts, which are able to convert linear hydrocarbon compounds or fatty acids with medium chain length into amphipathic sophorolipid compounds. In this research, a new species of Candida catenulata was used to produce sophorolipids from fatty acids in the residue of vegetable oil neutralization unit. To increase production efficiency by using this waste, 3 types of processes were carried out to remove heavy triglycerides, non-hydratable and hydratable gums and mineral salts from free fatty acids. The results showed that production of sophorolipids by using isolated fatty acids was even better than using refined oils and raw soapstock. In this study, sophorolipid production was carried out in three stages including production in a shaker flask and production in a bioreactor in batch and Fed-batch operations. In shaker flask studies, by using free fatty acids collecting from sunflower soapstock, the final titer of sophorolipid was 12.4 g L-1. Utilizing the aeration flow and continuesly mixing in the bioreactor compared to the shaker flask increased the production rate in the bioreactor. Since the high concentration of produced sophorolipids can act as an inhibitory effect on the growth and optimal production of the product, using fed-batch system in bioreactor can possiblly dilute the medium culture during production.   In batch operation in bioreactor, the final concentration of produced sophorolipids reached 14.6 g L-1 and when using fed-batch operation with all components of the culture medium, the final titer of sophorolipids increased to 17.5 g L-1 . Also, the effect of feed acidity and dilution rate in fed-batch operation were studied using response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that the feed acidity and dilution rate have significant effect on the volume productivity of sophorolipids, the yield of produced sophorolipids to consumed glucose, and the yield of produced sophorolipids to consumed free fatty acids. The highest volume productivity of sophorolipids was 0.266 gSLs L-1h-1, the yield of production of sophorolipids to total glucose consumption was 0.157 gSLs gglucose-1 and the yield of production of sophorolipids to total free fatty acids consumption was 0.211 gSLs gFFAs-1 at 4.9 acidity and 0.010 h-1 dilution rate in fed-batch operation.

  With the rapid growth of the economy and the expansion of the stock market, analyzing and forecasting the stock price and comparing various price forecasting methods, and analyzing the trend of the stock market are more necessary and at the same time popular.The stock market is difficult to predict due to its volatile nature.There are no rules for predicting what will happen to stocks in the future.Accurate forecasting is a big challenge because market trends are always changing depending on many factors. In this research, the goal is to analyze the price and trend of the total index and stocks using machine learning techniques.This work includes two approaches. In the first approach, using the historical data of oil, gold, dollar, some other foreign indices, shares of some large stock exchange companies inside Iran, stock indices, and technical indices extracted from them between 11/13/2012 and 05/21/ 2022, was shown that with the help of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithm (MLP), it is possible to find the factors and indicators that affect the total index of the Tehran stock market and try to better predict prices with the help of them and machine learning algorithms.The results indicate that the LSTM network with two recurrent layers and the optimal time step is a suitable and time-consuming but high-accuracy network for price and time series forecasting, which has the best results with minimal error compared to other machine learning methods such as nearest neighbor. followedIn the second approach, using some machine learning algorithms and technical indicators and past price information of a specific stock (steel from 03/11/2007 to 08/30/2022), the goal was to analyze the stock trend and check the buying and selling signals that With the help of the Bollinger Band indicator and a buy and sell risk factor, you can find the right time signals for the predicted data.

  The purpose of thisthesis is to investigate different deep learning techniques that can be used toimplement a system that learns how to detect breast cancer cases inmammography. Today, breast cancer has become one of the deadliest diseases.Mammography is the gold standard for detecting early signs of breast cancer,which can help treat the disease in its early stages. However, mammographymisdiagnosis is common and may harm patients through unnecessary treatments andprocedures (or lack of treatment). Therefore, systems that can learn to detectbreast cancer on their own can help reduce the number of misinterpretations andmissed cases.Convolutional NeuralNetworks (C  ) are used as part of the deep learning process, initially ontheir own. To analyze the effects on performance and efficiency, various deeplearning techniques such as different architectures (VGG16), dropout, dataaugmentation, changing network layers, fine-tuning, etc. are used.Finally, the accuracy of88.69% in the CBIS-DDSM dataset with the pre-trained model with VGG16architecture in two-class classification for the detection of mass andcalcification, as well as the accuracy of 61.31% in the four-classclassification for the simultaneous detection of mass and Calcification andtheir benign and malignant nature are obtained in mammography images. Othertested techniques such as data augmentation, dropout, and fine-tuning alsoincrease accuracy. Finally, these results have been compared with otherarticles using the CBIS-DDSM dataset.

  In this thesis, polyethersulfone-based nanocomposite membranes were made by phase inversion method and by adding different percentages of copper oxide nanoparticles and polydopamine coating. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of copper oxide addition and polydopamine coating on surface properties including hydrophilicity and roughness, permeability, anti-fouling properties and most importantly antibacterial properties. FTIR, XRD, SEM, AFM and contact angle analyzes are performed to check the structure of nanoparticles and membranes, and to refine the milk powder feed to check the anti-fouling properties and to determine the diameter of the inhibition and return curve to check the antibacterial properties of the membranes. XRD analysis confirms the monoclinic structure of copper oxide nanoparticles. The SEM images show that all the membranes have an asymmetric structure, consisting of a dense upper layer and a finger-like sublayer and well-developed macropores at the bottom. The results of the hydrophilicity of the membranes show that the membranes modified with nanoparticles and polydopamine coating have more hydrophilicity than the membranes modified with copper oxide, which is the reason for the higher hydrophilicity of the polydopamine coating. Also, the output flux results show that the modified membranes (except for the membranes with 1% by weight of copper oxide) all have a higher flux than the pure polyethersulfone membrane, so that the membrane with 0.5% by weight of copper oxide with polydopamine coating is 197% higher than the pure membrane and The output flux results are consistent with the porosity and pore size results.

