Nowadays nonlinear analysis methods are employed for the seismic evaluation and strengthening of various structural systems. Detailed investigation of the actual performance of buildings during earthquakes and the development of economically optimized designs clearly demonstrate the necessity of performing nonlinear analyses. In performance-based seismic design, structures are designed to achieve different expected performance levels corresponding to different seismic hazard levels. One of the most important steps in performance-based seismic design is the determination and calculation of the performance point. To evaluate the structural performance, nonlinear analyses can be utilized, which are generally >Accordingly, various approximate methods for determining the structural performance have been proposed in seismic codes and guidelines. Among these methods are the Displacement Coefficient Method, the Capacity Spectrum Method, and the Improved Capacity Spectrum Method (N2 method). The objective of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of these methods in estimating the performance point. For this purpose, several reinforced concrete building frames are modeled, and their performance points are calculated using the aforementioned methods. To assess the accuracy of the results obtained from these methods, nonlinear time history analyses are performed on the same frames. The results of the nonlinear time history analyses are considered as reference (exact) results and are used as a basis for evaluating the level of approximation and accuracy of the Displacement Coefficient Method, the Capacity Spectrum Method, and the Improved Capacity Spectrum (N2) Method.          Keywords: Performance Point, Nonlinear Static Analysis, Capacity Spectrum, N2 Method

   Beams made of steel and concrete are called composite beams. steel beams have advantages and limitations. Some limitations of iron can be overcome with concrete, And such a thing has been done in the composite beam. The composite beam uses concrete to provide strength, proper mass, corrosion, and fire resistance and uses steel to provide ductility and tensile strength. Therefore, the importance of this research is to know more about the effective parameters in the bending behavior of prefabricated composite beams. On the other hand, considering that, for economic and technical reasons, the use of composite elements such as composite beams in prefabricated structures is expanding day by day, the need to know the bending behavior of prefabricated concrete-steel composite beams is felt more and more. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to numerically investigate the bending behavior of prefabricated concrete-steel composite beams. For this purpose, after validating the numerical modeling, the effect of various parameters on the bending behavior of prefabricated concrete-steel composite beams has been investigated.

  Humans use lateral bracing systems in structures to deal with the lateral force that is applied to structures through earthquakes. In metal structures, braces are used to deal with this force, which behave in tension and compression. Brace systems are classified into different types, such as divergent and convergent brace frames and knee element braces. Convergent brace systems are more rigid than reduced section frames and bending frames, but less ductile. In order to increase the ductility of frames, the divergent brace system was invented by Mr. Popov in 1987. In this system, a member that was located as a connecting beam along the main beam element of the frame was responsible for energy dissipation. After the earthquake, if the beam element was continuous, the entire element would have to be replaced. However, if the connecting beam was guided and flanged to the main beam, it would be repairable and replaceable. In this case, the roof of the floor would have to be destroyed. After this, researchers searched for a system through research and laboratory studies. In 1986, a system called the Knee Brace Frame (KBF) was developed by Mr. Ochoa, which eliminated the shortcomings of previous systems. This system has reduced the cross-section and the bending frame has more stiffness and energy dissipation compared to divergent systems. In this study, the hysteresis curve of the knee brace frame (KBF) was first extracted through finite element software (ABACUS) and compared with the experimental model for verification. Then, by doubling the column length and considering it for the beam length, this rectangular sample was examined and analyzed in three models in ABACUS. In the KBF1 model, the beam length is 5.6 meters and the column height is 2.8 meters. The knee brace length is 0.55 meters. The diagonal brace X is passed through the beam and column X at the connection node, and the diagonal brace is perpendicular to the knee brace, but the knee brace length is not divided into two equal parts. In the KBF model, the beam length 5.6 meters and the column height is 2.85 meters, the length of the knee brace is 0.55 meters. And the diagonal brace is again perpendicular to the knee brace, but the X of the brace does not pass through the X of the beam and column at the connection node and divides the knee brace into two equal parts. Continuing in the KBF3 model, where the beam length is 5.6 meters and the column height is 2.85 meters, the length of the knee brace is 0.55 meters, the X of the diagonal brace passes through the X of the beam and column at the connection node and the diagonal brace is not perpendicular to the knee element, but the length of the knee brace is divided into two equal parts. Continuing in the form of a square model, which considers the height of the beam and column as 2.8 meters and the length of the knee brace as 0.22 meters, and the X of the diagonal brace passes through the X of the beam and column connection node and the diagonal brace is perpendicular to the knee element and divides the length of the knee element into two equal parts, but makes the length of the knee element much shorter, as much as twice the length. The knee element length in KBF1 mode is considered to be 22 cm, which means that the square model shows better stiffness, energy dissipation, and lateral load-bearing capacity than the other models. In this study, the behavior of steel materials and welds is controlled by failure criteria in different parts of the connection and the failure mechanism.

در اين تحقيق رفتار لرزه‌اي ساختمان بتني با تعداد طبقات مختلف با 3 سيستم باربر قاب خمشي بتني بدون ميراگر، قاب با مهاربند شورون و قاب با ميراگر   TADASمورد بررسي قرار گرفت. سازه‌هاي 5، 8، 12 و 15 طبقه مدل‌سازي و تحليل شد. مقادير برش پايه و جابه‌جايي نسبي در فاز خطي و جابه‌جايي نسبي در فاز غيرخطي بدست آمد. سپس ضريب بزرگنمايي ديناميكي محاسبه شد.   نتايج نشان داد كه براي سازه‌هاي با سيستم باربر قاب خمشي بدون ميراگر مقدار ضريب بزرگنمايي Cd   در سازه 5 طبقه برابر 9.157 در سازه 8 طبقه برابر 18.029 در سازه 12 طبقه برابر 26.522 و در سازه 15 طبقه برابر 48.606 بدست آمد. براي سازه‌هاي با سيستم باربر مهاربند شورون مقدار ضريب بزرگنمايي Cd   در سازه 5 طبقه برابر 9.35 در سازه 8 طبقه برابر 22.65 در سازه 12 طبقه برابر 21.34 و در سازه 15 طبقه برابر 57.582 بدست آمد.   براي سازه‌هاي با سيستم باربر   ميراگر مقدار ضريب بزرگنمايي Cd   در سازه 5 طبقه برابر 10.176 در سازه 8 طبقه برابر 21.96 در سازه 12 طبقه برابر 22.90 و در سازه 15 طبقه برابر 54.510 بدست آمد. براي سازه با ميراگر حداكثر ضريب بزرگنمايي ديناميكي در سازه 15 طبقه و برابر 54.510 بدست آمد. در مقايسه ضريب بزرگنمايي ديناميكي Cd براي سازه‌هاي با سيستم باربر مختلف و تعداد طبقات 15 طبقه نتايج نشان مي‌دهد كه براي قاب خمشي برابر 48.606 براي مهاربند برابر 57.582 و براي ميراگر برابر 54.510 بدست آمد.   در مقايسه ضريب بزرگنمايي ديناميكي Cd براي سازه‌هاي با سيستم باربر مختلف و تعداد طبقات 12 طبقه نتايج نشان مي‌دهد كه براي قاب خمشي برابر 26.522 براي مهاربند برابر 21.34 و براي ميراگر برابر 22.90 بدست آمد. در مقايسه ضريب بزرگنمايي ديناميكي Cd براي سازه‌هاي با سيستم باربر مختلف و تعداد طبقات 8 طبقه نتايج نشان مي‌دهد كه براي قاب خمشي برابر 18.029 براي مهاربند برابر 22.65و براي ميراگر برابر 21.96 بدست آمد.   به‌عنوان نتيجه گيري كلي مقدار ضريب بزرگنمايي ديناميكي Cd با توجه به نوع سيستم باربر و طبقات متغير است. براي سازه با ميراگر در تعداد طبقات 5 طبقه اين ضريب از قاب خمشي و مهاربند بيشتر بدست آمد. براي سازه‌هاي 8 طبقه ضريب بزرگنمايي ديناميكي در سيستم باربر مهاربند بيشترين مقدار بدست آمد. براي سازه‌هاي 12 طبقه ضريب Cd براي سازه با سيستم باربر قاب خمشي بيشترين مقدار بدست آمد. براي سازه 15 طبقه ضريب Cd براي سيستم باربر مهاربند بيشترين مقدار بدست آمد. كليد واژگان: ضريب بزرگنمايي ديناميكي، قاب‌هاي خمشي، مهاربند شورون، ميراگر TADAS   

