Derivation of Trilinear Spring Models for Typical Regular and Irregular Multi-Story Reinforced Concrete Structures

   Abstract The rapid growth of the elderly population worldwide has reached such proportions that it is often referred to as a “silent revolution.” Architectural and urban spaces play a crucial role in enhancing the individual and social quality of life for older adults. Therefore, special attention must be given to the needs of vulnerable groups who possess full citizenship rights. Throughout life, human beings constantly seek interaction with their surrounding environment. The scope of this interaction extends across three spatial domains: the public (street), the semi-public or intermediary, and the private (home). Today, the intermediary realm—serving as a spatial link between the inside and the outside—has become ambiguous and largely neglected. Yet, this relationship between interior and exterior spaces is particularly significant for older adults who spend most of their daily lives at home. Due to the physical, psychological, and social changes experienced with age, this group requires spatial conditions that enable them to maintain independence while establishing a meaningful connection with the outside world. Such interaction not only affects their functional aspects of daily life but also plays a key role in improving their mental health and sense of belonging to their living environment. The aim of this research is to identify and formulate the physical indicators influencing the design of residential apartments in order to strengthen the desirable relationship between interior and exterior spaces from the perspective of the elderly. In line with this objective, the study seeks to answer the central question: “How can residential apartment design enhance the relationship between interior and exterior spaces from the viewpoint of older adults?” The research employs a qualitative approach based on inductive qualitative content analysis. The target group includes elderly women aged 65 to 75 living in residential apartments in Kermanshah. Data were collected through direct observation and in-depth semi-structured interviews, followed by open coding, thematic categorization, and organization of findings across three spatial scales: macro, meso, and micro. This approach enabled the researcher to gain an in-depth understanding of elderly women’s lived experiences and spatial needs and to extract meaningful patterns related to the interior–exterior relationship. The results indicate that establishing a desirable relationship between the interior and exterior spaces of the home for older women has physical, perceptual, and emotional dimensions. This group, who spend a large part of their time alone at home, seeks to connect with the outside environment to fill the daily void and experience the flow of life. Presence in frequently used indoor spaces, such as the kitchen, adjacency to active streets, quality of open views to natural and urban landscapes, the ability to observe and hear the flow of life, and access to semi-open spaces, makes this experience tangible and enjoyable. At the same time, maintaining privacy and control over visibility ensures their security and tranquility. Data analysis across macro, meso, and micro scales revealed that hierarchical continuity in design is a fundamental condition for establishing an effective connection between interior and exterior spaces. Therefore, the design of residential apartments should be planned from the macro to the micro scale to enable older women to have a safe and meaningful experience of interaction with the external environment.       Keywords: residential apartment, elderly, desirability, house, inside and outside, edge.   

   Abstract   The Beyglar Beygi Mansion is a historically significant structure from the Qajar era. It was constructed in 1276 AH (1859 AD) in the Feyzabad neighborhood of Kermanshah. Between 1311 and 1315 AH (1893-1897 AD), the mansion underwent expansions, during which the Takyeh was added to the original structure. In 1326 AH (1908 AD), intricate plasterwork and mirror decorations were incorporated. Today, the mansion serves as the Museum of Calligraphy and the Zagros Paleolithic Museum. Recent seismic events in Kermanshah province, especially the Sarpol-e-Zahab earthquake on November 21, 2017, have highlighted the need for a comprehensive seismic assessment of this historic monument. This study aims to evaluate the seismic response of the Beyglar Beygi Mansion and Takyeh under design-level earthquake conditions. A finite element model of the structure was developed using ABAQUS software, which incorporated validated material properties and geometric characteristics based on frequency analyses and historical documentation. The results indicate that the numerical model accurately represents the existing structural conditions. The findings reveal that the structure maintains stability under gravity loads, despite localized weaknesses in the masonry piers and brick components. Additionally, dynamic time-history analyses were conducted using acceleration time history records from the 2017 Sarpol-e-Zahab earthquake in Kermanshah. The modelled damage patterns were compared with observed structural damage to validate the analytical results. Seismic behavior was analyzed using one scaled ground motions that represented the design of the earthquake. The results highlight that the western and northern facades are particularly susceptible to seismic loads, with maximum displacements of up to 70 mm observed in these regions. Such vulnerabilities could lead to localized failure and progressive damage accumulation during future seismic events. Ultimately, this study identifies the critical weak points and seismic response characteristics of the Beyglar Beygi Mansion and Tekyeh, providing valuable insights for future conservation and retrofitting strategies. Keywords: Beyglar Beygi Mansion and Takyeh, Historical Structures, Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis, Seismic Vulnerability, Kermanshah.