   Currently, fMRIis the most widely used brain function technique. fMRI provides an oppurtunity to observe the neural activity in the brain. In fMRI tests, a blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal is measured. Dynamic causal modeling is a Bayesian framework for inferring latent neural states from measured brain activity. DCM is increasingly used in the analysis of a wide range of neuro imaging and electrophysiological data. One of the methods of functinal magnetic resonance imaging is functional magnetic resonance imaging at rest. The idea that cerebral blood flow can reflect neural activity is the basis of all imaging techniques today. rs-fMRI imaging is used to describe areas of the brain that are correlated with time signals. Spectral Dynamic causal modelling (sp DCM) is introduced to estimate the intrinsic effective connectivity of rs-fMRI data. spDCM estimate the effective connectivity that results in a functional connectivity. spDCM reliably estimates the intrinsic efffective connectivity in the absence of an external stimulus. Spectral DCM models a range of endogenous activities that reproduce the observed functional connectivity fMRI at rest. The aim of this thesis is to investigate both DCM methods for inferring latent neural states from measured brain activity and spDCM methods for estimating the intrinsic effective connectivity of rs-fMRI data. Currently, fMRIis the most widely used brain function technique. fMRI provides an oppurtunity to observe the neural activity in the brain. In fMRI tests, a blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal is measured. Dynamic causal modeling is a Bayesian framework for inferring latent neural states from measured brain activity. DCM is increasingly used in the analysis of a wide range of neuro imaging and electrophysiological data. One of the methods of functinal magnetic resonance imaging is functional magnetic resonance imaging at rest. The idea that cerebral blood flow can reflect neural activity is the basis of all imaging techniques today. rs-fMRI imaging is used to describe areas of the brain that are correlated with time signals. Spectral Dynamic causal modelling (sp DCM) is introduced to estimate the intrinsic effective connectivity of rs-fMRI data. spDCM estimate the effective connectivity that results in a functional connectivity. spDCM reliably estimates the intrinsic efffective connectivity in the absence of an external stimulus. Spectral DCM models a range of endogenous activities that reproduce the observed functional connectivity fMRI at rest. The aim of this thesis is to investigate both DCM methods for inferring latent neural states from measured brain activity and spDCM methods for estimating the intrinsic effective connectivity of rs-fMRI data.

   Nowadays power quality is one of the most important index in power systems along with other indices such as reliability, stability and security and can be affected by steady state current or transient current including short-circuits. Directional over current relays are used as the primary protection of meshed distribution and multi-sourced sub transmission systems. By using a good protection scheme, in case of fault current occurance, only the least possible portion is removed. DOCRs have mainly two settings i.e Time multiplier setting (TMS) and plug setting (PS). Proper coordinated relayes are required to clear the fault as soon aspossible to avoid further damages to the transmission system. This problem of setting proper TMS and PS of DOCRs in multi-sourced meshed systems has become very complex. CTs provide DOCR   the required current to trigger. Numerous researches and studies have been done over solving and optimizing the problem of setting proper settings among primary and back up relays but none considered CT composite error. Therfore we are about to solve the complicated phenomena of setting and optimizing TMS and PS considering the composite error of CTs. To achieve this goal we have used metaheuristic optimizing algorithms such as PSO,DE and GA combined with DE.

  Color is one of the most important quality properties of the product that is first visible to the consumer. Color is an effective factor in attracting attention and selecting the food that is received through the sense of sight, and its presence in the rapid diagnosis and final acceptance of each product will be due to its attractiveness. According to the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) definition, food coloring is: "A color additive contains any dye, pigment, or other substance made by a synthetic process or similar method, or from a plant, animal, "Minerals and other sources or intermediates have been extracted, isolated and derived, and when used for food, medicine, cosmetics or any other part, can create and add color to it." Which will be added to food, beverages and cosmetics for human consumption in order to create color. According to this definition, colors are divided into two categories: licensed for consumption (ie, for food consumption, a license is required, such as dyes of natural origin) and non-licensed for consumption (ie, it is not necessary to obtain a license for consumption). Fabrics and carpets are used) are divided. With the passage of time and the increasing need of various cosmetic, health, textile, food, etc. industries for more and more diverse colors, humans began to prepare and mass-produce dyes in an industrial way, the production and consumption of which in non-food industries caused Air pollution, groundwater aquifers, running water, pollution of agricultural lands and pastures in the food, cosmetics and health industries have caused deep concern about the safety of chemical or synthetic dyes in the health of the body (1). Due to the allergic effects of some artificial colors in foods such as azerobin or tartrazine, their use in various food industries is limited (8). Some synthetic dyes also show carcinogenic and mutagenic effects, for example dye used in the meat industry to form nitrosamines. This substance combines with nitrate and nitrite to form an amino agent (9) in order to To counteract these harmful effects, there is a global trend towards the production of pigments from natural sources. Natural dyes are derived from two important sources of plants and microorganisms. In the meantime, dyes derived from fungal sources have wide and very important applications in the nutrition and economy of human society and are able to create a profit of about $ 30 billion per year in the industrial process. The number of different colors in fungi is more than a thousand species that are not found in other organisms or are very small (1). Permissible edible and natural pigments of plant origin will cause many problems such as instability against light, heat, low or high acidity, low solubility and often lack of easy access throughout the year (2).

Advances in Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies are driving the rise of incentivized social media platforms over Blockchains. Blockchain-based online social media is decentralized social media that uses blockchain technology to reward users' social activities and store information. In order to protect the privacy of users and expose fake news.    In this study, presents an empirical analysis of Steemit, a key representative of these emerging platforms, to understand and evaluate the actual level of decentralization in these modern social media platforms. Similar to Bitcoin, Steemit is operated by a decentralized community, where 21 members are periodically elected to cooperatively operate the platform through the Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) consensus protocol.    Our study performed on 539 million operations performed by 1.12 million Steemit users during the period 2016/03 to 2018/08 reveals that the actual level of decentralization in Steemit is far lower than the ideal level, indicating that the DPoS consensus protocol may not be a desirable approach for establishing a highly decentralized social media platform. For this reason, in this dissertation, we tried to provide a solution to the problem of decentralization of the consensus algorithm used in Steemit social media. Our solution to this problem is to replace its consensus algorithm with a more advanced consensus algorithm called the Algorand, which can form a committee without elections involving user interaction. Algorand is a new cryptography that proposes a new Byzantine agreement algorithm that allows choices to be made by randomly validated cryptographic functions rather than by users.    Using the simulator design as well as the API published by Algorand's team, we explored its three main aspects of decentralization, high scalability and security, and show that Algrand can be a good alternative to the DPOS algorithm. Be in Steemit.      