   Abstract   The Beyglar Beygi Mansion is a historically significant structure from the Qajar era. It was constructed in 1276 AH (1859 AD) in the Feyzabad neighborhood of Kermanshah. Between 1311 and 1315 AH (1893-1897 AD), the mansion underwent expansions, during which the Takyeh was added to the original structure. In 1326 AH (1908 AD), intricate plasterwork and mirror decorations were incorporated. Today, the mansion serves as the Museum of Calligraphy and the Zagros Paleolithic Museum. Recent seismic events in Kermanshah province, especially the Sarpol-e-Zahab earthquake on November 21, 2017, have highlighted the need for a comprehensive seismic assessment of this historic monument. This study aims to evaluate the seismic response of the Beyglar Beygi Mansion and Takyeh under design-level earthquake conditions. A finite element model of the structure was developed using ABAQUS software, which incorporated validated material properties and geometric characteristics based on frequency analyses and historical documentation. The results indicate that the numerical model accurately represents the existing structural conditions. The findings reveal that the structure maintains stability under gravity loads, despite localized weaknesses in the masonry piers and brick components. Additionally, dynamic time-history analyses were conducted using acceleration time history records from the 2017 Sarpol-e-Zahab earthquake in Kermanshah. The modelled damage patterns were compared with observed structural damage to validate the analytical results. Seismic behavior was analyzed using one scaled ground motions that represented the design of the earthquake. The results highlight that the western and northern facades are particularly susceptible to seismic loads, with maximum displacements of up to 70 mm observed in these regions. Such vulnerabilities could lead to localized failure and progressive damage accumulation during future seismic events. Ultimately, this study identifies the critical weak points and seismic response characteristics of the Beyglar Beygi Mansion and Tekyeh, providing valuable insights for future conservation and retrofitting strategies. Keywords: Beyglar Beygi Mansion and Takyeh, Historical Structures, Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis, Seismic Vulnerability, Kermanshah.

  يكي از سيستم هاي

  Humans use lateral restraint systems in structures to deal with the lateral force that enters the structures through earthquakes, and braces are used in metal structures to deal with this force, which behave in a tensile and compressive manner. Braces are classified in different types, such as divergent and convergent bracing frames and knee element bracing systems. Convergent bracing systems have a reduced cross-section compared to frames and the bending frame is more rigid but less malleable, in order to increase malleability. Frames In 1987, the diverging brace system was invented by Mr. Popov. In this system, the member that was located as a connecting beam along the length of the main beam element of the frame was responsible for energy consumption. After the earthquake, if the beam element was continuous, the entire element should be replaced and replaced. If the connecting beam was guided and installed in the main beam with a flange connection, it could be repaired and replaced, otherwise the roof of the floor would have to be destroyed. In 1986, a system by Mr. Ochoa called the knee brace frame(KBF)which fixed the shortcomings of the previous systems. Compared to the divergent and segmental systems, this system has reduced stiffness and more energy consumption of the bending frame. In this study, first, through the finite element software (Abaqus), the hysteresis curve of the bending frame was calculated. With the knee brace, we extracted and compared it with a laboratory model for validation. In the following, we checked the same bending frame by removing the knee element, and then by increasing the length of the knee element and changing the knee connection from bending to joint, which in the first case, considering The bending frame means the connection of the beam to the welded support column and the support bracket (welded) and the increase in the length of the knee element, the stiffness and the energy consumption and the lateral load are increased. In the following, all these models are changed from the connection of the beam to the support column in the previous state to a joint (welded joint). We have changed and considered the bracing to be of the welded type, which reduces the hardness, energy consumption, and side load a little, which in the following is in a similar model, such as the verification sample of the connection of the beam to the hinged column (welded) and considering the brace to be of the hinged type (pin) Considering that the hardness and energy consumption have decreased, but the resistance limit has slightly decreased with s Shear and bending mode in the link beam is dealt with in EBF frames, and if there is an architectural need and creating an opening in the frames, KBMF frame can be used with the failure of the link beam shear mode because it has Translated from Persian to English - www.onlinedoctranslator.com better stiffness and energy consumption. In this study, the behavior of steel and welding materials has been controlled by failure criteria in different parts of the connection and rupture mechanism

