Financial development refers to a situation in which the provision of financial services by financial institutions expands and all members of society benefit from a wide range of services (Malekshahi, 2013). Financial development consists of two indicators: liquidity available in the capital market and liquidity available in the banking system (Ahmadian, 2010). Due to the higher capacity and influence of banks in the country, bank-based financial development has been more prevalent since the 1979 Revolution. Development is divided into two parts: economic development and financial development. In the financial development dimension, banks play a key role in mobilizing diverse resources, ensuring their appropriate, accurate, efficient, and tra  arent circulation in transactions, and providing financing (Yujue Wang, 2024). Smart banking, as one of the vital infrastructures of the banking industry, plays a crucial role in the distribution of banking services (Karimkhani, 2023). One of the important areas in making society smarter to exploit the capabilities of smart banking systems is that the structural system of banks defines and deploys smart tools, and the target audience uses these tools. Therefore, the share of financial transactions conducted through these financial tools out of total transactions can be considered a percentage of smart financial development tools. In this study, which aims to examine the effect of smart financial depth on inflation and unemployment indicators across the provinces of the country, the smart financial depth index is defined and calculated by multiplying two indices: financial depth and the smart depth coefficient. The smart depth coefficient is calculated and extracted based on the ratio of mobile banking transactions to total transactions, using the reported statistical data and information of the country’s banking sector. Inflation and economic growth indicators are extracted from the monthly reports of the Statistical Center of Iran as well as regional accounts data, and after ensuring their temporal consistency, they are utilized in the analysis. In this research, control and instrumental variables related to economic and social conditions are also included in the model to prevent bias in the results. Finally, by applying diagnostic tests such as the Sargan test and autocorrelation tests, the validity of the instruments and the correctness of the model are evaluated to ensure that the research findings are sufficiently reliable and can serve as an appropriate basis for policy decision-making. Ultimately, the results indicate that there is a significant relationship between smart financial depth and unemployment and inflation rates across the provinces of the country.  

   Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), particularly cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, are among the most significant public health challenges in Iran. In addition to their negative impact on quality of life, they impose a substantial economic burden on patients, families, and the healthcare system. In Iran, especially in Kermanshah Province, the high prevalence of these diseases and the direct and indirect costs associated with them highlight the need to identify innovative, preventive approaches. This study aims to identify knowledge-based factors and strategies effective in preventing cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, with a focus on improving public health and reducing related economic costs. The research is applied and qualitative in nature, employing the Delphi method and a researcher-made questionnaire to collect the opinions of specialist physicians in the fields of cardiology and diabetes in Kermanshah Province. The data were collected through purposive sampling and analyzed using    software and appropriate statistical methods.

Political attention in developing countries means the ability and power to make decisions in the allocation of scarce resources of the country in regions where the country's economic managers and decision-makers are from that region or are influenced by parliamentarians, influential or pressure groups, or processes that redirect scarce resources that can be allocated in favor of some regions with more attention. This process will be formed in a hidden and hidden way in the numbers of economic indicators. But some constructed economic indicators can demonstrate part of this power and ability to apply more attention. In this study, the effect of the political attention coefficient through budget allocation, financial facilities, employment policies, and taxes on inflation and economic growth of provinces in 31 provinces of Iran during the period 1385-1402 was examined. Using the FMOLS model, the results showed that PFI, PBI, EPR enhance growth but increase inflation, while Total Tax reduces growth and inflation.   

In the contemporary world, food security, as one of the main pillars of sustainable development and social welfare, plays a central role in the economic and social policies of countries. This concept, which, according to the definition of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), emphasizes universal access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food for an active and healthy life, is affected by several factors, including exchange rate fluctuations. Exchange rate, as a macroeconomic variable, can affect food access, supply stability, and nutritional quality through its impact on import costs, domestic inflation, and household purchasing power. In developing economies such as Iran, which have a significant dependence on food imports and agricultural inputs, exchange rate fluctuations have become a major challenge for maintaining food security. However, a comprehensive study of the impact of these fluctuations on various dimensions of food security has received less attention. This study aimed to analyze the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on food security in Iran during the period 2010-2013. Using the fully modified least squares (FMOLS) econometric method and time series data, this study seeks to identify the channels of exchange rate impact on the Food Security Index (FSI) and to provide policy solutions to reduce its negative effects. By providing a comprehensive framework, this study fills the gap in the research literature and offers a new perspective for policymaking in the field of food security.   

   Today, one of the challenging issues worldwide is the impact of air pollution, particulate matter, and socio-economic status on public health. The aim of this study is to analyze the factors affecting public health in selected Asian countries from 1980 to 2022 using spatial econometrics. This study seeks to improve the quality of life and reduce the burden of diseases. Mortality is an indicator of public health. The variables affecting public health are: air pollution, unemployment, trade, energy poverty, education expenditure, and population density. The results of the cointegration test, considering cross-sectional dependence, show that there is a long-run relationship between the variables in the model. The results of the Moran spatial correlation test indicate the existence of spatial correlation between countries. In all spatial models, the spatial autocorrelation coefficient is significant and positive, indicating strong spatial spillover effects on public health. Pollution, energy poverty, and unemployment significantly reduce public health, while trade, education spending, and population density significantly improve public health. According to the space camera model, air pollution, unemployment, trade, energy poverty, population density, and education spending have spatial spillover effects on public health. Therefore, it is recommended that efforts to reduce air pollution, reduce unemployment, increase trade, education spending, and improve access to electricity be made a top priority for different countries, in order to protect the health and well-being of their own populations and those of neighboring countries.   