In this research, the efficiency of simultaneous adsorption/photocatalyst system in the color decomposition and removal has been investigated. The composite from of MCM-22 zeolite, titanium dioxide and cerium metal nanoparticles and curcumin natural compound has been used. TiO2 nanoparticle has been layered by the reaction of the zeolite and titanium butoxide solution and then, the cerium metal was fixed on it using cerium nitrate salt. The photocatalyst reactor has been slurry type and the experiments were conducted in the presence of visible light using xenon lamp. Morphology and chemical analyses were investigated using FESEM, FT-IR, XRD, DRS, PL, Zeta potential and TGA. The efficiency of this system was evaluated by considering the operating conditions including cerium metal concentration, photocatalyst loading, initial contaminant concentration and pH of the contaminant solution on the contaminant degradation reaction rate of the contaminant and the total contaminant loading raduction of the solution, and basad on this result, the optimum conditions were obtained. Furthermore, the performance of the simultaneous process system in methylene blue dye removal was compared with the individual adsorption and photocatalytic process. By using the spectrophotometry method, the maximum dye removal was obtained in the feed concentration of 5 ppm, the photocatalyst concentration of   2.5 g / L and   H=11. Finally, the dye removal results were 11, 32 and 96%   in the photocatalyst   rocess, the adsorption process, and the simultaneous adsorption / photocatalyst system, respectively.

Earthquakes and that associated effects occur every year in different areas of the world and a lot of damage to all sectors and national infrastructure, including various industries and facilities that this issue leads to the loss of Financial and spiritual valuable capital at the macro level. One of the most important parts that affected by earthquakes has high vulnerability is the power distribution network. The electricity distribution network is one of the most important and basic industries in people's lives, and this issue important has more manifestation, especially when the earthquake occurs. The purpose of this study is the assessment of the vulnerability of electric distribution network againstsite frequency resonance in Kangavar city, which this work is based on frequency microzonation done in Kangavar city in previous research and modeling components and electricity distribution equipment used in Kangavar city with Abaqus software and analyze and drawing the seismic risk maps of the electricity distribution network. For this research, the modeled components and equipment include 9m distribution reinforced concrete poles with a nominal strength of 200 and 400 kg force and 12m with a nominal strength of 200 and 400 force which 9m pole with a nominal strength of 200 kg force according to the role its passage and branch is without transformer equipment and 9m pole with anominal strength of 400 kg force is modeled in the forms of single pole without transformer equipment, single pole with 200 kVA transformer, double pole without transformer and double pole with 250 kVA transformer and regarding 12mpoles with nominal strength 200 kg force, the modeling is in the forms of single-pole without transformer equipment, single pole with 50 kVA transformer, double pole without transformer and double pole with 50 kVA transformer, and 12m pole with nominal strength of 400 kg force is in the forms of single-pole without transformer equipment, double pole without transformer and double pole with 350 kVA transformer. The results separately include the first to third deformation modes of each component and accompanying equipment. The output of thesemodes is in the form of frequency, which is extracted from Abacus software as the normal frequency of equipment. The frequency in a single 9m distribution reinforced concrete pole with a nominal strength of 200 kg force without accompanying equipment in all three movement modes is in the range of 1.4 - 7.2 Hz, in a single 9m distribution reinforced concrete pole with a nominal strength of 400 kg force without accompanying equipment is in the range of 1.5-9.2 Hz, in a single 12m distribution reinforced concrete pole with a nominal strength of 200 kg force without accompanying equipment is in the range of 1.0– 5.0 Hz, and in a single 12m distribution reinforced concrete pole with anominal strength of 400 kg force without accompanying equipment is in the range of 1.2 – 6.8 Hz. These frequencies decrease with the increase of weight of components and accompanying equipment. By comparing these values of equipment frequency with the natural frequency of the ground that has been measured in previous research, the vulnerability is investigated. The result of the research is shown, in the form of tables and risk maps. The result of this study shows that the amount of risk of the main components and equipment of electricity distribution due to site frequency resonance in Kangavar city is different. The results indicate that the eastern and southern areas of Kangavarare more at risk

 the aim of this study was to investigate liquid-liquid equilibria for 2-propanol+ trisodium citrate/ sodium acetate/ sodium potassium tartrate + water systems at room temperature and different pH values ( 5,6,7/6,8/6/9/30/10/25) . the binodal curves of these systems were measured and compared at the mentioned pHs. accordinglyU experimental binodal data were correlated using MerchukU Hu and Pirdashti equations. as a resultU for all three equations R2 value was greater than 0/99 which shows a good correlation of bindol data. Hu equation model with lower RMSE value had optimal condition for binodal data fitting. Tie-line compositions were correlated by Othmer-Tobias and Bancroft equations. R2 value was greater than 0/99 for both equations. In addition, the effect of pH, salt and alcohol type on phase separation ability was studied. According to the results, an increase in pH value, hydrophobicity of salt and alcohol carbon number at room temperature leads to an expansion of biphasic region and approaching the binodal curve to the origin. on the other handU it was observed that kosmotropic ions with higher surface charge density and lower solubility in water are able to form a wider biphasic region.