   Abstract    Oramanat region, including Hajij village, is one of the tourist regions with mountainous nature, 25 kilometers northwest of Paveh city. Its typical construction is buildings with unreinforced materials, stone with or without mortar. Due to economic issues and the availability of stone, it has always been considered one of the primary materials. Considering that these areas are located in high seismic hazard regions, this study was proposed to evaluate the seismic vulnerability. This study states the history of seismic vulnerability assessment of buildings, and various qualitative and quantitative methods are introduced. First, the rapid qualitative assessment method was used for the seismic evaluation. The quality of forty-one unreinforced stone masonry buildings with wooden roofs was evaluated. Of these forty-one buildings, eight are one-story, and thirty-three are two-story. All buildings were investigated based on Iranian instruction No. 376 for seismic improvement of existing masonry buildings. Building number 16, with a vulnerability score of 62.37%, was determined to be highly vulnerable. This building was modeled and evaluated quantitatively. For a quantitative assessment, the building plan map was prepared and confirmed. It was modeled with the continuous model approach in the ABAQUS finite element software, the model includes cross walls, diaphragms and supports for validation. The model was used from frequency analysis with relatively good results, and the model was confirmed. According to the three records of the acceleration maps of Javanroud, Sarpol-e-Zahab, and Nosud, which were scaled to the standard earthquake, it was subjected to non-linear dynamic analysis, and the extracted results indicate that these buildings are highly vulnerable. The building on the second floor is more exposed to damage. The displacement in the roof is caused by the lack of rigidity and improper connection between the wall and the ceiling. The surrounding wall, the internal walls, and the building are deformed in the place of the openings, and the connection of the walls, sliding and diagonal cracks, and more tension contours are visible around the openings and bending failure at the base of the walls. In the end, it is suggested that the database for stone buildings be checked, and the seismic evaluation of stone buildings should be studied with a plan and irregular porcelain stone.    Keywords: Vulnerability, unreinforced masonry building, stone, Hajij village   

   Dental implants are subject to complex mechanical and biological conditions. On the one hand, it is under cyclic pressure and corrosive environment, and on the other hand, chemical reactions occur on the surface of the implant with the biological environment. Therefore, not only surface conditions and topography, but also strength, fatigue resistance and biocompatibility will be important in the implant placement process. Currently, some grades of titanium such as grade 2, 4 and 5, as well as some alloys such as Ti-6Al-4V alloy and Ti-Ni duplex alloy are used by different manufacturers to make dental implants. Considerable information on the properties of these materials can be found in scientific sources, however, it is difficult to compare these materials in order to select appropriate materials for biological applications. Because the different working conditions for using these materials, as well as the history of the operations performed on these materials, make it difficult to compare them. In this research, the surface properties, corrosion, and biocompatibility of some titanium alloys will be studied after acid washing and surface modification under the same conditions.   Keywords: implant - fatigue - titanium zirconium alloy.

connections experienced brittle failure. Therefore, in order to prevent the brittlefailure of connections and to protect the main structural members from damagedue to seismic forces, slotted steel dampers were used at the beam-to-columnjunction. The analyzes carried out in the finite element software showed that in thecase of using slotted dampers with a conventional slot shape, the stressconcentration is only created at the end points of the strips and the middle parts donot play a role in energy consumption. In order to solve this problem, in this study,semi-elliptical gaps were used in the slotted damper. Then, the influence of thewidth of the damper strips on the seismic performance of beam-to-columnconnections was investigated. The results of the analysis showed that the use ofthe proposed slotted damper improves the seismic performance of the connection.Also, by reducing the distance between the slits, the participation rate of the middleparts of the slitted damper strips in energy absorption increases. In the next step,the effect of the distribution of the height of the slits on the behavior of the slotteddamper in beam-to-column connections was investigated. The results ofexamination of the samples in the finite element software showed that thedistribution of the height of the slits in the slotted damper with the shape of a halfelliptical slit with a slope of 2 degrees in such a way that the lowest slit height isin the corner and the highest slit height is in the middle, has the highest energyabsorption and ultimate resistance.Key words: earthquake, slit damper, semi-elliptical slot, strip width, slit heightdistribution   

در بسياري از صنايع مهندسي ذرات جامدي كه همراه سيالات حمل مي¬شوند، توانايي آسيب سايش به خطوط لوله و خصوصاً اتصالات را دارند و آن¬ها را در معرض نشت و شكست قرار مي¬دهند. در واقع سايش يك مكانيسم مكانيكي است كه سبب جداشدن مواد از سطح به دليل برخورد مكرر ذرات جامد است و خسارت¬هاي مالي و جاني در پي دارد. به همين سبب باعث شده است كه اين موضوع اهميت پيدا كند و روش¬هايي در جهت كنترل سايش پيشنهاد شود. يك روش مناسب براي پيش¬بيني نرخ سايش حل ديناميك سيالات محاسباتي است كه در سال 1990 امكان استفاده از اين روش فراهم شد. پژوهش حاضر سعي در استفاده از رويكرد اويلر - لاگرانژ با نرم‌افزار انسيس فلوئنت دارد بدين منظور كه شبيه‌سازي جريان سيال (فاز پيوسته) در ديدگاه اويلري و شبيه‌سازي رديابي ذرات جامد (فاز گسسته) در ديدگاه لاگرانژي صورت مي¬گيرند. در ادامه فرايند استقلال از شبكه و ذرات براي جريان دوفازي گاز - جامد در هندسه زانويي 90 درجه استاندارد انجام مي¬شود. همچنين اعتبارسنجي داده¬هاي عددي حاضر مساله با داده¬هاي تجربي ديگر مقالات تحت شرايط يكسان، براي جريان تك¬فاز و دوفاز مقايسه مي¬گردند تا نتايج قابل‌قبولي لحاظ گردد. در همين راستا سبب شد مدل آشفتگي از نوع تنش رينولدز، كوپل يك¬طرفه، مدل سايش اوكا، مدل ضريب بازگشت ذرات گرانت و تاباكف و نيروهاي وارده بر ذرات شامل پسا، جرم مجازي، شناوري و گرانش در حل عددي اين پايان‌نامه انتخاب شوند. پارامترهاي زيادي در ميزان سايش دخيل هستند كه در اين پژوهش برخي پارامترها شامل سرعت جريان، اندازه قطر ذرات، نرخ ورودي ذرات و تأثير زبري سطح ديواره مورد بررسي عددي قرار داده شدند. در بين اتصالات، زانويي¬ها در معرض خطر جدي¬تري هستند. با پيشنهاد جايگزيني اتصالات ديگر كه هدف و ماهيتي شبيه به كارايي زانويي دارند، انتخاب مي¬شوند و سايش را نسبت به زانويي 90 درجه استاندارد كاهش مي¬دهند. اتصالات شامل دو نوع خم مايتر، سه نوع اتصال كور، زانويي كاهنده و دو نوع زانويي كروي شكل هستند. شرايط حل عددي براي تمام اتصالات جهت مقايسه نتايج با يكديگر به¬صورت مشابه تنظيم مي¬گردند. سپس نتايج عددي نهايي پايان‌نامه بيان مي¬كند كه در سرعت جريان و قطر ذرات يكسان براي بحراني‌ترين حالت، اتصالات ذكر شده مقاومت سايشي را 22/5% تا 39/6% نسبت به زانويي 90 درجه استاندارد افزايش مي¬دهند.