Monetary and banking crises are one of the economic problems that have affected many countries, including Iran, today. Banking crises cause many economic problems, and most economists are looking for a solution to contain the crises. Several factors affect banking crises, including: individual bank fragility factors and systemic crisis, international shock factors in banking crises, bank ownership and structure factors, political factors, financial structure and financial development, banking regulations, and macroeconomic and microeconomic variables are among the main reasons for the banking crisis in Iran. And examining the conditions governing Iranian banks and countries that have experienced banking or currency crises have higher inflation rates in the long term. In addition, banking crises coincide with a large increase in the government budget deficit or even with the government debt crisis.Given the importance of the monetary and banking crisis on Iran's economic growth, an accurate and scientific estimate of the effects of these variables on the growth rate of the Iranian economy is of particular importance. And in this thesis, the method of self-explanatory nonlinear approach with wide lags, using data from 1370-1400, has been used in estimating the models. The results obtained from the model estimation indicate that: In the Iranian economy, the relationship between the logarithm of commercial bank debt to the central bank, the logarithm of government debt to the central bank, the logarithm of inflation rate, the logarithm of exchange rate, the logarithm of liquidity volume and the logarithm of interest rate with the logarithm of economic growth is nonlinear (asymmetric). Monetary crises are usually related to imbalances in money supply and demand, increased inflation rates and currency instability.Monetary and banking crises can lead to reduced investment, increased unemployment, and a decrease in gross domestic product (GDP), which in this case affects economic growth. Also, in some cases, crises can lead to structural reforms and improved economic efficiency. Therefore, it can be said that the relationship between monetary and banking crises and economic growth is nonlinear.

In the contemporary world, smart economy has become a key factor in the economic transformation of countries by expanding its effects on various economic sectors, including the development of research and development, technology-based employment, innovation, and entrepreneurship. This process, relying on needs such as reducing production costs, accurate and fast documentation, efficient financial transactions, and reducing human error, not only increases productivity, but also transforms government systems, banking, and competitive markets. However, the effects of smart economy on macroeconomic indicators such as inflation and growth, especially in emerging economies, have been less comprehensively studied. This study aimed to analyze the effect of smart economy on inflation and economic growth in the BRICS countries (including new members including Iran) during the period 2005-2023. The results showed that smart economy, while strengthening economic growth through increased productivity, can increase inflation in the short term due to initial infrastructure costs. By providing a dual framework and utilizing up-to-date data, this study fills the gap in the research literature and offers a new perspective in this field.

   On the one hand, the world is developing and the role of information and communication technology (ICT) and e-commerce is increasing day by day, and on the other hand, the environmental issue is an important issue at the global level. The aim of this study is to investigate the direct and indirect effects of information and communication technology on carbon dioxide emissions of large Asian emitters. This study uses panel econometrics to examine the relationship between information and communication technology and environmental quality in selected Asian countries over the period 1990-2022. The selected Asian countries are: China, India, Japan, Iran, Indonesia, South Korea, Saudi Arabia, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Kazakhstan, United Arab Emirates, Pakistan, Iraq, Philippines, Uzbekistan, Bangladesh, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, which respectively have the largest share in CO2 emissions in the world. In this study, the ICT indicators are: fixed telephone, mobile, Internet. The results of the cross-sectional dependence test indicate the existence of cross-sectional dependence between countries. In accordance with result of the result of unit root test, the cointegration test is used to examine the existence of a long-run relationship between the research variables. The results of this test indicate the existence of a long-run relationship between the model variables. Given the existence of   heterogeneity and autocorrelation, the FGLS estimator is used to estimate the model. According to the results obtained, renewable energy significantly reduces carbon dioxide and helps improve environmental quality. The N-shaped environmental Kuznets curve is confirmed in these countries. The results show that the direct effects of ICT indicators on carbon dioxide emissions are negative and significant, and the indirect effects from the trade channel are positive and significant. The net effect is negative and significant up to the threshold level of trade. At the threshold level, the net effect is zero and becomes positive after that. It is suggested to policymakers to consider information and communication technology and its benefits in formulating measures for sustainable development programs. It is also recommended that as economies move towards globalization and increased trade, the use of renewable energy instead of fossil energy is recommended.

  One of the variables of interest to economic decision-makers is achieving high economic growth. Various factors influence economic growth. One of these factors is the amount of credit provided by commercial banks for the purchase of equipment and working capital to businesses and consumers. Quantifying the impact of bank loans on economic growth is of particular importance. The growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in any economic system depends on the level of investment, with banks playing a major role in providing the necessary financial resources for investment. The efficient and optimal use of bank loans and credit can lead to increased investment, economic boom, job creation, and consequently, economic growth. In addition, budgetary credits, as fiscal policy, play a significant role in economic growth. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of bank loans on economic growth in 28 out of 31 Iranian provinces using panel data and the Generalized Least Squares (GLS) method with annual data from 2006 to 2020. The results of the hypothesis testing show that bank loans have a positive and significant relationship with economic growth in the country's provinces. Furthermore, the growth rate of capital, technology, and labor force also have a positive and significant relationship with economic growth in the provinces

Economic development is the aspiration of all nations, and a necessary (but not sufficient) condition for its realization is stable economic growth. Investment is also necessary for the realization of economic growth. Today, almost all development experts believe that the quality of governance plays a fundamental role in attracting capital, and on the other hand, the exchange rate is also one of the key variables affecting investment. Therefore, the present study seeks to examine the effect of the quality of governance and the exchange rate on investment in Iran during the period 1357 to 1401, considering the maximum available data and using the autoregression with extended lags (ARDL) method. The results of the study show that the quality of governance and the logarithm of GDP have a positive and significant effect on the logarithm of investment in the short and long term. However, the logarithm of the exchange rate and the nominal interest rate have a negative and significant effect on the logarithm of investment in the short and long term. Therefore, given the adverse effects of exchange rate fluctuations and uncertainty and good governance, in order to attract investment, it is necessary to avoid policies that exacerbate exchange rate fluctuations and to strive to improve governance.  

