It aimed to investigate the influence of seed origin and weight on the germination, survival, and growth of Persian oak seedlings in the Cheleh and Vijenan areas of Gilan-e Gharb county.    Methods: In this study, Persian oak seeds were collected in 2021 from two different origins in Gilan-e Gharb county (Cheleh village at an elevation of 1110 meters and Vijenan district at an elevation of 850 meters). The seeds were measured for morphological characteristics (weight, length, and width) and >Results: The findings of this study indicate that seed weight and geographical origin have a significant effect on the Dixon's Quality Index (DQI) of Persian oak seedlings. Based on statistical analyses, the heavy seeds from the Vijenan region, which were sown immediately after collection, produced seedlings with the highest quality. In contrast, the light seeds from the Cheleh region, sown after a 20-day delay, exhibited the lowest quality. It was also determined that seed weight and geographical origin had distinct and significant effects on various aspects of the growth and survival of Persian oak seedlings. While seed weight had a limited effect on germination and initial survival, it significantly influenced vegetative indices such as collar diameter, height, and leaf count. Specifically, heavy seeds demonstrated a clear superiority in all stages of seedling growth. On the other hand, seed origin also had varying effects; seeds from the Cheleh region performed better in terms of germination and height growth, whereas seeds from the Vijenan region were superior in the seedling quality index (DQI). Concluding Remarks:  The findings demonstrate that utilizing heavier seeds and implementing immediate sowing post-harvest in the Vijenan area yields superior quality seedlings. These results offer valuable insights for developing effective strategies for the rehabilitation of Zagros forest ecosystems.

Climate change or climate change means any distinct change in the expected patterns of average weather conditions, occurring over a long period of time in a specific region or for the global climate as a whole. Climate change refers to abnormal changes in the climate within the Earth's atmosphere and its consequences in different parts of the planet. Feedbacks from climate change are variable and may increase or decrease these internal factors. Many internal changes in climate systems occur with a delay. Because the Earth's climate system is so large and slow-moving, it responds to inputs with a lag. In the 1980s, the terms global warming and climate change became more common. Although the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably, scientifically, global warming refers only to the increase in the Earth's surface temperature, while climate change describes changes in the Earth's climate system as a whole. Scientists, politicians and the media now use terms like climate crisis or climate emergency to talk about climate change, and global warming instead of global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) says that the climate changes observed around the world are very likely caused by human-induced factors. The Synthesis Report of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) is a summary of the latest findings on climate change, its broad impacts and risks, and climate change mitigation and adaptation. The report is organized into three sections: 1. Current status and trends; 2. The future of climate change, risks and long-term responses; and 3. Short-term responses. It recognizes the interdependence of climate, ecosystems and biodiversity, and human societies; the value of different types of knowledge; and the close links between climate change adaptation, emission reduction, ecosystem health, human well-being, and sustainable development, reflecting the increasing diversity of stakeholders in climate action. In this study, according to the latest IPCC report, the sixth report of   2-4.5,   1-2.6,   5-8.5 and Historical reports will be studied at Kermanshah Synoptic Station for minimal, maximum temperature variables.    Key Words: Climate Change, Global Warming, Ecosystem, Synoptic    Climate change or climate change means any distinct change in the expected patterns of average weather conditions, occurring over a long period of time in a specific region or for the global climate as a whole. Climate change refers to abnormal changes in the climate within the Earth's atmosphere and its consequences in different parts of the planet.

December 2017, and the lowest chlorophyll a concentration in February 2017  

   This study was conducted to assess the transgenerational sensitivity dynamics and bioefficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis su  . kurstaki (Bt) in the control of third instar larvae of the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) over four consecutive generations. Laboratory bioassays using various concentrations of Bt were performed on the parental generation (F0) and successive progenies (F1, F2, F3). Results indicated that cumulative mortality rates and sensitivity indices—including LC50, resistance ratio (RR), and lethal dose ratios—declined significantly in later generations. The parent and first filial generations were most susceptible to Bt spores and crystals, but with continuous selection pressure, resistance development was pronounced in the second generation (RR=2.92), reaching maximum resistance in the third (RR=7.25). The LT50 values rarely reached 50% lethality except at high concentrations in the initial generation; for most treatments and especially in later generations, this threshold was not attained. Statistical modeling was used to examine the relationship between LC~50~ and LT~50~ across all generations. All models confirmed a strong positive correlation (r=0.92), demonstrating that increasing resistance or reduced sensitivity under selection pressure substantially delayed larval mortality. Nonlinear power regression (R²=0.89) and generalized linear modeling with a gamma distribution (Deviance explained=85%) further validated the robust relationship between dependent and independent variables. These findings underscore that repeated use of Bt, without resistance management strategies such as refugia, accelerates resistance development and reduces biological control effectiveness. Therefore, sustainable pest management in field conditions should include insecticide rotation, creation of Bt-free refuges, and implementation of higher, targeted concentrations. This research demonstrated rapid transgenerational resistance evolution under laboratory selection, emphasizing the need for regular monitoring and prevention of both genetic and epigenetic resistance in key pest populations under greenhouse and field conditions. Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis, cotton bollworm, transgenerational resistance, bioassay, successive generations, statistical modeling, biological control

كنه(Trombidiformes: Iolinidae)   (McGregor, 1932) Pronematus ubiquitus كنه كوچكي است كه قادر است به‌طور چشم‌گيري، جمعيت تعدادي از آفات و بيماري را كنترل كند. اين شكارگر اندازه بسيار كوچك و سرعت تحرك فوق‌العاده‌اي دارد. روي سطح برگ برخي گياهان، تعداد زيادي پرزهاي غده‌اي وجود دارد كه وجود اين پرزها مانع از استقرار و حركت مناسب شكارگرهايي مانند كنه‌هاي Phytoseiidae مي‌شوند. ولي كنه P. ubiquitus به‌دليل ويژگي‌هاي فوق‌الذكر، قادر است به راحتي پشت و روي برگ گياهان ميزبان حركت كرده و از آفات و عوامل بيماري‌زاي سطح برگ تغذيه كند. كاربرد اين شكارگر به عنوان يك عامل كنترل بيولوژيك، مي‌تواند به ميزان قابل توجهي از مصرف آفت‌كش‌هاي شيميايي بكاهد. نوسانات جمعيت و الگوي توزيع فضايي كنه‌يP. ubiquitus   روي درختان توت و بوته‌هاي لوبيا سبز در فصول بهار، تابستان و پاييز سال ???? در شهرستان كرمانشاه مورد مطالعه و بررسي قرار گرفت. نمونه‌برداري‌ها به صورت فواصل منظم و هفتگي صورت گرفت. نمونه‌برداري اوليه با در نظر گرفتن خطاي نسبي ??/? با ?? نمونه آغاز شد. در اين بررسي براي تعيين الگوي توزيع فضايي كنه‌ي P. ubiquitus، دو روش قانون توان تيلور و شاخص‌ رگرسيوني آيوائو مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. در اين مطالعه الگوي توزيع فضايي روي گياهان مورد مطالعه براي هر دو شاخص از نوع تجمعي به دست آمد. اثر دما و رطوبت نسبي نيز مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. براساس رگرسيون خطي، نوسانات جمعيت كنه با دما براي لوبيا معني‌دار نبود ولي براي توت تفاوت معني‌دار و رابطه‌ي منفي مشاهده شد. همچنين رگرسيون خطي بين رطوبت نسبي و نوسانات جمعيت كنه براي لوبيا معني‌دار نبود، ولي براي توت رابطه‌‌ي مثبت و معني‌دار مشاهده شد. مطالعه‌ي نوسانات جمعيت و الگوي توزيع فضايي كنه‌ها مي‌تواند به تنظيم برنامه‌هاي نمونه‌برداري و تخمين جمعيت آن‌ها در مديريت تلفيقي محصولات مختلف كمك كند.   

