Abstract Statement of the Problem and Research Objectives:   This study examines the transformation of female characters from individual identity to social typology in two contemporary Iranian novels: This Street Has No Speed Bump (Jahani, 2017) and Najva-ye Najee (Ghanbari, 2019). The primary objective is to analyze how familial, social, cultural, and economic factors shape feminine identity and ultimately lead to its crystallization into recognizable social types within modern Persian fiction. Research Questions:   1. How do female characters in these two novels transition from individual identity to socially constructed types?   2. What factors drive this transformation?   3. Does this transformation signify resistance, conformity, or suppression of individual identity? Methodology:   The research follows a qualitative, descriptive-analytical approach. Data were extracted via textual (content) analysis of the two novels and interpreted using theoretical frameworks including Forster’s theory of characterization, feminist criticism (particularly Simone de Beauvoir’s perspectives), and conceptual distinctions between individual identity and social typification. Key Findings:   The findings indicate that female characters initially possess autonomy, self-awareness, and individual agency; however, throughout the narratives—and under sustained familial, social, and economic pressures—they evolve into socially legible types such as “the obedient woman,” “the victimized woman,” and “the resisting woman.” Crucially, individual differences in resilience, courage, and consciousness significantly determine the extent to which characters preserve their personal identities amid typifying forces. Conclusion:   The transformation from individual identity to social type is a multifaceted process, shaped by the dynamic interplay between personal agency and familial, social, and cultural structures. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of women’s representation in contemporary Iranian literature and lays the groundwork for future comparative and psycho-literary analyses in the field of women’s writing. Keywords: Contemporary Persian fiction, Women writers from Kermanshah, Characterization, Typification, Feminist literary criticism, This Street Has No Speed Bump, Najva-ye Najee

  **Abstract** **Objective:** The present research aims to analyze the role of motherhood and femininity as two fundamental axes in the representation of the "female self," focusing on the autobiographies of Simone de Beauvoir, Annie Ernaux, and Shiva Ali-Naghian. A primary objective is to examine how the experience of motherhood—as a physical, emotional, and simultaneously socially constructed relationship—plays a role in shaping women's identities, and how these authors have rethought this experience through their personal narratives. Another key objective is to explore the theoretical potential of the studied texts in relation to the concept of "matrilineal literature" or "literature of motherhood"—a question recently raised in the fields of women's studies and literary criticism that could pave the way for identifying an independent literary genre. In this genre, the experience of motherhood is considered not as a marginal issue, but as an i  iring source for literary creation and cultural representation. **Methodology:** This is a fundamental research study. Relying on a descriptive-analytical approach and utilizing library resources, it examines the works of the discussed authors. **Findings:** Through a comparative reading of the autobiographical writings of Simone de Beauvoir, Annie Ernaux, and Shiva Ali-Naghian, this thesis explores "motherhood" and "femininity" as two constitutive axes of female identity. The outcome of this exploration is a set of coherent findings that both advance the theoretical formulation of "literature of motherhood" and demonstrate how the physical, emotional, and cultural experiences of motherhood lead to a redefinition of the "female self." Drawing on the triple narratives, the research shows that motherhood in women's writing is a focal point for understanding identity, body, language, and society. The discourse emerging from these personal/collective narratives subverts the rules of classical autobiography (autobiography) and enables the articulation of often u  oken experiences. Consequently, "literature of motherhood" is formulated in this research as a fertile and cross-cultural field that could gradually evolve into a recognized literary genre. **Conclusion:** This research demonstrated that women's autobiographical writing, particularly when centered on the experience of motherhood and femininity, is a resistant, theorizing, and society-building act. The comparative study of the works by de Beauvoir, Ernaux, and Ali-Naghian proved that "literature of motherhood" as an independent literary discourse is not only legitimate but essential for completing literary history and restoring the voice of half of humanity to the cultural text. This seemingly emerging genre, by illuminating the complexities of the maternal experience, can serve as a guiding light for current and future generations of women, enabling them to experience life and motherhood not based on imposed imperatives, but through the path of their own awareness, choice, and narrative.

   Since the second half of the 20th century, the increasing growth of technology and its dominance have created countless crises for the human ecosystem. The dangerous consequences of this issue have caused humans to think of solutions to this problem. The concern of thinkers in various branches of knowledge has caused humans to enter into this issue in all scientific fields, which eventually led to the emergence of interdisciplinary studies; including the relationship and comparative research of the environment with architecture, philosophy, art, politics, etc. are examples of this interdisciplinary cooperation. One of the most important fields and areas of interdisciplinary studies is the relationship between the environment and literature. Literature and literary works are a suitable platform for expressing cultural issues and indirectly educating the audience in all important fields and topics for the improvement and continuation of human life. Therefore, the raising of environmental issues in literary works and the examination of these works have led to the emergence of a type of criticism in literature called ecological criticism. In the present study, which was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and library studies, two collections of stories on the subject of the environment have been criticized and examined; one is the collection of short stories Villa Kaka'iha by contemporary writers selected by Mohammad Reza Bayrami and the other is the collection of teenage novels Children Around the World by various foreign writers translated by a group of translators.