   Abstract    Oramanat region, including Hajij village, is one of the tourist regions with mountainous nature, 25 kilometers northwest of Paveh city. Its typical construction is buildings with unreinforced materials, stone with or without mortar. Due to economic issues and the availability of stone, it has always been considered one of the primary materials. Considering that these areas are located in high seismic hazard regions, this study was proposed to evaluate the seismic vulnerability. This study states the history of seismic vulnerability assessment of buildings, and various qualitative and quantitative methods are introduced. First, the rapid qualitative assessment method was used for the seismic evaluation. The quality of forty-one unreinforced stone masonry buildings with wooden roofs was evaluated. Of these forty-one buildings, eight are one-story, and thirty-three are two-story. All buildings were investigated based on Iranian instruction No. 376 for seismic improvement of existing masonry buildings. Building number 16, with a vulnerability score of 62.37%, was determined to be highly vulnerable. This building was modeled and evaluated quantitatively. For a quantitative assessment, the building plan map was prepared and confirmed. It was modeled with the continuous model approach in the ABAQUS finite element software, the model includes cross walls, diaphragms and supports for validation. The model was used from frequency analysis with relatively good results, and the model was confirmed. According to the three records of the acceleration maps of Javanroud, Sarpol-e-Zahab, and Nosud, which were scaled to the standard earthquake, it was subjected to non-linear dynamic analysis, and the extracted results indicate that these buildings are highly vulnerable. The building on the second floor is more exposed to damage. The displacement in the roof is caused by the lack of rigidity and improper connection between the wall and the ceiling. The surrounding wall, the internal walls, and the building are deformed in the place of the openings, and the connection of the walls, sliding and diagonal cracks, and more tension contours are visible around the openings and bending failure at the base of the walls. In the end, it is suggested that the database for stone buildings be checked, and the seismic evaluation of stone buildings should be studied with a plan and irregular porcelain stone.    Keywords: Vulnerability, unreinforced masonry building, stone, Hajij village   

The dynamic characteristics of structures depend on many of its details and the properties of materials. It is not possible to consider all conditions for computational models, and mostly software and design code,s use simplifying assumptions that may make the results far from reality. One of the structures used throughout the country is corrugated masonry structures, which unfortunately design regulations such as the 2800 standard did not pay much attention to these structures and only provided calculations with prescriptive methods. One of the things that plays a key and primary role in the design and calculations of the structure is the determination of the periodicity of the structure, which in the existing regulations and standards of the country is only in code 376, which is dedicated to the seismic retrofit of these structures. That this equation is significantly different from the results obtained from this research regarding the periodicity of the studied structure.    In the current research, which is dedicated to the construction of a forced vibration device and conducting physical tests on a part of Razi University Faculty of Engineering, we have determined the time of the main periodicities of the structure in the north-south and east-west direction, we have also used Ambient vibration testing. For this purpose, we first made a small sample of the vibration device based on the initial assumptions, and after observing the performance of the device, we proceeded to make the main sample of the device. The results show that the results of these two tests are in good agreement with each other The main device made includes a three-phase electric motor with a power of 1.5 horsepower, which is capable of controlling the speed of the device by a single-phase to three-phase converter connected to it. We used grade 8 roll bolts to install the device on the ground, and we used epoxy resin for proper connection and adhesion of the device to the ground through the bolts. We have compared the obtained results with the relations of the    regulations, and a significant difference has been observed. The accelerometers used are MEMS accelerometer and PDER data logger.   

Abstract: The present research presents the loading protocol for the conventional bending frame steel structure under the accelerometers of the Sarpol-e-zahab earthquake, Kermanshah. The impact of various loading protocols in the ATC-24, SAC, and Fang regulations and their comparison with the 1396 earthquake accelerometer of Sarpol-e-zahab, Kermanshah province, by applying it to steel bending frame structures has been investigated to provide a loading protocol. In this research, numerical modeling is used. The moment-resistance frame was designed according to Iranian codes, and then it was analyzed under the Sarpol-e-zahab earthquake record using the dynamic method. Then, the cyclic loading protocols were applied. The results from applying the earthquake record and the cyclic protocol will be compared, and the accuracy of the proposed protocol will be evaluated. In this research, low-rise (3-story), medium-rise (7-story), and high-rise (12-story) residential structures located in Sarpol-e-zahab city with II soil type are considered. By comparing the results of nonlinear analysis, it has been observed that using the SAC loading protocol gives the best result in low-rise structures. The ATC-24 loading protocol has obtained a more suitable result in the medium-rise structures. The slightest difference was related to the ATC-24 loading protocol. In the investigated 3-story structure, it was observed that under the ATC 24 loading protocol, there is a 20% difference in the results compared to the results of the Sarpol-e-zahab earthquake record. It can also be seen that under the Fang loading protocol, there is a 27% difference in the results compared to the results of the Sarpol-e-zahab earthquake record. In the 7-story structure, it was observed that under the ATC-24 loading protocol, there is an 8% difference compared to the results of the Sarpol-e-zahab earthquake record. It can also be seen that under the Fang loading protocol, there is a 15% difference in the results compared to the results of the Sarpol-e-zahab earthquake record. In the 12-story structure under the the ATC-24 loading protocol, there is a 22% difference in the results compared to the results of nonlinear time history analysis under the effect of the Sarpol-e-zahab earthquake record. It can be seen that under the Fang loading protocol, there is a 25% difference in the results compared to the results of the Sarpol-e-zahab earthquake record. As a general conclusion, as the height and number of stories in the frame increase, the accuracy of the results of using the proposed protocols will decrease compared to the natural earthquake record.   