   The Mesquites shrub is the dominant forest cover in the south of Sistan and Baluchestan province. This shrub has many uses for the indigenous people of these regions by producing animal fodder, wood production, green space and medical uses. The fauna of mites associated with Mesquites shrub has not been studied in Iran so far and there is no knowledge of the existence of beneficial or harmful species of mites in this region. During a study from 1401 to 1403, samples were taken from the branches and leaves of trees and also the soil under the shade of Mesquites shrubs in the Konarak region of Sistan and Baluchestan province to collect the fauna of mites associated withMesquites, then the samples were transferred to the laboratory for slide preparation and microscopic identification, in the laboratory the samples were separated and cured with lactic acid and microscopic slides were prepared from them by Hoyer. The obtained samples were separated according to the family and identified using a valid internal and external key. Also, some samples were sent to the relevant specialist for confirmation. In this study, a total of 15 species belonging to 12 families and seven superfamilies were collected and identified, with species new to the world marked with (*), species new to Iran marked with (**), and species new to Sistan and Baluchestan marked with (***) as follows: Superfamily Trtranychoidea Donnadieu, 1857: Family Tetranychidae Donnadieu, 1875: Magdalena   .**, Superfamily Raphignathoidea Kramer, 1877: Family Eupalopselidae Willmann, 1952: Exothoris sp.***, Family Caligonelidae Grangjean, 1944: Neognayhus eupalopus Meyer & Ueckerman, 1989,*** Molothrognathus mehrnejadi Liang & Zhang, 1977, Family Camerobiidae Southcott, 1957: Neophyllobius sp., Family Raphignathidae Kramer, 1877: Raphignathus zhaoi Hu, Jian & Liang, 1995, Raphignathus sp., Superfamily Tydeoidea Kramer, 1877: Family Tydeidae Kramer, 1877: Neolorryia pandana Baker, 1968,** Lorryia sp.*, Family Iolinidae Pritchard, 1956, Pronematus ubiquitous McGregor, 1932,*** Superfamily Bdelloidea: Family Bdellidae Duge?s, 1834, Spinibdella cronini Baker & Blocker, 1944, Family Cunaxidae Thor, 1902: Cunaxa capreolus Berlese, 1889, Superfamily Erythraeoidea: Family Erythraeidae Oudemans, 1902: Andrevella sp.Superfamily Caeculoidea: Family Caeculidae: Allocaeculus sp. Superfamily Phytoseioidea: Family Phytoseiidae Berlese, 1916: Neoseiulus marginatus.

  Abstract Bread wheat is one of the important crops in the world and plays an important role in food security. Silicon is not an essential element for plant growth. However, the results of recent researchs showed that silicon has been effective in increasing the resistance of plants against environmental stresses. Therefore, the aim of this experiment was to comparing of silicon oxide (SiO2) with different diameters, sodium and potassium silicate in reducing drought stress damage in dryland bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment was conducted as of a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Research Farm of the Campus of Agriculture and the Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. The test treatments include different forms of silicon (without silicon consumption (control), potassium silicate (K2SiO3), sodium silicate (Na2SiO3), nano-SiO2Ps 8nm, nano- SiO2Ps 12±1 nm, nano- SiO2Ps 25±5 nm, nano- SiO2Ps 65±5 nm, SiO2Ps 1000 nm, SiO2Ps 5000 nm, SiO2Ps 10,000 nm and SiO2Ps 100,000 nm. The results showed that the use of different forms of silicon improved the growth and yield of bread wheat. So that the maximum leaf diameter (2.77 mm), spike length (11.38 cm) and the number of spikelets per spike (15.19) were obtained from foliar spraying of Nano-SiO2Ps 8 nm. In addition, the mean comparisons showed that the treatment of nano- SiO2Ps 12±1 nm and Na2SiO3 increases the number of grains in the spike by by 35.11% and 32.93% compared to the control. Also, the highest of 1000 grain weight was observed in potassium silicate treatment, SiO2Ps 10000 nm and nano-SiO2Ps 25 and 8 nm. Foliar spraying of nano-SiO2Ps 25 and 8 nm increased grain yield, biological yield, and straw yield by 38.23%, 49.20% and 57.60% compared to the control, respectively. Plants sprayed with nano-SiO2Ps 8 and 12 nm had significantly more chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll than other forms of silicon. On the other hand, the highest levels of proline, protein and soluble sugars in leaves were observed with the use of nano-SiO2Ps 8, 12, 25 and 65 nm. It was found that the use of different forms of silicon decreased the content of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in leaves compared to the control. In general, treatments of silicon oxide nanoparticles increased the yield, yield components and biochemical traits of wheat more effectively compared to the non-nano form, which indicates the better ability of nanoparticles due to their smaller dimensions and greater surface area. Therefore, it is recommended to use the form of silicon dioxide nanoparticles to increase the growth and yield of bread wheat and reduce the damage of drought stress. Key words: Antioxidant enzyme, Grain yield, Nanoparticle, Silicon, Wheat

  چكيده: با توجه به اهميت و نقش درختان در اكوسيستمهاي نواحي غربي كشورمان فون كنههاي پيشاستيگما كه قسمت مهمي از كنههاي آفتزاي گياهي و همچنين كنههاي شكارگر را شامل ميشوند مورد مطالعه و تحقيق قرار گرفت. براي رسيدن به اين هدف نمونهبرداريهايي از بهمن 1400 تا بهمن 1401 از شاخ و برگ و خاك و غيره درختان ميوه منطقه چرداول انجام و سپس نمونهها براي تهيه اسلايد ميكروسكوپي به آزمايشگاه انتقال يافت. در اين مطالعه در مجموع 20 گونه متعلق به 11 خانواده جمعآوري و شناسايي شدند كه گونههاي شناسايي شده در اين مطالعه به شرح ذيل است: Super Family: Tetranychoidea Donnadieu, 1876, Family: Tenuipalpidae Berlese, 1913, Tenuipalpus punicae Pritchard & Baker, 1958 Tenuipalpus granti Sayed, 1946 Family: Tetranychidae Donnadieu, 1875 Oligonychus sp. Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 Eotetranychus frosti (M cGrego, 1952) Super Family: Bdelloidea Family: Bdeliidae Duges, 1834 Spinibdella cronini (Baker and Balock, 1944) Family: Cunaxidae Thor, 1902 Cunaxa sp. Coleoscirus simplex (Ewing, 1917) Super Family: Tydeoidea Family: Iolinidae Peritchard, 1956 Neopronematus rapidus (Kuznetzov, 1972) Neopronematus kamali Darbemamieh-Hajiganbar, 2015 Pronematus ubiquitous (McGregor, 1932) Family: Ereynetidae Oudemans, 1931 Ereynetes sp. Super Family: Raphignathoidea Kramer, 1877 Family: Caligonellidae Grandjean, 1994 Molothrognathus mehrnejadi Liang & Zhang, 2015 Molothrognathus sp. Family: Raphignathidae Kramer, 1877 Raphignathus gracilic (Rack, 1962) Raphignathus sp. Super Family: Erythraeoidea Family: Erythraeidae Oudemans, 1902 Erythraeus sp. Abrolophus sp. Family: Anystidae Oudemans, 1936 Erythracarus pyrrholeucus Hermann, 1804 Super Family: Eupodoidea Family Eupodidae Koch, 1882 Eupodes sp.