  Energy poverty refers to social and economic problems that are different from poverty in its traditional sense and originates from the need of households to allocate an inappropriate share of their income for energy services. In Iran's economy, the inefficiency of the houses without households becomes energy services, the use of dangerous fuels, the consumption of consumable fuels to provide the energy needed at home, for cooking and heating. In such cases, governments should present themselves to solve the problems of energy poverty along with other perspectives. However, little attention seems to have been paid to reveal the effects of government spending on energy poverty in developing countries, especially in Iran's economy, which is often criticized for inefficiency in public spending. In this regard, this study investigates the asymmetric effects of government spending on energy poverty in Iran using the NARDL approach during the period of 1380-1400. The results of the hypothesis test showed that public expenses, as an indicator of government performance, have a non-linear relationship with energy poverty. Also, the variables of economic growth rate, income distribution and good governance also have a non-linear relationship with energy poverty.

   Employment, as one of the most important determining factors in the economy, plays a key role in creating economic and political stability, for this reason, paying attention to labor force employment in all countries is of particular importance.   In Iran, considering that unemployment is one of the biggest economic challenges, the employment of the workforce has become one of the main concerns of policymakers and economists in this regard, among the sectors that can play a significant role in creating employment and economic prosperity.   is a cooperative sector.   Therefore, the current study was formed with the aim of investigating the effects of the development of the cooperative sector on employment in Iran.   For this purpose, the autoregressive econometric method with asymmetric extended breaks (NARDL) has been used in the period of 1380 to 1400.   The results of the first model indicate that in the short term, the variable decreasing effect of the ratio of construction expenditures to government expenditures has the greatest positive effect on employment in the cooperative sector, and the variable increasing effect of the ratio of construction expenditures to government expenditures has the greatest negative effect on employment in the cooperative sector.   In the long term, the variable decreasing effect of the ratio of construction expenditures to government expenditures has the most positive effect on employment in the cooperative sector, and the variable decreasing effect of the ratio of the added value of the cooperative sector to the entire economy has the largest negative effect on employment in the cooperative sector.   The results of the second model indicate that in the short term, the variable decreasing effect of the ratio of construction expenditures to government expenditures has the most positive effect on the per capita employment of active cooperatives, and the decreasing effect of the variable private investment has the largest negative effect on the per capita employment of active cooperatives in the long term.   Also, the variable increasing effect of the ratio of added value of the cooperative sector to the entire economy has the greatest positive effect on the per capita employment of active cooperatives, and the variable decreasing effect of the ratio of construction expenditures to government expenditures has the greatest negative effect on the per capita employment of active cooperatives.

  The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the obstacles to the development of Internet businesses in Khanaqin, Iraq, in the field of sports. The research is practical in terms of purpose and has used the qualitative research method. The study population of the research includes experts and experts in the field of internet businesses, professors of the physical education department of Gramian Khanaqin University in Iraq, which was conducted using the snowball sampling method in the qualitative part of 15 in-depth semi-structured interviews. . The validity and reliability of the research tool was confirmed by selecting the appropriate sample and reviewing the participants. In the qualitative section, the codes were checked and extracted using the content analysis method. The findings indicate the extraction of 7 main categories and 16 subcategories. Identified barriers include; Technological barriers, legal-security barriers, barriers related to customers, managerial barriers, economic barriers, social cultural barriers and marketing barriers. In the following, for each of the barriers, solutions and suggestions were provided for managers to provide excellent customer support through various channels such as online chat, email, or phone to address customer questions and solve problems quickly.

   Abstract Extensive studies have investigated the role of institutional factors in the expansion of financial space and have shown that institutional factors play an essential role in increasing the government's income. Among the institutional variables, corruption has been one of the main indicators studied. Among the most important variables affected by corruption is taxes. Tax reforms are necessary to expand the tax base, increase the efficiency of government revenue and support development goals, which in turn strengthens the financial environment. But corruption can prevent these beneficial effects in the financial space. Corruption can prevent tax reforms or delay their implementation. Or by weakening the quality of public spending, eroding citizens' trust in the government and also eliminating any progress in policies that support tax compliance, it reduces fiscal space. The current research examines the effects of tax reforms and corruption control index on the business environment in MENA countries. Considering the non-linear effects using the panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) method, an attempt has been made to investigate the role of the corruption control index in modeling the impact of tax reforms on the business climate. In this research, the panel mild transition regression (PSTR) method has been used to investigate the effect of tax reforms by considering the fluctuations of the corruption control index. Time data related to the time period from 2000 to 2018 in MENA region countries were used and statistical analysis was done. The results of the research show that tax reforms have a positive and significant effect on the business environment. Also, the corruption control index plays a negative and significant role in determining the health of the business environment. Based on this, it seems that reducing tax corruption can help improve business conditions. By providing important and useful results, the current research will help the decision makers and policy makers of the region to formulate and implement more appropriate tax policies and also pay special attention to reducing corruption in this area.

One of the issues that has received the attention of researchers today and is based on the study of the impact of human activities on the environment and the earth, is the ecological footprint. The purpose of this study is to investigate the long-term relationship between ecological footprint per capita and variables of economic complexity, GDP per capita, energy consumption (renewable and fossil fuel) and financial development, in the period of 1995-2021 using panel data in the countries of China, Japan, India, South Korea and Iran are based on threshold panel and non-threshold panel method. The results of the cointegration test indicate the existence of a long-term relationship between the model variables. The results show that the environmental hypothesis of Kuznets (inverted U growth-ecological footprint relationship) is confirmed in this group of countries. Fossil energy consumption and renewable energy consumption significantly increases and decreases the ecological footprint, respectively. Financial development in the threshold panel model significantly reduces the ecological footprint, while this effect is not significant in the non-threshold panel model. According to the threshold estimates, the threshold value of the economic complexity index is estimated to be 1.12. With the increase of economic complexity, in amounts less than 1.12, the ecological footprint increases with a rate of 0.034. This is while in values greater than 1.12 with the increase in economic complexity, the ecological footprint increases with a rate of 0.0765 (more than 0.034). According to non-threshold estimates, at very low levels of knowledge and economic complexity, ecological footprints decrease as economies become more complex, but then, as economic complexity increases, ecological footprints increase at an increasing rate. In order to achieve sustainable development along with increasing the level of knowledge and economic complexity, it is suggested to the studied countries to use production processes and environmentally friendly technologies, replace renewable energy instead of fossil energy and grow the financial sector. Keywords: economic complexity, ecological footprint, threshold panel model and Kuznets ecological hypothesi  