   Experimental study of the effect of using phase change materials in heat pipe condensers for cooling of electronic components

   One of the relatively accurate methods for determining the seismic response of structures is the use of inelastic dynamic time history analysis. Due to the time-consuming nature of this type of analysis, the large amount of calculations and the need for seismic engineering knowledge, the inelastic static analysis method (Pushover) has been the focus of civil engineers. In general, this analysis method can be >In this thesis, in order to examine the rules of regulations in the discussion of higher modes, three buildings with a special RC-Moment resisting frame system and with the number of floors from 15 to 21, which have an irregular plan, were selected and modeled for analysis and design in the environment of the ETABS program. Linear static and spectral dynamic analyzes were performed on the structures. Then, based on the criteria of Article 9 of the National Regulations of Iran and Iranian Standard 2800, they were designed for the area with high seismic risk and soil type 3. After the design, the structures were inelastically modeled in the SeismoStruct program environment, and inelastic dynamic analysis was performed under three pairs of record’s far from the fault and three pairs of record’s near the fault, which were scaled according to the 2800 standard criteria. Inelastic static analysis (Pushover) was also performed under three lateral load patterns of the first mode, triangular and spectral. The structural displacement responses were extracted and used to check the criteria. By examining and controlling the inter-story drift ratio of structures, it was observed that the first mode lateral load pattern, in estimating the maximum ratio of inter-story displacement of structures, has better accuracy than other lateral load patterns and is closer to the results of inelastic dynamic analysis, although there are differences. This model estimates the need to displacement structures in upper floors more than other models. In the lower floors of structures, the triangular lateral load pattern estimates the need for displacement more than other patterns. Regarding the distribution pattern of inter-story displacement ratio, it seems that the main problem and the biggest difference is in the lower floors of the structures. However, it is concluded that the criteria of standard 2800 are justified in the discussion of pushover analysis and the effect of higher modes, and it is better to use inelastic dynamic analysis if the effect of higher modes dominates the structure.

  ased on the studies and investigations carried out and with the aim of designing and producing an effective and practical structural damper in the consumption of earthquake energy and high ability to protect the structure against damage caused by earthquakes with the ability to install and replace easily and also cost-effectively. From an economic point of view, after examining many mechanisms and presenting various initial ideas, a damper with an energy consuming mechanism based on cyclic bending of cheap steel rods was designed and built. In such a way that these inexpensive rods, after bearing the cyclic load and deformation of the plastic, and after losing their ability to absorb energy due to the deformation of the plastic, can be easily replaced with a new rod. So, our damper will be serviceable again.

The bending frame is one of the favorite lateral load systems of structural designers due to high redundancy. This type of lateral bearing system shows good ductility and energy dissipation. In recent years, progressive damage in various structures has caused irreparable financial and human losses, and the increase in such damage in the structure has led structural engineers to know and deal with such damage. after the 1994 Northridge and 1995 Kobe earthquakes, several studies were conducted on the seismic performance of beam-to-column connections and two general approaches to improve the seismic performance of connections emerged. Strengthening the connection of the beam to the column and weakening the cross section of the beam. By weakening the cross section of the beam, a part of the cross section of the beam near the connection to the column is reduced, and the potential for the formation of a plastic hinge is placed in that place. Weakening the beam cross-section is more economical than strengthening the connection and prevents failures such as weld failure at the beam-to-column connection, which was seen abundantly in the Northridge earthquake. this study ; for improve the performance of steel bending frames with RBS connections after the sudden removal of the column in During progressive failure, A new model has been presented by using a curved steel piece under the title of quarter-circle element. Validation of the laboratory sample has been done in Abaqus 2022 software, and in order to see the effectiveness of the proposed model, we will do parametric studies on the influence of the outer radius, thickness and width of the quarter-circle element. The results of the studies indicate that the proposed model has a positive effect on the strength and ductility of the connection and does not prevent the formation of a plastic hinge in the place of the reduced section of the beam.   

  Abstract: In this project, firstly, a 2-port cut rectangular microstrip patch antenna (port A: frequency 1.756 and port B: 2.47 GHz) with a fractal structure engraved in the patch, for use in the RFEH system in the LTE band in order to improve the performance in harvesting the energy of electromagnetic waves. The original patch antenna (1) without fractal geometry is designed as the proposed antenna (1). The antenna is made on FR4 substrate with relative transmittance of 4.4, loss tangent of 0.02 and dimensions of 48 x 48 mm2. Also with new changes. In the structure and dimensions of the primary antenna (1) without fractals, with the aim of further reducing the size of the antenna, a new two-port right-angled triangular microstrip patch antenna with a resonant frequency of 2.4 GHz in each port is obtained as the primary antenna (2), which is obtained by applying changes In the right-angled triangular patch antenna, the gain efficiency of the antenna is improved compared to the previous state of the proposed antenna (2). In the first chapter: definitions, introduction, purpose, history and background of the research are introduced. In the second chapter: the structure, challenges and components of the RFEH system (antenna, impedance matching network and rectifier circuit) are presented, in the third chapter: first, the theory and technique of the proposed antenna design (1) and (2) are discussed. Then, the theory and technique of designing a horn transmitter antenna (RF transmitter) and a broadband rectifier including a voltage doubler rectifier circuit to reduce losses, the role of the Schottky diode HSMS2852 used in this part is very effective, also for a good match between The antenna and the rectifier circuit use an innovative matching network that is a combination of microstrip transmission lines and compact modules. The rectifier is made on the FR4 substrate with relative transmittance of 4.4, loss tangent of 0.02 and dimensions of 48 x 48 mm2. The use of fractal structure in the proposed antenna (1) makes effective use of space, reduces the size of the antenna, increases the effective length of the antenna and improves the reflection coefficient. And the change in the structure of the primary antenna patch (2) is from a rectangle to a right-angled triangle in order to reduce the size of the antenna. Also, the purpose of having 2 ports of antennas is to compress the volume of the antenna and increase the energy harvesting of electromagnetic waves. In the fourth chapter: at the beginning, a simple microstrip patch antenna without fractal structure is simulated as the primary antenna (1). And as a result, it led to the shift of resonance frequencies to the desired frequency in the LTE band and the improvement of the S11 coefficient and efficiency compared to the primary antenna (1). In the next step, the two-port microstrip patch antenna in the form of a simple right-angled triangle (initial antenna 2) is simulated with new dimensions for use at 2.4 GHz frequency (in both ports) and finally by applying special changes to the initial triangular patch antenna ( 2) We see the optimal gain efficiency and realization of the proposed antenna (2). By simulating the trumpet antenna (as a transmitter of RF signal to the receiving antennas) and the matching network and the desired rectifier circuit, and in the final stage, by connecting each of the antennas in the role to the matching network and the rectifier circuit, Rectna is formed. And then the simulated output voltage obtained from the proposed antenna (1) is compared with the original antenna (1) and the proposed antenna (2) with the right triangle antenna (primary antenna 2) and finally the result obtained is due to the better performance of the proposed antenna (1) and (2) in harvesting energy and subsequently producing more voltage compared to the primary antennas.