   Oak forests located in the western part of country represent a significant ecological advantage due to their rich biodiversity. These forests include diverse species of oak, Quercus   . Mismanagement and adverse climatic factors make this valuable ecosystem prone to attack by pest insects and the pest insects also accelerate the process of forest deterioration. These pest insects not only cause damage to the forests but also expedite the process of forest deterioration. One of the major pests that target oak trees in the Zagros region is the acorn weevil, Curculio glandium Marsh (Col.: Curculionidae). The larvae of this insect feed on the internal contents of the oak fruits, leading to their damage. Consequently, this disturbs the natural process of the regeneration and hampers the forest's ability to regenerate naturally. This study was conducted in 2022-2023, simultaneously in Dalahu and Islamabad oak forests. From the beginning to the end of the growing season, oak trees were regularly visited and sampled. Oak fruits were randomly collected, than the data were collected and recorded. In the laboratory, infested samples were dissected under a microscope. The biological stages of the pest, such as the place and time of egg laying, the hatching time, the larval stages, the occurrence of the adult insect, morphological characters and natural enemies were investigated. Based on the collected data and climatological data of the region, the peak population in Dalahu was determined on the 20th of Mehr (2022) and in Islamabad West on the 12th of Mehr (2022).The acorn weevil, Curculio glandium, shows an annual life cycle, completing one generation per year. The spatial distribution pattern in Dalahu was determined to be of the cumulative type, while in Eslamabad-e  Gharb it was found to be of the random type. The results of this study are effective in improving management measures to control this acorn weevil pest. Keywords: Biological agents, Forest, Acorn feeders, Oak, Western country, Kermanshah

   The greater wax moth is one of the most important pests of stored products and honeybee colonies especially honeybee wax combs in the hives or stored wax combs which this pest inflicts heavy damage on beekeepers every year by feeding on wax combs inside the hives as well as stored wax combs. The present study aimed to investigate different methods of integrated management of large wax moths in beehives and storage warehouses during the spring to summer of 1402 in 35 Iranian honey bee colonies in the climatic conditions of Marivan city of Kurdistan province, Iran. This study was carried out in the form of a completely randomized design with six treatments (including strong apiary, weak apiary, dark warehouse, light warehouse, organic acid treatment, and control treatments) and five replications. Field surveys were conducted for 20 days on experimental treatments. Variance analysis of data was done using    V.22 software, and a comparison of averages was done based on the LSD method. The results of the variance analysis of the number of wax moths in the strong apiary showed that there is a significant difference between the groups (P < 0.05). Based on the results of the average comparison, the highest number of wax moths was observed in the control treatment, and the lowest its was related to treatments 1 and 4. The results of the variance analysis of the number of wax moths in the poor apiary showed that there is a significant difference between the groups (P < 0.05). Based on the results of the average comparison, the highest number of wax moths was observed in the second treatment, and the lowest its was in the control treatment. The results of variance analysis of the mortality rate of wax moths in the treatment of organic acids showed that there is a significant difference between the groups (P < 0.05). Based on the results of the average comparison, the highest and lowest number of dead wax moths were related to formic acid and control treatments, respectively. The results of the variance analysis of the number of adult wax moths seen in the dark warehouse showed that there is a significant difference between the groups (P < 0.05). Based on the results of the average comparison, the highest number of wax moths was observed in treatment 5, and the lowest was related to the control treatment. The results of variance analysis of the number of adult insects observed in the bright warehouse showed that there is a significant difference between the groups (P < 0.05). Based on the results of the average comparison, the highest and lowest number of observed wax moths were related to the control treatment and second treatment, respectively.

   Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is one of the most important pests of apple that reduces yield and crop quality. Control methods have been based predominantly on the use of broad spectrum insecticides. Concerns over the safety, environmental impact, development of insecticide resistance in codling moth and sustainability of synthetic pesticides have engendered development and use of softer control methods within the integrated pest management strategy. One of the softer methods that is increasingly being employed for codling moth control is mating disruption employing the female codling moth sex attractant.   The potential of pheromones for use in commercial pest control needs to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis due to the diverse nature of these signaling compounds, but they been shown to be highly effective in the case of pests like Codling moth. According to different environmental conditions to take best results for control of pest, determination of best heights and color of pheromone traps is important in Kurdistan province. In this research, the influence colors and heights pheromone trap captures were investigated. The experiment was conducted in factorial based on a complete randomized design with three replications during 2023. In this study the effects of two factors, trap colors (blue, green, yellow and white) and the trap heights (0.5, 1 and 1.5 m), were evaluated on the catch of adults. The results showed that color and height have significant effect on the number of males captured by traps. The results indicated that in the first generation the highest number of codling moth with the mean of 7.8 were observed in white trap and the lowest number of codling moth with the mean of 3.2 were observed in blue trap. In the first and second generation the highest number of codling moth were observed in 1.5 m height trap. In the second generation the highest number of codling moth with the mean of 9.2 were observed in green trap and the lowest number of codling moth with the mean of 1.8 were observed in blue trap. There were no significant interactions between trap colour and trap height at 5% error probability level. In this research green and white traps were significantly more effective than others colors. Result showed that there were not significant differences among the cultivars in pest density in the first and second generation. The results clearly indicated that green traps in the height of 1.5 m is the most effective trap for control of codling moths    Keywords: Codling moth, pheromone trap, delta trap, mass trapping, saghez city

   In this research, sequential sampling of different species of thrips was done in three important rangelands of Javanrud (Kermanshah province) from March 2023 to June 2023. These pastures included Deh-Sarkh (1500 meters), Massander (1370 meters) and Gandab (1270 meters). Sampling was done weekly by shaking selected plants between three sites into a white tray. Plants of the three sampling sites included wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis), oats (Avena fatua L), chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L), shepherd's purse (Capsella bursapastoris) and wild barley   (Hordeum spontaneum). The results showed that among the total number of 10,503 samples collected from the three sites of Javanroud, 18 species of thrips belonging to four families, including Aeolothripidae (four species), Melanthripidae (one species), Thripidae (nine species) and Phlaeothripidae (four species) were found on five abundant plant species were identified.   Among these 18 species, the four dominant species in the region were Rhipidiothrips brunneus, Melanthrips knechteli, Thrips meridionalis (Priesner) and Haplothrips reuteri (Karny). Results based on critical indicators such as Shannon-Wiener and Simpson Ds showed a difference between the three sampling sites in terms of biodiversity. Based on both Shannon- (2.76) and Simson Ds (0.93) indices, the highest diversity of thrips species is found in the Gandab pasture. The two sites of Deh Sarkh and Massander have almost similar species diversity. The equitability index (=j) for Gandab (0.95) and Deh Sorekh (0.92) was higher than Massander (0.90). The results of the Principal Component Analysis showed that the tendency of thrips species to disperse among the three regions is different from each other. The species similarity index based on the Chekanovsky coefficient showed that the highest species composition is the same between Deh Sorkh and Massander pastures, which are closer to each other in terms of height than the sea level. The Shannon-Wiener Biodiversity Index showed that the highest biodiversity of thrips species in the Deh Sorekh site is on A. fatua L (2.69), H. spontaneum (2.67) and S. arvensis (2.43) plants, respectively. According to the Simson index, the highest diversity of thrips species in the Deh Sorekh site is on A. fatua (0.92) and H. spontaneum (0.92) plants. On the other hand, considering that the lowest Simson diversity index recorded on the rest of the plants was in the range between 0.81 and 0.88.   Therefore, all five selected plants are important host plants for thrips collected, but A. fatua, H. spontaneum   and S. arvensis plants are more key plants in relation to the biodiversity of different species of thrips in Deh-sorkh. The highest pillo uniformity index (equitability=j) in Deh Sarkh was on C. bursapastoris (0.95), in Massander on H. spontaneum   (0.95) and C. bursapastoris (0.95), and in Gandab on A. fatua (0.96) and H. spontaneum   (0.96). In all three sites of Javanroud, the highest carrying capacity in relation to multiple species of thrips was related to wild mustard plant. The similarity index results of thrips species on selected host plants based on the PCA method and the NMDS in the three sampled sites showed that R. brunneus Williams and F. intonsa (Trybom) species had a higher abundance on A. fatua in the Deh-sorkh pasture. Rhipidiothrips brunneus, Frankliniella intonsa, Thrips meridionalis (Priesner) and Haplothrips reuteri (Karny) species are seen with the same abundance on S.arvensis, A. fatua   and H. spontaneum   lants.   However, the species Melanthrips knechteli