Abstract Problem Statement: Storytelling, as an effective tool in child upbringing, facilitates the understanding of educational themes and characteristics through categorization of stories. The "Ayari" tales, emphasizing values such as courage, honesty, loyalty, and support for the oppressed, play a significant role in the indirect teaching of socialization concepts. Research Question: How does reading Ayari stories influence the educational development and socialization of children? Research Methodology: This descriptive-analytical study, using library data, investigates the role of folk tales—specifically Ayari stories—and their case study, Samak Ayar, in the educational growth and socialization of children aged 7 to 12. Statistical Population: The case study is based on the book "Samak Ayar," authored by Kateb Arjani. Necessity and Objectives of the Research: This study underscores the role of storytelling in cultural transmission and highlights the importance of utilizing Iranian stories rooted in national identity. Consequently, these narratives are essential in education to counteract the adverse effects of modern technologies and guide children toward moral development and responsibility. Findings: The identified indicators are categorized into two groups: ·   The first group reflects children's individual growth and development, including: fostering imaginative capacity, fulfilling children's need for experiencing imaginary worlds, cultivating problem-solving skills, applying rationality and wisdom, managing crisis situations, encouraging risk-taking amid crises, collaborative thinking, reliance on collective intellect, internalizing perseverance and effort, self-sufficiency and personal independence, internalizing ethical values, accepting responsibility for consequences, gender-neutral attitudes, commitment to promises, and acceptance and respect for cultural differences. The second group denotes children's social growth, encompassing: social responsibility, justice-seeking, strengthening a sense of solidarity and collective belonging, supporting vulnerable individuals, enhancing social communication skills, active community participation, division of labor, and collective cooperation.  

  Abstract Objective: This research aims to analyze and examine the fictional characters in the two novels, The Rules of the Game by Zenozi Jalali and Plow the Bones of the Dead by Olga Tokarczuk, based on Alfred Adler's theory. Research Methodology: The research method was qualitative and based on content analysis; meaning that the main characters of these two novels were examined from the perspective of key concepts of Adlerian psychology. Data were extracted through a careful study of the texts, comparison of common elements, and examination of personality differences in each work. Findings: The research findings show that the characters in both novels follow a distinct path of growth and development under the influence of their past experiences, social relationships, and personal feelings. In the novel The Rules of the Game, the characters are involved in psychological and social challenges to achieve personality coherence, while in the novel Plow the Bones of the Dead, the concept of compensation and individual motivations plays a prominent role. In the novel The Rules of the Game, they manifest themselves in various ways, including upbringing, the role of family and environment, inferiority complex, etc. In the novel Plow the Bones of the Dead, although the content is somewhat compatible with the novel The Rules of the Game, the manifestations of Adler's theory are less pronounced than in the other work, the novel The Rules of the Game.

  The present study is in line with the characteristics of women's and women-centered writing in Mahshid Amirshahi's poetry based on the Robin Talmack-Likoff (DSL) approach and aims to achieve the following goals: To receive and identify the characteristics of women's writing and women's writing in Mahshid Amirshahi's poetry (based on the Robin Talmack-Likoff (DSL) approach), To examine the criticism ("women-centered criticism" of Mahshid Amirshahi's concerns about women's problems and society's view of women with a feminist approach), To examine and determine the component of women's writing in Amirshahi's poetry based on the Robin Talmack-Likoff (DSL) approach.

   Proposing the problem/statement of the problem: In examining a literary work and evaluating it, the issue that is very important is the issue of "stylistics". Therefore, considering that every writer can have his own writing style, it is important to examine his writing style individually.For example, Jalal Al-Ahmed, along with Sadegh Choubkeke, is a writer with style and among the most influential and famous Iranian writers, they are among the pioneers of Iran's story writing; Regarding the stylistics of their works, there are opinions that question the importance and position of Sadegh Chubak in front of Jalal Al-Ahmed.For this reason, it is very important to examine the cognitive style of the works of these two great and pioneering writers in storytelling, and it is very useful to know their style. we are going to investigate the types and characteristics of cognitive style in contemporary prose texts: a case study of the short stories "Many Women" and "Night Tent".Research methodology: In this regard, in order to collect information, the library method and slip writing have been used. The most important written sources of this research are the books on stylistics (Syros Shamisa's stylistics, Bahar's stylistics, Fatuhi's stylistics, etc.) have formed the research.The information obtained from these sources is analyzed according to the science of stylistics in a descriptive-analytical manner and relying on the approach of content analysis with the aim of prose stylistics of the collection of stories "Many Women" by Al Ahmad and "Khime Shab Bazi" by Chubak. are placed Findings :   Conclusion: The stories "Many Women" and "Khimeh Keywords: stylistics, fictional prose, many women, Jalal Al Ahmad, marquee, Sadeq Chubak