  synthesis of supported Monolith with Honeycomb method and Characterize Structural investigation

One of the systems Resistant to side loads, brace is Wind braces or braces are tensile and compressive members that are used for Coping with lateral forces is considered and in metal structures for force transmission. Earthquake is used for construction. Various types of belts Convergent - divergent - and the brace is divided by the knee element. In 1986, a new system called the knee brace frame (KBF) was introduced by Achua, which no longer solves the problem of beam replacement. It did not have the connection like the divergent frame. This system has higher hardness and better plasticity than the divergent frame and the bending frame. showed In this review, first, using the Abaqus curve software We extract the hysteresis from the frame with the knee brace and with the laboratory model We will compare for verification. In the following, the behavior of the KBF frame with different lengths of the knee member will be investigated, which is shown that the short knee member is submitted with shear mode and has more difficulty and the member The long knee is delivered in flexion mode and has less difficulty. short knee joint It consumes more energy than a long knee member, in general, in the knee members, a decrease in the length of the member causes Difficulty increases. Next, we place two other supports in the middle of the knee member, these supports They are not connected to the knee element and there is a small distance. In low to medium member drifts A knee does not hit the surrounding supports, but when the frame moves more, it causes the movement of the member. The knee increases and as a result hits the surrounding supports. Now instead Two supports, four supports cover the knee element, thus preventing that Deformation of the knee member exceeds a value and controls the displacements of the frame And the stiffness of the frame increases, which shows the positive effect of additional supports In the following, we show the increase in stiffness of the KBF frame with the hysteresis curve and compare it with the original sample. To This system is called KBF frame with variable stiffness Finally, to change the free distance of the support We will deal with the knee element and the change during the impact of the support  

AbstractSteel shear walls are considered as one of the lateral force-resisting systems in build-ings. Sometimes, openings are created inside these walls due to architectural needs and the passage of facilities, which causes the interruption of the power flow inside these walls, and has a negative effect on the structural behavior of these walls. There-fore, this study was carried out aimed to improve the behavior of these types of walls by using elements that will remain in the elastic range and bring their behavior closer to the behavior of the wall without opening. In this study, a laboratory sample of these walls, which has been done before, is first modeled using Abaqus FEA (formerly ABAQUS), and will be subjected to the same laboratory loading and with an increase in the elastic part. The elastic part of the wall's performance will be checked in differ-ent situations after ensuring the correctness of the modeling according to the corre-spondence between the software answer and the laboratory work by changing the ge-ometrical characteristics, and the best reinforcing technique will be selected from among the reviewed cases.Keywords: Steel wall with opening, Cyclic loading, Reinforcement  

Surfactants are used as emulsifiers in food, agriculture, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Surfactants are often produced by chemical methods and from crude oil derivatives, and their use is not desirable due to their toxicity on living cells. Among the advantages of production and application of biosurfactants is the possibility of their production from agricultural waste and food industry factories, stability in high temperature and pH, and low critical micelle concentration. Biosurfactants can be produced on an industrial scale by yeasts and bacteria, and among them, sophorolipids are widely used. Sophorolipids producing strains are mainly Candida family yeasts, which are able to convert linear hydrocarbon compounds or fatty acids with medium chain length into amphipathic sophorolipid compounds. In this research, a new species of Candida catenulata was used to produce sophorolipids from fatty acids in the residue of vegetable oil neutralization unit. To increase production efficiency by using this waste, 3 types of processes were carried out to remove heavy triglycerides, non-hydratable and hydratable gums and mineral salts from free fatty acids. The results showed that production of sophorolipids by using isolated fatty acids was even better than using refined oils and raw soapstock. In this study, sophorolipid production was carried out in three stages including production in a shaker flask and production in a bioreactor in batch and Fed-batch operations. In shaker flask studies, by using free fatty acids collecting from sunflower soapstock, the final titer of sophorolipid was 12.4 g L-1. Utilizing the aeration flow and continuesly mixing in the bioreactor compared to the shaker flask increased the production rate in the bioreactor. Since the high concentration of produced sophorolipids can act as an inhibitory effect on the growth and optimal production of the product, using fed-batch system in bioreactor can possiblly dilute the medium culture during production.   In batch operation in bioreactor, the final concentration of produced sophorolipids reached 14.6 g L-1 and when using fed-batch operation with all components of the culture medium, the final titer of sophorolipids increased to 17.5 g L-1 . Also, the effect of feed acidity and dilution rate in fed-batch operation were studied using response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that the feed acidity and dilution rate have significant effect on the volume productivity of sophorolipids, the yield of produced sophorolipids to consumed glucose, and the yield of produced sophorolipids to consumed free fatty acids. The highest volume productivity of sophorolipids was 0.266 gSLs L-1h-1, the yield of production of sophorolipids to total glucose consumption was 0.157 gSLs gglucose-1 and the yield of production of sophorolipids to total free fatty acids consumption was 0.211 gSLs gFFAs-1 at 4.9 acidity and 0.010 h-1 dilution rate in fed-batch operation.

در اين تحقيق از ديناميك سيالات محاسباتي براي شبيه سازي عملكرد يك يا چند كولر هوايي ( بسته به انتخاب اينكه اين مجموعه بايد بر روي اين خط سيال فرايندي نصب باشند) در شرايط موجود استفاده مي شود. نتايج شبيه سازي CFD جهت تاييد اعتبار با داده هاي تجربي موجود مقايسه خواهند شد. پس از تاييد قابليت شبيه سازي CFD ، اثر تغيير پارامترهاي هندسي ( اعم از تغيير گذرهاي لوله هاي سيال فرآيندي، تغيير آرايش هاي سري- موازي در جريان سيال فرآيندي، تغيير در فاصله كولر هاي هوايي نسبت به خط سيال فرايندي، تغيير در زاويه پره ها و ... ) و همچنين شرايط عملياتي بر روي عملكرد كولرهاي هوايي در خط فرايندي مورد نظر از ديدگاه شبيه سازي بررسي خواهد شد. لازم به ذكر است كه در صورتي قرار است قابليت اجرايي هر يك از تغييرات هندسي بررسي شود بايد جوانب مختلف اعم از افت فشار، توزيه مناسب در آرايش هاي موازي و ... مد نظر قرار گيرد. به طور كلي، هدف از بررسي پارامترهاي هندسي بهبود بخشيدن مكانيسم تاثيرگذاري آنها در عملكرد كولر است. بر اين اساس به به روش انتقال حرارت بين هوا و سيال دقت كرد مي توان چنين استنباط كرد كه به علت انتقال حرارت جابجايي اجباري بين هواي محيط و ديوار خارجي لوله هايي كه سيال در آن جريان دارد، دماي ديواره كاهش مي يابد. سپس با توجه به انتقال حرارت هدايتي در ديواره لوله هاي انتقال حرارتي بين ديواره داخلي و خارجي رخ مي دهد و در نهايت مجدداً به علت انتقال حرارت جابجايي بين ديواره داخلي لوله و سيال داخل لوله، سيال داخل لوله ها خنك مي شود. باتوجه به مكانيسم هاي انتقال حرارت موجود در فن هايي هوايي مي توان نتيجه گرفت كه ارائه راهكارهاي متفاوت در هر كدام با هدف افزايش انتقال حرارت مي تواند منجر به افزايش بازده اي كولر هاي هوايي گردد. از طرفي ديگر،   منظور از شرايط عملياتي بررسي دور فن هاي گردش هوا، شرايط دمايي و فشاري سيال ورودي به كولر جهت خنك سازي است. البته در تغيير هر كدام از اين پارامترها براي رسيدن به حالت بهينه جهت افزايش راندمان كولرهاي هوايي بايد شرايط عملياتي تجهيزات بالادست و پايين دست را نيز در نظر گرفت.   