  The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of Millard reaction on improving the antimicrobial properties of nisin against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Nisin alone is able to fight most gram-positive bacteria, but this is not the case This is not the case with gram-negative resistant bacteria because of the resistant structure of the cell wall These are bacteria that do not allow nisin to penetrate. To achieve the optimum temperature for the nisin-xanthan reaction in three ratios of 1: 1, 1: 2 and 1: 4 At 110 minutes, according to the studied articles, 4 temperature variables of 60, 75, 90, 105 ° C were selected to examine the effect of the performance of each during fluorescence spectroscopy. The result of comparing different temperatures showed that up to 90 ° C we see good performance and then we experience a decrease in performance, so 90 ° C was introduced as the optimal temperature. To achieve the optimal time, the spectra obtained from fluorescence as well as conjugate nisin and xanthan at 30, 45, 90, 110 minutes and 3-4-5 hours and in three ratios of 1-1 1-2 1-4 were examined and Also, the spectra obtained from nisin heated and unseen fluorescence at temperatures of 30, 45, 90, 110 minutes and 3-4-5 hours and in three ratios of 1 2 4 were studied to achieve the optimal temperature. The result of the study of fluorescence peaks indicated that up to 110 minutes we see the highest peak or maximum intensity of the peak and then we face a decrease in fluorescence intensity, so 110 minutes was introduced as the optimal reaction time. The ratio of nisin in kangougite is effective as a result of the fluorescence spectrum, and the higher the ratio of nisin to xanthan, the higher or higher the fluorescence intensity, and this is in perfect agreement with the results of antibacterial activity. 1-4 was declared as the optimal ratio. Observing the peak diagram around 420-440 in the spectra, we conclude that fluorescence is associated with the first stage of the Millard reaction and the development of fluorescent compounds formed in the reaction as precursors of brown pigments. Examination of the peaks obtained from spectroscopy of conjugate nisin and xanthan at times 30, 45, 90, 110 minutes and 3-4-5 hours and in three ratios 1-1 1-2 1-4 were examined by observing the peak of about 280-290 nm, which is related to the formation of the shift base, and confirms the formation of conjugate, and with increasing heating time in all three ratios 1-1 1-2 1-4 increase Has found. Examination of FT-IR peaks also indicates the formation of a conjugate and the formation of a conjugate, resulting in a Millard reaction. To express the result of bacterial contamination, it can be pointed out that the results of discoloration in each plate well after the addition of MTT are consistent with the table of bacterial contamination and the results of Alizarider. That each The more colorful the color inside each well in the image, the larger the results Absorption was reported higher in the ELISA reader as well as in contamination measurements Wells have been reported to have more colonies by bacteria. By examining the presence or absence of a colony in each well, comparing it with the numbers reported in Alizairder, we obtained the concentration required to inhibit or kill bacteria.

   Due to the increasing expansion of renewable energy sources in the world, the use of the concept of microgrid has been much considered by researchers. Microgrids are small distribution networks that can operate in both island and network-connected modes. Creating a suitable control platform for the best use of microgrids is of great importance. One of the problems regarding the use of renewable energy sources is the low level of inertia and the lack of inertia in these sources. Therefore, to overcome this problem, a concept called virtual synchronous generator has been introduced. Virtual synchronous generator using oscillation equation will help to create a virtual inertia to simulate behavior like real synchronous generator. In addition to this issue, another challenge that can be raised in this regard is the issue of voltage quality in microgrids. Different factors will cause unbalance.   In this Thesis we have tried to examine these problems. The possibility of switching on low voltage is one of the most basic needs of the network because during a voltage drop in the network, in fact, a series of incompatibilities will be formed between the active power output and the reactive power delivered to the network. By applying this scheme, which uses a proper power distribution between active and reactive capacities, it is possible to eliminate this voltage drop without any other faulty network specifications. In order to evaluate the correct operation of the network under voltage unbalance, the low voltage switching strategy (LVRT) and decouple dual synchronous reference frame (DDSRF) have been used. To prove the proposed method, a microgrid with two parallel distributed generation units is included in this work. Instead of the usual drop control that is often used in previous work, the concept of a virtual synchronous generator has been used alongside the LVRT strategy.

AbstractToday, the issue of pollutants in water resources such as organic matter and minerals is of great importance. Among the available water pollutants, paints, which are a group of organics with a complex structure and enter the environment through various processes such as dyeing, can be considered as the main sources of water pollution.According to research on the removal of dyes from water sources, photocatalytic degradation (a branch of the advanced oxidation process) is an efficient and low-risk method or the so-called green. Among the photocatalytic compounds developed, the two compounds zinc oxide and titanium dioxide are known to be more widely used, so-called more industrial, because of their cost-effectiveness, high jump, no pollution, and low energy requirements. Zinc oxide compound, which is white and environmentally friendly, is a non-toxic compound with high stability, high light sensitivity, wide energy gap and photocatalytic properties and high efficiency, which has attracted much attention in electron production.Pure photocatalysts such as ZnO have disadvantages such as rapid electron-hole recombination rates and low photocatalytic efficiencies in aqueous media, which can be improved by a variety of methods. Is another photocatalyst. In this way, the photocatalytic property of the host semiconductor is significantly increased. In recent years, studies have been conducted on the positive effect of ZnO on the photocatalytic process, which include increasing the specific surface area, coupling ZnO with other semiconductors, correcting ZnO with metals and non-metals, reducing particle size, and sensitizing zinc oxide. Due to the importance of dye removal from wastewater of various industries such as textiles, in this study, the efficiency of the photocatalytic process of perovskites with ABO3 structure such as LaNiO3 has been investigated. LaNiO3 perovskite has good photocatalytic properties and is one of the semiconductors with limited band gap that is activated when exposed to visible light, the synthesis of which is also investigated in this study.  

