The Zagros forests represent the most extensive habitat for various oak species in Iran. In recent years, these forests have been neglected and are now under severe threat. Epiphytic fungi exist on the surface of plant tissues and constitute diverse groups of biological agents. Determining the diversity and identifying these agents is essential for a proper understanding of their function in plants. Given that epiphytic fungi can significantly impact plant performance and the stability of plant ecosystems, their study is of particular importance. This research aimed to identify the epiphytic fungi on the branches and leaves of Persian oak trees in Kermanshah province. For this purpose, field sampling was conducted over two consecutive years during autumn and winter from the Chehrazber, Chalabeh, Sarmil, and Sarpol-e Zahab regions in the oak forests of Kermanshah province. Samples were taken from the branches and leaves of oak trees. To grow and isolate the fungi, the samples were cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium. After obtaining pure isolates, the fungi were identified based on morphological characteristics using standard mycological keys and by sequencing the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region. In this study, a total of 981 fungal isolates belonging to 25 different taxa were isolated and identified from the branches and leaves of oak trees in various forest areas of Kermanshah province. This included 433 isolates from branches and 548 isolates from leaves. Among the identified species,  Aureobasidium pullulans,  Quambalaria cyanescens,  Gibberella intermedia,  Cladosporium oxysporum,  Alternaria malorum,  Helenozyma baotianmanensis*,  Chaetomium cochliodes*,  Mucor plumbeus,  Fusarium acuminatum,  Fusarium solani, and  Kalmusia variispora  were isolated and identified from oak leaves. The specie  Acremonium sclerotigenum,  Aureobasidium motuoense*,  Cladosporium ramotenellum*,  Coniochaeta polymorpha*,  Coniochaeta deborreae*,  Alternaria alternata,  Hydeomyces hydei*, and  accothecium sepincola* were isolated and identified from oak branches. Additionally, one isolate at the class level (Dothideomycetes) was isolated and identified from oak branches. Five taxa were identified solely based on morphological methods, including  Aspergillus niger,  enicillium  .,  eoscytalidium dimidiatum,  aecilomyces formosus, and  eauveria bassiana. Species marked with an asterisk (*) are reported from Iran for the first time.

Coriander is a member of the Apiaceae family, which has been widely used in traditional medicine, and its medicinal value has been proven throughout history among various nations. One of the most important problems of this valuable crop is non-chemical weed control, which can be reduced by using cover crops.

 Abstract  Iron is one of the essential micronutrients necessary for thesurvival of plants, as it plays a crucial role in chlorophyll synthesis andmaintaining the structure and function of chloroplasts. This micronutrient actsas a component of vital enzymes such as cytochromes in the electron tra  ortchain. Due to the solubility and absorption capabilities of iron oxide andsilica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles in plants, they can be utilized aseffective nano-fertilizers for plant growth. In the present study, iron oxideand silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles were evaluated as nano-fertilizerson the germination and growth characteristics of the Soheil variety of Camelinaunder completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications in both invivo and in vitro conditions. The synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles wasperformed using the co-precipitation method, while silica-coated iron oxidenanoparticles were synthesized using the sol-gel method. Variouscharacterization analyses (SEM, EDX, FTIR, DLS, and Zeta potential) confirmedthe effective synthesis of nanoparticles. Germination traits includedgermination percentage, root length, shoot length, number of primary leaves, anddistance between primary leaves from cotyledons, while growth traits includeddays to budding, days to pod formation, days to maturity, plant height, numberof pods on the main stem, number of pods on side branches, number of pods perplant, number of branches per plant, and number of seeds per pod. Aftertreating Camelina seeds with different concentrations of iron oxide andsilica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (20 to 100 mg/L) through nano-primingand planting seeds in MS medium for one week, the germination percentage wasmeasured. Results indicated an increase in seed germination percentage due totreatment with iron oxide and silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles up to aconcentration of 100 mg/L in both in vivo and in vitro conditions. In Camelina plants,the maximum root length was observed at a concentration of 80 mg/L of ironoxide nanoparticles compared to the control. An inhibitory effect of highconcentrations of silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles on root growth wasalso noted, with the lowest root growth observed at a concentration of 20 mg/L.According to this research's results, nano-priming treatment of Camelina seedsunder in vivo conditions showed positive effects on budding at concentrationsup to 80 mg/L for iron oxide nanoparticles and up to 60 mg/L for silica-coatediron oxide nanoparticles. Pod production on the main stem performed best atlower concentrations up to 60 mg/L for silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticlesand up to 20 mg/L for iron oxide nanoparticles on side branches. Seedproduction in Camelina also showed optimal performance at lower concentrationsup to 20 mg/L for silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles and 40 mg/L for ironoxide nanoparticles. The production of side branches and the number of pods onthem increased with concentrations up to 20 mg/L for iron oxide nanoparticlesand 60 mg/L for silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles. The results of thisstudy demonstrated that concentrations ranging from 20 to 80 mg/L for ironoxide nanoparticles and from 20 to 60 mg/L for silica-coated iron oxidenanoparticles have potential as nano-fertilizers in Camelina plants. Thisresearch indicates that iron oxide and silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles

  Abstract Bread wheat is one of the important crops in the world and plays an important role in food security. Silicon is not an essential element for plant growth. However, the results of recent researchs showed that silicon has been effective in increasing the resistance of plants against environmental stresses. Therefore, the aim of this experiment was to comparing of silicon oxide (SiO2) with different diameters, sodium and potassium silicate in reducing drought stress damage in dryland bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment was conducted as of a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Research Farm of the Campus of Agriculture and the Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. The test treatments include different forms of silicon (without silicon consumption (control), potassium silicate (K2SiO3), sodium silicate (Na2SiO3), nano-SiO2Ps 8nm, nano- SiO2Ps 12±1 nm, nano- SiO2Ps 25±5 nm, nano- SiO2Ps 65±5 nm, SiO2Ps 1000 nm, SiO2Ps 5000 nm, SiO2Ps 10,000 nm and SiO2Ps 100,000 nm. The results showed that the use of different forms of silicon improved the growth and yield of bread wheat. So that the maximum leaf diameter (2.77 mm), spike length (11.38 cm) and the number of spikelets per spike (15.19) were obtained from foliar spraying of Nano-SiO2Ps 8 nm. In addition, the mean comparisons showed that the treatment of nano- SiO2Ps 12±1 nm and Na2SiO3 increases the number of grains in the spike by by 35.11% and 32.93% compared to the control. Also, the highest of 1000 grain weight was observed in potassium silicate treatment, SiO2Ps 10000 nm and nano-SiO2Ps 25 and 8 nm. Foliar spraying of nano-SiO2Ps 25 and 8 nm increased grain yield, biological yield, and straw yield by 38.23%, 49.20% and 57.60% compared to the control, respectively. Plants sprayed with nano-SiO2Ps 8 and 12 nm had significantly more chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll than other forms of silicon. On the other hand, the highest levels of proline, protein and soluble sugars in leaves were observed with the use of nano-SiO2Ps 8, 12, 25 and 65 nm. It was found that the use of different forms of silicon decreased the content of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in leaves compared to the control. In general, treatments of silicon oxide nanoparticles increased the yield, yield components and biochemical traits of wheat more effectively compared to the non-nano form, which indicates the better ability of nanoparticles due to their smaller dimensions and greater surface area. Therefore, it is recommended to use the form of silicon dioxide nanoparticles to increase the growth and yield of bread wheat and reduce the damage of drought stress. Key words: Antioxidant enzyme, Grain yield, Nanoparticle, Silicon, Wheat