   Abstract   Introduction: This research thesis is about the influence of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh on Tarsusi's Darabnameh. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh has long been considered as the world's greatest and most famous epic works, and considering that the field of influence of the Shahnameh is so wide that it has gone beyond the borders of Iran and even European literature has been influenced by it. We decided to analyze and examine the role model of one of the great Iranian writers, Abu Taher Tarsousi, in the book Darab Nameh of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. So far, considerable studies have been conducted and published about the influence of the Shahnameh on the works after it, but no research has been found that analyzes the topics of the Shahnameh in comparison with other works, with explanations and interpretations. This field has been limited to the subjects of the Shahnameh, in fact, along with the influence of the desired texts on the Shahnameh in different aspects, several cases of the Shahnameh have been analyzed and investigated. This research is divided into five chapters, the first chapter briefly mentions the issues that are raised and analyzed in this research, the second chapter mentions the research method, the third chapter mentions the background of the research in which some articles that are effective Ferdowsi's Shahnameh on various works are analyzed and analyzed, in the fourth chapter, all the findings are analyzed along with examples from Darab Nameh of Tarsusi, and finally, the fifth chapter mentions the results of this research. The purpose of the research: The purpose of this research is to mention, investigate and analyze the extent and the most important aspects of the influence and influence of the Shahnameh on the Darab Nameh of Tarsus and also to mention some reasons for the influence of the Darab Nameh of Tarsus on the Shahnameh. Research Methodology: This thesis has been done in a documentary-analytical way with library studies and review of important editions as well as scanning and review of various articles and researches in this field. Research questions: 1) Which subjects of Shahnameh are used in Darabname of Tarsusi? 2) What is the effectiveness of Tarsusi's Darab Nama on Shahnameh topics? 3) Why is Tarsosi influenced by Ferdowsi's Shahnameh in Darab Nameh - as a popular and heroic work? Research findings: By reviving and representing the narrative history of ancient Iran and recognizing national myths, in addition to influencing the official literature through beliefs, thoughts, and characters, Ferdowsi was able to deeply influence the culture of folk literature and heroic stories. The influence of Tarsusi on Ferdowsi's Shahnameh in various aspects, including: belief in fur, belief in prophesy and somnambulism, belief in chivalry, belief in revenge, belief in fate, burial, celebration and wine, will, report, advice and advice, patriotism , love, obedience, hunting, marriage, sacrifice, consultation, murder, letter writing, torture, blackmail and blackmail, tricks, war, testing different weapons and techniques, scolding a girl, breaking a habit, crossing water, confinement, hadith nafs, Naming and description have been investigated and analyzed. The results of the research: Finally, in examining the story of Darab Nameh and comparing it with Shahnameh, we come to the conclusion that having a number of characteristics, beliefs and functions with

     فردوسي سخنور فرزانه­اي است‌كه به ظرايف سخن‌كه همانا رسايي، اثرگذاري و برانگيختن عواطف مختلف در شنونده است، تسلط كافي دارد. اين پژوهش به بررسي مباحث علم معاني در دفتر نخست شاهنامه به تصحيح جلال خالقي مطلق پرداخته است تا بخشي از اسرار بلاغي شاهنامه را كه فردوسي براي تأثير بيشتر سخن و به اقتضاي حال و مقام و موضوع از آن بهره گرفته است؛ توضيح و تبيين نمايد. پژوهش حاضر به روش توصيفي - تحليلي دفتر نخست شاهنامه را بررسي‌كرده و به اين پرسش پاسخ داده‌كه ميزان هنرمندي بلاغي و كاربرد ظرايف علم معاني به‌وسيلة فردوسي در به نظم‌كشيدن متن شاهنامه چگونه بوده است. يافته­ها نشان مي­دهد‌كه فردوسي گاهي براي تأثير كلام از جملات خبري استفاده‌كرده‌است و‌گاهي از جملات انشايي. در جملات خبري با هنرنمايي‌هاي گوناگون مانند: ذكر نهاد، حذف نهاد،‌جابجايي اركان جمله و تقديم و تأخيرها به اغراض ثانويه و معاني تلويحي دست‌يافته است.‌گاهي از ايجاز بهره گرفته و‌گاهي با تكنيك‌هايي چون ايضاح بعد از ابهام و ذكر خاص بعد از عام، سخن را دلنشين و گوارا نموده است. ويژه‌سازي (حصر و قصر) ها، تأكيدها، جملات پرسشي، امري و نهي را با اغراض ثانوي چون: بزرگداشت، بيان شگفتي، لابه، هشدار، تهديد، استرحام و سرزنش، با چيره­دستي، در‌گفتگوي بين شخصيت­هاي‌شاهنامه به‌كار بسته است. اغراض ثانويه رفتارهاي غيركلامي مانند سكوت و مرگ را در معناي ترس و اكراه و سوگواري به‌كار گرفته است. در نگاه كلي فردوسي به فراخور حال و مقام، مؤثرترين سخن را به‌كار بسته تا‌كلام خود را بر مخاطبان خالي‌الذهن، مردد و منكر عرضه نمايد و همه را از شاهنامه، رسايي و قوت كلام خود بهره­مند سازد. در اين بررسي ساخت­هاي آوايي، واژه‌اي، نحوي و همچنين يادكردها، حذف­ها، تقديم‌وتأخيرها، ويژه‌سازي‌ها، ايجاز و اطناب­ها، تأكيدها و رفتارهاي غيركلامي به‌ منظور اغراض ثانويه و براي تأثير سخن و ترغيب مخاطب است.    كليدواژه­ها:

   The issue of the narrative structure is the structure of the story. The main story is the story of the narrator's acquaintance with a girl named Wheat The important issue of the story is the identity crisis and he tries to solve this crisis and self-awareness. Examining the narrative structure allows us to better understand what he said and discover what he did not say. Objectives: One of the objectives of this research is to know the narrative structure of the novel "Probably Lost" and to learn about Sara Salar's story writing style and to examine the innovations of this author in the field of story writing. Research Methodology: The research method in this study is a descriptive method and the research data have been analyzed and presented in the content analysis method. The case study of this research is the novel I am probably lost. Findings:‌The important elements of fiction in this research are: subject, plot, character, point of view, etc. From the findings obtained in this research, this novel is one of the psychological novels and the author is beyond the elements of his novel. , especially the element of character, incident, plot and point of view, tries to express the mental complexity of the narrator and express his moods, and has explicitly dealt with the issue of identity crisis. Conclusion: The results show that Sara Salar's story writing has a modern style. The novel has a simple language and an uneasy tone, which is caused by the rupture and crisis of the narrator's identity.‌The story is created through the association of meanings, the trick of the fluid flow of the mind, as well as paying special attention to the issue of identity crisis .‌One of the characteristics of that complex and nested plot is the expression of details and the passage of time.‌The narratives are apparently linear, but they are composed of a certain complexity. Keywords:‌ structuralism, I'm probably lost, plot, characterization, point of view, incident.