   One of the relatively accurate methods for determining the seismic response of structures is the use of inelastic dynamic time history analysis. Due to the time-consuming nature of this type of analysis, the large amount of calculations and the need for seismic engineering knowledge, the inelastic static analysis method (Pushover) has been the focus of civil engineers. In general, this analysis method can be >In this thesis, in order to examine the rules of regulations in the discussion of higher modes, three buildings with a special RC-Moment resisting frame system and with the number of floors from 15 to 21, which have an irregular plan, were selected and modeled for analysis and design in the environment of the ETABS program. Linear static and spectral dynamic analyzes were performed on the structures. Then, based on the criteria of Article 9 of the National Regulations of Iran and Iranian Standard 2800, they were designed for the area with high seismic risk and soil type 3. After the design, the structures were inelastically modeled in the SeismoStruct program environment, and inelastic dynamic analysis was performed under three pairs of record’s far from the fault and three pairs of record’s near the fault, which were scaled according to the 2800 standard criteria. Inelastic static analysis (Pushover) was also performed under three lateral load patterns of the first mode, triangular and spectral. The structural displacement responses were extracted and used to check the criteria. By examining and controlling the inter-story drift ratio of structures, it was observed that the first mode lateral load pattern, in estimating the maximum ratio of inter-story displacement of structures, has better accuracy than other lateral load patterns and is closer to the results of inelastic dynamic analysis, although there are differences. This model estimates the need to displacement structures in upper floors more than other models. In the lower floors of structures, the triangular lateral load pattern estimates the need for displacement more than other patterns. Regarding the distribution pattern of inter-story displacement ratio, it seems that the main problem and the biggest difference is in the lower floors of the structures. However, it is concluded that the criteria of standard 2800 are justified in the discussion of pushover analysis and the effect of higher modes, and it is better to use inelastic dynamic analysis if the effect of higher modes dominates the structure.

  The presence of colored pollutants in water causes irreparable damage to the environment and huma   Therefore, it is necessary to purify this pollutant from water. There are many methods for treating water containing colored pollution, including coagulation, advanced oxidation processes, membrane processes, and biological processes. In this study, the absorption method has been used due to its numerous advantages such as the availability of various raw materials, low cost, high efficiency, and reusability to remove the synthetic color pollution of methylene blue. In the absorption tests, two types of slag absorbent after oil extraction (absorbent A) and biochar extracted from it (absorbent B) have been used. In the absorption tests, the independent variables of methylene blue dye concentration, absorbent amount, contact time and temperature have been evaluated. The results showed that adsorbent A has a better performance than adsorbent B. For example, under the same conditions, the amount of adsorbent 0.01 g in 10 ml of methylene blue solution with a concentration of 40 mg/l adsorbent A and B can remove 97.5% and 55.5% of color, respectively. have been. The isotherm of the process has been investigated using the Langmuir and Freundlich experimental models, the kinetics of the process using the first and second pseudo-order models, and the thermodynamics of the process using the Van Hoof model. The results showed that the experimental data of adsorbent A has a better match with the Freundlich model R=98%, while the equilibrium data of adsorbent B is more accurately fitted with the Langmuir model R=99%. Adsorbent A with R=299% and Adsorbent B with R=2% have a good agreement with the pseudo-second order kinetic equation. Also, the thermodynamic study of the process showed that the absorption of methylene blue has an endothermic and spontaneous nature. Adsorbent recovery allows to reuse the adsorbent after two periods of recovery of adsorbents A and B in the condition of 0.01 g of adsorbent in 10 ml of methylene blue solution with a concentration of 100 mg/l, able to remove 53.30% and 41.56%, respectively. have been color

   Due to the growing use of the tunnels and underground structures, and the high importance of these structures, the methods of supporting and maintaining the stability of them have also grown into a high importance subject. One of the usual methods for supporting tunnels is using shotcrete in the walls and crown of the tunnel in order to reduce the displacements which are caused by surrounding rocks. this study focuses on investigating plastic concrete as a flexible layer in the walls and crown of the tunnel. It is expected that using plastic concrete as a flexible layer could reduce some of the displacements caused by surrounding rocks and thus have a positive effect on the stability and seismic performance of the tunnel. This concentrates on the effects of using the plastic concrete as a flexible layer around the tunnel on the stability and seismic behavior of the tunnel by modelling a tunnel in the ABAQUS and comparison the results of the two different conditions, one with the plastic concrete and the other one without the plastic concrete. The results of this research shows 14.76 percent raise in bearing capacity of the tunnel when using plastic concrete and also a 17.76 percent raise in energy absorption. Studying the results from the dynamic analysis of the model shows that by using plastic concrete the displacement and acceleration of the tunnel will reduce by 33.48 and 19.75 percent respectively. By comparison the results of the stress produced in the body of tunnel in two conditions we can see that the plastic concrete layer causes a 36.91 percent reduction in stress level and also the strain will reduce by 22.14 percent as well. As it is illustrated by results, the plastic concrete causes a better performance in seismic behavior of the tunnel and also provides a better condition for its stability. Key words: tunnel, soft rock mass, flexible support, plastic concrete, seismic behavior