   Abstract: Red flesh apple is one of the special and rare fruit trees, which is of interest due to the red color of its flesh, its edible quality and the high amount of antioxidants present in it. Therefore, achieving the optimal and appropriate method for its micropropagation is one of the main goals of tissue culture. In this study, the effect of chitosan and sodium nitroprusside on the micropropagation of red-fleshed apple (Bastam and Bakran) was investigated.In the proliferation stage, the effect of different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside (0, 3 and 5 mg/l), chitosan (0, 20, 40 and 60 mg/l) and their interaction in MS base culture medium containing plant growth regulators 1 mg/l BAP and 0.1 mg/l IBA were investigated. In the regeneration phase of the leaf, the terminal part of the leaf was placed on the MS base culture medium containing the growth regulators TDZ 3.3 mg/l and IBA 0.4 mg/l under dark conditions, and after four weeks the above explants were placed on the MS base medium containing plant growth regulator 1 mg/l BAP and 0.1 mg/l of IBA, in order to investigate the effect of sodium nitroprusside (0, 3 and 5 mg/l) and chitosan (0, 20, 40 and 60 mg/l) concentrations and their interaction. In the rooting stage, the effect of type of medium (1/2 MS solid and 1/2 M   liquid) and the growth regulator concentrations of IBA (0, 1, 2 and 3 mg/l) were studied. According to the proliferation stage results,   the largest stem diameter (0.17 mm) related to Bastam genotype in culture medium containing 40 mg/l chitosan and the largest leaf length and width (1.74 and 0.97 cm respectively) was observed in Bakran genotype in culture medium containing 20 mg/l chitosan. The highest seedling height (6.26 cm) related to Bastam genotype in the environment without    treatment and the highest number of leaves (16.51), leaf length and width (1.49 and 0.90 cm) related to Bakran genotype on the medium containing 5 mg/l   . In the regeneration test from the leaves of Bastam genotype, the highest percentage of regeneration (30%) and the number of new shoots (5.50) were obtained in the culture medium containing 40 mg/l chitosan and 3 mg/l   , and the highest new shoot height was related to the medium containing 40 mg/l chitosan and 5 mg/l   . The rooting test showed that the Bakran genotype cultured on medium containing 2 mg/l IBA growth regulator produced the highest number of roots (3.17) and Bakran genotype in solid culture medium containing 2 mg/l IBA growth regulator had the longest root length (3.78 cm).The results showed that the highest survival percentage of adapted seedlings was related to Bakran genotype (96%).    Keyword: tissue culture, Red flesh apple, proliferation, micropropagation

      Abstract: Considering the increasing rate of the world's population and the increasing demand for agricultural products, the cultivation of greenhouses in order to increase the production per unit area is very important. Environmental stresses such as high temperature, severe cold, drought, salinity and heavy elements have a negative effect on plant metabolism. Salinity is one of the most common environmental stresses that affects the growth and development of plants. Seeds are highly vulnerable to stress during the planting stage until the seedling is established. Biofertilizers have microorganisms that can help improve plant nutrition by methods such as fixing nitrogen, dissolving phosphate, releasing potassium ions, or providing iron and other required elements. In order to investigate the characteristics of greenhouse cucumber seeds (Nagin) under salinity stress conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with three repetitions, three levels of potassium (control, 100 and 200 mg/liter with potassium sulfate), two levels of fertilizer. Biology (control and bacillus sativa bacteria (CFU/ml) and three levels of salinity stress (control, 7 and 14 dS/m with sodium chloride) were carried out. The seeds were cultivated in Petri dishes and the treatments were applied and the germination percentage, germination speed, Average germination and seed strength index were calculated. Increasing the concentration of potassium in high salinity created positive effects in all the investigated traits. The interaction of treatments applied on greenhouse cucumber seeds increased seed vigor index, radicle length, seedling wet weight, shoot and seedling dry weight. However, biofertilizer in the laboratory did not have a significant effect on the examined traits. Keywords: greenhouse products, potassium sulfate, Bacillus sativa bacteria, sodium chloride, germination index

Velocity distribution is one of the most important subjects in open-channel hydraulics, as it enables the determination of parameters such as flow rate and shear stress on the channel walls. Velocity distribution in rivers is three-dimensional, and Navier-Stokes equations can be used to estimate the velocity distribution. Numerical solutions for governing flow equations in three dimensions are complex. In certain situations where structures are not present in the river path, the equations can be simplified and solved in two dimensions by making certain assumptions. In this research, a two-dimensional mathematical model proposed by Kien and his colleagues, which is a partial differential equation in the form of a Poisson equation, is utilized to estimate the two-dimensional velocity distribution. The governing equation is solved using the finite volume method with the application of boundary conditions. The grid generation is the first step in the numerical solution of differential equations. Using structured rectangular or triangular grids, velocity distribution in an open channel can be calculated. One of the common methods for dealing with complex geometries is the use of unstructured triangular grids. Due to their unstructured nature, these grids can represent elements with various shapes in the domain, regardless of geometric complexity. The aim of this study is to develop a two-dimensional model for velocity distribution in open channels with irregular cross-sections using numerical solution and triangular mesh generation. Furthermore, the influence of vortex viscosity estimation methods and slip and no-slip conditions at the boundaries on the velocity distribution is also investigated. The accuracy of the numerical solution is evaluated by comparing it with the experimental results of Linn (1986), Tominaga and his colleagues (1989), and the Soren River estuary. The investigations show that the numerical approach provides satisfactory accuracy in estimating the maximum flow velocity and velocity distribution pattern in floodplain areas and the main channel cross-section.   