  On the one hand, one of the most important components of the country's upstream documents is productivity, and on the other hand, Iran's vulnerable economic structure to external shocks has increased the need to pay attention to the endogenous production structure that has the greatest effect on economic growth. Therefore, the main goal of the current research is to investigate the relationship between productivity and industry structure using statistical evidence of Iranian provinces for the period of 2010-2019 using the generalized moments approach. The results of estimating the industry structure using the index of the location coefficient show that Tehran province has industrial diversity and Bushehr province has the least industrial diversity, the causality results show that there is a kind of two-way causality between productivity and industrial structure, and based on the generalized moments approach, The productivity of the labor force has had a negative effect on the industrial consolidation, and in such a way that the productivity cannot be spread among the industrial sectors for whatever reason it has been created, also the industrial consolidation has had a negative effect on the productivity of the labor force, which indicates the absence of an endogenous structure. has it. Finally, human capital has caused the reduction of labor productivity and industrial consolidation, and financial development has not been able to create the endogenous structure of the industry. Therefore, focusing on creating an industry structure that is based on regional advantages is the most important proposed policy for this research. Keywords: industrial consolidation, labor productivity, generalized moments

  The world registration of Oramanat region as the 26th world heritage of Iran in the UNESCO organization has doubled the importance of this region from the west of the country. Considering the many capacities of Oramanat region to attract tourists and the proper use of the world registration points to make this area known as a tourism pole at the international level, the aim of the present research is to find effective factors in branding the tourist destination of Oramanat in the form of a model. is. The review and study of related texts and research indicates that several factors are involved in the branding of a tourist destination and it ultimately brings significant benefits for tourist destinations, although due to the specific characteristics of a destination, branding it has certain difficulties. has its own In terms of the type of objective, this study is considered to be an applied research, which was carried out by a mixed exploratory method and during two qualitative and quantitative stages. In the qualitative part, interviews were conducted with 15 experts in the field of tourism, which included university professors, officials and activists in this field, first in a targeted manner and then in a snowball way, to identify the effective factors in international tourism branding in Oramanat region, and finally, with the analysis method The qualitative content of these factors were categorized into concepts and categories. In the quantitative part, the same sample people present in the qualitative part of the questionnaire were given pairwise comparisons in order to prioritize the obtained factors, and finally, hierarchical analysis was done in the Expert choice software environment for data analysis. Based on the findings of the research, 9 main factors were identified for the international tourism branding of Oramanate, respectively, the importance of infrastructure and facilities with a weight of 0.218, the factor of attractions with a weight of 0.179, and the factor of marketing and advertising with a weight of 0.170 received the highest score. have. Administrative, political and legal factors, tourists and agencies, building and stabilizing the brand, social, cultural and economic with weights of 0.108, 0.107, 0.074, 0.073, 0.047 and 0.025 are also in the priorities. are next. Among the limitations of this research, we can mention the non-cooperation of some members of the sample to conduct interviews and complete the pairwise comparison questionnaire, the lack of access to some tourism activists and officials in the region, and the excessively long process of interviews and data collection.

The automotive industry is currently one of the largest active industries in the country. In developing countries such as Iran, the economic growth of large industries is of great importance in order to achieve economic growth and achieve development. In this study, we examine the convergence or divergence of economic growth of the automotive industry and economic growth of the country during the period 2001 to 2021   within the framework of econometric model. Meanwhile, the main purpose of this study is to answer the question whether there is convergence between the economic growth of the country and the growth of the automotive industry or not? Also, is there a possibility of the country’s economic recession during the boom of large industries such as the automotive industry? And conversely According to the obtained results, the economic growth of the automotive industry and the economic growth of the country are not only convergent, but also divergent in the long term; But in the meantime, the results indicate the mutual relationship and convergence of a number of variables of the automobile industry and their corresponding variables in the country's economy, such as investment, profit and income.   

   Abstract Mental models and beliefs that result from the human cognitive system and learning lead to the formation of institutions. Institutions determine the scope of choices and decision-making of individuals and societies and the fate of the development of societies. Therefore, it is necessary to modify them to realize development. Since people are born in a world full of institutions, their mental models get used to common institutions from the birth moment, and consequently, they do not recognize the problems of ineffective institutions to resolve them. This is the main obstacle to the development of developing countries. Hence, this paper attempts to find a solution to empower and increase people's cognition and knowledge. The data were collected by the library-documentary method, and descriptive-analytical method and content analysis method were used to analyze the data. According to the findings of the paper, critical thinking can lead to institutional modifications by empowering rational thinking, evaluating inferences and beliefs, and providing a ground for changing mental models and beliefs, which ultimately help provide necessary prerequisites for development. Also, considering the three reasons of the importance of critical thinking, the formation of personality in the first years of life, the permanence and better consolidation of what is learned in the mind, if the education starts from childhood, the best time for teaching evaluative thinking is the elementary education stage. In order to examine the current status of teaching critical thinking in elementary school, in this treatise, the first to sixth science books of this stage and the sixth book of thinking and research are. were subject to content analysis in terms of training this content. In the science books of this stage, low-level skills of critical thinking such as analysis and inference have been given, but little attention has been paid to other skills. In the book of thinking and research, good attention has been paid to some high-level elements of critical thinking such as evaluation. More attention should be paid to other important skills such as identifying assumptions.

   Household demography and changes in household dimensions are among the cases that have not been studied much. The studies that have been done in this field are mostly descriptive and small geographical scale. One of the demographic problems in today's societies is the decrease in the size of the household, which has led to changes in the structure of societies. A household is a group of people that is considered as a coherent and effective unit in economic and social dimensions in human societies. In fact, households are the central core of demographic, social and economic processes. For this reason, any decrease or increase in the household dimension is very important, because it can have different economic and social consequences. Based on this, in this study, the changes in the average size of the household in Iran and the influence of different variables on it were investigated. Factors such as human development, urbanization rate, cost of education and cost of energy consumption in the household affect the dimensions of the household. By adopting a panel approach and based on household statistical data, this study examines the relationship between household dimensions and human development and the changes that occurred in the average household dimensions in Iran and the factors affecting it during the period 1389-1399. The findings showed that during the mentioned period, the average size of the household has decreased, and in general, all the variables of this study have a negative and significant effect on the size of the household.