Implant Insertion is not always successful, Because of inappropriate stability of implant-bone intersection. It seems implant geometrical including length, diameter, Number and depths flutes are affected on stresses and mechanical stability. The purpose of this research is study of implant geometrical variable such as numbers, angle and length of vertical grooves (Flute) on stress distribution and the amount of the implant displacement during static and periodic loads using finite elements Method (FEM) according to ISO 14801 international Standard. founded, that the effect of geometrical variables such as the length of the groove on the implant stem, the angles and Flute’s Number on the overall life of the dental implant and the amount of displacement after implantation has been very effective, so that the diagonalization of the groove has increased the tension better and its length is also more optimal in the original implant. Convergence of geometric variables such as alpha 6 degrees, beta 12 degrees, three grooves, with a fixed groove length will increase the life and stability of the implant by reducing the displacement of the implant in the anchor(bone). Since creating the final torque on the abutment causes the mechanical stability of the dental implant, the torque and loading couple will also stabilize the implant in the bone and increase its lifelog. When the abutment in the implant is tightened with a torque of 35 newton.mm. It causes more stability through more engagement with the surrounding bone.

  The stabilization of the slope isone of the most important issues in geotechnical engineering. Theoccurrence of instability and slip in the natural and artificial slopes is oneof the phenomena that occur in many parts of the world in many cases. The slopefailure can occur due to natural factors such as soil mass weight and rainfalleffects or due to dynamic factors such as earthquakes. Stabilization of theslopes is done using various methods such as reinforcement with piles andanchors, and therefore the analysis of slope stability and determining the bestplace to install piles or anchors in it is one of the serious challenges ingeotechnical engineering. In this research, the optimal location for pileinstallation and the best anchor installation angle on soil slopes areinvestigated using strain field and shear stresses, which is a new work. Theamount of factor of safety is determined using the limit equilibrium method andthe strain field and shear stress are determined using the finite elementmethod. The benchmark used in the analyze is the Mohr Columb benchmark. Theresults showed that installing the pile in the field of zero strains or theminimum amount of strain results in the highest amount of factor of safety. Theresults also showed that the anchor installation in the field of minimum shearstresses and strains leads to the highest amount of factor of safety in theslope so that the anchor can use its maximum tensile capacity. The bestinstallation angle of the anchor relative to the horizon axis is about 5 to 15degrees. The results of this research are compared with the results of theprevious technical literature, which are in good agreement with each other.Considering the field of strains and shear stresses on soil slopes can providemore confidence for its stabilization.The stabilization of the slope isone of the most important issues in geotechnical engineering. Theoccurrence of instability and slip in the natural and artificial slopes is oneof the phenomena that occur in many parts of the world in many cases. The slopefailure can occur due to natural factors such as soil mass weight and rainfalleffects or due to dynamic factors such as earthquakes. Stabilization of theslopes is done using various methods such as reinforcement with piles andanchors, and therefore the analysis of slope stability and determining the bestplace to install piles or anchors in it is one of the serious challenges ingeotechnical engineering. In this research, the optimal location for pileinstallation and the best anchor installation angle on soil slopes areinvestigated using strain field and shear stresses, which is a new work. Theamount of factor of safety is determined using the limit equilibrium method andthe strain field and shear stress are determined using the finite elementmethod. The benchmark used in the analyze is the Mohr Columb benchmark. Theresults showed that installing the pile in the field of zero strains or theminimum amount of strain results in the highest amount of factor of safety. Theresults also showed that the anchor installation in the field of minimum shearstresses and strains leads to the highest amount of factor of safety in theslope so that the anchor can use its maximum tensile capacity. The bestinstallation angle of the anchor relative to the horizon axis is about 5 to 15degrees. The results of this research are compared with the results of theprevious technical literature, which are in good agreement with each other.Considering the field of strains and shear stresses on soil slopes can providemore confidence for its stabilization.

      . Considering the forgetting of Iranian architectural concepts in today's buildings and the poor quality of the building in order to pay attention to the economic dimension and investments, as well as the disappearance of the existential value of concepts such as home, life, comfort, in this study Revival of Iranian architecture by considering living conditions and interaction with effectsThe modern era has suffered from a kind of confusion and turmoil, the effects of which remain to this day. Architecture and reconstruction of residential complexes are no exception to this rule. It is also doubly important by influencing the cognitive and educational issues of each person and creating a ground for entering society. This research tries to represent a new way to communicate and access to the culture and art of the past of Iran, through which the useful and beautiful elements of the past art can be revived and used in the reconstruction of modern residential buildings, which is one of Its values ??are the transfer of Iranian cultural principles to the future and the identification of urban lifeToday is ours. According to the scientific achievements of this research, we will design a residential complex in the old and valuable context of Arak city to depict our findings as an architectural design. The method of this research is based on library studies and has a descriptive approach. The obtained results are the result of studying and reviewing case studies of scientific and documentary researches.