   Abstract: Introduction: The creation of home gardens helps to create employment in the rural community and the production of organic agricultural products, besides this, educational and promotional activities can also help to develop this employment and production in this sector. One of the most important programs and priorities in the organization of agricultural jihad is training and the formation of training align="left">Objective: In this research, the effectiveness of promotional educational activities of the home garden project in Sanghar city has been investigated. Research method: Rural women are the study community of this research. This research includes interpretive paradigm with qualitative approach and discourse studies. The research method used in this study was conducted with a general qualitative approach, which used the interview tool and the narrative analysis method to analyze the information. The purposeful sampling method is of the type of special cases, which required data was collected through a semi-structured interview, and the data obtained was based on narrative analysis at two levels: 1- Primary analysis, 2- Integrated analysis, analyzed and discourse. Ghalib has been extracted. In this research, gaining a deep understanding of the studied phenomenon has been desired. The people studied in this research included 14 rural women who were active in the construction and creation of home gardens, as well as 3 experts and teachers active in this sector. Findings: In this research, most of the participants were married and housewives, the spouses of most of the people who were interested in creating home gardens were farmers, and most of them created home gardens in their yard, a significant percentage of the participants in period, the cultivated area of their gardens was less than 100 and the most types of vegetables cultivated were in the group of vegetables and summer vegetables. The results showed that the effectiveness of promotional educational activities in the discussion of home gardens includes 9 components and they are divided into 2 general categories according to the situation: 1) Components with positive and effective capacity 2) Components with crisis. The components examined in this research are effective in the quality of educational programs. Elements with positive capacity (effectiveness) have six components, which shows the effectiveness of the course in terms of these elements. Elements with crisis was another important concept in this research, which in the integrated analysis of the dominant discourses of the current research showed three types of crisis regarding the components of the elements of educational courses. Also, in this research, there are three types of align="left">Offers:Updating the information of teachers to know how to teach applicants, conducting training align="left">Keywords: effectiveness, home garden, rural women, educational-promotional activities

اين آزمايش به منظور بررسي اثر غلظت و مقادير مختلف محلول‏پاشي دودآب بر روي عملكرد و اجزاي عملكرد و همچنين برخي از عناصر غذايي غده سيب‏زميني در سال زراعي 1399-1400 در مزرعه تحقيقاتي پرديس كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي دانشگاه رازي اجرا شد. آزمايش به صورت فاكتوريل به اضافه شاهد در قالب طرح بلوك‏هاي كامل تصادفي با سه تكرار اجرا شد. تيمارهاي آزمايش شامل مقادير مختلف دودآب (1 ،5/1و 2 ليتر در هكتار) و دفعات محلول‏پاشي دود‏آب (1، 2 و 3 بار) و تيمار شاهد بودند. نتايج نشان داد اثر تيمار غلظت محلول‏پاشي بر صفات چگالي غده، تعداد غده در يك بوته، عملكرد تك بوته، عملكرد غده در واحد سطح، وزن زيست توده هوايي، آهن، روي و منيزيم غده در سطح يك درصد معني‏دار گرديد. اثر تيمار تعداد محلول‏پاشي نيز بر صفات عملكرد تك بوته، عملكرد غده در واحد سطح، وزن زيست توده ، ميزان نيتروژن، پتاسيم، آهن، روي و منيزيم غده در سطح احتمال يك درصد معني‏دار گرديد. اثر متقابل غلظت و تعداد محلول‏پاشي نيز بر صفات عملكرد تك بوته، عملكرد غده در واحد سطح، وزن زيست توده، پتاسيم، آهن، روي و منيزيم غده در سطح احتمال يك درصد معني‏دار گرديد. همچنين اثر تيمار در مقابل شاهد براي صفات عملكرد تك بوته، عملكرد غده در واحد سطح، وزن زيست توده، فسفر، آهن و روي غده معني دار گرديد. نتايج مقايسه ميانگين‏ها نشان داد بالاترين چگالي غده به ميزان 987/0 گرم بر سانتي‏متر مكعب مربوط به سطح محلول‏پاشي دودآب 5/37 سي‏سي بود.

Yarrow is one of the most important herbal plants, which farmers can cultivate most properly by identifying the appropriate fertilizer level and the best cultivation time. To investigate the impact of cultivation time and manure on plant yield and nitrogen absorption and use efficiency in yarrow, an experiment was conducted with a split-plot randomized complete block design in three replications. The experiment factors included manure as the plot factor at four levels (0, 10, 20, and 30 tons per hectare) and cultivation time as the subplot factor (April 4, April 24, and May 14). The examined traits included the growth indicators, yield and yield components, absorption efficiency, agricultural traits, physiological traits, and nitrogen uptake indicator. The results demonstrated increase in the leaf area indicator, product growth rate, relative growth rate, and aerial organ dry weight as manure level rose at all the three cultivation times. Moreover, the maximum values of all the above traits occurred at the manure level of 30 tons per hectare and the first cultivation time, while the minimum values occurred at the manure level of 0 tons per hectare and the third cultivation time. The application of manure exhibited significant effects at the probability level of one percent on the number of capitula per plant, number of grains per capitulum, plant height at harvest and flowering time, 1000-grain weight, plant fresh weight, grain yield, and number of flowering stems. An appropriate cultivation time lengthens the plant growth period, and that for yarrow was found to be the beginning of the growth season (April 4). At this cultivation time, better results were observed for all the yield components and reproductive traits. Furthermore, an increase in manure decreased the absorption efficiency, agricultural traits, physiological traits, and nitrogen uptake indicator. Overall, application of 0-30 tons of manure per hectare and cultivation at the beginning of the season can contribute to great yield and efficient use of the examined herbal plant. Moreover, use of manure as an alternative for chemical fertilizers can properly raise yield and prevent their environmental harms. Keywords: extract, yield component, physiological trait, nitrogen absorption.      