   Purpose: The basics of cognitive semantics are based on conceptual construction. Semantic constructions, like other semantic fields, reflect abstract concepts that a person has formed based on his experiences. One of the semantic approaches is pictorial design. In this way, human experiences from the surrounding world create conceptual constructions in his mind that can be transferred to the level of language, hence, tangible and embodied experiences within the conceptual system lead to the production of image schemas. The present article aims to examine some processes and conceptual constructions in cognitive semantics in the form of visual schemas and for this purpose, it has chosen stable compositions. Research Methodology: This research aims to investigate the processes and conceptual structures of sustainability elements based on image schemas in Mushfaq Kashani's poetry with a descriptive-analytical approach based on the theory of cognitive semantics of Likoff, Johnson and Kochesh. Findings of the research: The result of the research shows that the visual schemas in Mushfaq Kashani's poems are more than the type of power schemas. Mushfiq Kashani has expressed the abstract concepts of struggle, oppression, freedom, martyrdom, etc., in the form of pictorial schemas of power so that they are tangible for the audience. Result: The results of the research show that visual constructions in the poems of this sacred defense ritual poet are used to understand the abstract concepts of sustainable elements to describe and explain them. Keywords: semantic theory, image schema, sustainability literature, Mushfaq Kashani.

   رمان روايي من زنده ام نسبت به بكارگيري عنصر زمان در روايت و مفاهيم مرتبط با آن رمان قابل ملاحظه اي است. در اين نوشته مفهوم زمان هم در صورت تقويمي و گاهشماران? آن و هم در هيئت زمان نجات بخشي يا مسيحايي ظاهر مي­شود. نگرش هاي نظري در باب زمان گونه هاي خطي و دايره اي آن را نشان مي دهد كه ميتوان تأثيرات هر دو مورد را در رمان «من زنده ام» مشاهده نمود. همچنين برخي مفاهيم كه رابطه پيچيده و فشرده اي با عنصر زمان دارند مانند حواني و پيري، رستگاري و سعادت، حسرت و اندوه، همگي در عمق روايت داستان حضور داشته و نشان مي­دهند كه پردازش زمان توسط نويسنده صرفاً تكنيكي و علني نبوده و گاه در لايه هاي عميق تر معنايي مشاهده مي­ود. پايان نامه حاضر با رويكرد توصيفي-تحليلي به شناسايي مفهوم زمان و مفاهيم مربوطه به آن در اين كتاب مي پردازد.

   در قرون گذشته مكاتب فكري متعددي پا به عرصة وجود نهاده­اند كه هريك به­شيوه­اي خاص خود تلاش كرده­اند ادبيات را تحت تأثير قرار دهند. واقع­گرايي نيز يكي از اين مكاتب فكري و ادبي است كه در پي آن است كه روابط بين پديده­ها را شناسايي و بر اساس روابط علت و معلولي، اين روابط را تبيين كند. در ادبيات داستاني معاصر، بيشتر برمبناي انگيزه­هاي روشنفكرانه و سياسي، نويسندگان به­سمت واقع­گرايي رفته­اند. اين نويسندة واقع­گرا براي خلق اثر خود از بيرون نگاه مي­كند و تمايلي ندارد كه احساسات خود را آشكارا به نمايش بگذارد. قهرمان داستان او از ميان مردم و محيط پيرامون گزينش مي­شود كه نماينده هم­نوعان و جامعه خود است. با سرلوحه قرار دادن اصول رآليستي به­عنوان سرلوحة كار خود، بعضي از نويسندگان رآليسم را با به­كارگيري شاخصه­هاي جغرافيايي و شاخصه­هاي فرهنگي و اجتماعي يك منطقه خاص، رآليسم را به­سمت رآليسم بومي سوق داده­اند و آثار در اين حوزه خلق كرده­اند. در پژوهش پيش­رو، كاربرد مؤلفه­هاي بومي در دو رمان «تركه­هاي درخت آلبالو» و «زمين سوخته» از نظر استفاده از مؤلفه­هاي رآليسم بومي مورد بررسي قرار گرفته­اند.

ايرج پزشك­زاد از نامدارترين نويسندگان رمان طنز در ايران است؛ به‌ گونه‌اي كه بسياري از نويسندگان در اين سبك از شيوه‌ي رمان‌نويسي او پيروي مي­كنند. مهم­ترين اثر پزشك­زاد رمان معروف دايي جان ناپلئون است كه ناصر تقوايي بر اساس آن فيلمي ساخته است. هدف اين پژوهش بررسي شيوه‌ها و شگردهاي شخصيت‌پردازي، تقسيم­بندي اين شخصيت­ها از نظر ميزان ابله‌نمايي بر مبناي رفتار و اطوار شخصيت­ها در رمان دايي جان ناپلئون است.   