In recent years, water scarcity has posed significant challenges to oil refineries. The escalating water demands of developing oil refineries in pace with the progressively stringent environmental, economic, and technical regulatory and suitability constraints necessitate seeking sustainable water and wastewater management strategies that encourage minimizing fresh water consumption through treated wastewater reuse. Thus, the main scope of the present study is to investigate a general procedure using innovative post treatment technologies in order to attain an almost zero discharge water management in real life - Kermanshah's oil refinery case study. The results obtained are proofs enough that the selected post treatment scenario can effectively minimize the overall fresh water demand. the selected post treatment scenario involving hybrid membrane technology (UF + RO) could result in overall fresh water savings of approximately 70% and 50%, respectively in summer and winter times of the year, proving the benefit of water management optimization

  roduction of super hydrophobic nano structure coated on various fabrics for oil-water separation

  Epoxy vegetable oils have attracted much attention in recent years. On the other hand, the use of a waste material as a substrate of enzymatic epoxidation reaction and a source of fatty acids is a green and affordable technology. But disadvantages such as low biocatalyst stability and problems of its separation from the reaction led to the use of enzyme immobilization techniques. Among the various types of materials base, iron magnetic nanoparticles are considered due to the fast separation via magnetic decantation, dispersion and high specific surface area.In this work, lipase from Candida rugosa was bound with the multi-covalent bonds attachment to the amino-functionalized magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles by glutaraldehyde as a coupling agent. The protein assay showed the enzyme binding ef?ciency was 77.65% in the immobilization process. The catalytic activity of the immobilized lipase was compared with the free lipase in enzymatic epoxidation of free fatty acids. The results showed the immobilized enzyme had better stability than the free system during of the reaction in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, as an inactivator substrate, especially at extreme conditions of temperature and pH. The statistical study on effects of temperature and pH by response surface methodology specified that the highest epoxidation activity for the immobilized system was observed at temperature 52.2 °C and pH of 6.7. At the optimum condition, the immobilized lipase showed a good reusability, where 100% and 80.97% of origin catalytic epoxidation activity was respectively maintained after sixth and tenth cycle. Also, the storage stability of the immobilized lipase was investigated in room temperate and 4 °C. The experiments revealed the immobilized lipase had an excellent long-term storage stability after 152 and 203 days at 4 °C after being bound on to magnetic nanoparticles. The FTIR analysis was used to ensure the binding of lipase to Fe3O4 M   and the epoxy product quality was analyzed using HNMR.

Photovoltaic cell performance enhancement using hybrid system /micro channel/phase change material   cooling system

Natural based dye in the water is one of the main causes of aquatic environmental problems and it increases the scarcity of freshwater in today's society. The development of effective and sustainable technologies in the treatment of wastewater is of vital importance. Electrocoagulation (EC) is a new promising technology due to its simple design and high efficiency with a short retention time compared with traditional processes. Using this technology, metal cations are produced on the electrodes by oxidation, and these cations form different hydroxides in water depending on the solution pH. Laboratory scale experiments with a novel continuous Electrocoagulation (EC) reactor were performed using plate and rod iron (Fe) electrodes (anode and cathode) for treatment in real colorful wastewaters. In this study, two natural based dye wastewaters including algal dye and licorice wastewater were used in the proposed EC process. The influence of main factors like reaction time, current density (CD), the solution pH, NaCl concentration, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and mixing intensity on removal efficiency of the dye and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were investigated. According to the results, it has been observed that the reaction time and CD had a greater influence on the system performance. Also, in this work, two different forms of iron electrodes (plate and rod) were investigated. Based on the results, the rod iron electrodes shared to be effective in the removal of dye & COD from the used wastewaters. The electrical energy consumption, operating costs and the volume of sludge produced during the process were also measured was calculated. As a conclusion, the continuous electrocoagulation process using the Fe rod electrodes showed to be a promising and cost-effective technique to treat continuous wastewater.

    Numerical Analysis of the influence of the aspect ratio and angle of tube in vacuum tube solar collectors with modified structure

  Iran has a large volume of bitumen mines, especially in Kermanshah province. The purpose of this study is to remove ash and sulfur pyrite from the bitumen by leaching with sulfuric acid (as pretreatment) followed by flotation. This process is performed to produce high-quality bitumen and use of more than 160 applications of this mineral in various industries. In order to determine the optimal conditions and evaluation of effective leaching parameters, 27 experiments were designed by using a central composite design by considering four factors including acid concentration, temperature, and time, and stirring rate at three levels as follows; atmospheric pressure, particle size of 200 mesh and solid- to -liquid ratio) S/L) of 0.2gml-1. The intervals considered for independent parameters were including acid concentration (10-30 v/v%), leaching temperature (30-90?), stirring rate (0-1000rpm), and leaching time (30-90 min). The obtained experimental data were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). In addition, the second-order regression model was estimated as the most suitable model with respect to the 99% confidence level for analyzing the responses. Based on statistical model, the maximum removal of ash and pyritic sulfur were obtained in acid concentration of 29.57 v/v %, temperature of 89.98°C, stirring speed of 977.10 rpm and the time 89.74min. Following confirmation tests, 63. 52% ash removal and 38.82% pyrite removal were obtained in these conditions. stirring speed and temperature were the most effective parameters for the ash removal process and removal of pyritic sulfur, respectively. All parameters had a positive effect on the removal process.  flotation test was subsequently carried out in two conditions, as follows: The first was conducted on primitive bitumen sample and the second state stage was performed on bitumen sample in optimal conditions (effect of leaching was considered as pretreatment). The flotation test was conducted under following operating conditio   the collector amount of 1kg / t bitumen, foaming amount of 50 g / tbitumen, pulp equal to 5% of solid, pH =7, the particle size of 200 mesh and the flotation time of 3min based on the ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure.   In the first state, 42.3% of ash and 48.1% of sulfur pyrite (33.6 % of total sulfur) were removed while 79.4% and 57.6% (42.15%) removal of ash and pyrite (removal of total sulfur) were achieved in the second state, respectively. With regards to previous papers and the correlation of experimental data, the removal of pyrite follows a second-order kinetic model. A second-order regression model is consistent with the experimental data, due to the high value of adjusted determination coefficient (0.9752) and its proximity to the determination coefficient (0.9828).