   Introduction: Knowledge-based companies play an important role in the development of technology, economicprosperity and creation of productive employment.In other words, knowledge-based companies area means of economic development.But in the field of agriculture, due to some structural problems,knowledge-based companies in Kermanshah province exist at a limited level despite the existenceof many capacities in the agricultural sector. Objective: The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the obstacles and facilitators of thedevelopment of knowledge-based agricultural companies in Kermanshah province. Research Methodology: In terms of its nature, it is considered to be of the type of mixed (qualitative- quantitative) research, in terms of the degree ofcontrol of variables, it is of the non-experimental type, and in terms of the purpose, it is consideredto be of the type of applied research;The main design used in the research was sequentialexploratory. Based on this, the qualitative part of the research was done first, and based on theresults, the quantitative part was done.The quality department community was the CEO and experts, that 16 of them were selected by purposeful snowball sampling.The data analysis of thissection was done using two stages of open and axial coding using Maxqdawin18 software. Thestatistical population of the quantitative part of the research was 61 people who had companies in different fields of agriculture in the growth centers and Science and Technology Park of theprovince, and all information was collected from them.Data analysis was done using force fieldanalysis through   win20 and Pathmakerver5.5 software. Results: The data analysis of the qualitative part of the research led to the identification of 32 facilitatorsand 31obstacles in the form of five categories of individual, institutional, specialized, and interactive -communicationand managerial factors.The comparison between the facilitating forces and theobstacles in the quantitative part showed that only in the institutional dimension, the obstacles aremore deterrent.In other words, in the institutional sector, the development of agriculturalknowledge-based companies faces many obstacles، Identification of executive measures throughinterviews with CEOs and hypothetical implementation of these measures led to the reduction ofthe deterrent effect of obstacles. Conclusion: Considering the strong four factors of individual, specialized, interaction-communication andmanagement in the current situation, we can witness the development of agricultural knowledgebasedcompanies in the future.In the institutional dimension, it is necessary to remove theobstacles in this factor through proper planning and management Therefore, through theinstitutionalization of executive actions and facilitating factors, it is possible to lead to the fasterdevelopment of knowledge-based agricultural companies and to weaken obstacles.

   چكيده: نيترات يك شكل طبيعي از نيتروژن و بخش جدايي­ناپذير از چرخه نيتروژن در محيط زيست است. مصرف بيش از اندازه كود­هاي شيميايي و آلي، آبشويي نيترات از خاك و تجمع آن در محصولات كشاورزي يكي از مشكلات زيست­محيطي مهم جوامع امروزي است. به دليل اثرات سوء نيترات بر سلامتي انسان، امروزه به تجمع اين يون در سبزيجات توجه زيادي شده است. در اين مطالعه اثر سطوح مختلف كود­ شيميايي (اوره) و آلي (بخش جامد بيوگاز،كود دامي، كمپوست زباله شهري) بر تجمع نيترات در خاك، سه نوع سبزي شاهي، جعفري و ريحان سبز و همچنين ميزان آبشويي نيترات از خاك بصورت هفتگي در 6 هفته بررسي شد و طول ساقه، ريشه و وزن گياه ريحان، جعفري و شاهي در تيمارهاي شاهد و كودهاي اوره، بيوگاز، كود دامي و كمپوست زباله شهري اندازه­گيري شد. تجزيه واريانس داده­ها با استفاده از آزمايش فاكتوريل در قالب طرح كاملاً تصادفي در چهار تكرار در شرايط گلخانه انجام گرفت. مقايسه ميانگين با استفاده از آزمون دانكن در نرم­افزار    انجام شد. غلظت نيترات در گياه ريحان در تيمارهاي شاهد، كمپوست زباله شهري، اوره، كوددامي و   بيوگاز به ترتيب 68/147، 30/237، 66/278 ، 23/512 و 45/883 ميلي­گرم بر كيلوگرم وزن خشك و در گياه جعفري به ترتيب 49/131، 74/750، 84/720، 26/622 و 31/311   ميلي­گرم بر كيلوگرم وزن خشك بود. اين مقادير در گياه شاهي به ترتيب 172، 42/165، 99/166، 57/128 و 43/160 ميلي­گرم بر كيلوگرم وزن خشك اندازه­گيري شد. غلظت اين آنيون در خاك­هاي تحت كشت ريحان در تيمارهاي شاهد، بيوگاز، كمپوست زباله شهري، كود دامي و اوره به ترتيب 11/48، 88/63، 45/75، 35/75 و 16/54 ميلي­گرم بر كيلوگرم وزن خشك و در خاك تحت كشت گياه جعفري به ترتيب 02/39، 49/126، 96/71، 46/79 و 06/51 ميلي­گرم بر كيلوگرم و در خاك تحت كشت شاهي به ترتيب 02/39، 80/33، 52/31، 21/27 و 02/34 ميلي­گرم بر كيلوگرم بود. غلظت نيترات در زه­آب خروجي از خاك­ها در هر سه گياه ريحان، جعفري و شاهي در هفته اول بيشترين مقدار و با افزايش دفعات آبياري از مقدار آن كاسته شد. در هفته نخست در زه­آب خروجي از خاك تحت كشت ريحان غلظت نيترات در تيمارهاي شاهد، بيوگاز، كمپوست زباله شهري، كود دامي و اوره 11/1، 95/44، 35/17، 76/36 و 45/32 ميلي­گرم بر ليتر بود كه در هفته ششم به ترتيب به 7/1، 2/3، 37/4، 1/6 و 6/3 ميلي­گرم بر ليتر رسيد. در زه­آب خروجي از خاك تحت كشت جعفري در هفته نخست غلظت نيترات در تيمارهاي شاهد، بيوگاز، كمپوست زباله شهري، كود دامي و اوره به ترتيب 06/17، 23/48، 49/36، 92/17 و 44/40 ميلي­گرم بر ليتر بود كه در هفته ششم به ترتيب به 36/0، 11/0، 14/0، 05/0 و 17/0 ميلي­گرم بر ليتر اندازه­گيري شد. غلظت اين آنيون در زه­آب خروجي از خاك تحت كشت شاهي در هفته نخست غلظت نيترات در تيمارهاي شاهد، بيوگاز، كمپوست زباله شهري، كود دامي و اوره به ترتيب 10/1، 16/51، 13/28، 34/29 و 23/38 ميلي­گرم بر ليتر بود كه در هفته آخر از پژوهش به 36/0، 11/0، 14/0، 05/0 و 2/0 ميلي­گرم بر ليتر رسيد. نتايج نشان داد كه غلظت نيترات در استفاده از كود اوره در هيچ يك از سه سبزي مورد مطالعه از تيمارهاي كود آلي بيشتر نبود. همچنين در اين پژوهش با استفاده از تيمارهاي كود آلي به خصوص تيمار بيوگاز ميزان آبشويي نيترات از خاك بيشتر از تيمار كود اوره بود.