   توسعه اقتصادي مهم‌ترين آرمان كشورهاي توسعه نيافته است و زنان نه تنها به عنوان نيمي از جمعيت هدف توسعه، بلكه به عنوان تربيت‎‌كنندگان نسل‌هاي آينده، مربيان مهدكودك‌ها و نيمي از معلمان مقطع ابتدايي نقش بي بديلي در نهادينه كردن نگرش‌هاي توسعه‌اي دارند. بنابراين توانمندسـازي زنان يكي از مهم‌ترين الزامات تحقق توسعه است. بنابراين سوال اصلي پژوهش حاضر اين است كه قابليتهاي موردنياز زنان به منظور ايفاي نقش در فرايند توسعه چيست؟ و به چه ميزان محتواي كتب درسي آموزش پايه ويژه دختران براي توسعه اين قابليتها مناسب است؟   براي پاسخگويي به اين سوالات، پژوهش حاضر در مرحله اول با بهره­گيري از از روش اسنادي و مرور ادبيات جامع، فهرستي از قابليت­هاي اساسي براي پرورش دانش­آموزان در نظام­هاي آموزش پايه را شناسايي و به منظور بومي­سازي و انطباق آن با شرايط خاص توسعه­اي ايران، با به­كارگيري تكنيك دلفي مورد پيمايش 16 نفر خبرگان توسعه، آموزش و رواشناسي كه به شيوه نمونه‌گيري هدفمند انتخاب شدند، قرار گرفته است. نتايج حاصل از سه دور پيمايش دلفي و رسيدن به ضريب هماهنگي كندال برابر 7/0 و اجماع نظر 90 درصدي كه حاكي از اجماع نظر قوي بين خبرگان و اطمينان زياد نسبت به ترتيب عوامل است، 13 قابليت اساسي را پيشنهاد مي‌دهد كه به ترتيب اهميت عبارتند از: "تفكرانتقادي"، "خلاقيت و نوآوري"، "قانون مداري"، "حل مسئله"، "ارتباطات اجتماعي، همكاري و تعلق خاطر"، "خودمختاري"، "توانايي مباحثه"، "ادراك و صيانت از ديگر گونه­هاي حيات"، "انسجام اجتماعي"، "عقلانيت عملي"، بهره­گيري از عواطف"، "تصور روايتي" و "سلامت بدني".   در مرحلة دوم، براي تعيين وضع موجود نظام آموزش پايه از منظر توجه به قابليت­هاي اساسي براي اصلاحات نهادي موردنياز توسعه جهت توانمندسازي دانش­آموزان دختر، به تحليل محتواي كتاب درسي پاية هفتم پرداخته شده است. يافته­هاي اين بخش نشان داد كه در محتواي كتاب مورد بررسي، بجز توجه ناچيز به سه قابليت بهره­گيري از عواطف، ارتباطات اجتماعي و سلامت بدني به ساير قابليت­هاي نامبرده، يا توجه كافي صورت نگرفته و يا محتواي نظام­مند و مناسبي كه قادر به نهادينه­سازي قابليت­هاي مورد نظر در وجود دانش­آموزان(دختر) باشند، ارائه نشده است. يافته­هاي اين پژوهش نشاد داد كه از منظر توجه به قابليت­هاي مورد نياز براي اصلاحات نهادي بسترساز توسعه، وضع موجود نظام آموزش پايه ايران، نگرش­ها و حالت­هايي را تشويق مي­كند كه با اهداف برنامة درسي همخواني چنداني نداشته است و فاصلة معناداري تا رسيدن به وضع مطلوب آموزشي وجود دارد.

   Poverty is one of the most important economic variables that affects all economic and social issues of the society and is the main factor for growth and development in the economy. This study uses the statistical evidence of Iran's provinces over 2009-2019 to estimate the poverty rate using the Fixed Angle Inverse approach and then examines the relationship between labor productivity and poverty. The results of the estimates show that the poverty ratio has increased from 15.6% in 2009 to 23.4% in 2019. At the provincial level, the percentage of people below the poverty line in Sistan and Baluchistan province is the highest at 49% and in Tehran province at the lowest at 6.4%. Labor productivity in 2009 based on gross domestic product at the base price of 2011 was equal to 0.24 billion rials per employed person, and it changed to 0.336 in 2019 in a fluctuating trend. The estimation results show that there is bidirectional causality from poverty to productivity. Also, poverty has a negative and significant effect on labor productivity. But at the provincial level, it has been confirmed only in the provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran, West Azerbaijan, Kermanshah, Khuzestan, Fars, Razavi Khorasan, Isfahan, Hamedan, Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari, Lorestan, Zanjan, North Khorasan and Alborz. However, there is some kind of causality from labor productivity to poverty at the country level for all provinces, but the negative effect of productivity on poverty has been confirmed only in the three provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran and Yazd. Therefore, improving the quality of education and health in order to increase the ability of the workforce and increase productivity, increasing the share of activities with high added value, focusing on creating economic stability and reducing the efficiency of markets without added value in order to develop activities with high added value are the most important policies proposed to reduce poverty and increasing productivity in Iran's economy.