   چكيده انواع داستان و از جمله داستان­هاي عاميانه همگي گوياي نياز انسان به داستان و روايت است. محتواي اين قصه‌ها، طرز فكر، روش زندگي و فرهنگ پيشينيان قوم كلهر ماهيدشت را نشان مي‌دهد. جاي افسوس است كه آيندگان با فرهنگ پيشينيانشان آشنايي نداشته باشند. موضوع اين پژوهش حفظ و بررسي اندكي از داستان­هاي عاميانه بومي ماهيدشت(كرمانشاه) انجام شده­است. هدف: من با دو هدف در صدد انتخاب اين موضوع برآمدم؛ ابتدا اينكه ديدم داستان­هايي كه از گذشتگان گوشم رسيده بود، بسيار آموزنده هستند، حيف كه نانوشته باقي بماند و از ميان برود. هدف دوم اين داستان‌ها به گويش كوردي كلهري ضبط شده و علاوه بر حفظ اصالت روايت، ما را با فرهنگ و زندگي پيشينيان آشنا مي كنند. روش: ابتدا داستان‌هاي كوردي قديمي كه در بين مردم ماهيدشت كرمانشاه نقل مي‌شده و فكر مي­كنم تا كنون در جايي چاپ نشده، با صداي راوي ضبط كردم. سپس آن‌ها را به زبان فارسي معيار بازنويسي كردم. در گذشته راويان اين قصه­ها پدربزرگم، عليرضا اميدي چقابلكي بوده است. من اين داستان‌ها را از پدرم آقاي محمد اميدي، عمويم آقاي باقر اميدي و عمه ام خانم فهيمه اميدي شنيده و جمع آوري و بازنويسي كرده­ام. پس از آن به بررسي ساختار عناصر روايي داستان‌ها پرداخته­ام. يافته‌ها: در مجموع   26 داستان گردآوري و ضبط شده­است: بخشي از فرهنگ‌ها، باور‌ها، طرز تفكر و ... مردمان آن زمان و آن منطقه در اين داستان‌ها جاي دارد   و حفظ شده­است. تعداد كمي از آن‌ها تخيلي و اغلب داستان‌هاي رئاليستي و واقع‌گرا بشمارمي­روند.   نتيجه‌گيري:   طبق بررسي‌اي كه در اين 26 قصه صورت گرفته، از لحاظ پيرنگ، 22 قصه پيرنگ بسته دارند؛ يعني گره گشايي در قصه صورت گرفته و داراي نتيج? قطعي هستند. 4 قصه پيرنگ باز دارند و اين قصه‌ها نتيج? قطعي ندارند. قصه‌هاي با پايان باز كمتر بوده است و اكثر قصه‌ها طبق واقعيت و براي سرگرمي و عبرت بوده است. به همين دليل پيرنگ اكثر آن‌ها بسته است. از 26 قصه، 15 قصه داراي پيرنگ استوار است؛ يعني حقيقي و طبق واقعيت است و 11 قصه پيرنگ سست دارد يعني حقيقي نيست و طبق تخيل گفته شده است. از لحاظ شخصيت‌پردازي، در اين 26 قصه به طور تقريبي 78 شخصيت اصلي و فرعي وجود دارد كه از اين 78 شخصيت، 70 شخصيت آن ايستا يعني بدون تغيير بوده و شخصيتشان در پايان داستان همانگونه بوده كه در ابتدا بوده است و 8 شخصيت آن پويا بوده و آن شخصيت‌ها در پايان قصه دچار تحولاتي مانند روحي، رواني، جسمي يا اعتقادي شده‌اند. از نظر زاوي? ديد 17 قصه از 26 قصه داناي كل محدود است، يعني اين قصه‌ها بر روي يك شخصيت متمركز هستند و از طرز تفكر شخصيت‌هاي ديگر باخبر نيستند. 9 قص? آن ديدگاه نمايشي يا عيني است كه راوي در قصه هرچه كه مي‌بيند بيان مي‌كند و درون شخصيت‌ها نفوذ نمي‌كند. از نظر حادثه پردازي، در اين 26 قصه، 28 حادث? اصلي و 34 حادث? فرعي مشاهده شده است. ويژگي­هاي صحنه­پردازي و درونمايه هاي اخلاقي نيز در جدول بررسي شده‌اند.    كليدواژه‌ها: گردآوري قص? عاميانه، بازنويسي قص? عاميانه، منطقه ماهيدشت (كرمانشاه)، عناصر روايي داستان.

   Abstract: This research seeks to know the imaginary elements of the symbolic, allegorical narration of Hasan and Del and tried to find various forms of fantasy narrative elements in this story. : In this narration, the place of events is body and soul, and the characters of the narration are body parts . Purpose: This research examines story elements such as plot, point of view, staging, characterization, time and place, etc. In general, the knowledge of ancient coded 's story-telling form, knowledge of coded characterization, coded scene-making and coded story-telling in Hasan and Del Fatahi Neishaburi are.    Research methodology: This research is descriptive and analytical based on text data analysis.    Discoveres: The findings of this research show that; Fatahi Nishabouri has created a story by using fantasy narrative elements and mystical elements, which is a manifestation for understanding complex mystical concepts. Based on the findings of this research, in this work, the author has given concrete form to abstract concepts, such as: beauty, heart, imagination, gloom, etc., and assigned human characters to these concepts and created a fantasy world.    Conclusion: The narrative is romantic on the surface, but mystical on the inside, and the world of romance and mysticism are moving parallel to each other. This story has been examined from a fantasy point of view and is full of fantasy events, characters and strange and strange places, which in fact, in the second meaning, the story of the inner behavior of the seeker is narrated from the Sufi perspective of Fatahi Nishaburi.    Keywords: narrative, fantasy, story elements, Hassan and Del, Fatahi Neishabouri Abstract: This research seeks to know the imaginary elements of the symbolic, allegorical narration of Hasan and Del and tried to find various forms of fantasy narrative elements in this story. : In this narration, the place of events is body and soul, and the characters of the narration are body parts . Purpose: This research examines story elements such as plot, point of view, staging, characterization, time and place, etc. In general, the knowledge of ancient coded 's story-telling form, knowledge of coded characterization, coded scene-making and coded story-telling in Hasan and Del Fatahi Neishaburi are.    Research methodology: This research is descriptive and analytical based on text data analysis.    Discoveres: The findings of this research show that; Fatahi Nishabouri has created a story by using fantasy narrative elements and mystical elements, which is a manifestation for understanding complex mystical concepts. Based on the findings of this research, in this work, the author has given concrete form to abstract concepts, such as: beauty, heart, imagination, gloom, etc., and assigned human characters to these concepts and created a fantasy world.   