   Corn, along with wheat and rice, are three important plants of the cereal family. These plants play a very important role in feeding the people of the world. Despite the farmers' attention to supply macro elements needed by these plants, the supply of micro elements is not considered. Agricultural soils in most regions of Iran are lacking in metal micronutrients, especially iron and zinc. This problem causes a significant decrease in yield production of these plants. Hence, this research was performed in order to investigate the effect of conventional and nanoparticle fertilizers of iron and zinc on yield and some physiological characteristics of corn in the research farm of the agricultural campus of Razi University in 2019. This research was performed in the form of a complete randomized block design in three repetitions. The treatments investigated in this research were: 1) different concentrations of two iron and zinc fertilizers (three concentrations of 4 and 8 grams per liter and control and 2) type of fertilizer at two levels (conventional and nanoparticle fertilizer). In order to investigate the effect of the mentioned treatments on the agronomic and physiological characteristics of single cross 600 seed corn, foliar treatments of micronutrient elements were applied twice during development period including: the beginning of vegetative growth and the beginning of flowering. The results of data analysis variance showed that conventional and nanoparticles of iron and zinc caused a significant increase in grain yield compared to the control treatment (3590 kg/ha). The highest increase in grain yield under these conditions was obtained in the group of conventional form of iron fertilizer treatment and the group of combined treatment of iron nanoparticle * zinc nanoparticle with an 81% increase compared to the control treatment. The highest increase in grain yield was obtained in the combined fertilizer treatments of iron nanoparticle 4 * zinc nanoparticle 8 and iron nanoparticle 8 * zinc nanoparticle 4, respectively, with 123 and 132% increase compared to the control treatment (3590 kg/ha). The seed yield had a positive and significant correlation with harvest index traits (R2=0.80**), the number of ears per plant (R2=0.40**), the number of seeds per plant (R2=0.61**), and the number of seeds in a row (R2=0.54**). Among the two traits of the number of seeds per plant and the weight of 1000 seeds, the foliar application of micronutrient elements in conventional and nanoparticle form at the beginning of vegetative growth and at the beginning of flowering had the most significant effect on the number of seeds per plant. In this connection, foliar spraying of micronutrient elements had no significant effect on the weight of one thousand seeds. It seems that the number of seeds per plant is more influenced by environmental factors than the attribute weight of 1000 seeds. Keywords: Antioxidan, Catalase, Grain yield, Photosynthetic pigments, Soluble proteins   

   The effect of oral and injectable supplementation of selenium and vitamin E on performance and some blood parameters of growing lambs    The intended study was conducted to investigate the effect of oral and injectable supplementation of selenium and vitamin E on some blood parameters and growth performance of growing lambs.In this study, 18 lambs aged 3-4 months with an average body weight of 18.6 ± 2.7 were randomly divided into 3 groups with 6 repetitions in a period of 10 weeks (2 weeks of habituation + 8 weeks of testing). The experimental groups include: control group (basic diet without selenium and vitamin E supplements), oral group (basic diet with 0.3 mg of selenium in the form of selenomitonin and 50 mg of vitamin E in the form of alpha-copherol per kilogram of dry matter of the diet), group Injectable (4 ml of injectable supplement and each ml contained 0.5 mg of selenium in the form of sodium selenite and 50 mg of vitamin E in the form of alpha-copherol. The lambs were weighed every 15 days and blood samples were taken from their jugular veins on days 0, 30 and 60 of the experiment The results of this study showed that there was no significant difference in daily feed intake, daily and final weight gain, and food conversion ratio among the experimental groups (p<0.05). No significant difference was observed between the treatments in terms of the concentration of zinc, copper and iron elements during the period (p < 0.05). Also, there was no significant difference in fat metabolites, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activity among experimental groups (p>0.05). There was no significant difference in the number of red blood cells, percentage of lymphocytes and neutrophils among the experimental groups (p <0.05). The activity and number of white blood cells in the injection group on day 60 increased significantly compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The level of superoxide dismutase enzyme activity was not significantly different among the experimental groups (p < 0.05). Glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity on the 30th and 60th days of the experiment and total antioxidant on the 60th day of the experiment showed a significant increase in the group receiving the oral supplement compared to other groups (p < 0.05). The amount of malondialdehyde decreased significantly in the groups receiving selenium and vitamin E supplements compared to the control group (p < 0.05).    Keywords: antioxidant, glutathione peroxidase, daily weight gain, blood cells   

In terms of annual production rank, potato plant is after plants such as wheat and rice and is one of the valuable sources of human food, especially in developing countries. Various fungal diseases cause damage to the organs of the potato plant, which reduces the yield and quality of the potato crop. Some of these pathogens can cause symptoms such as canker and caries. One of these pathogens is Paramyrothecium. In order to investigate the morphological, physiological and molecular characteristics of Paramyrothecium isolates along with potato stem canker, sampling was performed on four potato cultivation plots from the research farms of Razi University of Kermanshah in August and September 2017. Sampling of plants with signs of leaf spot, fruit rot, stem, crown and root was done randomly from four farms on the Facultaty of Science and Agricultural Engineering of Razi University. From each field, 5 infected samples were collected. After isolating and purifying Paramyrothecium, the reaction of 20 species from 9 plant families to this fungus and also the severity of pathogenicity in five tobacco samples were measured. The results showed that based on the morphological characteristics of 20 purified isolates, all belonged to P. roridum. According to phylogenetic analysis of two selected fungal isolates among these isolates, using sequences related to ?-tubulin and ITS region, the results showed that these two isolates were 98% similar to P. roridum CBS37250 isolates. And P. roridum CBS21295 and P. roridum ZB1 and P. roridum