In recent years, widespread use of synthetic plastics has led to an increase in the volume of non-degradable waste and environmental pollution. To cope with this problem, researchers have sought to find a suitable alternative to these materials. Biopolymers are materials that come from renewable sources and are completely degraded in the environment, and thus can be a promising alternative to synthetic plastics. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is the most famous member of the family of polyhydroxyalkanates (PHA), which is produced in the context of nutrient restriction as a source of carbon and energy as granules in the cytoplasm of some bacteria.In this research, a biopolymer producing bacterium was isolated from rhizosphere soils of oak forests of norabad, located in Lorestan province. The use of various carbon sources such as glucose, glycyrrone and rice shell extract separately and in combination for the growth of microorganisms and PHB production was investigated. In order to optimize the production of biopolymer, the method of designing experiments CCD with five factors (temperature, carbon content, C/N ratio , Extract amount ) was used in three levels. To identify and validate the   PHB, the Fourier Transform Infrared   (FTIR), Gas Chromatography- Mass spectrometry(GC-MS)   and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR) were performed. The maximum efficiency of PH   production in this study was obtained at 35 ° C, pH = 5, 20 g / l of carbon source, C / N : 4 and the amount of rice shell extract of 150 ml per liter of medium. Maximum cell dry weight (CDW), PHB content and production efficiency were obtained in 3000 mg / l, 1870 mg / l and 63.5% respectively.

     In this study, MoO3 metal oxide was loaded by mechanical and wet impregnation methods on nano structure g-C3N and SBA-15 supports, respectively. After finding the optimum amounts of metal oxide loading, 10%MoO3/g-C3N4 and 5%MoO3/SBA-15 nano catalysts were used in the oxidative desulfurization (ODS) process. For investigation the performance of the synthesized nano catalysts in the ODS process, Dibenzothiophene (DBT), H2O2, and acetonitrile were selected respectively   as the target compound in 1000ppm model oil, oxidant, and solvent. In order to optimize the operating conditions including temperature, amount of catalyst, H2O2/DBT molar ratio and time reaction, Response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken Design of Expert (DOE) software was applied for each nano catalyst. Among the various models, DOE proposed the Quadratic equation model because of good accordance with experimental data for each catalysts (R-Squared=0.9831%, Adj R-Squared=0.9707 for 5%MoO3/SBA-15 and R-Squared=0.9569%, Adj R-Squared=0.9240 for 10%MoO3/g-C3N4, respectively). The results of optimization for 5%MoO3/SBA-15 nano catalyst were T=55 ?C, 0.02g amount of catalyst, H2O2/DBT=9 and 49 min reaction time and for 10%MoO3/g-C3N4 nano catalyst optimum condition were T=70 ?C, 0.04g amount of catalyst, H2O2/DBT=8.44 within 55min reaction time. The efficiency of the 5% MoO3/SBA-15 and 10% MoO3/g-C3N4 nano catalysts were predicted to be 100% and 97.7% in optimal operating conditions, respectively.     To evaluate the performance of the synthesized nano catalysts in the removal of other sulfur compounds in the optimal conditions expressed by DOE, two other model oils, 1000ppm Benzothiophene (BT) and Thiophene (Th), were applied in the ODS process, and the   removal efficiency of sulfur compounds was in order of   DBT > BT > Th. Also, the regeneration of the nano catalysts was evaluated four times, showing yield decreases of 5% and 6% for 5%MoO3/SBA-15 and 10% MoO3/g-C3N4, respectively. Finally, the performance of the   ano catalysts in the removal of sulfur compounds of gasoline and gas oil from the Kermanshah Oil Refining & Distribution Company was investigated, and the obtained efficiencies of sulfur removal were 69.73% and 49% for 5%MoO3/SBA-15   and 58.35% and 41% for 10%MoO3/g-C3N4 respectively.

Recently, in the oil and refining industry, due to improving product quality and the decrease of environmental pollution, purification of fossil fuels from sulfur compounds is very important. Therefor, in this study we investigated performance of ZSM-5 supported molybdenum oxide catalyst in oxidative desulfurization. The main purpose of this research is study of support structure, molybdenum loading and operating conditions. we synthesized   ZSM-5 by two different methods, direct and seed silicate-1 by varying the Si/Al molar ratio at a constant Mo concentration of 3wt%.   The catalysts were characterized by XRD, N2-physisorption, FT-IR, FESEM. Our results indicated that   3% molybdenum oxide  upported  on ZSM-5 with Si/Al molar ratio of 15 and 20 compared to other catalysts are very active in oxidative desulfurization .The conversion percentage of these catalysts are nearly%80.Then,we investigated a series of zeolite supported molybdenum  oxide catalysts with Mo loading ranging from 3 to 15 wt% and Si/Al molar ratio of 15,20. Among Synthesized catalysts 6% molybdenum oxide  upported  on ZSM-5(15) and 10% molybdenum oxide  upported  on ZSM-5(20) have a high performance. eventually, 6% molybdenum oxide  upported  on ZSM-5(15) was investigated by Box-Behnken design. The Box-Behnken design showed that the optimum values for the conversion of DBT were 67?C (oxidation temperature), 0/04g (catalystamount),8 (O/S molar ratio) and 41/78 (Reaction time)   respectively. In addition, the catalyst shows excellent reusing ability. The results shawed slight decrease in performance of catalyst after four times regeneration.   

  textile colors are among the most advanced compounds that are believed to be in industrial wastewater and will cause many environmental problems. so removing these pollutants from these wastewater is important The purpose of this study was to remove the methylene blue color using a packed bed reactor of the immobilized cells of the ralstonia-eutropha on the basis of kissiris To investigate the cometabolism kinetics of this color, we proposed a model to predict the dynamic trend of the removal of this material. To do this, initially, the immobilization   of the ralstonia eutropha cell in a bioreactor was performed using a culture medium containing glucose as a carbon source. Then, by using spectrophotometric method, the amount of cell growth in each stage of the sampling, the amount of glucose remaining, and also the methylene blue removal efficiency obtained. The results showed that the porosity and the high specific surface of kissiris produced the possibility of effective binding of Ralstonia iotropha bacteria in a packed bed reactor, and immobilized cells had high levels of high removal of methylene blue in a high concentration, in a concentration of 200 mg / L of methylene blue on the basis of mass transfer limitations As a result of reducing inhibition, Decolorization was observed at 65% interval. The Hendell model was used to determine the traditional color removal due to the decomposition rate at high concentrations, which indicated the role of methylene blue inhibition of cell degradation enzymes. The kinetics parameters were qmax = 1.250 mg / gh and K / m = 139.0 mg L-1 and K / I = 190.1 mg L-1, respectively. Then, using the kinetic parameters, dynamic color modeling was performed. The results indicated that the low concentration of the immobilized system to remove the color from the free cellular system was not justified, but with the increasing methylene blue concentration and the inhibitory effect, the use of immobilized system resulted in an effective reduction of the concentration On the surface and inside the biocatalyst and the resulting reduction of concentration to Due to the limits of external and internal mass transfer, the reduced methylene blue inhibition has a better performance than the free cellular system....