Earthquakes and that associated effects occur every year in different areas of the world and a lot of damage to all sectors and national infrastructure, including various industries and facilities that this issue leads to the loss of Financial and spiritual valuable capital at the macro level. One of the most important parts that affected by earthquakes has high vulnerability is the power distribution network. The electricity distribution network is one of the most important and basic industries in people's lives, and this issue important has more manifestation, especially when the earthquake occurs. The purpose of this study is the assessment of the vulnerability of electric distribution network againstsite frequency resonance in Kangavar city, which this work is based on frequency microzonation done in Kangavar city in previous research and modeling components and electricity distribution equipment used in Kangavar city with Abaqus software and analyze and drawing the seismic risk maps of the electricity distribution network. For this research, the modeled components and equipment include 9m distribution reinforced concrete poles with a nominal strength of 200 and 400 kg force and 12m with a nominal strength of 200 and 400 force which 9m pole with a nominal strength of 200 kg force according to the role its passage and branch is without transformer equipment and 9m pole with anominal strength of 400 kg force is modeled in the forms of single pole without transformer equipment, single pole with 200 kVA transformer, double pole without transformer and double pole with 250 kVA transformer and regarding 12mpoles with nominal strength 200 kg force, the modeling is in the forms of single-pole without transformer equipment, single pole with 50 kVA transformer, double pole without transformer and double pole with 50 kVA transformer, and 12m pole with nominal strength of 400 kg force is in the forms of single-pole without transformer equipment, double pole without transformer and double pole with 350 kVA transformer. The results separately include the first to third deformation modes of each component and accompanying equipment. The output of thesemodes is in the form of frequency, which is extracted from Abacus software as the normal frequency of equipment. The frequency in a single 9m distribution reinforced concrete pole with a nominal strength of 200 kg force without accompanying equipment in all three movement modes is in the range of 1.4 - 7.2 Hz, in a single 9m distribution reinforced concrete pole with a nominal strength of 400 kg force without accompanying equipment is in the range of 1.5-9.2 Hz, in a single 12m distribution reinforced concrete pole with a nominal strength of 200 kg force without accompanying equipment is in the range of 1.0– 5.0 Hz, and in a single 12m distribution reinforced concrete pole with anominal strength of 400 kg force without accompanying equipment is in the range of 1.2 – 6.8 Hz. These frequencies decrease with the increase of weight of components and accompanying equipment. By comparing these values of equipment frequency with the natural frequency of the ground that has been measured in previous research, the vulnerability is investigated. The result of the research is shown, in the form of tables and risk maps. The result of this study shows that the amount of risk of the main components and equipment of electricity distribution due to site frequency resonance in Kangavar city is different. The results indicate that the eastern and southern areas of Kangavarare more at risk

underground dam 

The diagnosis of cancer is mainly performed by visual analysis of the pathologists, through examining the morphology of the tissue slices and the spatial arrangement of the cells under a microscope. If the microscopic image of a specimen is not stained, it will look colorless and textured. Therefore, chemical staining is required to create contrast and help identify specific tissue components. During tissue preparation due to differences in chemicals, scanners, cutting thicknesses, and laboratory protocols, similar tissues are usually varied significantly in appearance. This diversity in staining, in addition to interpretive disparity among pathologists more, is one of the main challenges in designing robust and flexible systems for automated analysis. Various strategies for normalizing stain have been proposed as a pre-processing step in automated pipeline systems. In this thesis, the stain normalization for Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained histopathology images has been performed based on the Pix2Pix framework derived from conditional generative adversarial networks (cGAN). The proposed approach is called "Stain-to-Stain Translation" (STST). This method learns not only the specific color distribution but also the preserves corresponding histopathological pattern. Also, unlike previous methods that depended on a reference image, this method uses the distribution of all images in the training set for learning. The STST method has achieved significant results, both quantitative and qualitative evaluation, against some of the best methods. Based on the obtained results, it can be shown that STST, besides the very high perceptual similarity between the ground truth and the restained image, outperformed other stain normalization methods examined on the processing time metric. It also in a clinical use-case, namely breast cancer tumor name="_ftnref1" title="">[1]. [1] https://github.com/pegahsalehi/Stain-to-Stain-Translation   