  Wheat is a strategic crop; therefore, its storage, especially in storage, encounters particular importance. The khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Evert (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), is a crucial polyphagous pest that causes irreversible damage, especially to wheat. Biological pest control agents that can be established in warehouse conditions are essential from the point of view of healthy food production. The predatory mite Celacaropsis sp. was reported first from the Entomology lab of the Razi University of Iran in 2019; for this reason, there was little information about it. Therefore, this research was aimed to precisely evaluate the morphology of different stages, prey preference, and age stage two-sex life table of the mentioned mite on two prey species, T. granarium, and the mill moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), for introducing an easy and affordable method for the mass rearing of the predator. Accordingly, it was determined that the number of mite stages is sex-dependent. Females had five stages (egg, larvae, protonymph, deutonymph, and adult), and males lacking deutonymph had four stages. Moreover, male adults had morphological dimorphism. No-choice test showed the predatory mite prefers egg to larval instars. In this condition, the predator consumed, on average, 5.9 eggs of the khapra beetle and 3.5 eggs of the mill moth during the 24-hour test, while it did not show any desire to feed on four- and five-year-old larvae and pupae. The egg of both prey species was the most preferred stage for the predator in the way that the prey preference index values (Manley's ?) were obtained at 0.76 and 0.47, respectively. In choosing between the eggs of both prey species, the predator preferred the egg of the khapra beetle to the egg of the mill moth. The life table study of predatory mite on eggs of both species showed that the percentage of pre-adult survival rate and the mean fecundity were higher in T. granarium than E. kuehniella. On the contrary, the mean of the adult pre-oviposition period was more in the mill moth treatment than in another treatment. Also, females constituted only 28% of the adult mites that had fed on E. kuehniella, while they accounted for 65% of the population in the opposite treatment. Feeding on the khapra beetle egg increased the mean of all population parameters compared with providing on the mill moth's egg and, on the contrary, decreased the mean generation time. The ratio of intrinsic mean increase (r) in T. granarium to E. kuehniella as the most critical population parameter was 3.32. This research showed that the khapra beetle egg is a desirable prey for the predatory Celacaropsis sp. and has the potential for use in the mass rearing of this mite. However, before making a definite recommendation, more studies are needed. Key words: The predatory mite, Cheyletidae, Trogoderma granarium, Ephestia kuehniella, preferred prey, two-sex life table

   Scale insects are important pests of agricultural, horticultural and forestry plants. This group of insects, has more than 8000 identified species in the world and more than 300 species in Iran. Scale insects often damage directly by feeding on plant sap; and indirectly by transmitting virus or by producing honeydew and disrupting photosynthesis. In this research, random sampling of plants and trees, was carried out in warm climatic area, including, Qasr-Shirin, Sarpol-Zahab and Gilan-Gharb regions. At the same time as collecting, recording information and field characteristics of the samples, photographing and transferring to the laboratory, some of the samples, in 75% alcohol, some for the breeding of scales and natural enemies related to them and some also mounted as microscope slides. The samples were identified using reliable sources at the genus and species level; The images and drawings of some samples, based on macroscopic and microscopic characters, were sent to the specialists for verification. In total, 14 plant scale insects from 4 families and 12 related natural enemy species were identified. Addition to the field research, the quarantine scales were divided into three categories based on location, including eight external quarantine scale species, one internal quarantine species, two species with internal quarantine potential of Kermanshah province and one species with external quarantine potential and updated. Among the samples, the species Lepidosaphes ulmi was found for the first time in the hypogeic form on the underground parts of Sorghum halepens in the world, and the species Phenacoccus solenopsis and Parthenolecanium persicae were found for the first time on wild lettuce (Lactuca serriola) and common Ash tree (Fraxinus excelsior) are reported in Iran. Parlatoria crypta, Planococcus ficus and Coccus hesperidum species are reported for the first time on raurel rose (Nerium oleander), fig (Ficus sp.) and judas tree (Cercis siliquastrum) respectively in Kermanshah province. In the following list, scale insects marked with one asterisk are reported for the first time from Iran and others with two asterisk are reported for the first time from Kermanshah province. Additionally, the natural enemies which associated with Kermes spatulatus marked with three asterisk are new for the science; and other natural enemies, which are marked with two asterisk, are new records for Iran. Diaspididae: Aonidiella orientalis**, Lepidosaphes ulmi, Parlatoria blanchardi, Parlatoria crypta, Parlatoria pergandii**, Odonaspis sp.** Pseudococcidae: Antonina graminis** (Natural enemies: Coccinellidae: Diomus rubidus**; Nephus sp.**), Nipaecoccus viridis** (foes:­ Aphelinidae: Marietta  leopardina**; Encyrtidae: Anagyrus sp.; Anagyrus pseudococci), Phenacoccus solenopsis** (foes: Coccinellidae: Nephus bipunctatus**; Scymnus sp.; Encyrtidae: Anagyrus orbitalis**), Planococcus ficus Coccidae: Coccus hesperidum, Parthenolecanium corni, Parthenolecanium persicae Kermesidae: Kermes spatulatus* (foes: Coccinellidae: Exochomus undulatus***; Eulophidae: Aprostocetus protasovi***; Phlaeothripidae: Haplothrips globiceps***) Keywords: Economic pests, morphology, external quarantine, biological control

Yarrow is one of the most important herbal plants, which farmers can cultivate most properly by identifying the appropriate fertilizer level and the best cultivation time. To investigate the impact of cultivation time and manure on plant yield and nitrogen absorption and use efficiency in yarrow, an experiment was conducted with a split-plot randomized complete block design in three replications. The experiment factors included manure as the plot factor at four levels (0, 10, 20, and 30 tons per hectare) and cultivation time as the subplot factor (April 4, April 24, and May 14). The examined traits included the growth indicators, yield and yield components, absorption efficiency, agricultural traits, physiological traits, and nitrogen uptake indicator. The results demonstrated increase in the leaf area indicator, product growth rate, relative growth rate, and aerial organ dry weight as manure level rose at all the three cultivation times. Moreover, the maximum values of all the above traits occurred at the manure level of 30 tons per hectare and the first cultivation time, while the minimum values occurred at the manure level of 0 tons per hectare and the third cultivation time. The application of manure exhibited significant effects at the probability level of one percent on the number of capitula per plant, number of grains per capitulum, plant height at harvest and flowering time, 1000-grain weight, plant fresh weight, grain yield, and number of flowering stems. An appropriate cultivation time lengthens the plant growth period, and that for yarrow was found to be the beginning of the growth season (April 4). At this cultivation time, better results were observed for all the yield components and reproductive traits. Furthermore, an increase in manure decreased the absorption efficiency, agricultural traits, physiological traits, and nitrogen uptake indicator. Overall, application of 0-30 tons of manure per hectare and cultivation at the beginning of the season can contribute to great yield and efficient use of the examined herbal plant. Moreover, use of manure as an alternative for chemical fertilizers can properly raise yield and prevent their environmental harms. Keywords: extract, yield component, physiological trait, nitrogen absorption.      