  Growing consumption of petroleum hydrocarbons increased the potential of contamination of soil at extraction, tra  ortation, refining and utilization stages. Most of hydrocarbons such as poly aromatic compounds are toxic for living cells, and with kill of natural microscopic organisms remain for long time in the soil without alteration.In situ treatment methods are time consuming and expensive. So, application of trickle phase bioreactor is suggested for treatment of contaminated soil. However, the main drawback in the bioreactor is high power requirement for mixing of soil-water-air mixture. In this study and in respect to decrease of energy requirement, the process is performed at two stages. First, extraction of hydrocarbon from contaminated soil was performed by a biosurfactant solution, and then biodegradation of hydrocarbons were carried out by packed bed bioreactor. Application of biological surface active agent or biosurfactant for enhancement of hydrocarbon extraction form soil is prefer than the organic solvent or alkali solution treatments in biodegradability and non-toxicity. In this study, a sophorolipid produced by Candida catenulata yeast was used to extract hydrocarbons from a polluted soil collected from Naft Shahr oil-field.   The effects of operational parameters consisted concentration of biosurfactant, temperature and agitation speed were investigated on extraction yield in a rotatable central composite design (RCCD, = 1.618). Data analysis and mathematical modeling were then performed using surface response methodology (RSM). The results showed that the extraction yield was respectively affected by agitation speed (55%), temperature (35/7%) and concentration of the biosurfactant (9.3%). By optimizing the operating conditions of the process, the maximum removal of petroleum with 95.2% yield was achieved under the following conditions: concentration of biosurfactant 220 mg ??L-1, temperature 55 °C and agitation speed of 400 rpm. In the next stage, biodegradation of crude oil hydrocarbons as a sole source of carbon by loofah-immobilized cell of C. Catenulata was studied in a packed bed bioreactor. With using RSM, the effects of aeration rate and initial COD value on the biodegradation yield were studied. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test showed the biodegradation yield was effected by initial COD value and aeration rate by 62.1% and 37.9%, respectively. The optimum biodegradation condition was observed at an aeration rate of 0.8 vvm and initial COD value of 196 mg L-1 where the biodegradation yield was 95.6%.     

  AbstractIn this study, it was investigated the use of nano-silica heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production from canola oil. This catalyst was synthesized from wheat bran during acidic processing under controlled conditions. Wheat bran is an agriculture by-product which its burning is accompanied by environmental pollutants. This by-product contains high much amorph silica. Acidic processing of wheat bran and then thermal treating under controlled conditions in 700 C caused to nano-silica production with high area and with amorph structure. Nano-silica had high amount acidic sites. XRD analysis approved the synthesized nano-silica structure. The results for SEM showed that particles had spherical structure, regular and homogenous. The effects of four parameters including reaction temperature, catalyst concentration, molar ratio of methanol/oil and reaction time on biodiesel conversion was evaluated by response surface method. Molar ratio of methanol/oil was 99.01% under optimum conditions including 70 C, 3% catalyst weight and for 5 hours. The data for catalyst recovery showed that the prepared catalyst has renewability for 5 times which can be used as sustainable and economical catalyst for biodiesel production. Key words: wheat bran, nanosilica, biodiesel, canola oil, RSM optimization       

  1022/5000The purpose of this research is to use a response procedure to optimize the biological production of xanthan gum using agricultural waste. In this study, Xantamonas   . PTCC 1473 was used to produce xanthan gum. For growth of cell mass, YMA and YMB [2] were used. In this study, different concentrations of date palm as carbon source, soybean meal as a source of nitrogen and potassium dihydrogen phosphate as a source of phosphorus were investigated for optimal production of xanthan gum. Palm sauce was studied at concentrations of 40, 50 and 60 g / l. So that the best concentration of carbon source was 40 gr / lit. The maximum amount of xanthan gum produced in this method was 6.76 gr / lit. At concentrations above the carbon source (50 and 60 grams per liter), due to the inhibitory effect of the substrate, the amount of xanthan gum production decreases. The optimum concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus sources in this experiment was obtained at 20 gr / lit and 15 gr / lit respectively for soybean meal and potassium dihydrogen phosphate respectively. Which reduces or decreases the concentration of nitrogen and phosphate sources.

  Purification of Xanthan biopolymer for pharmaceutical use  Abstract  The use of biopolymers to achieve a biocompatible material with appropriate properties has attracted many researchers. Polysaccharides are one of the most important family of natural polymers, xanthan gum is a microorganism exopolysaccharide produced by Xanthanamus Campestris the bacterium. This heteropolysaccharide is composed of two molecules of glucose, mannose and a unit of glucuronic acid with subsequent pentasaccharide units. Xanthan gum has various industrial applications due to its solubility in cold and hot water and the production of high viscosity, even at low concentrations, compatibility with acids, bases and salts, resistance to ambient temperature and rheological pseudoplastic behavior.In this study, two factors were investigated: xanthan biopolymer purification was performed using three solvents: acetone, ethanol, isopropanol, and the degree of purity of the biopolymer, acetone, ethanol and isopropanol, respectively, had the greatest effect on the purification of the biopolymer, respectively. In another study, the effects of bio-polymer concentration, solvent type and nanoparticle were used to determine the sediment using a pilot design . The results show that nanoparticle, solvent and xanthan concentrations have the greatest effect on sedimentation rate, respectively.Keywords: Xanthomonas campestris, purified, Nanoparticles، organic solvents