  Convolutional neural network has been used in the cuckoo filter for the named data network. First, this cuckoo filter has been made two-dimensional, then a neural network has been used for training. The purpose of this training and learning method is to extract the features of the inserted data and use those features during the data search, which ultimately improves the search speed.

   In the industry, one of the methods of performing the mixing process is the use of equipment called static mixer. This equipment consists of a number of obstacles or fixed elements and causes a distribution mixing of the fluid along the radial and axial direction. In this study, according to the use of static mixer in the process of desalination of crude oil, the experimental set was designed and fabricated to investigate the mixing process of crude oil as the main fluid and process water as the secondary fluid. Experiments were conducted to investigate the mixing process in eight different crude oil and process water flow rates (crude oil from 6 to 20 L/min and process water flow rate from 0.6 to 2 L/min) in the Reynolds number range from 810 to 2697, in order to obtain the required results in the case of not using static mixer elements (empty pipe) and in the case of using three types of mixer elements, such as standard LPD, LPD with holes with D/10, LPD with holes with D/20. All three types of static mixers have 15 mixing elements with diameter of 49.8 mm and a length of 350 mm and a thickness of 2 mm. To examine the quality of mixing from the variance coefficient of five mixing samples at different areas of the static mixer output, and to examine the pressure drop, the pressure in 25 mm before the first element and 25 mm after the last element of each static mixer was used by the pressure sensor that It is connected to a digital display. The results obtained for all different modes of experiments, show that by increasing the amount of Reynolds of the flow, decreasing the variance coefficient (increasing the mixing quality)and increasing pressure drop. Among the tested static mixers, the perforated LPD type with holes with a D/10 has the lowest coefficient of variance (average 0.2%) and the lowest pressure drop (average 2510 Pa). Also, the simulation in the state of without using elements (empty pipe) and static mixer of standard LPD and perforated LPD with holes with a D/10, was done in geometrical and operational conditions such as experimental conditions, and mixing quality parameters and pressure drop were compared using the experimental results and the CFD simulation. Comparison and validation show acceptable agreement of simulation and experimental results. also, the results of the CFD model are presented using existing equations as a pressure drop factor and friction coefficient.    Keywords: mixing process, static mixer, coefficient of variance, pressure drop, CFD simulation, friction coefficient

abstract One of the problems of today's houses is the lack of quality of their spaces. By comparing today's housing with the houses that existed in the past of this country, this can be well seen. Variety in home spaces is one of the factors of this lost quality. Increasing the diversity of space in the home can make it a more dynamic and lively environment and play an effective role in bringing family members more together. In this regard, considering the importance of this issue as one of the important factors in increasing the quality of home spaces, this issue has been examined And to answer questions that, How is spatial diversity achieved in the design of houses in the middle urban texture of kermanshah? In the design of contemporary residential apartments, how can the desired spatial diversity be created?  Accordingly, concepts such as space, spatial diversity and home were introduced. According to the specific approach of this research, based on the nature of the case study with field observations, the effective factors in creating spatial diversity in the middle urban texture houses of Kermanshah have been analyzed and studied and diversification factors such as: shape of space, height of space, confinement, relationships between spaces, etc. were analyzed and design rules were extracted from these analyzes. Among the analyzes performed, the relationships between the spaces, more than other criteria, helped the project to achieve the goal of creating spatial diversity.  key words: Spatial diversity- apartment- house- middle texture  

   Abstract Like other steel systems, steel moment frame system is used for various reasons such as high manufacturing speed, high strength, ductility, etc. The significant advantage of this system is the architectural considerations that make it possible to open the openings. This system analysis and design process assumes that the connections have a complete rigid behavior, while this assumption may not be accurate, and the connections’ rigid behavior assumption will cause errors in the analysis and design results.    This paper examines the effect of semi-rigid connections on the behavior of steel moment frames to determine the structure behavior factor. Hence, we analyzed and designed rigid steel moment frames, with different openings and floors, following 2800 regulations and topic 10 of the National Building Regulations. Then, we conducted pushover analysis on the frames and plotted the capacity curve of the frames, once assuming the rigid connection and then considering the nonlinear behavior of the connection. We used two springs with zero length at the end of the beams with the anchor-connection curve to model the connection behavior. The results show that for frames, assuming a rigid connection, the calculated behavior factor is close to 5, which is the recommended value for this structural system in Regulation 2800. In semi-rigid structures, the values ??of the behavior factor are in the range of the behavior factor of the rigid structure.    Keywords: Rigid Connections, Semi-Rigid Connections, Steel Moment Frames, Nonlinear Static Analysis, Extensive and Concentrated plasticity

   One of the most common types of seismic isolators is steel reinforced elastomeric isolators (SREIs) which consist of alternating layers of elastomer and steel reinforcing plates. Unbonded fiber-reinforced elastomeric isolators (UFREI) are a relatively new type of elastomeric isolators. In this type of isolator to control lateral strain and provide vertical stiffness, FRP layers are used instead of steel plates. Additionally, to reduce the cost of isolators, the idea of removing the top and bottom connection plates and the unbonded use of isolators has been considered. In UFREIs, due to the rollover deformation and the reduction of the isolator horizontal stiffness, it is expected that the seismic isolation efficiency is increased as compared to the bonded isolators. In this research, the performance of UFREIs and conventional SREIs in improving the seismic behavior of liquid storage tanks were evaluated and compared. The isolated water tank was modeled using a mass and spring model of three degrees of freedom with convective mass, impulsive mass, and rigid mass. Time history analyses were performed on the fixed-base storage tank, as the benchmark structure, and the two base-isolated tanks with steel-reinforced and unbonded fiber-reinforced isolators. The results show that both types of isolators are effective in significantly decreasing the demand base shear in the tanks. However, seismic isolation increases the displacement demand in the convective mass. Regarding the comparison of the two types of isolators, it was observed that on average, UFREIs in slender and broad tanks are respectively 33.5% and 23.9% more efficient than the SREIs in reducing the maximum base shear forces. Also, there is no significant difference in the maximum displacement of the convective mass in the two isolation systems. The displacement and shear forces developed in the unbonded isolators were found to be less sensitive to the variations of the peak ground acceleration (PGA) as compared with the conventional bonded isolators.