   طرح مسأله: دانش روايت‌شناسي امكاني است براي پژوهشگران و نويسندگان در بررسي و شناخت عناصر روايي و انواع موضوعات مختلف روايت‌پردازي و درك بهتر آن‌ها. اين دانش با بررسي عناصري چون (پيرنگ، شخصيت‌پردازي، فضاسازي، گفت‌وگو، راوي، زاوي? ديد و...) و نيز به بررسي فنون و كشف ساختار روايت‌ها پرداخته و از اين طريق در پي يافتن دستورزبان روايت است. اهداف: اصلي پژوهش حاضر، بررسي روايت‌پردازي در مثنوي شمع و پروانه اهلي شيرازي، از نظر عناصر روايي است. اين منظوم? تمثيلي- عاشقانه به روايت عشق بين شمع و پروانه مي‌پردازد كه در جذبه و انجذاب عشق بين طالب و مطلوب در طريقت صوفيان است. نگارند? اين پژوهش سعي دارد ساختار روايي آن را توصيف كند و رابطه عناصر مختلف داستاني را در ارتباط با يكديگر و نيز با موضوع و محتواي آن مورد كاوش قرار دهد. روش‌شناسي پژوهش: روش پژوهش حاضر از نظر نوع تحقيق بنيادي است و از نظر رويكرد كه به صورت قياسي و توصيفي- تحليلي انجام شده بر پاي? مطالعات كتابخانه‌اي است. جامع? آماري در اين پژوهش مثنوي شمع و پروان?   اهلي شيرازي است. به‌اين‌گونه كه بعد از استخراج داده‌ها و مطالع? كامل مثنوي شمع و پروانه، آن را مورد بررسي كامل قرار داده و در نهايت تحليل‌ها را براساس يافته‌هاي استخراج‌شده انجام ­داده است.   يافته‌ها:   اهلي شيرازي موضوع و مضمون اين داستان را كه قبل از او به انواع شيوه‌ها در شعر و تخيل شاعران روايت شده است به‌گونه‌اي جديد خلق كرده است. براي مثال عطار نيشابوري در منطق الطير خود در وادي فقر و فنا، حكايتي مشابه به نام مجمع پروانگان دارد. با اين تفاوت كه در آنجا سه پروانه در پي خبرگرفتن و ديدار شمع و نيز براي سنجش ميزان عشقشان نسبت به شمع، بين خود مسابقه‌اي برگزار مي‌كنند. دو تن از آن‌ها نماد مدعيان دروغين و لاف‌زنان عشق حقيقي هستند. اما پروان? سوم نماد يك سالك حقيقي است كه با فناي خود در ذات حق باقي مي‌گردد. اما شمع و پروان? اهلي شيرازي در ظاهري عاشقانه پرداخته شده ‌است و شمع شخصيت محوري داستان است و هم? كنش‌ها و گفت‌وگوهاي داستان نيز حول محور او مي‌چرخد و پروانه‌اي عاشق پيشه در پي رسيدن به اوست. اكثر روايت‌هايي كه در داستان‌هاي سنتي با موضوع شمع و پروانه نگاشته شده‌اند داراي ظاهري متفاوت اما زمينه و چارچوب مشترك هستند. نتيجه‌گيري: نتايج پژوهش درباره شيوه روايت‌پردازي اهلي شيرازي نشان مي‌دهد كه شيو? داستان‌سرايي اهلي به لحاظ برخي ويژگي‌ها مانند مطلق‌گرايي و ايستايي شخصيت‌ها و همساني آنان در سخن گفتن، تقدير‌گرايي و اعتقاد به تاثير ستارگان و فلك در سرنوشت انسان‌ها، وجود سحر و جادو و خرق‌عادت در داستان، پيرنگ ضعيف، كلي‌گرايي و توجه نكردن به جزئيات عناصر در داستان به روش پيشينيان داستان را خلق كرده است. دوم اينكه خط سير داستان از ابتدا تا انتهاي آن يكي است و بين عناصر روايي انسجام برقرار است. كليدواژه‌ها :   روايت پردازي، فانتزي، عناصر داستان، شمع و پروانه‌، اهلي شيرازي