The false chinch bug, Nysius cymoides (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), is one of the important pests of oilseed rape worldwide, severely reducing crop yield in aggressive attacks. At present, broad-spectrum insecticides such as organophosphates are used to control it in Iran, which endangers human food security and leaves environmental pollution. On the other hand, the correct use of a mixture of pesticides is one of the solutions that not only reduces the consumption of pesticides but also delays the resistance of pests to insecticides or breaks it. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the new and reduced-risk pesticide spirotetramat for controlling N. cymoides and its simultaneous use with chlorpyrifos by combining two application methods at two recommended concentrations (RC) and half of it in greenhouse conditions. The results of the bioassays showed that spirotetramat in the foliar application was more toxic than in soil application and generally more toxic than chlorpyrifos in both methods. At the same time, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos was similar in both application methods. Also, the interaction of two insecticides was estimated as the additive in all the combined treatments, except for chlorpyrifos (?2 RC) SA+ spirotetramat (?2 RC) Sp, which was antagonistic. Further, the persistence of insecticide residues with one week-intervals from the time of application to three weeks later in different treatments showed that chlorpyrifos RC was the most durable treatment among the single treatments throughout this period in both methods. However, the persistence of the mixed treatments of two insecticides was equal, and during this period, from 22.87-100% of losses (two-hour residues) to 50.39-44% (one-week residues), then It reached 27.78-17.78 % (two-week residues) and finally three to eight percentage (three-week residues). In terms of persistence, no difference was observed between the two application methods of chlorpyrifos during three weeks. Regarding spirotetramat, the effectiveness of the two-hour residues of the foliar spraying method was higher than that of the soil application method. Still, it was equal in the first to the third week. The results of persistence tests also determined that spirotetramat degrades faster than chlorpyrifos in both application methods. Finally, due to the high efficiency and good durability for controlling N. cymoides, foliar application chlorpyrifos RC and soil-applied spirotetramat 2RC were selected from among the single treatments, which should be used alternately to prevent the occurrence of resistance. Due to the less pollution for the environment, the additive interaction and the possibility of more encounters between the insects and the insecticide, two treatments of chlorpyrifos (?2 RC) SA + spirotetramat (RC) SA and chlorpyrifos (?2 RC) Sp+ spirotetramat (?2 RC) SA are the most suitable among the mixture treatments. This research helps to improve the chemical control method of the false chinch bug.

Oilseed rape, Brassica napus L. (Brassicaceae), is one of the most important oilseed plants in the world. The false chinch bug, Nysius cymoides (Spinola) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), is a polyphagous insect whose nymphs and adults severely reduce crop yield and cause economic damage by feeding on rapeseed. Therefore, chemical control is considered one of the best ways to manage this pest due to its immediate effect. But considering the importance of food safety and the need to protect the environment, it is better to replace reduced-risk pesticides with broad-spectrum pesticides or use a combination of these compounds. In addition, mixing insecticides is a useful solution to delay pest resistance and reduce production costs. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of acetamiprid against the rapeseed false chinch bug and compare it with malathion, which is used in Iran to control this pest. The results of bioassays against adults in two application methods in greenhouse conditions showed that the insecticidal activity of both compounds as foliar spraying (Sp) is more than the soil application (SA). Also, acetamiprid was more toxic than malathion to N. cymoides. The interaction between the two insecticides was antagonistic in all tested cases, except where the recommended concentration of both was applied in an equal volume ratio in the soil, and the result was an additive interaction. Moreover, the persistence of insecticides was investigated for 21 days after treatment at one-week intervals. Accordingly, the mortality caused by the recommended concentration of malathion (RC) Sp decreased significantly within a week of the treatment and reached from 100% to 16.07%; however, acetamiprid was more durable, and the resulting mortality decreased from 92.71% to 34.82%. But in the SA method, on the contrary, malathion (RC) was much more persistent, and after one week, it still killed 53.13% of the treated insects. At the same time, acetamiprid (RC), even during the first 48 hours, caused only 60.71% mortality, but it did not lose much in terms of durability and caused 32.14% mortality after one week. Acetamiprid (2RC) SA and malathion ?2 RC (SA)+ malathion ?2 RC (Sp) had effective control and good durability that can be used alternately. Given the effectiveness in controlling the pest and delaying its resistance and environmental safety, the best combination treatments of two insecticides were firstly malathion (SA) RC + acetamiprid (SA) RC and then malathion 1/2 RC (Sp) + acetamiprid 1/2 RC (Sp). Four-hour, seven- and 14-day residues of the two mentioned treatments led to more than 78%, 41% and 12% mortality in rape seed false chinch bugs, respectively. Therefore, selected single and combination treatments can be used alternately for better control of this pest. This research's results can help improve the chemical control method of N. cymoides.   

Coccinelidae with the English name, Ladybird, belong to the (Colleoptera: Coccinellidae) Both, adult insects and larvae of Coccinellidae are often predators of important agricultural pests and play an important role in controlling Aphids, Scale insects and even mites. In this research, the faunal survey of Coccinellidae and associated parasitoids in Kermanshah province were carried out during a trip to some parts of the province in 2020 to 2022. More than 4250 samples from different plant ecosystems were collected by multiple methods. Their identification was based on new and valid sources and keys. The species identified in the list below include 28 species and belong to 4 subfamilies: Chilocorinae (5 species: 3 genera: 1 tribe), Coccinelinae (11 species: 7 genera: 3 tribe), Scymninae (9 species: 5 genera : 4 tribe), Sticholotidinae (1 species : 1genera : 1 tribe). Four species of parasitoides related to ladybird has also been identified and presented separately in the list below. These two lists are related to a small number of ladybugs and their parasitoids in Kermanshah province. But surely the fauna of ladybugs and their natural enemies is much richer than this, so it is suggested to complete this study with more facilities in the future. In addition, the identification of two species: Nephus species A and B, which are probably new to the world and 4 parasitoid species is under identification prosses. Those has been sent abroad for identification and molecular work. The list of species is as follows: Key words: Biodiversity, Predator, Biological control, Checklist and Distribution Chilocorus bipustulatus (Linnaeus,1758), Exochomus quadripustulatus Linnaeus, 1758, Exochomus undulatus Weise, 1878, Parexochomus pubescens (Kuster, 1848), Parexochomus nigromaculatus (Goeze, 1777), Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus,1758, Hippodamia variegata (Goeze, 1777), Oenopia coglobata (Linnaeus, 1758), Oenopia onica (Olivier , 1808), Propylae quatuoredecimpunctata Linnaeus, 1758, Adalia bipunctata linnaeus, 1758, Adalia decimpunctata Linnaeus, 1758, Ceratomegilla undecimnotata D.H. Shneider, 1793, Psyllobora vigintiduopunctata (Linnaeus, 1758), Coccinula elegantula (Weise, 1890), Coccinula redmita (Weise 1885), Stethorus gilvifrons Mulsant, 1850, Scymnus flavicolis Redtenbacher, 1843, Scymnus rubromaculatus Goeze,1777, Scymnus apetzi Mulsant, 1846, Scymnus subvillosus (Goeze, 1777), Scymnus pharaonis Motschulsky, 1851,   Clitostethus arcuatus (Rossi, 1794), Hyperaspis pseudopustulata Mulsant, 1853, Diomus rubidus Motscholsky, 1837, Pharoscymnus pharoides (Marsuel, 1868), Nephus sp A, Nephus sp B. Parasitoids: Encyrtidae: Homalotylus turkmenicus Myratseva, 1981, Ooencyrtus sp. Pteromalidae: Pachyneuron muscarum (Linnaeus, 1758) Aphelinidae: Marietta picta (Andre, 1878)  

   The potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is an oligophagous pest with a worldwide distribution that feeds on Solanaceae. In addition to the damage caused in the field, this insect is considered the most destructive pest of potatoes in storage, whose larvae can destroy the whole crop by digging deep channels in potato tubers and causing rots due to the entrance of secondary pathogens in severe contamination. The use of insecticides against storage pests is limited due to jeopardizing food security and the development of resistance. Therefore, low-risk or safe management methods should replace chemical control. Irradiation with ultraviolet rays is a safe method that can play an effective role in integrated management programs of this insect in the warehouse. Therefore, this study was designed with the aim of evaluating the role of UV-C radiation in the control of potato tuber moth for the post-harvest stages. Irradiating different ages of eggs for four minutes with this ray showed that as the age increases, the sensitivity to ultraviolet rays increases, so after this irradiation, only 61.67% of the four-day-old eggs hatched. Next, to achieve the most effective duration of radiation, four-day egg cohort groups were irradiated with UV-C rays for different periods of one, two, four, six, and 10 minutes, and their biological parameters were compared with the control treatment (without radiation) via studying the age-stage two-sex life table. The results showed that the pre-adult duration and the percentage of survival rate in this period and adult longevity increased, decreased and decreased respectively with the increase in the duration of irradiation. Also, life table parameters including the age-stage specific survival rate, the age-specific fecundity, the age-stage specific survival rate, the life expectancy and the age-stage reproductive value, were negatively affected by UV-C radiation and dependent on the duration of irradiation. In addition, all population parameters were also affected by this radiation and directly related to the duration of radiation. The values of intrinsic rate of increase (r), the finite rate of increase (?), the net reproductive rate (R0) and the mean generation time (T) for the control treatment were estimated 0.1345 day-1, 1.1440 day-1, 68.39 eggs and 31.42 days, that reached to 0.0099 day-1, 0.0990 day-1, 0.64 eggs and 45.01 days, respectively after eight minutes of irradiation to the eggs. Finally, the high efficiency of UV-C rays to control potato tuber moth in laboratory conditions was determined. Still, more studies are needed before implementing this control method in potato storages.