  كف هاي طاق ضربي متشكل از طاق هاي قوسي شكل بنايي با دهانه حدود يك متر هستند كه بارهاي ثقلي را به تكيه گاه هاي خود (تيرچه هاي فولادي) منتقل مي نمايند. تعداد قابل توجهي از كف هاي طاق ضربي در ساختمان هاي موجود   بدليل ناكافي بودن ممان اينرسي تيرچه هاي خود تحت بارهاي   پياده روي داراي مشكل ارتعاشات قائم بيش از حد هستند. با اين حال، مشكل ارتعاش تنها محدود به اين نوع كف نبوده و در ساختمان هاي جديد نيز   كه تمايل به استفاده از دهانه هاي بزرگ تر، كاهش پارتيشن ها و تيغه ها در ساختمان، و كاربرد مصالح سبك رايج است، كم و بيش مشكل ارتعاشات آزار دهنده كف هاي سازه اي مطرح مي باشد. در ساختمان هاي اداري جديد با توجه به   پيشرفت فناوري،   بسياري از كمدهاي مدارك و قفسه هاي بايگاني با كامپيوتري روميزي جايگزين شده اند. بنابراين، علاوه بر بارهاي مرده كف (بدليل سبك سازي)، بارهاي بهره برداري نيز نسبت به گذشته كاهش قابل توجهي يافته اند و   ميرايي موثر كف كاهش يافته است. اين عوامل سبب ايجاد ارتعاشات سازه اي بيش از حد در كف هاي مذكور شده است كه در درجه اول موجب سلب آسايش ساكنين شده و در بعضي موارد سبب اختلال در عملكرد تجهيزات حساس نصب شده در سازه مي گردد. يكي از راه حل هاي موجود جهت كاهش   ارتعاشات   افزايش سختي و فركانس سازه كف   با افزايش تعداد ستون ها و يا تغيير مقاطع تيرها و . . مي باشدكه اين امر نيازمند صرف زمان و هزينه زيادي است. به علاوه در اغلب موارد محدوديت هاي   معماري عمدتا مانع اين راهكار ميشوند. راه حل ديگر در كاهش ارتعاشات افزايش ميرايي موثر كف با استفاده از انواع ميراگرهاي   الحاقي مي باشد. در اين پايان نامه براي كاهش ارتعاشات   دو كف سازه اي مختلف (الف: طاق ضربي و ب: عرشه فولادي با ورق هاي موج دار) تحت بارگذاري هاي مختلف پياده روي   از ميراگرهاي جرمي تنظيم شونده ويسكوالاستيك استفاده بعمل آمده است. مدل سازي ها با استفاده از نرم افزار آباكوس انجام شده است.   مدل اجزا محدود ميراگرهاي مورد نظر براساس نتايج آزمايشگاهي ارتعاش آزاد پيشين كاليبره شده است. سپس، جانمايي مناسب ميراگر، با هدف دستيابي به بيش ترين كاهش در ارتعاشات تير، با مدلسازي ارتعاشات تيري با فركانس طبيعي 52/4 هرتز و كاربرد ميراگر   در 8 حالت مختلف مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. در ادامه با مدلسازي يك كف طاق ضربي و نيز يك كف عرشه فولادي داراي ارتعاشات بيش از حد مجاز، تاثير   ميراگرهاي با نسبت جرمي 1% ، 2%،   و 3% در كاهش ارتعاشات مورد بررسي قرار گرفت.   ارتعاشات كف هاي مذكورتحت اثر 6 بارگذاري پياده روي و 3 بارگذاري دويدن با فركانس هاي تحريك 5/1،   2، و 3 هرتز   بررسي شده است. نتايج اين تحقيق نشان مي دهد در حالتي كه ميراگر در وسط دهانه و موازي با تير قرار مي گيرد بيش ترين كاهش در شتاب حداكثر ايجاد شده در كف به دست مي آيد. چنانچه به هر دليل   امكان نصب پايه ميرا گر ها در وسط دهانه تيرچه كف ميسر نباشد، ميراگرها را بايد در طرفين مركز تيرچه بگونه اي نصب كرد كه جرم انتهايي آنها متمايل بسمت داخل دهانه تيرچه قرار گيرد تا كاهش حداكثري ايجاد شود. بر اساس مطالعات اين پايان نامه   ميراگرهاي جرمي تنظيم شونده مورد بررسي   قادر به كاهش ارتعاشات هر دو كف سازه اي تا   حد مجاز تحت اثر   بار هاي پياده روي   بوده و براي بارگذاري ناشي از دويدن تا 80% ارتعاشات را كاهش   مي دهند.  

AbstractAbstract Flood routing is of greatimportance because of the possibility of predicting flood, especially in floodareas, and much research has been done so farSaint-Venant is a set ofone-dimensional equations of conjunction and motion size Which isused in numerical simulation of flood. These equations lack analyticalsolution, and to solve it different numerical models such as software mike11,hecras It is used. Considering theimportance of flood rotation in different sections of the river and itsapplication in designing of flood alert systems, as well as flood volume forecastin the downstream sections of the river, The aim of this study was to check theMIKE11 and backup vector machine (SVM) in flood rotation in the downstreamsections of the river. In the present study, a hydraulicroughness of the flood hydrograph between the two hydrometric stations ofHeilian and Tang-e-Sezabon was located in the range of the Seymareh River, Ilamprovince. For this purpose, 365 sections were considered. Each of these twomodels was calibrated by a hydrograph of flood calibration and the accuracy ofthe work was verified by two flood hydrographs. . Then flood hydrograph with different return periods wasgiven to these two applications, and the flood rotation was performed atdifferent sections and with different return periods. The results showed thatboth models were able to predict the output hydrographs. Therefore, because the SVM model needs less information, it can be usedto streamline the flood of this model instead of models like Mike11, whichrequires a lot of information   Keywords: hydraulic routing, flood hydrograph, MIKE11numerical model, backup vector machine(svm)  