  رمبندگي خاك به ريزش و كاهش حجم ناگهاني خاك در موقع اشباع شدن آن اطلاق مي­شود. خاك­هاي رمبنده مناطق وسيعي معادل 15 درصد توده‌هاي قاره‌اي جهان را شامل شده است. خاك­هاي رمبنده در مناطق خشك و نيمه­خشك جغرافيايي از جمله ايران مشكلات بيشتري ايجاد مي­كنند. پديد? رمبندگي زماني اهميت مي­يابد كه نفوذ آب­هاي سطحي، نشت آب از لوله­ها، بالا آمدن سطح آب زير­  hy;زميني، باعث اشباع شدن خاك رمبنده شود و تغيير حجم ناگهاني خاك براي ابنيه احداثي مجاور آن خطر آفرين باشد. آلاينده­  hy  hy  hy;هاي زيست محيطي فراواني مانندNa2SO4   و   H2 SO4   وجود دارند كه مي­توانند با نفوذ در خاك، به مرور باعث تغييرات عمد? خصوصيات فيزيكي و شيميايي خاك­ از جمله شاخص رمبندگي آن   شوند.بر اساس استاندارد ASTM D5333-03 شاخص رمبندگي ، شاخصي است كه به­ منظور تعيين بزرگي رمبندگي خاك حين اشباع شدن نمونه در تنش سربار 200 كيلوپاسكال در دستگاه ادومتر ارزيابي مي­شود. هدف از انجام اين پژوهش، بررسي تأثير جابه­جايي ترتيب لايه­هاي رسي و ماسه­اي بر تغييرات شاخص رمبندگي خاك رمبنده طبيعي در حضور نمك سولفات سديم و سولفوريك اسيد است.در اين پژوهش خاك ماسه‌اي و رسي از محل فروچاله عظيم روستاي كِردآباد همدان تهيه شد. پس از تفكيك ريزدانه و درشت دانه خاك‌ها، نمونه‌ها در سه حالت تك لايه ماسه‌اي، دو لايه و سه لايه با چينش‌هاي مختلف لايه‌اي با وزن‌هاي مخصوص 3/1 و 5/1 و 7/1 گرم بر سانتي‌مترمربع درون رينگ‌هاي پنج سانتي‌متري دستگاه ادومتري تهيه شد و طبق استاندارد ASTMD5333-03 مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت. سپس به مقدار 4 و 8   درصد وزني به نمونه‌ها نمك سولفات سديم اضافه شد و مجدداً طبق روال قبل، شاخص رمبندگي نمونه‌ها اندازه‌گيري شد. براي اشباع سازي نمونه‌ها در تنش 200 كيلو پاسكال هم از آب خالص و هم از اسيد سولفوريك رقيق با غلظت يك مولار استفاده شد.با انجام تعداد قابل توجهي آزمايش تعيين شاخص رمبندگي مشخص شد وجود نمك سولفات سديم در نمون? تك لايه خاك ماسه طبيعي، شاخص رمبندگي را به شدت افزايش مي‌دهد. به طوري‌كه بيشترين شاخص رمبندگي در بين تمام نمونه‌هاي اين پژوهش، در خاك ماسه‌اي تك لايه حاوي 8 درصد وزني سولفات سديم با شاخص رمبندگي 80/24 درصد اتفاق افتاده است. همچنين وجود يك لاي? رسي حاوي آهك به علاوه 4 درصد تا 8 درصد وزني نمك سولفات سديم بين لاي? ماسه حاوي سولفات سديم، شاخص رمبندگي را   به مقدار قابل توجهي كاهش مي‌دهد.در مورد   خاك‌هاي چند لايه شامل ماسه و رس حاوي آهك، در حالتي‌كه در نمون? دو لايه، رس بالاي ماسه قرار گيرد (چينش C-S) ودر نمونه سه لايه در حالتي‌كه ماسه مايبن دو لاي? رس قرار گيرد (چينش C-S-C)، جود نمك سولفات سديم باعث كاهش شاخص رمبندگي مي‌شود. اما در حالت چينش سه لايه در حالتي‌كه رس بين دو لايه ماسه قرار مي‌گيرد (چينش (S-C-S، وجود نمك سولفات سديم در نمونه‌ها منجر به افزايش شاخص رمبندگي مي‌شود.كلمات كليدي: شاخص رمبندگي، سيستم چند لايه خاك، وزن مخصوص خشك خاك، نمك سولفات سديم، سولفوريك اسيد، آهك

زمين لرزه يكي از بلاياي طبيعي است كه جوامع بشري همواره با آن روبرو هستند.   برخي نواحي روي كره زمين به دليل نزديك بودن با مرز هاي صفحه هاي پوسته زمين، داراي لرزه خيزي بيشتري نسبت به بقيه مناطق هستند. ايران نيز كشوري است كه به دليل قرار گيري روي كمربند آلپايد داراي لرزه خيزي بالايي است. زلزله 21 آبان   ازگله يكي از زلزله هاي مهم در منطقه زاگرس مي‌باشد كه خسارت هاي جاني و مالي بسياري را به بار آورد، از اين رو مطالعه و بحث در مورد اين زلزله از اهميت زيادي برخوردار است. در اين متن، مطالعات و نتايج آنها كه در مورد ساختگاه شهر سرپل ذهاب انجام گرفته مورد بحث قرار ميگيرند. مطالعاتي از جمله: پروفيل سرعت موج برشي براي نقاط مختلف شهر بدست آمده است. در برخي نقاط به صورت آرايه‌اي با تركيب سه روش F-K ، روش SPAC و روش HVTFA و در بقيه نقاط به صورت تك نقطه اي با استفاده از روش HVTFA و با كمك گرفتن از نتايج آرايه‌اي بدست آمده اند. نتايج برخي نقاط با نتايج حاصل از نزديكترين نقاطي كه توسط پژوهشگاه بين المللي زلزله شناسي و مهندسي زلزله با روش ژئوسايزميك انكساري بدست آمده بودند مقايسه شده‌اند. نقشه هاي مربوط به ريز پهنه بندي فركانسي شهر، تيپ بندي نوع خاك بر اساس نظريه vs30   و نيز نقشه هاي مربوط به ساختار لايه هاي زير زمين از جمله نقشه هاي عمق سنگ بستر هوازده و سالم مهندسي و همچنين نقشه ميانگين سرعت لايه هاي رسوبي روي سنگ بستر كه با استفاده از اطلاعات بيش از 80 برداشتي كه انجام شده، بدست آمده و نقشه آنها ارائه شده است.