   According to the adverse effects of limiting the absorption of micronutrient such as iron, zinc and boron in most agricultural soils of Iran on the growth of agricultural plants, this research was conducted in order to compare the effect of foliar application of different concentrations of common fertilizers and nanoparticles of iron, boron and zinc on yield and some physiological characteristics of chickpea in rainfed condition in the research farm of Razi University in the crop year of 2018-2019. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The treatments examined in this research were: nano particles fertilizer of iron, zinc and boron in three concentrations (2, 4 and 8 grams per liter), their combined forms, common iron and zinc fertilizer treatment (2, 4 and 8 grams per liter) and the control treatment. With respect to the results, the effect of different groups of fertilizers as well as different concentrations of common fertilizers and nanoparticles of iron, zinc and boron on biomass yield, seed yield, number of pod per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod, plant height, number of lateral branches, activity of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase), the content of chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids were significant at the probability level of 1%. In relation to the weight of one hundred seeds and the number of seeds per plant, there was a difference between different groups as well as different concentrations of fertilizers at the five percent probability level. Among different groups of fertilizers, the triple group of iron, zinc and boron nanoparticles had the most positive effect on other agronomic and physiological traits. In this condition, the highest seed yield was 1196 kg/ha and the lowest seed yield was 814 kg/ha in the treatment of no fertilizer application (control). The effect of foliar spraying of common iron and zinc fertilizers was also significant in increasing most of the studied agricultural traits. The effect of common zinc fertilizer in increasing grain yield was greater than that of common iron fertilizer. Also, by examining the effect of different concentrations of common fertilizers and nanoparticles on the increase of studied traits and yield, it was found that as the concentration of fertilizers increased, the amount of other agricultural traits also increased compared to the control treatment (no fertilizer application). The maximum grain yield was obtained in the conditions of triple application of nano-particle fertilizers at a concentration of 8 grams per liter at the rate of 1392 kg per hectare. In general, the most significant effect on the studied traits was related to triple, double and then separate application of micronutrient fertilizers respectively. According to the obtained results, application of 8 grams per liter of iron, zinc and boron in triple form (at the beginning of vegetative growth stages and flowering stages) in investigated area and similar areas, the yield of chickpeas in rainfed conditions will increase significantly.

Abstract In order to implement measures for the development and exploitation of new water resources, especially in the agricultural sector in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran, the use of wastewater can be considered as water resources. By using these resources, not only part of the agricultural water shortage is compensated, but also the effects of improper discharge of effluents and its damages to agricultural resources and the environment are prevented. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the strategic crops that is very important in terms of level and nutritional value, so over the past few decades, many measures have been taken to increase its yield. Among these measures, we can mention the use of organic fertilizers such as sewage sludge, which in addition to increasing yield, it is important to study the environmental and health issues related to the use of these fertilizers, as well as the absorption of heavy elements. In order to evaluate the effect of Ravansar industrial town effluent on yield, yield components and accumulation of heavy metals in wheat grain (Pishgam cultivar), in the 2016-17 crop year on a farm in Kermanshah province, Ravansar city, Upper Khorramabad village, a research project as split plot was performed in three replications. Experimental factors included 1. Irrigation water as the main factor (at three levels: a) Irrigation with industrial town effluent b) Irrigation with the left channel of Ravansar c) Irrigation with well water) 2. Irrigation times as a secondary factor (including 1- Onc irrigation time 2- two irrigation times 3- three irrigation times). The results of the present study showed that the treatment of industrial town effluent and water of Qarsoo Ravansar canal had a significant potential of micronutrients. The application of the mentioned effluent in controlled amounts, in the results of plant decomposition, showed that the effluent effluent increased the concentration of iron, zinc and copper in comparison with the control in the plant seeds. All of these elements are the nutrients needed to fill cereal grains such as wheat. The use of wastewater in all quantities to some extent increased the weight of 1000 grains of wheat, so that the highest 1000-grain weight of wheat (49.897 g) was related to the treatment of canal water and three irrigation times, which there was no significant difference between this treatment and three irrigation treatments with industrial town effluent in terms of 1000-grain weight (49.217 g). The results showed that the application of effluent had a positive role in filling wheat grains and by releasing nutrients during the growing period of wheat, Pishgam cultivar increased seed yield and seed yield components including 1000-grain weight, number of grains per spike, number of spikes per plant, and leaf area in wheat. Comparison of heavy metal concentrations in plant samples showed that the concentrations of heavy metals of lead and cadmium evaluated in the present study are high in effluent-treated samples. In well water treatments, the concentration of heavy metals was less than the allowable limit, but in canal and effluent water treatments, the concentration was very high and beyond the allowable limit of heavy metals. But it is not in the toxic concentration range of these elements. Therefore, in order to use the wastewater effluent of the industrial town in agriculture as irrigation water, according to the amount of increase of the mentioned metals in the soil and the amounts absorbed by the plants, it is necessary to consider the toxicity threshold for each metal depending on the type of plant and environmental conditions and evaluate the effluent values based on it. Keywords: Heavy elements, Industrial effluent, Organic fertilizer, Pollutants, Wheat, Yield

  

   Tomato is one of the most important agricultural products with a production of about 159 million tons in the world in 2015. ‌ One of the major problems of tomato cultivation is weed damage that in the early stages of growth due to low growth rate and limited leaf development, strength Has less competition against weeds. Weed control in tomato is one of the most costly agricultural operations in this crop, which if not paid attention to weed control can cause a lot of damage to the crop. Various methods are used to control weeds, and the use of herbicides is very common. But today, due to environmental problems, high cost, resistance to weeds and threats to human health and the environment, frequent and excessive use of herbicides has been questioned. The use of cover crops is a good alternative to uncultivated tillage and the use of herbicides. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cover cluster vetch and Iranian clover as pure and combined cultivation on yield and control of tomato weeds as well as control of winter weeds in the field. This experiment was carried out in the cropping year of 2020-2021 in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Sciencess And Engineering of Razi University of Kermanshah. The experiment of cover plants by treating different percentages of cultivation of two cover plants of musk clover and clover musk, in the form of a randomized complete block design with four replications with the percentage of residues left from the treatment of cover plants has been done. The tomato experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Experimental treatments in cover crops include pure and combined cultivation (different percentages) of both clover and vetch plants (100% clover, 100% vetch, 50% vetch + 50% clover, 10% vetch + 90% clover, 90% vetch + 10. Clover, 80% vetch + 20% Clover, 20.% vetch + 80% Clover, ? 70 vetch + 30% Clover, 30% vetch + 70% Clover, ? 60 vetch + 40% Clover, ? 40 vetch + 60% Clover and 0. vetch + 0. clover (control)). Cover crops have been able to improve the physical properties and nutrients of the soil in this short period of time. Significant differences were observed between different percentages of cover crops in terms of weed control. The treatment of 50% vetch + 50% clover and 100% clover on average have been able to create suitable and good conditions for cover plants and weed control in different measured traits. In contrast, the treatments of 20% vetch + clover and 90% vetch + 10% clover did not create suitable conditions for weed control. In all measured traits, the control treatment did not create suitable conditions in the field compared to the cover plant treatments. Regarding the effect of cover crop residues on yield and weed control in tomatoes, 50% vetch + 50% clover residues and 100% clover residues were able to control both weeds and tomato yield compared to control and other treatments used. Perform better. In the control treatment, the lowest tomato yield and the lowest weed control were recorded. Yield was observed in treatments of 50% vetch + 50% clover and 100% clover residues, 67.25 and 66.51 ton / ha, respectively, while the yield in control treatment was 14.43 ton / ha. Weed density in 50% vetch + 50% clover and 100% clover residues was reported to be 9 and 8 plants /square meter, respectively, and in the control treatment was 30 plants /square meter. In general, the use of cover crops and their residues In the field can be a suitable environmental and economic method to control weeds and reduce the use of chemicals in the field.    Keywords: clover, vetch, weed management, sustainable agriculture, pure cover crops, combined cover crops, tomatoes.