  an adequate estimation of Manning roughness has a significant effect on hydraulic routing. So far several relationships have been proposed for calculating manning roughness coefficients in composite sections, each of which can have a different effect on the computational flood area. One can conclude that research has been carried out so far which can be very tiny differences in the determination of manning roughness values Estimated area of flood lands changed tens of thousands of square meters and thus have a significant impact on the estimated losses. this also affects river planning and management. there fore, such plans and actions directly related to the management and management of rivers require careful consideration in the choice of manning roughness determination method. the purpose of this study is to determine the irrigation channel roughness coefficient. for this purpose, for a more detailed study 420 meters from the channel of 3 km three mills Songor was selected and 15 cross sections were harvested. the velocity of the water flow was measured accurately using the molten device at the inlet and outlet sections and the level of water level in all sections before and after the dredging. In this research, a computer model was developed consisting of two sub-optimization programs using genetic and hydraulic algorithms based on standard step-by-step method for calculating flow profiles. the input of the computer model includes the geometric characteristics of the studied range, the amount of input flow and the profile of the water level measurement over the interval. after determining the number of chromosomes and the manning roughness limit, ultimately, the roughness coefficients for each section are optimized by comparing the computational water surface profile and the measurement. in order to validate the model, the genetic algorithm model is evaluated using solving linear and nonlinear optimization problems that have analytical solutions and it is shown that the results obtained from the model with the analytic solution results are completely equal. In order to verify the hydrodynamic model, its results were compared in some specific cases with the results of the HEC-RAS model. the results of the validation of the hydrodynamic model showed that there is a correlation coefficient of 0.99 between the water surface digits calculated by the present model and the HEC-RAS software. also, in this research, the manning optimum roughness coefficients were calculated in two steps before and after the dredging. the results showed that manning roughness optimized after dredging was 50% less than before dredging.  Keywords: Roughness coefficient, Three mill channel, numerical simulation, continuous flow, genetic algorithm

  Honey is a natural and sweet substance, which honeybees collect mainly from nectar flowers and process and storage in hives. Adulteration, especially industrial, is made by adding natural syrup or yeast directly to acids. Artificial honey is also made by mixing one or more types of sugar with acid. In this research, the accomplishment construction of a fluid-optimized imaging kit at the Agricultural faculty, Razi University, Kermanshah and fennel honey was also bought from bee keepers in Cangavar. After confirming the origin of honey, 39 samples of adulteration honey using sucrose syrup, fructose syrup and 0.9% fructose syrup with   mixed glucose percentage i   the honey   at 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100% .   then a natural honey sample, and an artificial honey sample were investigated and compared. In this study, three photographic methods including processing water-soluble honey images (DiW), honey imaging in a special box (black) using petri dish (PD) and microscopic imaging (M), and another adulteration detection method based on physicochemical properties (pH, TDS, EC and MC) and a combination of superior parameters of all mentioned methods was performed. The microscopic and TDS method was distinct from honey type. The (standard ?3). In combination method (C), by using the input parameters of the best model in all previous methods and performing sensitivity analysis, two parameters of (DiW) dissolution method and one parameter of microscopic imaging method (M) were selected and modeled using AFNIS, ANN, and RSM classification systems for hybridization and using the desirability function. The determination coefficient of RSM model was considered 0.9992. Among the best models in all five methods of this research, the RSM model was introduced in the combined method (C) with the least amount of statistical errors compared to other models with the most effective 0.9940 desirability function

باتوجه به كمبود آب در كشور افزايش عملكر هيدروليكي وبالابردن راندمان توزيع آب در شبكه هاي آبياري ضرروي مي باشد . يكي از راه كارهاي بالابردن راندمان بهره وري آب در كشاورزي افزايش دقت در اندازه گيري دبي و كنترل سطح آب مي باشد . به منظور كنترل سطح آب از دريچه هاي كشويي و قطاعي استفاده مي شود . تخمين ضريب دبي و به تبع آن دبي عبوري از اين دريچه ها ضرروريست . از اين رو دز اين پژوهش به بررسي تاثير آستانه بر ضريب دبي دريچه هاي كشويي و قطاعي در شرايط جريان آزاد با استفاده از نرم افزار فلوتردي پرداخته شده است . 

     The reservoirs are operated and designed in several aims such as, water demand supply, hydropower energy generation and flood control reduction. Optimization of reservoir operation is one of the most important issues in water basin. In this study, optimization of reservoir operation to obtain the maximum agriculture water supply and hydropower energy production are considered. As the rainfall is the stochastic phenomenon and has the positive effect on reservoir inflow, hydropower optimization is applied by using chance constrained linear programming (CCLP). Maroon Reservoir is located on east western of Khozestan province and the aims of this reservoir are agriculture water supply of Jayazan, Behbahan,Shadegan and Khalafabad, flood controlling and hydropower generation about 150 Megawatt(MW). Monthly inflow of 52 years (1953-2004) is used to modeling of experimental Weibul probability distribution for each month. Annual energy production of Maroon reservoir is obtained by Lingo 16.0 software for a known agriculture water supply (P) and installed capacity 150 MW. Then, the best probability distribution of reservoir inflow is obtained by Easyfit software 6.0 for each month. The results showed that the maximum P are calculated 86% and 88% and also the annual hydropower energy are 114.86 and 111.55 Giga watt-hour(GWh) using experimental Weibul probability distribution and the best probability distribution of reservoir inflow, respectively. Thus, obtaining the best Inflow probability distribution does have insignificant effect on optimization results since in this study it’s less than 2% on agriculture water supply and hydropower generation. So, considering only the experimental Weibul probability distribution of reservoir inflow is sufficient in CCLP approach.

Diversion dams in order to raise the water level of river and conveys of water into the main canal irrigation network is designed. This is a kind of gravity dams and stability supplying by the weight structural. In the event that the dimensions of various parts in the design high considered, stability will be supplying, but due to the increase volume of materials, construction costs, will be more. Design engineer must choose sections of dam that had least amount of materials and meantime be sustainable. Optimize section of diversion dams can be calculated with classic and genetic algorithm methods. The purpose of this study evaluation the efficiency of genetic algorithm to find optimized section of diversion dam in addition to regard laws and regulations designed the least volumes of materials. Decision variables that used in this study include wall height upstream and downstream of dam, slope in the upper body, thickness of stilling basin, thickness of concrete blanket upstream and length of concrete blanket. The objective function is to minimize amount of materials is used. Design constraints used include abide the stability of dam safety factors against Piping, Sliding, overturning and failure. In this research, section of Gamasiab Diversion Dam by using genetic algorithm optimized and the effect of GA operators in objective function were investigated. Results indicated that a significant reduction in the weights with using of optimized parameters. Suitable values for the number of generation, population size, probability crossover and mutation to optimize Diversion Dam were 50, 30, 0.55 and 0.01, respectively. Also effect of elitism on the achieving optimaize answer was studied.