  Every year earthquakes occur around the world. In the province of Kermanshah, during the history has occurred a lot of earthquakes. Earthquakes including 4 earthquakes in 2013 with magnitude 5.2,5.7,5,4 and 5.3 in Qasr Shirin, 2 earthquakes with magnitude 7.3 and 5.3 in 2017 in Ezgele, 10 earthquakes with magnitude 5.6 and 6 in Taze Abad, 5.1,5.1,5.3,5.2 In Sumar and earthquakes of 6.4 , 5,5.1 and 5.2 R in Qasr shirin in 2018, there are important recent earthquakes in Kermanshah province .This subject show the importance of determining the seismic vulnerability of Kermanshah Province to help urban planners to rehabilitation, urban development, also Crisis Management during an earthquake. In this regard, this study analyzes the physical seismic vulnerability of Kermanshah city with the combination of three methods of Analytical Hierarchy process (AHP), fuzzy logic and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The purpose of this study was to determine the regions of Kermanshah which have high vulnerability and more critical conditions than other areas during an earthquake. The proposed method has a parametric approach and, in addition to considering uncertainties due to incomplete or inaccurate information, provides an independent approach to the study area. In each study, which uses several criteria for determining the results, the significance of each of these parameters and criteria must be determined. Determining the importance of each criterion in the analysis process is done using the AHP method. In most studies, especially studies that determine the vulnerability of the regions, there may be incomplete or inaccurate data. These uncertainties can be considered using fuzzy logic techniques. Finally, using the Topsis method, can determine the ultimate vulnerability of each unit. The results estimate the vulnerability of the city of Kermanshah in most areas within a high vulnerability. Only in parts of the city that is new build to other area , there is little damage. In these areas, in addition to the proper conditions of the construction parameters, the conditions of seismic hazard parameters such as litology are appropriate, which indicates that it is suitable for the expansion of the city.

سوپرآلياژها،آلياژهايي پركاربرد در صنايع استراتژيك هستند كه سختي و مقاومت بالا،ماشينكاري آنها را با مشكلاتي همراه كرده است.ارايه شيوه اي تركيبي براي پرداخت نهايي سطح سوپرآلياژها و رسيدن به صافي سطح مناسبتر، هدفي است كه به آن پرداخته شده است.

  In this research, the AISI304 steel was bonded successfully with MBF-15 and MBF-80 interlayers by Transient Liquid Phase [1]method. Then friction stir process[2] was performed on the bond region and the effect of the process on microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated. The base metal and each of interlayers separately was assembled and the bonding operation was done in 11350c temperature for 20 min in a semi-vacuum environment furnace. Afterward Friction Stir process applied with using a designed tool made from tungsten carbide material. The process was accomplished with a milling machine. Rotating speed of tool was 600 Rpm/min and traverse speed was 10 mm/s. the process was applied at two side of the bond line. Processed and not processed samples were prepared and investigate with optical and scanning electron microscope. The microstructure of samples compared with each other. To analyze the composition and phase recognition energy dispersive spectrometry[3] and XRD was used. To evaluate the mechanical properties and the effect of FSP on it shear strength test and micro hardness performed. The microstructure evaluation showed that before FSP for each of interlayers, there were some eutectic phase in center of bond and residual phase in the diffusion zone of TLP. Before FSP, for MBF-15 interlayer, the central phase is Ni-Si, Fe-B, Ni-B and CrB4 in DAZ of TLP. The eutectic phases in the central zone of bond by MBF-80 interlayer are Fe-B-Ni-B and brittle Cr5B3 in DAZ. These eutectic and residual phases reduce the mechanical strength of the joint.FSP was applied as a technique to modify the distribution of alloying elements and intermetallic phases. Underneath of FSP route, 3 zones were formed: 1. Nugget zone that distribution of intermetallic is perfect. 2.Thermo Mechanically Affected Zone[4]. and. 3. Heat Affected Zone [5]that the quantity of intermetallic phases is reduced because of dissolution of eutectic and residual phase. The shear strength and hardness of the nugget zone after FSP will be better than before FSP for both interlayers. This improvement for joint with MBF-15 interlayer is better than MBF-80.   And shear strength of joint with MBF-15 interlayer is close to base metal shear strength after the process.1-TLP2-FSP3-EDS

Nanocomposites have better mechanical, thermal, electrical, and mass transfer properties than pure polymers. In this study, the separation performance of Pebax/ functionalized-MWCNTs nanocomposite membranes for CO2/CH4 gases were investigated. It is expected that nanocomposite membranes made with modified nanoparticles have a better separation function than other pure polymeric membranes of the Pebax, and it is possible to cross the Robson’s upper bound, which is a criterion for measuring the proper function of the membranes.