Maintaining genetic diversity in the Kurdish horse population as a national asset is crucial. Evaluation of the nucleotide sequence of mitochondrial cytochrome b region within populations can be a good indicator of diversity in the studied population. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic and phylogenetic sequence of the cytochrome b region of the Kurdish mitochondrial genome. For this purpose, blood samples were collected from 30 goats. After DNA extraction, 1092 bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b region was amplified by specific primers. The amplified fragments were sequenced by purification after purification. Seven different haplotypes were identified based on 7 polymorphic nucleotides. The haplotypic and nucleotide diversity in Kurdish horses were estimated 0.784 and 0.00218, respectively. Analyzes using the BioEdit program showed that this sequence for the cytB region contains 240 nucleotides A (21/27), 289 nucleotides C (77/32), 116 nucleotides G (15/13) and 237 nucleotides T (87/26). . The tree under genetic procedure (N - J) was obtained as shown. By comparison, Kurdish horses were grouped together in a branch with breeds from Japan (Hokkaido and Yakutia), breeds from China (Lijiang and SanHe), Przewalski Mongolian breed, and Arabian breed with access code MK100122.1. Which reflects the greater genetic similarity of Kurdish horses with Asian and European breeds, especially Asian.   

Mitochondrial genome is a powerful marker in phylogenetic studies due to its high mutation rate, non- recombination and maternal inheritance.The aim of this study was about investigate of   the genetic structure and genetic relationship of Iranian Kurdish horse using D-Loop mitochondrial genome.In this study, blood samples were collected from 30 Kurdish horses and their DNA extracted by salting out method.Then, with using the regoin of   D-Loo   specific primers   in duration 509 bp was divide   and all samples were sequenced after purification. totaly 29 sequences were obtained and the sequences were analyzed   by using bioinformatics softwares.The   piece of   509 bp PCR products obtained   from sequencing was edited in MEGA7 software   and the   piece of 294 bp was extracted from it.Samples were aligned with horse reference sequence accessio   number (x79547) by using of BioEdit software and ClustalW procedure.Different nucleotides were identified between the sequenced samples and 14 haplotypes and 22 polymorphic sites and then the Consensus sequence was obtained as index sequence for this breed.Following sequencing of the mitochondrial genome of other strains was drawn in the Neighbor-Joining phylogeny tree gene bank in the BioEdit software for the Kurdish horseTree drawing shows close proximity of this breed to Chinese, Tibetan, Bulgarian and breed horses in Iran.The amount of nucleotide diversity   0.01153, haplotype diversity 0.901 and the value of D-Tajima 1.378 was calculated by using of DnaSP software.The value of D- Tajima was not significant at P <0.1 level,The negativity of this statistics indicates an increase in population size or selection for purification at the sites.Thus, it seems that the population of breed in study is increasing in number.The results indicate a relatively high diversity in the population of the studied horse breed, indicating a different initial derivation and also showing different maternal lines in these horses.   

   Abstract   Iran is one of the most susceptible regions of citrus cultivation, which had many advances in recent decades in the order cultivation and production of citrus, so that cultivated area and its amount annual production, of our country determined agreement among the top 10 countries in the world. in this research, after photography from Tangerines (ripe, half-ripe and unripe) using camera canon Pc1339-12.1 mega pixels and preprocessing operations, segmentation and >   Keywords: Citrus, >

This research was conduct to study the effects of exogenous application of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid on the quantity and quality of yield of two flax cultivars under post-flowering water deficiency stress. This research was conducted in 2016-2017 at the Organic Research Farm of the Campus of Agricultural and Natural Resources Razi University of Kermanshah. To this end, a split plot-factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The main plot was including of water regimes (1-control, 2-post-flowering water deficit stress) and the sub plots was including Flax cultivars (Hindi and Hungarian), exogenous application of salicylic acid (0, 100, 200 ppm) and ascorbic acid (0, 100, 200 ppm) and time of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid at two levels of vegetative growth stage (stem elongation) and reproductive stage (full flowering). According to the results, cultivar, exogenous application of hormones and moisture regime treatment had significant effect on all examined traits without morphological traits. In control condition (non-water deficit stress, grain yield and biomass yield of the Hungarian cultivar was significantly higher than Indian cultivar. Application of post anthesis water deficiency significantly reduced grain yield (%32), biomass yield (%28), number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per plant, 1000 seed weight, seed oil percentage, oil yield, protein yield, Growing Degree Days (GDD) requirement, and significantly increased grain protein (%22). The results also showed that the physiological and biochemical traits significantly were affected by moisture regime, cultivars, exogenous application of hormones and time of exogenous application of hormones. In this respect, water deficit stress significantly reduced leaf relative water content (RWC(, catalase activity and soluble proteins and significantly increased chlorophyll a and carotenoids concentration and superoxide dismutase activity. Exogenous application of hormones in water deficit stress, not only significantly increased grain yield and other studied traits and reduced the effects of water deficit, but also under control treatment, exogenous application of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid specially at 200 ppm had the best results. According to the results, it seems that use of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid in drought stress condition, reduced its effects on flax production. It can be concluded that, exogenous application of ascorbic acid and salicylic acid in plants significantly increased the plant's resistance to water deficit stress.  

