Objective: The order of reptiles is one of the oldest orders of terrestrial vertebrates. One of the most prominent features studied about this order is the study of reproduction and their reproductive cycles.

Abstract    Kermanshah Province, with an area of 24,640 square kilometers, is the seventeenth largest province in Iran and covers 1.5% of the country's area. The province is bordered by Kurdistan to the north, Lorestan and Ilam to the south, Hamadan to the east, and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq to the west. Kermanshah Province is one of the mountainous regions of the country, located between the Iranian Plateau and the Mesopotamian Plain. The province's location in the northwestern part of the Zagros Mountain Range means that the entire province is covered by the peaks and heights of this mountain range. Species diversity is one of the most prominent characteristics of a biological community, and the diversity of bats is considered a biological indicator in mountain ecosystems. Bats are the second largest order of mammals after rodents. This wide diversity is due to the advantage of their ability to fly and echolocation.So far, more than 1474 species from 236 genera and 21 families of bats have been identified, Iranian bats include 52 species from 21 genera belonging to 9 families. During this study, 32 caves were investigated, of which 28 caves had at least one species of bat, the families and species reported in these caves: from the family Rhinolophidae, the genus Rhinolophus including the species Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, R. hipposideros, R. euryal, R. mehelyi and R. blasii from the family Rhinopomatidae and the genus Rhinopoma including the species Rhinopoma microphyllum and R. muscatellum, from the family Miniopteridae and the genus Miniopterus species Miniopterus pallidus, from the superfamily Vespertilionidae and the genus Myotis, including the species Myotis blythii, M. emarginatus and M. capaccinii, and the genus Pipistrellus includes the species Pipistrellus kuhlii and P. pipistrellus.    The abundance and distribution of the identified species in the study area have major differences, such that in terms of abundance, the caves of Mahidasht, Martwileh and Bibeneh are the most populated caves and the most abundant species are Miniopterus pallidus, Myotis blythii and Rhinopoma microphyllum. The lowest number observed is related to the bat Rhinolophus hipposideros.In terms of bat distribution, Miniopterus pallidus and Rhinolophus euryale are the most widely distributed bats, each present in 7 caves, and the least widely distributed bats are Rhinolophus hipposideros, Rhinolophus blasii, and Pipistrellus pipistrellus, which were observed in only one cave.    Keywords: Kermanshah Province, Bat, Cave, Distribution, Climate   

   Sulfonamides and their derivatives are classical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) currently employed in clinical settings. Much research is centered around enhancing the efficacy of sulfonamide derivatives as potent CAIs. Nevertheless, numerous sulfonamide compounds exhibit no  ecific inhibition of all CA isoforms, leading to reduced drug efficacy and the occurrence of undesirable side effects due to off-target inhibition. Consequently, non-classical CAIs, such as inhibitors that contain carboxylic acid groups, have been employed to selectively target specific isozymes, minimizing adverse effects. In this study, we investigated the interaction between sulfonamide/carboxylic acid derivatives as novel non-classical inhibitors and the hCA II by using various spectroscopic and docking methods. The kinetic data demonstrates that compounds 1 and 2 share a similar inhibitory strength against hCA II, effectively inhibiting its esterase activity through a noncompetitive mechanism with Ki values at low micromolar levels. Fluorescence measurements indicated that the synthesized compounds suppressed the inherent fluorescence of hCA II via a static quenching process, with each compound showing a single binding site within the hCA II structure. A thermodynamic analysis highlights the significance of van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonds in the binding of these compounds to hCA II. Docking results showed that both compound 1 and compound 2 effectively obstruct the entrance to hCA II's active site, with no significant differences in their binding conformations. While compounds 1 and 2 exhibit CA inhibitory potency lower than that of sulfonamide compounds, this study offers valuable insights that could pave the way for the development of a promising scaffold for designing new CA inhibitors.