  Among the pests that cause the most damage toedible button mushrooms, the mushroom-eating mosquito Lycoriella auripila (Winnertz), from the order of Diptera, can be mentioned, which is considered one of the most important and damaging pests of edible mushrooms. Considering the resistance of L. auripila mosquito to common pesticides, it is necessary to find new effective insecticides to control this pest. In this study, the sensitivity of whole insects of fungus gnats to the organic insecticides Bino1 and Tendaxir was evaluated separately and in combination. Biometric experiments in this research were carried out in Petri dishes covered with soil. LC10, LC50 and LC90 for Binu 1 insecticide after 48 hours were calculated as 0.605, 75.37 and 9391.12 ppm, respectively, and also the required concentration of Tendaxir insecticide to reach 50 The percentage of losses in 24 and 48 hours was 2762.097 and 237.73 ppm respectively (according to the effective substance). According to the results of mixing two pesticides for sub-lethal and lethal concentrations after 24 hours, it was observed that among the different ratios, the ratio of 6:4 (Tendaxir: Binu 1) was the best mixing ratio of two pesticides, and considering that the synergistic rate (R ) for its LC90 concentration was equal to 109.035 and also its mixing index (CI) was equal to 0.009, it was found that this ratio of mixing two pesticides after 24 hours had the most synergistic effect in controlling Lycoriella auripila

Most scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) are agricultural pests and natural resources in different parts of the world and cause great damage to important crops and other plants each year. Mites (Arachnida: Acari) associated to scale insect, plays several roles such as predator, parasite, decay eater, carcass eater, fortic, honeydew eater, symbiotic and use of waxy cover as shelter on plants. mites can feed on some Diaspididae scale insect or use some Pseudococcidae and Coccidae as shelters, therefore, some mites can reduce the pest population without the use of pesticides. In this study, which was conducted between 2019 to 2021, relationships between mites associated to scale insects in Kermanshah region were studied and identified. For this study , parts of the host including the trunk, twigs and leaves infected with scale insect were cut with garden shears and transferred to the laboratory. under binocular mites associated with scale insect were isolated and stored in 70% ethanol. Also, the lice were separated from the twigs and transferred into 70% alcohol glass with the same number as the related mites glass. Labels with sampling information installed on glass. Microscopic slides were prepared to identify scale insects and mites. during this study, 17 mites species from 16 genera belonging to 11 families related to 10 scalre insects species of nine genera and five families were identified as follows and relationships between them were determined. one of these mites is a new species for the world and one species for fauna mites in Iran is a new report. The new species in the world is displayed with ** and a new report in Iran with *:Order: Trombidiformes   #Family: Anystidae Oudemans, 1936 +- Anystis baccarum Von Heyden, 1826 Family: Erythraeidae Oudemans, 1902 +- Abrolophus Berlese, 1891- Callidosoma Womersley, 1936 - Leptus sp. nov.**. + Family: Eutrombididae Thor, 1935- Eutrombidium Verdun, 1909+ Family: Iolinidae Pritchard, 1956- Pronematus ubiquitus (McGregor, 1932)- Pronematus rykei Meyer & Rodrigues, 1966    + Family: Smarididae Kramer,1878- Fessonia Heyden, 1826+ Family: Tenuipalpidae Berlese, 1913- Aegyptobia eriogonum Baker & Tuttle, 1972* - Cenopalpus pulcher (Canestrini and anzago, 1876) + Family: Tetranychidae Donnadieu, 1875- Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836- Eotetranychus Oudemans, 1931Order: Mesostigmata #+ Family: Phytoseiidae Berlese, 1916- Typhlodromus bagdasarjani Wainstein & Arutunjan, 1967 + Family: Parasitidae Oudemans, 1901- Rhabdocarpais consanquineus (Oudemans & Voigts, 1904) - Parasitus kampersi Oudemans, 1902 + Family: Uropodidae Kramer, 1881- Urobovella Berlese, 1903+ Family: Pachylaelapidae Berlese, 1913- Pachylaelaps Berlese, 1888Collected scale insect:+ Eriococcidae-   Eriococcus isacanthus (Danzing, 1975)+ Coccidae

   Abstract Objective: Plants of the Asteraceae family have a variety of species, sometimes as weeds and sometimes as crops and even medicinal plants. These plants are associated with many insects. For example, it has been observed that weevils of the genus Larinus, especially in the pastures of Kermanshah with the plants of the genus Echinops   . , Are related, due to the importance of sugarcane and our productive insect that has made this plant as a medicinal plant, so the present study aims to biology of Larinus weevils on sugarcane and also to identify its natural enemies in the province. Kermanshah is important. Research Methodology: During 1397 and 1398, some habitats of sugarcane that host Larinus weevils, including Mahidasht and stage intermediates, were sampled to collect Larinus weevils and its parasitoids. Thus, during the growing season, the mentioned habitats were referred to and Larinus weevils as well as its parasitized larvae were collected in the sugarcane plant. Regular sampling at 10-day intervals from early spring to late March was selected from three suitable locations and each site or block was divided into four replicates, the main stem sampling unit of a floor plant It was according to it. Each sampling unit was recorded under a stereomicroscope to evaluate the number of infections and to observe different ages of larvae and weevil eggs of our producer. Each sampling unit was recorded under a stereomicroscope to evaluate the number of infections and to observe different ages of larvae and weevil eggs of our producer. Results: In the present study, two weevil species Larinus hedenborgi and Larinus onopordi (Fabricius, 1787) were reported with Echinops. In this study, two types of parasitoid bees Torymoides kiesenwetteri and Bracon sp. is identified. After transferring the pupae and larvae of the bee Torymoides kiesenwetteri (formed inside the sugar beet), were reared in the laboratory. Statistics obtained from the regression relationship between the logarithm of variance and the mean population (Taylor's law) and the Iowa method showed that the coefficient of explanation of the regression equations in the Taylor method was higher than the Iowa method. Therefore, it can be said that Taylor coefficient was a good indicator for estimating both weevil distribution and parasitoid bee distribution. On the other hand, based on the present study, it was found that in both regions and in two consecutive years, the average temperature and humidity had effects on population changes at different stages of weevils and parasitoid bees. So that in 1397 and 1398, with changes in temperature and humidity at each sampling date on the majority of biological stages caused the population trend in all biological stages of insects to change. Conclusion: Finally, this study showed that Larinus hedenborgi was an abundant genus and species of weevil in Mahidasht and Mianrahan regions. There was a positive and significant correlation between the mean temperature fluctuations with humidity and the population of weevils and parasitoid bees studied in this study.    Keywords: Rangelands, Hard-winged, Host-specific, Monophage insects, Compositae, Kermanshah

  مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسي تاثير استفادهاز پودر لارو سوسك زرد آرد Tenebrio molitor، غني شده با مخمرو يا باكتري درجيره­ي غذاييمرغ‌هاي تخم­گذار بهعنوان جايگزين بخشي از ذرت و سويا، بر عملكرد و صفات كيفي تخم‌مرغ انجام شد. دراين آزمايش از 180 قطعه مرغ تخم­گذار نژاد لوهمن سفيد Lohmann LSL-Lite در سن 68 هفته­اي با 5 تيمار و 6 تكرار و هر تكرار حاوي 6 مرغبه مدت 8 هفته انجام شد. تيمارهاي آزمايشي شامل 1) سطح صفر درصد پودر ميلورم به عنوانتيمار شاهد 2) جيره حاوي دو درصد ميلورم 3) جيره­هاي حاوي دو درصد ميلورم به همراهباكتري 4) دو درصد ميلورم به همراه مخمر 5) دو درصد ميلورم به همراه باكتري و مخمرغني سازي شدند.