  Hedge parsley (Torilis arvensis) is one of the important weeds of cereal and plants of the Apiaceae family, which produces two types of mericarps, spiny and hairy. In order to investigate the germination, phenology, and power (vigor) of weed competition, 3 experiments were carried out in the years 2016-2018. In the first experiment, the effects of environmental factors such as after-ripening, light and temperature, osmotic and salinity stress, acidity, seed burial depth, seed position and thermal shock on germination of Hedge parsley were investigated. The results of this part of the experiment showed that both seed types were dormant at harvesting, but the spiny type had a deeper dormancy level and required a more prolonged after-ripping period. So, after about eight weeks from harvesting, the germination percentage of spiny and hairy seeds is increased by 60% and 97%, respectively. Light did not affect seed germination. Germination was the highest at a temperature of 20°C (Germination percentage of spiny and hairy seeds was 58% and 96.9%, respectively.). T. arvensis was sensitive to osmotic stress induced by NaCl or PEG6000. The highest germination percentage was observed in pH 7. So that, he percentage of germination of spiny and hairy seeds reached 60% and 100%, respectively. No seedlings emerged when the seeds were buried at soil depth of 6 cm and deeper soil depths. The results of interaction of seed placement, temperature and seed shape showed that the temperature and seed shape had a significant effect on germination percentage. The depth of burial, the interaction between burial depth and thermal shock and the interaction between burial depth and seed shape had a significant effect on seed germination. The second experiment was to evaluate the phenology of this weed in the Kermanshah region. The results also showed that hedge parsley is a spring weed that its phonological stages completed in 141.6 days and to complete growth and development period need to 1847.38 degree day. In the third experiment, the effect of salinity and nitrogen on the competition between coriander and hedge parsley was investigated. Nitrogen and salinity affected on coriander growth characteristics. With the increasing salinity level, plant height, leaf number, fresh and dry weight of plant and leaf, yield and leaf area decreased. But nitrogen had a positive effect on morphological characteristics studied. The interaction between salinity and nitrogen showed that in all three levels of salinity with increasing nitrogen concentration increased coriander growth characteristics. Under salinity stress conditions, application of nitrogen 90 kg ha-1 could reduce the negative effects of salinity stress by increasing growth and finally improving the morphological characteristics of the plant.

  با افزايش جمعيت كره زمين و اثر مخرب انسان بر طبيعت، سيماي كره زمين حالت طبيعي خود را از دست داده است و در اين ميان اكوسيستم هاي جنگلي بر اثر عامل هاي مخرب در حال تغيير هستند. اهميت جنگل هاي زاگرس چه از نظر حفاظت خاك و توليد آب و چه از نظر نقشي كه در تامين معاش مردم ساكن در اين ناحيه رويشي دارند، بر هيچ كس پوشيده نيست. براساس آخرين برآوردها با يش از يك ميليون هكتار از اكوسيستم هاي جنگلي بلوط ناحي? زاگرس از كل مساحت 7 ميليون هكتاري جنگل هاي اين ناحيه دچار پديد? خشكيدگي و زوال شده اند.كانون   اين پديده به ترتيب رويشگاه هاي جنگلي استان هاي ايلام و فارس و پس از آن، استان هاي لرستان، چهارمحال و بختياري، كهگيلويه و بويراحمد، و كرمانشاه است. خشكيدگي درختي پديده مهم و   پيچيده اي است كه از حدود يك قرن پيش در بيشتر جنگل هاي بلوط دنيا اتفاق افتاده است و در سال هاي اخير نيز در جنگل هاي بلوط زاگرس به دنبال خشكسالي هاي متوالي به وقوع پيوسته است. هرچند عامل هاي متعددي در وقوع خشكيدگي هاي درختي دخيل هستند، اما منشأ اصلي آن خشكسالي ها و بروز تنش هاي خشكي شديد است كه باعث مي شود درختان نتوانند آب مورد نياز خود را به اندازه كافي به دست آورده و دچار ضعف فيزيولوژيك شوند. عوامل مختلفي در بروز اين خشكيدگي تاثير داشته اند، اما به نظر مي رسد عامل اصلي و اوليه، خشكسالي هاي اخير و سپس حمل? آفات و امراض به درختان ضعيف شده باشد. آگاهي از الگوي مكاني پراكنش درختان خشكيده بلوط ايراني (Quercus brantii Lindl) به عنوان گونه غالب چوبي در منطقه مورد مطالعه، مي تواند در ارايه راهكارهاي احتمالي براي پيشگيري و مبارزه با عامل هاي ايجاد خشكيدگي اين گونه مثمرثمر واقع شود و اطلاعاتي را در زمينه چگونگي ساختار افقي توده هاي جنگلي آلوده شده و نحوه پراكنش درختان آلوده در اختيار مديران اجرايي قرار دهد. به منظور بررسي توزيع مكاني خشكيدگي درختان بلوط يك منطقه با مساحت 32 هكتار در جنگل­هاي دهستان چله از توابع گيلانغرب انتخاب و مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. تعداد 115 قطعه نمونه(60 قطعه نمونه 250 * 25 متر، 60 قطعه نمونه 500 * 500 متر و 16 قطعه نمونه 1000 * 1000 متر) 25 * 25 متر با ابعاد شبكه 250 * 250، 500 * 500 و 1000 * 1000 متر به صورت منظم تصادفي برداشت شد و مشخصه هاي كمي تمام درختان (تعداد جست، قطر برابر سينه، ارتفاع تاج، ارتفاع درخت، قطر متوسط تاج و سطح تاج) اندازه گيري شد و در درختان داراي خشكيدگي ميزان خشكيدگي و محل خشكيدگي در تاج(طبقات عمودي: خشكيدگي پايين تاج، ميان تاج و بالاي تاج، طبقات افقي: خشكيدگي داخل و خارج تاج) ثبت و همچنين موقعيت درختان خشكيده به وسيله Gps مشخص گرديد. بررسي نتايج خلاصه آماري نشان داد كه قطر برابر سينه و سطح تاج در درختان داري خشكيدگي بيشتر از درختان سالم است به طوريكه ميزان قطر برابر سينه وسطح تاج در درختان داراي خشكيدگي برابر با   42/22 و 24/17 و مقدار آنها در درختان سالم برابر با 05/18 و 02/13 مي باشد كه مي توان گفت خشكيدگي، درختاني كه داراي وضعيت مناسبي هستند را تحت تاثير قرار داده است.