  In today's world, when it comes to economic problems, the lack of physical capital is often cited as one of its biggest problems, and there is no mention of social capital. At the same time, the need for social capital is felt more than any other capital in the face of recession or inflation, which requires confidence-building. Accordingly, the present study has estimated the role of social capital in supporting national production during the years 1370 to 1399 using the ARDL approach. In this regard, the results have shown that in the short and long term, social capital has a positive and significant effect on the share of the industrial production sector in gross national income

  Knowledge-based economy is one of the most attractive economic topics in the last two decades due to its rapid transformation, rapid return on investment and tremendous impact on growth. The importance of this issue is the position that knowledge-based economy has in the growth, development and dynamism of the country's economy, because in the current competitive environment, product growth and stabilization of economic fluctuations, is one of the most important macroeconomic goals of any country.More specifically, the purpose of this study is to "examine the role of democracy and democracy in achieving the growth and development of knowledge-based." Due to the nature of the subject, the type of this research is developmental and applied and in terms of scope is case and in terms of method is among the descriptive-analytical researches. In the model studied in this research, following the framework of Eric and Levy, the relationship between the institutional variable of democracy and the growth of knowledge-based development is examined using the endogenous growth model. In this study, in addition to the democracy index (average 4-year trend of electoral parties), civil free ideas and the degree of openness of the economy and sanctions are also used as control variables in the model, because they can be a factor influencing export growth and development. Recognize High Tech (alternative variable) knowledge-based.The statistical population of the study is selected countries of Mena (oil and gas producing countries in the Middle East and North Africa).Data collection tools: In compiling this research, first the concepts and theoretical foundations related to library resources, specialized journals of Internet scientific databases, articles and reputable Internet journals will be extracted. Then, using time series panel data (dynamic panel) during the period (2019-2000), the desired information will be extracted and obtained from the WDI World Database (2019) for the countries of the Mena region.Analysis tools: In this study, the data obtained using Minitab statistical software were classified and the dimensions and channels of influence of democracy and democracy; Knowledge-based economic growth and development will be extracted using the dynamic panel model in Eviews software version 9. In this study, the results obtained from the model parameters in the countries of the Mena region are as expected. Therefore, حاكي of تاييد پژ پژ and ست نشاn gives the meaning of بين موكر س س ي ي ي ي ي ي ي ي ي ش.. ابق ابق نت ايج ايج از از از از.......................... در.......... در در در در در در در در در در در در در در در در در By reviewing the policies and laws related to the 4-year trend of electoral parties with the development of exports of knowledge-based products and services, it can be seen that there are different policies and laws in most of the subject areas related to the development of exports in this sector. Therefore, it seems that most of the existing challenges are due to the non-implementation of 4-year-old party laws.

Education is the axis of change in society and an important instrument for achieving economic and social development of countries. The capability approach (CA), that sees human as means and ends of development, considers the value of education in all of its dimensions and believes that the education system of countries - by providing the opportunity of educating required capabilities - enable citizens to participate effectively in the process of development. Therefore, the present study intends to use the CA to analyze and evaluate the capability gap in the basic education system of Afghanistan. In the first step, to determine the current situation of the basic education system in terms of attention to the capabilities required for realization of development, the content of the textbooks of this level is analyzed. The findings of this section showed that in the content of the studied textbooks, the most attention was paid to the capabilities of “Literacy and Numeracy” (29.38%), “Voice and Assertiveness” (18.99%) and “Values and Etiquette” (15.7%); but to the other capabilities, has not been paid sufficient and balanced attention or has not been provided systematic and appropriate content that be able to educate and institutionalize those capabilities in the personality of students. In the second step, in order to draw the desired situation of the basic education system in Afghanistan, by using a comprehensive literature review, a list of capabilities required for the basic education system was identified and then, to localize and adapt it to the specific needs and conditions of Afghanistan, this list has been reviewed by experts in a Delphi survey. The capabilities agreed upon by the experts in the final list include: “Communication and Collaboration”, “Tolerance and Global citizenship”, “Regularity and The rule of law”, “Critical thinking and Problem-solving”, “Scientism”, “Values and Etiquette”,“Curiosity and Learning”, “Voice and Assertiveness”, “Ability to choose and Autonomy”,“Self-awareness and Anticipation”, “Respect and Recognition”, “Creativity and Innovation”, “Science and Technology”, “Literacy and Numeracy”, “Bodily health and Physical activities”, “Adaptability and Grit”, “Other species” and “Senses and Emotional integrity”. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that in terms of the capabilities required for realization of development, there is a significant gap between the current situation and the desired status of the basic education system in Afghanistan. Therefor, without paying attention to this problem and continuing to neglect the priority of the basic public education system in educational orientations and development policies, achieving inclusive and human development in Afghanistan will face serious challenges. Keywords: Development, Basic Education, Capability Approach, Afghanistan, Content Analysis, Delphi Technique.

Abstract One of the main axes of the country's economic structure in the field of trade is the development of exports. In Iran, in order to get rid of the single-product economy, non-oil exports have been emphasized as an important strategy for growth and development in upstream documents, including the policies of the resistance economy and the vision document of the Islamic Republic of Iran (on the horizon 1404). Most of the non-oil exports belong to the agricultural sector, through which the country's foreign exchange earnings are provided. A high share of water consumption (equivalent to 70%) belongs to the agricultural sector, which lack of proper management and planning for optimal consumption in this sector leads to a decrease in groundwater and endangers the sustainability of water resources.   Due to the drought and water crisis in the country as well as Kermanshah province and the decrease in rainfall in the province compared to last year, the proper use of water and its consumption management is considered essential. In this situation, the development of agricultural exports must be in line with the conditions and advantages of the province, because the export of water products not only seriously damages water resources but also causes a significant share of water to leave the country. thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the export products of the agricultural sector from the perspective of the water economy. The descriptive-analytical research method, using economic analysis of water value and cost-benefit analysis, examined the major exports of agricultural products from the province's borders. Tomatoes, cucumbers, potatoes and watermelons were evaluated as water products on the province in the period 1397-1390. According to the results of this study, an average of 141 liters of water is consumed per kilogram of tomatoes, 186 liters of potatoes, 165 liters of watermelon and 246 liters of cucumber. Also, the highest amount of exports during the years 1390-1397   is related to tomato products with a total of 830.2 thousand tons and the total exported water consumption of this product is 365 million cubic meters. The amount of export of potatoes with a total of 498 thousand tons, which is equivalent to 95 million cubic meters, is the estimated water consumption of this product. Watermelon and cucumber products have been exported with a total of 380 thousand tons and 250 thousand tons with water consumption of 68 million and 55 million cubic meters, respectively. Finally, based on the cost-benefit assessment method, the export of cucumber and tomato products with an average benefit ratio of 1.15 and 1.23 is somewhat cost-effective in some years, and two watermelon products with a ratio of 0.64 and potatoes with a 0.98 ratio are not cost-effective.