Abstract: The Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), is one of the most important polyphagous stored product pests, which causes quantitative, qualitative, and hygienic damages to strategically stored cereals, including wheat. This study’s goal was the investigation of three harmless control agents’ efficiency against this pest, including the local isolate entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Ascomycota: Hypocreales), and two commercial formulations of diatomaceous earth (DE), respectively named Sayan and Celite 610, alone and combined application. For this purpose, first, the bioassay test was conducted to determine the insecticidal activity of the fungus and DEs against adult pests by impregnation of wheat seeds for 14 days. Next, the LD25 dose of DEs was combined with different doses of fungus in a ratio of 1:1, and the interaction type against the pest was determined. Then, a two-sex life table studied the sublethal effects of mixtures that had a synergistic interaction, the highest lethal activity toward the Khapra beetle, and the individual components of these mixtures.   ased on the results, LD50 values for B. bassiana, Sayan, and Celite were obtained 295.32, 4439.49, and 992.25 ppm, respectively, indicating that Celite was more toxic than Sayan. The type of fungus interaction with each of the DEs was synergistic in most combinations and additive in some cases. As a result, two combinations of LD50 of fungus+ LD25 Sayan and LD75 of fungus+ LD25 of Celite were selected for the life table study. According to results, total pre-adult period was increased in all treatments and most of all in fungus+celite due to prolongation of the growth period of some stages and the production of additional larval instars compared to the control. Accordingly, mean generation time (T) was increased in all treatments, but the adult longevity of females and males was decreased in all treatments. However, the survival rate reduced in all stages of all treatments which females of Celite+fungus treatment by a 61.81% reduction compared to the control group showed the most diminution. The mean oviposition in offspring showed a sharp decrease in all treatments and reached 28.15 ± 2.46 eggs/female in control to 2.39 ± 0.89 eggs/female in Celite+fungus treatment. The most important parameter determining population growth, the intrinsic rate of increase (r), was severely reduced by all lethal agents studied. The most decrease of r was related to mixture treatments (Sayan+fungus: 0.0096 ± 0.0048, and Celite+fungus: -0.0004 ± 0.059 day-1) compared to the control population (0.0474 ± 0.0022 day-1), which indicates that the population is declining. The other life table parameters, including net reproductive rate (R0), gross reproduction rate (GRR), and finite rate of increase (?), also decreased in all treatments compared to control. Finally, it was concluded that the local isolate of B. bassiana DE and both formulations of diatomaceous earth, Sayan and Celite, especially Celite, have a high insecticidal potential against T. granarium. Synergistic interactions between them can also be used to reduce consumption rate and at the same time increase their efficiency in pest control, which is both economically valuable and overcomes the limitation of using large amounts of diatomaceous earth. The present study can help production and commercialization of powder formulations consisting of B. bassiana and two commercial formulations of diatomaceous earth. Keywords: The Khapra beetle, Entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana

   Quercus   . is the most important and most abundant tree species in west of Iran, especially the Zagros region and Bisotun natural preserved area. Bisotun natural preserved area with an area of ??82100 hectares is located in a mountainous part in the Zagros Mountains in Kermanshah province. This area is located in height of 1320 meters above sea level. Mites are active arthropods in oak forests that have different roles, like pest, predator and decomposer. Due to the importance and role of oak in the western ecosystem of the country the fauna of Prostigmata associated with Quercus   . investigated in Bisotun natural preserved area. Samples were taken from the soil and aerial parts of the oak forest in 2018 -2019. Specimens were transferred to the laboratory, segregated using Berlese funnel or stereomicroscope, clarified in lactic­­ acid and mounted in Hoyer’smounting media. In this study totally,12 species and 16 genera belonging to 12 families were collected and identified. Among these species, Anystis baccarum L. belonging to the family of Anystidae and Tetranychus urticae Koch belonging to the family of Tetranychidae, had the highest relative baundance then to other collected species. Identified species in this study listed as below: Anystidae: Anystis baccarum Linnaeus, 1758; Bdellidae: Cyta coerolipes (Duges, 1834); Cunaxidae: Pulaeus glebulentus Den Heyer, 1980; Tydeidae: Lorryia woolleyi (Baker, 1968), Tydeus caudatus (Duges, 1834); Ereynetidae: Ereynetoides amplectorus Hunter, 1964; Iolinidae: Pronematus ubiquitus (McGregor, 1932), Pronematus rykei Meyer & Rodrigues, 1966; Erythraeidae: Parerythraeus sp., Abrolophus sp.; Smarididae: Smaris sp., Fessonia sp.; Raphignathidae: Raphignathus sp.; Tetranychidae: Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836; Tetranychus turkestani (Ugarov & Nikolski), 1937, Eotetranychus frosti (McGregor, 1952); Trombidiidae: Allothrombium sp.; Cheyletidae: Acaropsellina sollers Kuzin, 1940.

   Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies is dependent on continuous monitoring of the pest population, this is not only time-consuming, but also highly dependent on human judgment and costly.On the other hand, traditional methods for identifying insects are time consuming and costly. Due to the expansion of the industry and its rapid growth, human beings have always sought to accelerate their work with greater accuracy. The use of artificial intelligence techniques instead of manual and human decision-making, in addition to increasing productivity, also has a high degree of accuracy. Pistachio is a commercial product, and many manufacturers of this product, are damaged by the insects each year. A group of pistachio's pests mainly feed on pistachio, which Idiocerus stali Fieber, 1868 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is very important for this group. In this research, I. stali was selected as target insect for identification using image processing algorithm. Sticky yellow cards were used for collecting samples. To prepare the image processing algorithm, the color and shape characteristics of the objects were used.A total of 357 color properties and 20 shape's features for identification of I. stali were extracted by image processing algorithm. Color properties were divided into two categories of mean and standard deviation and characteristics related to vegetation indices. The mean and standard deviations are the average of the first, the second and the third component, the mean of the components of the first, second and third, the standard deviation of the first, the second   and the third component of 17 Color spaces such as RGB, HSV, YIQ, YCbCr, CMY, HSI, Improved YCbCr, L*a*b*, JPEG-YCbCr, YDbDr, Y  r, YUV, HSL, XYZ, Luv, LCH and CAT02 LMS. The characteristics of the vegetation indices are including the first component of the normalized RGB, the second component of the normalized RGB, the third component of the normalized RGB, the gray channel, the Excess Green, the Excess Red, Color index for vegetation cover extraction, the difference between the excess green and excess red parameters, Normalized Difference Index, Green Minus Blue Indicator, Red-Blue Contrast, Excess Red Index, Excess Green Indicator, and Excess Blue Indicator. shape's Characteristics used are also including length, width, area, perimeter, logarithm of length to width ratio, Ratio of the object's perimeter to the object surrounded by the rectangle's perimeter, width to length ratio, Area to length ratio, eccentricity, Orientation, Convex Area, Filled Area, Equivalent Diameter, Euler Number, Solidity, Extent, Elongation, Compression, Aspect Ratio and length to perimeter ratio. Artificial Neural Network hybrid method - Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (ANN-PSO) was used to select the effective features. The selected effective characteristicscolor space, normalized difference index for LCH color space, gray channel for color space YCbCr, second component index minus third component for color space YCbCr, area and mean of the first, The second and third components of color space Luv. The detection rate of the designed image processing algorithm is 99.72%. Artificial neural networks of multilayer perceptron have the ability to classify insects into two classes of I. stali and Anthaxia Sp. Eschscholtz, 1829 with a precision of 99.59 percent. The results showed the feasibility of the new method for identifying the pest insects without destroying them in the farm and in natural light conditions and in the shortest time and with very high accuracy.