چكيده افسانه، قصه­اي است حاوي سرگذشت يا رويدادي خيالي از زندگي انسان­ها، حيوانات، پرندگان و يا موجوداتي هم­چون ديو، پري، غول و اژدها كه با رمز و راز و گاهي مقاصد اخلاقي و آموزشي توأم است؛افسانه، قصه­اي است كه از زمان­هاي دور درباره شخصيت­هاي ملي- تاريخي و مردمي يا اولياي دين و عارفان و مقدسان، قهرمانان ملي يا وقايعي خاص به جا مانده باشد، كه هر چند پايه­ي واقعي و تاريخي دارد، با نيروي تخيل شاخ و برگ­هايي بر آن افزدوه شده است. رضا خندان مهابادي  و علي‌اشرف درويشيان  دو نويسندة كتاب فرهنگ افسانه­هاي مردم ايران هستند؛ همه نوع باور عاميانه مانند باورهايي كه از مذهب و دين و شرايط طبيعي و يا حتي باورهايي كه از علم و تجربه نشأت دارد در كتاب فرهنگ افسانه­هاي مردم ايران در متن و مضمون افسانه­هاي اين كتاب ديده مي­شود. هدف اين پژوهش، استخراج باورهاي عاميانه در كتاب مذكور است تا نمايان گردد براساس تقسيم­بندي معتبر باورهاي عاميانه در كتاب باورهاي عاميانه حسن ذوالفقاري و ديگر منابع مرتبط با روش مطالعه كتابخانه­اي و فيش­برداري چه تعداد باور عاميانه در اين كتاب­ها وجود دارد. تقسيم­بندي معتبر باورهاي عاميانه كه شامل: زندگي معنوي- زندگي مادي- زندگي اجتماعي- مذهب عاميانه در جستجوي الوهيت مي­باشد كه زيرمجموعه زندگي معنوي دانش عوام- حكمت عاميانه و زندگي اسرارآميز بوده كه دانش عوام شامل موضوعات اعتقاد به اعدادي خاص، سنگ­هاي قيمتي، نجوم، باورهاي عاميانه دربارة حيوانات، موجودات افسانه‌اي و ماورايي و حكمت عاميانه شامل عشق و عاشقي، شكر و كفر، نوع دوستي، حسادت، خساست، طمع، عهد و پيمان، وطن دوستي، وسوسه، اعتقاد به درست بودن راه راست، آبرو، حق و دَين، شجاعت و ترس، ضرب­المثل، بخشش و انتقام، پند و اندرز، معصوميت كودكان، حسرت، رزق و روزي، تعبير خواب، نفوس و شگون، دعا براي گشايش گره­ها، بخت و سرنوشت.و زندگي اسرارآميز شامل: جشن­ها و مراسم هايي كه موقع معين سال انجام مي­شود و جادو است. زندگي مادي داراي موضواعتي مانند: خواب، ساختمان­هاي عمومي، خوراك است و زندگي اجتماعي موضوعاتي مانند: پراندن باز براي انتخاب فرد شايسته، سن قانوني، زن­ستيزي، رسم و رسومات مربوط به مرگ، آداب و رسم و رسومات عروسي، فرزندآوري و فرزندپروري، رسومات مسافرت و وجدان مي­باشد. مذهب عاميانه موضوعاتي مانند: غضب، لعن و نفرين را شامل مي­شود. و مذهب عاميانه در جستجوي الوهيت شامل موضوعات اعتقاد به جهان ديگر، حلال و حرام، گناه و ثواب، فاتحه، خدا و فرشتگان، پيامبران و امامان، نماز، نذر،روزه، كافر، معجزه، عبادات و اعتقادات مذهبي، كتاب­هاي آسماني، زيارت و قسم و سوگند مي­باشد؛ كه در حد توان نگارنده همه اشاره­هاي مستقيم به موضوعات فوق را در افسانه­ها و قصه­هاي كتاب مذكور يافته و نگاشته است. نتايج به­دست آمده نمايانگر اين مطلب است كه اكثر باورهاي عاميانه در كتاب­هاي مذكور وجود دارد؛ هرچند برخي از لحاظ كميت تعداد بيشتري وجود دارد. بالاترين باور عاميانه مربوط به مؤلفه جادو است؛ چرا كه همان­طور از نام آن پيداست، جادو برترين مؤلفه خرافات است. كليد واژگان: باورهاي عاميانه، فولكلور، فرهنگ افسانه­هاي مردم ايران، رضا خندان، علي اشرف درويشيان   

هاني اسماعيل رمضان محقق معاصر مصري در زمينه آموزش زبان عربي تاليفاتي دارد از جمله آنها كتاب «معايير مهارات اللغة العربية للناطقين بغيرها»   مي باشد. وي در اين كتاب نظرات چندين مولف را درباره مهارت هاي آموزش زبان عربي يعني مهارت شنيدن، سخن گفتن خواندن و نوشتن را به ترتيب و به شكل طبقه بندي شده در چهار فصل جمع آوري كرده است كه در هر فصل به يك مهارت پرداخته شده، آن مهارت   تعريف شده،عوامل ضعف و مشكلات و سختي هاي آن‌ بررسي شده و روش هاي بهبود هريك از آنها ارائه شده است. پژوهشگر مقدمه كتاب، فصل سوم و فصل چهارم كتاب يعني مهارت خواندن و مهارت نوشتن را ترجمه كرده است. آگاهي از اين مهارت ها و روش هاي بهبود هر يك از آنها مي‌تواند به علاقمندان يادگيري زبان عربي، دانشجويان اين رشته، طلاب حوزوي و...كمك كند.   