   Abstract As the economic development engine, the concept of knowledge has become crucially important recently. Owing to dependency on knowledge, this emerging economical structure is generally defined as the "knowledge-based economy". Achievements of the new economy are a more complete realization of the importance of knowledge in all economical such as environmental features. The knowledge-based economy is an economy in which trade, distribution, production and application of knowledge are the pioneers and main drivers of economic growth, wealth creation, job creation and eventually achieve sustainable economic development. In this study, using panel data in the form of the Eviews8 econometric software by means of the nylon data method and with the aim of examining capacities of the knowledge-based economy to achieve the sustainable development through reducing pollution caused by carbon dioxide, two groups of selected developed countries (Western Europe), members of the OECD and chosen developing countries during the years 2018-2000 are compared. The results of this research displayed the influence of explanatory variables on the variable CO1 so that in developing countries the variables such as research and development of the gross domestic product (GDP) and primary education have negative and adverse effects on carbon dioxide emissions, but technology also has positive effects on carbon dioxide emission. For developed countries, the results revealed that the variables of technology, GDP, primary education have negative and reverse effects on carbon dioxide emission, but the research and development variable does not have a significant impact on CO2 emission Keywords: Knowledge-based economy, sustainable development, greenhouse gases

   اين پايان‌نامه از منظر اقتصاد آب و اقتصاد محيط زيست، به بررسي پايداري منابع آب در استان كرمانشاه در چارچوب اقتصاد دانش‌بنيان مي‌پردازد. فاكتور مهم در اين ميان در دسترس بودن و كيفيت آب براي توسعه اقتصادي‌ـ اجتماعي است. به عبارتي بهتر در مبحث مديريت منابع آب سعي بر آن است تا راهكارهاي علمي براي بهبود بهره­وري آب و تعادل مؤلفه‌هاي آن در قالب چرخه هيدرولوژي و بعد مكاني آن ارائه گردد. هدف اين مطالعه اين است كه پايداري منابع آب زيرزميني با توجه به تحولات دانش محيطي، اقتصادي و سياسي را به منظور استفاد? پايدار از منابع آب زيرزميني بررسي كند. در اين پژوهش بررسي پايداري آب زيرزيرزميني در يك حوضه آبرفتي در استان كرمانشاه با استفاده از 8 انديس مختلف اجتماعي، اقتصادي و طبيعي بررسي شده است. 3 عامل طبيعي از روش پيشنهادي يونسكو 2007 انتخاب و 5 عامل بسته به شرايط منطقه مورد بررسي پيشنهاد شده و به‌كار رفته‌اند. اين انديس‌ها عبارتند از: استخراج آب زيرزميني/تغذيه آب زيرزميني، كيفيت آب زيرزميني، آسيب‌پذيري آب زيرزميني، قوانين بخش آب، ظرفيت نهادي، مشاركت عمومي، توليد دانش و ترويج مديريت مصرف آب، بهره‌وري آب هستند، كه براي استفاده از اين 8 عامل در تحليل پايداري آب زيرزميني منطقه از دو روش پرسشنامه‌اي و تحليل سلسله مراتبي استفاده گرديد. تحليل پرسشنامه‌اي با دو دور(6 پرسش اصلي در دور اول   و 147 پرسش در دور دوم) انجام گرفت. نتايج امتيازدهي به پاسخ‌هاي كارشناسان با استفاده از روش دلفي نشان داد كه منطقه از نظر آب زيرزميني ناپايدار است. در اين روش از يك رده بندي 5 كلاسه با رده 1 (ناپايدارترين حالت) تا 5 (پايدارترين حالت) استفاده گرديد كه در مجموع منطقه مورد بررسي با امتياز 1.53 در حالت ناپايدار قرار دارد. در تحليل سلسله مراتبي نيز 8 عامل مورد بررسي به شكل نقشه هاي موضوعي مكاني در آمده و نهايتاً با همپوشاني آن‌ها انديس پايداري آب زيرزميني به دست آمد. براي اين كار انديس نهايي با روش كلاسه‌بندي نچرال بريك به 4 دسته تقسيم گرديد. بعد از نرمال كردن اين رده‌ها به چهار دسته عبارتند از: 0 تا 10 درصد از مناطق پايدار، بيش از 10 تا 25 درصد از مناطق نزديك به آستانه پايداري، بيش از 25 تا 50 درصد از مناطق ناپايدار و مناطق بالاي50 درصد بسيار ناپايدار يا بحراني بودند. نتايج اين روش نيز نشان داد بيشتر منطقه تحت بررسي در زون ناپايدار قرار دارد. علاوه بر اين اعتبارسنجي نتايج بررسي با افت سطح آب زيرزميني حاكي از اين واقعيت است كه منطقه از نظر پايداري آب زيرزميني در وضعيت مطلوبي نبوده و 92 درصد منطقه بيش از 1 متر افت سطح آب داشته و 62 درصد آن افتي بيش از 10 متر داشته است. بيلان منفي آبخوان نتايج به دست آمده را تأييد مي‌كند. نتايج اين بررسي نشان داد كه با استفاده از انديس‌هاي مختلف و مرتبط با شرايط محيطي و داده‌هاي قابل دسترس و درست مي‌تواند وضعيت كلي از شرايط پايداري آب زيرزميني را تهيه و از آن براي تصميم‌گيري‌هاي مديريتي و برنامه‌ريزي‌هاي آينده استفاده نمود.    كليد واژه‌ها: پايداري، توسع? پايدار، اقتصاد دانش‌بنيان      

از آنجا كه بيشترين ميزان مصرف آب در دنيا و در استان كرمانشاه در بخش كشاورزي صورت مي گيرد. در اين پايان نامه از منظر اقتصاد دانش بنيان به بررسي ميزان مصرف در بخش كشاورزي استان كرمانشاه پرداخته شد. بدين منظور در ابتدا از طريق روش تحليل سلسله مراتبي به اثبات وجود تنش آب در استان كرمانشاه پرداختيم. سپس از طريق روش دلفي به دنبال يافتن راه حل هايي براي اصلاح الگوي مصرف در استان هستيم.