  Abstract Background and purpose: One of the most important dimensions in the life of living organisms is how they reproduce. The study of reproduction in animals is a basic solution for biologists to answer many questions related to the biology of different animals. The green Levant frog with the scientific name Pelophylax bedriagae (Camerano, 1882) is one of them from the Ranidae family, so in this research, the reproductive cycle of the female Levant green frog Pelophylax bedriagae was carried out in the Mianrahan area, in Sahne city of Kermanshah province Materials and methods: In this research, after obtaining the relevant permits, samples were taken from their natural habitats in Dinor region in different seasons of the year. SEP was determined by recording the time and place of sampling information related to topographical conditions. The samples were transferred to 10% formalin. Then, the samples were dissected and the shape, color, size and location of the various parts of the reproductive and urinary system in the body were determined and photographed by removing the visceral organs. Then histopathology studies were doneResults: In the non-reproductive season of sexual reproduction, the ovary is inactive, condensed and collected, but in the season of sexual reproduction, these changes and cells are all ready for activity and ciliated cells are all active, to move the egg on the surface of the ovary. In the mating season, many mature eggs were observed on the surface of the ovary, while the eggs were not mature in the non-breeding season. Fat cells in the mating season have abundant fat reserves, but in the non-breeding season, these cells are dense and stacked on top of each other and contain less fat than in the breeding season Discussion and conclusion: Studying the reproductive cycle of Pelophylax bedriagae (Camerano, 1882) in different seasons of the year and different weather conditions showed that this cycle is influenced by weather and seasonal conditions. Paying attention to the information obtained from the species helps the biological studies.

The incubation environment plays an important role in the development of the chick embryo and during this process, the management of temperature, humidity, light, egg rotation and air composition is very important to achieve successful artificial incubation. Light is an external stimulus in the environment and plays an important role in regulating biological processes. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of light on chick embryos during embryonic and hatching periods. In the systematic review study, articles from 1974 to 2022 whose full text was available were used. All published studies in the PubMed database were searched using relevant keywords including photostimulation and chicken. In the initial search, 800 articles were found, after removing unrelated studies, 48 articles were finally included in the study. According to the obtained data, 75% of the studies were conducted on the meat breed and 23% on the egg-laying breed. In 2% of the articles, the studied race was not reported. 26% of the articles used full 24-hour lighting and 24% used a photoperiod consisting of 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness. 33% of the photoperiod articles did not report the treatment of fertilized eggs. Based on the extracted data, 63% of studies used LED light sources, 20% of fluorescent lamps, 11% of incandescent lamps, 2% of optical fibers and 2% of lasers. In 2% of the researches, the type of lighting source was not reported. In 45% of the luxury articles used, it was between 100 and 1000. 16% used 100 lux and 8% used more than 1000 lux for treatment. 31% of articles did not report their choice. After checking the color of the light source used, it was found that 29% of the articles used green color, 25% white light, 17% red color and 12% blue color for their experiments. 17% of articles did not report color in their research. 17 articles also investigated the effect of light on development and 13 articles on its effect on chick embryo growth. Analysis of the results showed that light controls many physiological and behavioral processes such as growth, development, behavior, somatotropic axis, reproduction and migration in birds. Exposure of developing embryos to light can play an important role in hatching performance and embryo growth rate, reduce the stress response to the post-hatching environment, and ultimately affect the bird's performance, behavior and well-being. In general, light intensity, spectral composition and photoperiod are the three main parameters of light that can be used as a tool to manage poultry production.   