   The grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.: Vitaceae) is a commercially important fruit crop of Iran.  This temperate crop which believed to have originated in Iran, has worldwide distribution. Various pests damage the grapes. One of the important pests in the vineyards of Iran is grape leafhopper, Arboridia kermanshah Dlabola (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Adult and nymphs of this pest cause white spots on the top surface of the leaves and bring about fall off by settling on the back of grape leaves and feeding on the cellular contents. Severe contamination of the leaves leads to fall earlier than expected. In this research, for the purpose of field biological study, sampling was done in a grape garden located in Dehpahn village, during two crop seasons 2017-2018. In 2017 Sampling was done weekly from mid-July and in 2018 simultaneously after emergence of adults. In order to identify the natural enemies of grape leafhopper, parasitized eggs were collected at each sampling date and were investigated in laboratory conditions. Two predators and three egg parasitoids from two different families were collected as natural enemies. This pest had three generations per year in Kermanshah climatic conditions. Adult were active in the garden until mid-November and entered the hibernation phase with exposure to the cold weather. The growth period of different biological stages was studied in laboratory. In this study, population dynamics of A. kermanshah immature stages were studied in relation to mid temperature and relative humidity. Relationship between population dynamics of grape leafhopper and temperature for all biological stages of pest except 2nd and 3rd stages nymphs were significant in 2017. Otherwise, this relation with relative humidity was significant only for 5th stage nymphs. There were significant relationship between temperature and population dynamics of eggs, 5th stage nymphs and total immature stages in 2018. Relative humidity changes has also this significant relation with all stages except 4th and 5th stages nymphs. The spatial distribution pattern of immature stages of grape leafhopper was determined by two methods. Spatial distribution pattern was random according to Iowa patchiness regression method for 1st, 2nd and 3rd nymph stages in 2018 and for 1st and 2nd nymphal stages in 2017. According to Taylor power law regression method distribution pattern was random for all stages of nymphs except for immature stages in 2018 and for all stages of nymphs except 2nd stages in 2017.

اثرات جانبي روش هاي مختلف كاربرد تيامتوكسام بر سن شكارگر در سيستم ششكار شكارگري orius albidipennis-Aphis gossypii

  AbstractThe nut scale, Eulecanium tiliae (Linnaeus, 1758), is widely distributed in the most parts of Iran, including western parts, to occur in orchards, and to be a potential threat to a variety of fruit trees, including sweet cherry,such as Prunus   , and Malus    (Rosaceae). During 2016-2017, the biology of the pest was studied in natural conditions (Ahmad-abad sweet cheery orchard). Sampling intervals were each ten days throughout the year (excluding winter monthes). The reprodutive adult females were collected and reared in laboratory condition microscopic slides were made for species identification. It was found to infest many fruite trees, Winter was passed by second nymphal instars on the ligneous parts (one or two year old twigs). Sampling and observations showed that no male detected. The reprodutive female occurred in April, and began to oviposit in early May and continued to do so until early June. The number of eggs per female on estimated, 200-1000 eggs. The first instars appeared at the end of May, spread out and settled on both surfaces of the leaves. They moulted at the end of August and migrated to the young twigs, where they overwintered. There was only one generation a year, but this species appeared in considerable density on the twigs of individual sweet cheery tree. This species reproduce parthenogenetically.The observations shows that heavy infestation caused premature yellowing of the leaves and drying up of twigs. There is no male detected during life history study;. The following associated natural enemies detected:Encyrtidae: Blasthotrix brittanica (Girault, 1917)Pteromalidae: Pachyneuron muscarum (Linnaeus, 1758)Phytoseiidae: Paraseiulus talbii (Athias-Henriot, 1960); Typhlodromusbagdasarjani (Wainstein & Arutunjan, 1967)Iolinidae: Pronematus ubiquitous (McGregor, 1932)Caligonellidae: Molothrognathus sp.(Summers & Schlinger, 1955) Cheyletidae: Cheletogenes ornatus (Canestrini & Fanzago, 1876) Phlaeothripidae: Cephalothrips coxalis (Bagnall, 1926).

  Abstract  Grape berry moth (GBM) Lobesia botrana Den. & Schiff. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is one of the most important pests of vineyards in Iran that much damage each year in the different regions of Iran. In order to assess the population dynamics of the pest and the effect of altitude in population density of adults, pheromone trapping was performed in the three villages of Paveh city with different altitude. The results showed that this pest has four generations in the Dorisan village with 1605 meters altitude and it has three generations in Shamshir and Tazeabad villages respectively with 1700 and 1820 meters altitude. In Dorisan village appearance of the first moths began from 10th April. The first flight peak of this generation was occurred in 6th April with the mean of 24/5 moths and the second flight peak of that in 19th May with the mean of 27/5 moths, peak of adult population of second generation in 24th June with the mean of 42 moths, peak of adult population of third generation in 20th August with the mean of 51 moths and most population of fourth generation in 19th September with the mean of 34/5 moths. In Shamahir village appearance of the first moths started from 22th April and peak of flight of three consecutive generations respectively was occurred in 16th May, 10th June and 17th August and with the mean of 24, 15 and 31/5 moths. In Tazeabad village appearance of the first moths began from 19th April and peak of flight of three generations respectively was reported in 19th May, 3th July and 17th August and with the mean of 86, 139 and 276 moths in traps. T test results showed that between the average population density of pest in different villages there are significant differences.  Key words: grapvine, Lobesia botrana, population dynamism, Delta trap, Paveh region  

  AbstractMoth cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), one of the key pests of agricultural products in Iran and other countries of the world. The cotton bollworm resistance to the most common insecticide groups (Pyrethroids and organic phosphorus compounds and carbamates) to reduce the effect of insecticides in many countries.To solve this problem, new solutions such as the use of biological control methodsespecially the use of antimicrobial compounds may lead to loss of proper control and to delay the development of resistance.Among these entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin in integrated pest management is very important, because this fungus has a global distribution and having more than 700 host species, has a wide host range is.Also one of the most important fungal pathogenicity strength and quality assessment methods, the use of biological control and infected table data which in this area are limited.In this study, the effect of fungi B. bassiana, the life table parameters of cotton bollworm, H. armigera (Lep; Noctuidae) were investigated.All experiments, Was performedwithImmersion method, in temperature 25±1C°, relative humidity 65±5and photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) hour.After primary test, effective concentrations were determined to isolate DC7 102,103,105,106,108 and to isolate DE 101,102,104,106,108were determined, and to investigate the virulence of two strains of fungi DC7 and DE B. bassiana, bioassay second instar larvae of the cotton bollworm in four replications.Results of this study showed that compared to other isolates have created more toxic strain DC7,also LC25 and LC50 for these isolates respectivelywere 2/44 ×102   and 1/5 ×104 ml spore was calculated.The results of life table parameters indicated that this fungus had a significant impact on Mortality.In addition to increased mortality, fertility rates for the insects that alivehave also reduced.Intrinsic rate of increase (rm) to control Sublethal and lethal concentrations, respectively, 0/198, 0/121 and 0/111 on day were calculated.This fungus create mortality, cause deformities in pre-pupa, pupae and adults.Thusit can be said that the fungi in the pathogenesis of the cotton bollworm has great potential. Hence can be used as a biological control agent effective against the pest to be used.