هاني اسماعيل رمضان محقق معاصر مصري در زمينه آموزش زبان عربي تاليفاتي دارد از جمله آنها كتاب «معايير مهارات اللغة العربية للناطقين بغيرها»   مي باشد. وي در اين كتاب نظرات چندين مولف را درباره مهارت هاي آموزش زبان عربي يعني مهارت شنيدن، سخن گفتن خواندن و نوشتن را به ترتيب و به شكل طبقه بندي شده در چهار فصل جمع آوري كرده است كه در هر فصل به يك مهارت پرداخته پس از تعريف آن مهارت« عوامل ضعف و مشكلات و دشواري هاي آنرا بررسي كرده است و براي بهبود هريك از آن مهارت ها راهكارهايي را ارائه داده است. مترجم مقدمه كتاب، فصل سوم و فصل چهارم كتاب يعني مهارت خواندن و مهارت نوشتن را ترجمه كرده است. شايان ذكر است آگاهي از اين مهارت ها و روش هاي تقويت آنها مي‌تواند به علاقمندان يادگيري زبان عربي، دانشجويان اين رشته، طلاب حوزوي و...كمك كند.   

  Ali Mohammad Afghani is one of the most famous social novelists in Iran; As many writers in this genre follow his novel writing style. Afghani lived in Kermanshah for many years and wrote one of his most important works called Ahoo Khanum Husband in this city.Her life in this city and the narration of the novel of Ahoo Khanum's husband, which is a part of this city, are reflected in this novel. The purpose of this study is to achieve a conceptual framework of narrative in the story and its adaptation to the narrative in architecture in order to use storytelling methods in architecture, constructing a spatial scenario factor for interpreting the building or design.This dissertation will try to examine the elements of urban architecture, types of buildings, porches, doors, pentagonal rooms, corridors, percussions and rings, alleys, texture of old neighborhoods, basins, the old form of shops and stores, brickwork, tiling, design, color, The role and ... their changes and how the author is affected by the habitat and its reflection in his literary works and the corresponding relationship between literature and architecture to be shown.

   The elements involved and effective in the eloquence and psychology of each poet's poetry can be studied, evaluated and evaluated from various aspects. Masnavi Lily and Majnoon Nezami are also worthy of reflection and insight from different angles in order to show the effective aspects of his words. One of these angles is the study of the artistic use of the verb in Masnavi Lily and Majnoon. Now the question arises what are the elements involved in the beauty of the construction of the verbs of the poems of this Masnavi and what is the most characteristic of it and what effect does it have on the beauty, meaning and eloquence of its text? The achievement of examining the artistic expression of the verb in Masnavi Lily and Majnoon shows it; More than one verb and sometimes three or four verbs can be seen in some verses of Masnavi that the use of these verbs shows the poet's artistry in rhetoric and verbal and spiritual aesthetics. Also, the use of pairs and adjacent verbs in the form of rhymes, rows, repetitions of current syllables and phonemes in order to create lateral and internal music, as well as rhetorical use (metaphor, irony, ambiguity, sensuality) of verb combinations are the most stylistic elements of this poet's poems. Can be; He mentioned the use of verbs in the direction of side and inner music.

  Myth includes fantasy and legendary stories about the sacred and religious beliefs of the primitive societies. Beliefs about the human relationship with the natural and real world events. Myths exist among the people of each land and nation and their subject are extraordinary events including the deeds of Gods and superhuman forces. The time of mythical is not the historical time but the time of the trans sanctification that is repeated from the beginning to the eternity.The interpretation of myths and the explanation of the function and the use of myths in the study of religious texts is important and necessary. The commentators of the Quran, in the interpretation of the Quranic stories, myths and legends Israeli elements were involved. Book stories drawn from the interpretation of the Surabadi Holy Quran are among those books that many mythologies are reflected from. So identifying and explaining how reflection, transformation and rendition icons myths in the book of Surabadi s Quranic stories determine the dir=ltr>The method of the resaerch according to the content, analysis tool of the library resources of the research and study materials has been taking notes and conclusion sources The results and findings of this study show that among the seven categories of function of mythology in the stories of Surabadis Quran mythology function descriptions, verification and valuation, treatment, recovery, i  iration and discover and reveal are seen more than the other cases. Also Surabadi, using mythology and Israeli in the creation of the stories and the stories of the Quran diversity gives charm to persuade the readers to follow the story.  Keywords: function of myth, the myth of the role, The interpretation of Surabadi ,Surabadis Quranic stories , the Israelites, myth

  Abstractone of the common concepts in persian poets political works is dealing with contents and creating images of Iranian- Islamic cultures common elements and names. To keep, preserve, and transfer many cultural values, most of Persian poets, through taking poetical advantages of cultural elements of Iranian- Islamic culture and civilization, have tried to take steps in this area. khaghani as one of the out standing poets has paid a great attention to this vital matter in this area. His true and precise awarenece of past culture and legendary and religious elements of Iranian- Islamic culture elements helped him to express his cultural, political and social thoughts. He is the legacy of rich culture of ancient Iran and one of his poems indicators is effect ability from Islamic culture. His elegies are over whelming by Iranian- Islamic concepts, which are the background of new concepts and images. For the purpose of this paper, khaghanis entire elegies, which are about 8165 verses, were studied. The entire Persian and semitic culture elements were extracted and the obtained results show that khaghani has mostly enjoyed the Islamic culture elements. Almost 30 percent of all khaghanis poetical verses have been all ocated to Arabic- Islamic concepts, 16 percent of his entire verses include Iranian culture elements. Khaghanis most important i  iration source has been the Great Holy Koran which consists up to 12 percent of his verses. Among Iranian elements, the legendaries have the most freguencies.  Key words: Khaghani, elegies, Iranian culture, Semitic culture.