  Nowadays, the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a suitable therapeutic method to treat many disorders is increasing and becoming a popular research topic. due to their unique feature in migration, proliferation, differentiation, and immune-modulatory activities These cells have become one of the most used stem cells in recent decades. One of the reasons for the well-received of these cells is their ability to treat immune disorders and repair damaged tissues. In vitro Treating cells with various chemical compounds that seem to be able to amplify the unique feature of mesenchymal stem cells can be a useful approach for the furtherance of medical science. Epigenetics and hypoxia induction play a significant role in guiding mesenchymal stem cells. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of sodium butyrate as a compound that causes epigenetic changes (histone deacetylase inhibitor), cobalt II chloride as a hypoxia inducing compound, and also the mixture of these two compounds on the ability to survive, proliferation, migration and immune regulatory effect of mesenchymal stem cells with the In vitro conditions. many studies have been done on the effect of these compounds on other different cells. But so far, no study has been done as this study was conducted on the effect of these two compounds and their mixture on human mesenchymal stem cells. In this study, the effects of different concentrations of sodium butyrate, cobalt II chloride, and the mixture of these two compounds on the survival, proliferation, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) of MSCs were measured respectively by MTT, trypan blue, and NBT tests. Further, the effect of these compounds on the cell cycle, cell migration, and the expression of the studied genes were also investigated respectively by flow cytometry, wound healing, and RT-PCR tests. It was observed that sodium butyrate, cobalt II chloride, and the mixture of the two compounds reduce cell survival and increase the level of ROS in mesenchymal stem cells. It was also observed that sodium butyrate stops the cell cycle in the G0/G1 and G2/M phases, cobalt II chloride stops it in the G0/G1 phase and the mixture of the two substances stops the cell cycle in the G2/M and G0/G1 phases. In the following, it was observed that cobalt II chloride has an increasing effect on the migration ability of mesenchymal stem cells, but sodium butyrate and the mixture of these two compounds do not have such an effect. Due to the multiple effects that these compounds have on MSCs. The effect of these compounds was investigated at the molecular level and the expression of TLR3, H19, HIF1?, c-MET, HDAC1, and SOX2 genes was measured under the influence of optimal concentrations of these substances. It was seen that the treatment of mesenchymal stem cells with cobalt (II) chloride increases the expression of TLR3 and H19 genes and decreases the expression of c-MET gene. Also, in the treatment of these cells with sodium butyrate, it was seen that this substance increases the expression of TLR3, H19 and HIF1? genes and decreases the expression of c-MET gene. In the following of this study, it was seen that the treatment of these cells with a mixture of two substances increases the expression of TLR3 and H19 genes and decreases the expression of the c-MET and HIF1? genes. In total, this study shows that all three compounds increase the immune-modulatory property of MSCs, and cobalt (II) chloride plays a significant role in enhancing the migration ability of mesenchymal stem cells.

  Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal that may be detected in water and plants. Wheat, as a food consumed by 60% of the world's population, may absorb a large amount of cadmium through its roots and transfer cadmium to the branches and seeds, thus causing risks to human health. Biochar is known to protect plants against water salinity and heavy metal stress. Biochar can be an effective amendment that can immobilize heavy metals in water, reduce metal uptake by plants and increase crop yield. However, there are only limited studies on the application of biochar in this field. Uncertainty remains in the results because these studies have a wide range of biochar properties, environmental conditions, and study design parameters. To investigate the effectiveness of biochar under field conditions, this study reviewed 34 biochar field trials published before June 30, 2020. Cd mobility was analyzed in depth because most of the available data were on cadmium contamination. The results showed that in all studies, the addition of biochar to water led to an average decrease of 33 and 28% in the exchangeable fraction of cadmium in water and cadmium enrichment of plant tissues. Product yield increased by an average of 21%. The efficiency of biochar varies depending on water characteristics, biochar characteristics such as raw materials, biochar dosage and weather factors such as precipitation. It was found that rice straw or hardwood-derived biochar may be the best for Cd stabilization in water. Increasing the pH and OC of water due to the addition of biochar significantly reduced the mobility of cadmium in water. In the aerial part, including the stem, the water was contaminated with cadmium. Finally, in wheat that is irrigated with water containing cadmium, the accumulation of cadmium was higher than the control and its accumulation was higher in the root.Key words: biochar - cadmium - Sardari wheat - heavy metals - water