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تعيين نواحي الاستيك ، الاستوپلاستيك و پلاستيك دراطراف تونل هاي دايره اي شكل

ارزيابي پتانسيل روانگرائي خاك با استفاده از آزمايش (اس پي تي)و دسته بندي داده هاي ناقص با استفاده از

abstractIn this thesis, the effect of slope instability on the behavior of buried gas pipeline is investigated. Slope instability as one of the geotechnical hazards Has alwayas threatened lifelines. Slope instability is considered as the permanent ground displacement and damage from that is severe but limited to a small area. In The first part of the thesis, case study of instability of the slope adjacent the Ziviyeh earth dam is done. The instability is started by drilling of the toe slope and the pipe is affected. Actions Such as geometry modification of slope,instalation Drain and cantilever retaining wall,had been ineffective in reducing displacement of slope and finally the pipeline is moved to the upper level. Numerical Modeling of Finite Element Analysis to help the Abaqus software, shows the impact of the pipeline on the reduction of displacement in the state of saturation. Moving the Pipeline to the higher level reduced the displacement and stress of the pipeline and has provided it’s safety, also The retaining wall modeling has shown the inability of this stabilization method   In the second section, sensitivity analysis of pipe presence in soil slope by examining the parameters such as geometric position of the pipe in the slope, burial depth, diameter and type of soil is done. To evaluate the effect of soil strength parameters including internal friction angle and cohesion, soil contains clay sand and sensitive clay. Pipe stress and pipe displacement and slope movement is studied, presence of the pipe in slope Cause the increse of slope displacement in some case and in others reduced that. Pipe displacement also show different patterns in different scenariosKeywords: buried pipeline, lifeline, slope instability, finite element method, ABAQUS software

AbstractThe velocity of shear waves which is utilized in evaluating the resistance of subsurface layers, site effects, and determining the profile of subsurface layers is one of the most prominent and essential parameters in geotechnical studies. The profile of shear wave velocity is usually discerned in the site by utilizing prevalent seismic geophysical methods such as reflection, refraction, and borehole ways or by geotechnical methods such as conducting CPT or SPT tests and employing experimental relations among Vs variables and the number of CPT or SPT. As far as theses methods need to dig many boreholes, it is obvious that deploying borehole geophysical methods or geotechnical ones to certify the profile of shear wave velocity is expensive and time-consuming. As an economical and practical alternative, the measurements of microtremors which can be easily implemented on earth surface could be employed as a single station. At the first place, the method register ambient vibratio   then, the proportion of horizontal variable spectrum to vertical of microtremors (H/V) will be determined by analyzing the data. At the end, shear wave velocity profile of the site will be discerned by inversion spectrum H/V and reversal algorithms.In this dissertation, after reviewing geotechnical studies and conducting seismography operation of the expected site, microtremor measurements were done as a single station in seven stations on the Kermanshah Underground Railroad track. In addition, registered seismography data in seventy point in the city of Kermanshah of universal bank project number IRN-4697 was exploited and employed. For analyzing the data, The researcher used four models- 3,5,7,and 10 layer- in order to determine shear wave velocity profile in all mentioned places. Finally, the achieved shear wave velocity profiles from inversion spectrum H/V method were compared to the result of other methods such as down-hole test and SASW to check the reliability of achieved data. The result shows the achieved shear wave velocity profiles from inversion spectrum H/V have a significant relationship with the outcome of other methods. Therefore, inversion spectrum H/V can be utilized as a reliable technique in estimating shear wave velocity profile. Unlike other methods, inversion spectrum H/V can more appropriately estimate shear wave velocity profile which are quite deep in relation to available depth. Besides, it gave more accurate results in recognizing weak surface layers compared to SASW method, and similar to other methods, it easily identified the layer which has less shear wave velocity in respect to upper layers. The most outstanding point regarding the mentioned methods is that at first these methods were utilized to exploit shear wave velocity profile without considering the results of other methods for thickness and velocity limit, and finally they were compared to the results of other methods, which showed there was a significant relationship among them. The accuracy of profiles grows in analytical model with increasing the number of layers, so 10 layer model in relation to other models has more consistency with the results of other methods especially with borehole experiment. Furthermore, the recognized depth by mentioned models grows with increasing the number of layers. Therefore, these models could be deployed for those places in which no field measurements and borehole experiment have been done for assessing shear wave velocity profile, and researchers can also achieve reliable results out of them

  This study is conducted to evaluate the suction impact on the compressive wave velocity in unsaturated fine grain soils. Reviewing of the recent decade in this field show that the most of the studies are related to the changes of the compressive wave due to the change of the degree of saturation in rock and soil mediums (coarse grain).In this research, in order to show the suction effects and also the degree of saturation on the compressive wave velocity in unsaturated fine grain soil an experimental study is carried out. The compressive wave velocities were calculated by the ultrasonic device and for calculating the suction the filter paper was used. It is observed that the suction changes play a key role in the compressive wave velocity change and the compressive wave velocity increases as the suction change increase.The degree of saturation as an effective parameter related to the suction has a negative correlation with the compressive wave velocity in most cases. In this study, using the obtained experimental data some empirical relationship are proposed in order to estimate the compressive wave velocity in unsaturated finegrainsoils.Keywords: Compressive wave velocity, unsaturated fine grain soil, fiter paper, ultrasonic