چكيدهدر اين پژوهش از دو نوع نانوذره مغناطيسي هتروپلي اسيد جهت ساخت غشاهاي ماتريس آميخته نانوذره مغناطيسي/پلي­اترسولفون به روش تغييرفاز- رسوب استفاده شده است. ابتدا غشاهايي با غلظت هاي متفاوت از نانوذره PW-SiO2@Fe3O4 ساخته شده و پس از تعيين غلظت بهينه نانوذره برابر با 0.1%   وزني با استفاده از آزمايش نفوذپذيري آب خالص، غشاهايي حاوي 0.1% وزني نانوذره PW-SiO2@Fe2O3 تهيه شده و حضور ميدان مغناطيسي، قدرت و جهت ميدان مغناطيسي در هنگام ريخته گري و تاثير آنها بر     جهت­گيري نانوذرات درون غشا و ديگر خواص غشاهاي نانو كامپوزيت بررسي گرديد. خواص غشاهاي ساخته شده نظير نفوذپذيري آب خالص، خاصيت ضد گرفتگي، محتواي آب و ميزان تخلخل مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفته و همچنين خواص سطحي نظير آبدوستي و زبري سطح به ترتيب با آزمايش سنجش زاويه تماس آب و آناليز AFM بررسي شدند. علاوه بر آن، ساختار غشاهاي ساخته شده به­وسيله تصاوير سطحي و عرضي SEM مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفتند. در ادامه عملكرد برخي از غشاها در پس­دهي يون كروم(VI) در محلول حاوي 100PPM از اين يون و با استفاده از عمليات PEUF بررسي شد و مشاهده گرديد كه غشايي كه حاوي 0.1% وزني نانوذره PW-SiO2@Fe2O3 بوده و در حضور ميدان مغناطيسي با بيشترين قدرت ساخته شده است بهترين عملكرد را در پس­دهي يون كروم (VI) به ميزان 94% داشته است. از ديگر نتايج اين پژوهش افزايش آبدوستي و زبري سطح غشاهاي نانوكامپوزيت با حضور نانوذرات و همچنين حضور ميدان مغناطيسي بود؛ به­نحوي كه از ميان غشاهاي حاوي نانوذره PW-SiO2@Fe3O4، غشا با بيشترين غلظت نانوذره داراي پايين ترين زاويه تماس آب و زبرترين سطح بود. همچنين از ميان غشاهايي كه در حضور ميدان مغناطيسي ساخته شدند، غشايي كه در حضور قوي­ترين ميدان مغناطيسي ساخته شد كمترين زاويه تماس و زبرترين سطح را دارا بود.

Implementation of different redox zones is an effective method to improve single bioreactors for the simultaneous nutrient removal process. Jet loop-airlift bioreactors have been noticed as an innovative system that could provide environments with different oxidation-reduction potentials. In the present thesis, the performance of a novel jet loop-airlift bioreactor for simultaneous removal of nutrients from soft drink wastewater (SDW) was investigated. Two different zones, anoxic and aerobic zones, were successfully provided in the bioreactor under continuous aeration. It was concluded that the SDW with relatively high BOD5/COD triggered a better COD and nitrogen removal efficiencies. Also, kinetic analysis of the soft drink wastewater treatment process in the jet loop-airlift bioreactor using the experimental results obtained was performed. Hygienic water was produced from SDW through a combination of a novel jet loop-airlift bioreactor and membrane set up (cross flow and dead-end set-up). Microfiltration, ultrafiltration and nanofiltration membranes were modified by mix matrix membrane (MMM) method in this work. Overall, it was observed that the MMM method could enhance the performance of the membranes significantly in terms of antifouling property and flux recovery ration. As a conclusion, the combination of the jet loop airlift bioreactor with internal sedimentation process and the high antifouling membranes set up, considered as an integrated membrane bioreactor, showed to be a promising technique to produce continuous and cost effective hygienic water from wastewater.

  Global warming and excessive greenhouse gas of concern for todays world has become a dangerous consequences such as drought, diseases, fire and leads. One of these gases is carbon dioxide, which for the separation there of the different ways. One of these methods is using photocatalyst, especially MOFs as a new class. In this study, Prvfyryn- based on metal-organic framework (Co / PMOF) is Using Tetrakis ((4- carboxy phenyl Prvfyryn (TCPP)is built as a ligand, And is analysis by spectrum FESEM and EDX. Photocatalytic experiments around (Co / PMOF) as a photocatalyst is done in the presence of water as a sacrificial electron donor under irradiation with visible / UV.   Results from the reaction shows that mol10 . 96µmol methane is produced in about 4 hours response, which indicates is the high level of production. In addition to measuring the UV-vis and FTIR spectra show that there is no sign of change in the structure of photocatalyst. As well as the reaction mechanism has been studied.

High-value chemical production using nanostructure catalysts

Mercaptans, sulfides and disulfides are compounds that exist in fossil fuels, which creates disadvantages such as odor, corrosion and reduce the fuel heating value. In the present study, adsorptive Demercaptanization of condensate via modified activated carbon by concentrated nitric acid and then loaded with silver and copper metal ions and also, silver metal ions loaded copper-benzene three carboxylate (Cu-BTC) metal-organic framework were examined. Condensate with mercaptan content of 188 ppm was purchased from Fajr Jam Gas Refinery. The mercaptan content of samples was measured by titration method. After adsorption experiments, adsorption isotherms correlation parameters for Langmuir and Freundlich models and kinetic parameters for pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were studied. In this study, Cu-BTC adsorbent shows a good absorption performance in adsorption of mercaptan compounds from gas condensates. The maximum adsorption capacity for Ag loaded Cu-BTC and treated and then Ag and Cu loaded activated carbon were obtained 49.416 mg/g and 4.824 mg/g respectively. Also, the SEM, XRD, EDX and FT-IR tests were used to approve the structure of Cu-BTC MOF, metal loading confirmation, absorbent surface morphology, crystal structure of absorbent and the adsorbent structure stability.