  Carbonic anhydrase (CAs, EC 4. 2. 1. 1) is a family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyzes vital reactions including the reversible conversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and a proton. Carbonic anhydrase isozymes are involved in various physiological and pathological processes and are considered as important drug targets for the treatment of a wide range of disorders including glaucoma and various types of cancer. In this study, new sulfonamide derivatives resulting from the coupling reaction of sulfanilamide with benzene or its mono-, di-, tri- carboxylic acid compounds were chemically synthetized and their interaction with hCA II isozyme were investigated by various spectroscopic techniques. Kinetic results revealed that new sulfonamide derivatives inhibit the esterase activity of hCA II in a reversible competitive manner. As a result, among the studied compounds, compound 4 had the lowest Ki and IC50 values for hCA II isozyme. Also, fluorescence measurements showed that these compounds quench the intrinsic fluorescence of hCA II by a dynamic quenching mechanism. In addition, analysis of the thermodynamic parameters of the binding revealed that hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions play the major role in stabilization of the enzyme–drug complexes. Fluorescence analysis of the CAII-DNSA fluorescent complex in the presence of different concentrations of new sulfonamide derivatives showed the lowest dissociation constant (Kd) for the compound 4, indicating a higher affinity of this compound for the binding to the hCA II isozyme. Overall, the strengthening of the binding power and inhibitory activity of the studied sulfonamide derivatives for the hCA II isozyme, makes these derivatives of great interest for the design of novel hCA inhibitors.

چكيدهمقدمه:واژينيتيك بيماري التهابي همراه با خارش، سوزش، بو و ترشحات غير طبيعي واژن بوده كه همراه با عواقبي مانند عفونت هاي دستگاه ادراري، زايمان زودرس، بيماري التهابي لگن و ناباروري است.استرپتوكوكوس آگالاكتيه يا استرپتوكوك گروهB(GBS)يك پاتوژن انسانيبوده كه از واژن زنان بالغ جدا شده است. اين باكتري ها دارايتوانايي بالقوه­اي برايايجاد بيوفيلمبوده كه وضعيتمزمن و پايداري از بيماريبه وجود مي­آورد. آمپي سيلينيا پني سيلين، آنتي بيوتيك هاي خط اول، براي درمان عفونت ناشي ازGBSهستند.مطالعات متعددي مقاومت GBS را نسبت به اين آنتي بيوتيك ها نشان داده است. بنابراين،استفاده از عوامل ضد باكترياييجايگزين مانندنانوذرات مورد توجه قرار گرفته است.در ميانانواع مختلف نانومواد، نقره به دليل خواص استثنايي خود يكي از پركاربردترين محصولات بوده است. باتوجه به كاربرد گسترده اين مواد، نگراني هاي بسياري در زمينه سميت آن­ها وجود دارد. به منظور محافظت در برابر اثرات سمي نانوذرات از ويتامين سي به عنوان يك ماده آنتي اكسيدان استفاده شد. هدف اين مطالعه بررسي اثرات ضد باكتريايي و ضد بيوفيلمينانوذرات نقرهعليه GBS، بررسي ميزان سميت سلولي اين نانوذرات، ارزيابي اثر محافظتي ويتامين سي بر نانوذرات نقره و بررسي تاثير مصرف همزمان نانوذرات نقره و ويتامين سي در درمان عفونت واژن ايجاد شده در موش است.روش­ها: مدل عفونت واژن ناشي از باكتري GBS از طريق تلقيح داخل واژنيCFU/ml108×1باكتري در موش هاي ماده و بالغ نژاد NMRI ايجاد شد. در اين مطالعه از مصرف همزمان نانوذرات نقره و ويتامين سي براي درمان عفونت واژن استفاده شد. تعداد 70 موش به طور تصادفي در 10 گروه مجزا (7 موش در هر گروه) تقسيم بندي شدند: كنترل، ويتامين سي (موش هاي سالمي كه ويتامين سي دريافت كردند)، نانوذرات نقره (موش هاي سالمي كه نانوذرات را دريافت كردند)، آنتي بيوتيك (موش هاي سالمي كه پني سيلين دريافت كردند)، ويتامين سي و نانوذرات نقره (موش هاي سالمي كه ويتامين سي و نانوذرات نقره را به طور همزمان دريافت كردند)، عفونت (موش هاي آلوده با GBS)، عفونت و ويتامين سي (موش هاي عفوني كه ويتامين سي دريافت كردند)، عفونت و نانوذرات (موش هاي عفوني كه نانوذرات را دريافت كردند)، عفونت و آنتي بيوتيك (موش هاي عفوني كه پني سيلين دريافت كردند)، عفونت و ويتامين سي و نانوذرات نقره (موش هاي عفوني كه ويتامين سي و نانوذرات نقره را به طور همزمان دريافت كردند). قبل از انجام آزمايش در موش ها ابتدا اثرات ضدميكروبي و سميت نانوذرات نقره سنجيده شد. در اين مطالعه فعاليت ضد باكتريايينانوذرات نقره با روش حداقل غلظت بازدارنده (MIC) و حداقل غلظت مهاري بيوفيلم (MBIC) برايGBS تعيين شد.ميزان سميت نانوذرات نقره با استفاده از روش MTT سنجيده شد و اثر حفاظتي ويتامين سي عليه اين سميت مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت. نانوذرات نقره به صورت تلقيح داخل واژني در غلظت 512 پي پي ام وويتامين سيبه صورت تزريق داخل صفاقي در دوز 250 ميلي گرم بر كيلوگرم وزن بدن موشيك بار در روز به مدت دو هفته صورت گرفت. در طي دوره آزمايش به منظور بررسي روند درمان عفونت واژن در موش، تعيين بار ميكروبي و چرخه استروس موش ها طي درمان مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت. در پايان آزمايش نمونه خون موش ها و مقاطع بافتي واژن جداسازي و مورد تجزيه و تحليل قرار گرفت.