Identifying and prioritizing the weighty ability of firms in the age of knowledge based economy

   امروزه، آرايش كشورها به سمت و سوي ساختار اقتصاد دانش‌بنيان[1] كه مسير توسعه به آن منتهي مي‌شود رقم مي‌خورد. كشورهايي در زمر? توسعه يافتگي قرار مي‌گيرند كه در تكاپوي تحقق اين الگوي توسعه باشند و با بهره‌گيري و انطباق خود با ساختار اقتصاد دانش‌بنيان، مسير پيشرفت و توسع? روز افزون خود را به ارمغان آورند.كشوري در اين عرصه به ديگر رقبا برتري مي‌جويد از دانش[2] كه به عنوان قدرتمندترين موتور توليد در عصر نوين شناخته شده است بهره گيرد. در واقع ايد? افراد و خلق دانش، ثروت و قدرت يك كشور را نمايان مي‌سازد چه بسا كه عصر منابع مادي و فيزيكي جاي خود را به سرمايه‌ها و دارايي‌هاي دانشي داده است. اما آنچه كه در اين راستا مهم جلوه مي‌كند   فراهم نمودن بسترهاي لازم جهت تحقق اين نوع از اقتصاد مي‌باشد كه تمام فعاليت‌هاي آن با نهاد? دانش گره خورده است. بنابراين توجه به فرهنگ[3] و عوامل فرهنگي كه نقش زيربنا در توسع? جامعه را برعهده دارند مي‌تواند مسير را براي تحقق آرمان و سياستگذاري‌هاي كلان يك كشور جهت تحقق   پيشرفت و اهداف توسعه را فراهم سازد. بنابراين، اين پژوهش بر آن است به اين مسئله بپردازد كه تحقق اهداف و برنامه‌هاي اقتصاد دانش‌بنيان در حوز? فرهنگ متأثر از چه عواملي است. همچنين چه شاخص‌هايي نماگر اين عوامل و نهادهاي فرهنگي مرتبط هستند. در صورت تحقق اين هدف مي‌توان اميد داشت كه ضمن كاهش خلأ نظري در اين حوزه، امكان ارائه راهكارهاي عملياتي به بازيگران اين حوزه فراهم شده و به بهره‌گيري عملي از اين مفاهيم در برنامه‌هاي توسعه اين بخش را فراهم سازد. در اين پژوهش، از دو روش توصيفي- تحليلي و پيمايشي براي پاسخ‌گويي به سوالات محوري تحقيق، استفاده شده است. پس از شناسايي عوامل فرهنگي، پرسشنامه‌هايي در اختيار 14 نفر از خبرگان و متخصصين استان قرار داده شد كه ميزان تأثير هر يك از عوامل را در تحقق اقتصاد دانش‌بنيان مشخص نمايند. در نهايت براي رتبه‌بندي شاخص‌ها و مؤلفه‌ها از روش [4]AHP، با استفاده از تكنيك مقايسه‌هاي زوجي از نظرات 20 نفر متخصص   اين حوزه استفاده شد. نتايج اين پژوهش حاكي از آن است كه از شاخص‌هاي فرهنگي آموزش رتبه اول را به خود اختصاص داده است. عقلانيت و مهارت تفكر به تربيت در رتبه‌هاي دوم و سوم قرار گرفته‌اند. 1- Knowledge Based Economy 2- Knowledge 3- Culture

The role of Knowledge-based Economy in controlling inflation and improving productivity in Iran

  Industry sector is one of the most important economic sectors through high level of backward and forward linkage has a significant role in reducing unemployment and increasing economic growth by increasing the productivity. Considering the importance of employment and productivity, the study investigates the effect of technology and knowledge on the employment rate and productivity by using the data of industrial manufactories with 10 more employees in the provinces level over )2004-2013(, and the application of panel data model. The results of the study show that knowledge and technology have a positive and significant effect on labor productivity in industrial manufactories. The effect of technology on employment is negative and significant, because technological improvement is considered as a substitute for labor for an almost constant level of industrial value added and therefore reduces employment. But the R&D expenditure does not have a significant effect on employment. Value added of industry is one of the most important factors affecting employment. Improving the quality of manufacturing sector products to attract foreign markets, improving the quality of research and development spending to create innovation in the industry, can improve the impact of knowledge and technology on employment and productivity

  With regard to the existence of adverse effects of increase in the price of imported goods on domestic price index and thus its impact on inflation, it is necessity to consider the internal and external determining factors in the economic policy.Considering the relationship betweeninflation and trade exchanges, economists believe that global communication reduces the role of external factors in the process of increasing inflation and the role of the internal factors. In this article, we investigate the transfer of international inflation among the countries, including Iran, the United Arab Emirates, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Turkey with the use of VAR models and the specified data.In this regard, the reliability of the variables is examined using Dickey Fuller test, and then reaction functions and shocks effects were examined using vector auto-regression (VAR) model. Based on immediate functions in the VAR model for the years 1194-2015, we found that unexpected changes in inflation of China had negative effects on inflation in other countries, but as China changes effects are short-term and related to consumed goods, its effects are less evident. Similarly, the shock to other countries has statistically significant economic impact. The results show the internal inflation is affected by variable of imported inflation. We concluded that among the countries surveyed, the UAE imposed the highest imported inflation on Iran. It is due the fact UAE acts as commercial broker between Iran and other countries.