  Carbonic anhydrases are well known zinc metalloenzymes involved in the catalysis of carbon dioxide hydration to bicarbonate and proton. The physical and chemical properties of phenolic compounds make these molecules capable of interacting with a wide range of targets, such as the Carbonic anhydrases. In this study the inhibition of two human carbonic anhydrase isozymes II and IX, with a series of phenol derivatives was investigated by using the esterase assay, with p- nitrophenyl acetate as substrate. The IC50 values of quercetin (Q) and its sulfonamide derivative (QD) were 15.99 and 5.13, for carbonic anhydrase II, 54.45 and 28.52 for carbonic anhydrase IX, respectively. These ligands can quench the intrinsic fluorescence of CAII by dynamic quenching mechanism. As the conclusion, binding of these phenolic compounds to the active site of CAII is accompanied by a competitive inhibition of the enzyme. According to the results, these phenolic compounds were more potent inhibitors for CAII Compared to CIX.

  Multi-Wave ‎Mixing ‎(MWM)‎ is one of the well-known phenomena in nonlinear optics that has been theoretically and ‎ experimentally ‎investigated‎ in recent years. The mentioned nonlinear phenomenon has a wide range of applications in nonlinear optics such as the production of short wavelength coherent radiation, nonlinear quantum ‎optics, t‎he optical image and quantum information science. In Four-wave mixing (FWM) process, three electromagnetic fields interact in a nonlinear optical system and generate electromagnetic field with a new frequency. FWM in the atomic media can be enhanced significantly via multi-photon atomic coherence effects, which are generated by the interaction of an atom with coherent electromagnetic fields. This enhanced FWM nonlinearity has been used in various multi-level systems, including ladder-type and double-?-type atomic systems, in order to generate correlated photon pairs. In this thesis, ‎the concept of the four-wave ‎mixing‎ and some of its applications is studied.‎ ‎ Then, the nonlinear FWM process in different media including cold atoms and ‎ asymmetric ‎double ‎quantum ‎wells ‎structures‎ is investigated and also‎ a brief overview of its applications is discussed‎. First, the time-dependent analysis of FWM based on resonant tunneling is investigated in an asymmetric semiconductor double quantum well structure. We analytically demonstrate that a highly efficient mixing wave is found to be induced by resonant tunneling in such a quantum well scheme with low-light pump wave intensities. Especially for small propagation distances, a significant enhancement of four-wave mixing conversion efficiency can be achieved. Moreover, in the multi-level atoms and under the suitable input-field conditions, strong interference effects between the input fields and the generated FWM fields can be induced and result in large amplification and deep attenuation of the output fields. Moreover, such an optical modulation from enhancement to suppression can be controlled by tuning the relative phase. ‎\\\\‎ keys ‎words: ‎Four ‎Wave ‎Mixing ‎(FWM), ‎Density ‎Matrix, ‎Multi-level ‎Systems.‎