The increase invapor pressure deficit (VPD), as one of the main indicators for assessingatmospheric aridity, represents the most direct mechanism through which globalwarming impacts the water and energy cycles in arid and semi-arid ecosystems.In Iran, despite the increasing trend in temperature, no regional study basedon CMIP6 models has yet addressed the simultaneous projection of temperatureand humidity for calculating VPD. To this end, monthly data of mean temperatureand relative humidity from 71 synoptic stations during the baseline period(1985–2014) and the outputs of CMIP6 models were used. After screening themodels using statistical indices including RMSE, correlation coefficient, andstandard deviation in the Taylor diagram, three top-performing models—namelyAWI-CM-1-1-MR, MPI-ESM1-2-LR, and NESM3—were selected. The multivariate biascorrection method BSCDI (based on principal component analysis and quantilemapping) was applied, which, while completely removing systematic bias,preserved the dependence structure between temperature and relative humiditywith a correlation coefficient ranging from 0.94 to 0.97 between the downscaledand observational data. Subsequently, the VPD index was calculated at monthly,seasonal, and annual scales, and its trend was assessed using thenon-parametric Mann–Kendall test at a 95% confidence level.The findings indicate that during the past period (1985–2014), the majority of Iran's areaexhibited a significant increasing trend in VPD, ranging from 4.4 to 13.19 Paper year. The maximum of this trend is concentrated in the central, eastern,southeastern, and southwestern regions of the country (the provinces of SouthKhorasan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Kerman, Yazd, and Khuzestan). In contrast,the coastal strip of the Caspian Sea and parts of northwestern Iran haveexperienced the lowest rates of increase in atmospheric aridity. The seasonalpattern of VPD in the past period indicates that maximum values occur in summer(July and August), ranging between 3000 and 5000 Pa, and exceeding 5000 Pa insome parts of the southwest and southeast, while the minimum values (less than1000 Pa) belong to the winter season. Projection results for the future period(2026–2055) show that under the   5-8.5 scenario, the mean VPD in July andAugust will exceed 5000 Pa in the provinces of Khuzestan and Sistan. However, akey and somewhat counterintuitive finding is that the annual rate of VPDincrease in the future under both scenarios (maximum 3.75 Pa per year for

Monitoring agricultural drought has always beenchallenging due to the time lag between the occurrence of precipitation deficitand the onset of plant stress. Common indices such as SPEI typically ignorethis time lag and therefore do not provide a fully accurate picture ofagricultural drought conditions. In this study, the Comprehensive AgriculturalDrought Index (CADI) was applied for the spatiotemporal monitoring of droughtin Iran over the 30-year period from 1995 to 2024. The main innovation of CADIlies in quantifying the time lag of soil moisture response to precipitation andreference evapotra  iration (ET0) using the Cross Wavelet Transform (XWT).This index is calculated by integrating three components—soil moisture,precipitation, and evapotra  iration—as CADI = SMCI × (PCI/ECI). TerraClimatedata with a spatial resolution of 4 km were used as the basis for the analysis.The results showed that the spatial and temporalpatterns of agricultural drought in Iran are not uniform. Contrary to commonexpectations, the most severe droughts occur during the cold seasons (autumnand winter), across a wide expanse of Iran, the mean of CADI during theseseasons is approximately -1.5. January and February were identified as the mostcritical period of the year. Summer, with a mean CADI ranging from about -0.5to +0.5, is regarded as the season with non-drought conditions in Iran.Spatially, the western, northwestern and southwestern regions and the Zagrosslopes were identified as the most persistent hotspots of chronic agriculturaldrought. In these areas, CADI is consistently below -1. The Mann-Kendall testrevealed that the frequency of agricultural drought has increased significantly(p < 0.05) across more than half of the country’s area. Decadal comparisonsconfirm this trend: drought frequency increased by approximately 25–30% in thesecond decade (2005–2014) compared to the first decade (1995–2004), and byabout 40–45% in the third decade (2015–2024) relative to the first decade.Performance evaluation using the AUC criterion showed that CADI outperformsSPEI in all seasons. The AUC range for CADI was 0.516–0.613, while for SPEI itwas 0.263–0.482. The largest performance difference was observed in summer,with an AUC difference of approximately 0.35.This study demonstrates that incorporating soil moisture time lags andsimultaneously integrating variables significantly improves the accuracy of

   Drought, as one of the most significant climatic hazards in Iran, has intensified in frequency and severity in recent decades under the influence of global warming and altered precipitation patterns. Accurate understanding of the temporal and spatial behavior of drought and forecasting its future trends plays a fundamental role in sustainable water resources management and national food security. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate meteorological and agricultural droughts in Iran using CMIP6 climate models and machine learning algorithms, and to analyze their future changes under different emission scenarios up to the mid-twenty-first century. In the first step, to select the optimal models from all available CMIP6 models for the climatic variables of precipitation, mean, maximum, and minimum temperature, the multi-criteria decision-making method TOPSIS was employed based on weighting five evaluation indices: MAE, MBE, NRMSE, NSE, and R. The ranking results indicated that the CMIP6 models including NorESM2-MM, TaiESM1, and AWI-CM-1-1-MR exhibited the best performance in simulating precipitation; NorESM2-MM, TaiESM1, and EC-Earth3-CC for mean temperature; EC-Earth3-CC, FIO-ESM-2-0, and MPI-ESM1-2-LR for maximum temperature; and GFDL-ESM4, MRI-ESM2-0, and EC-Earth3-CC for minimum temperature achieved the most accurate simulation results. The output data from these models, after spatial downscaling (Nearest) and bias correction using the quantile mapping method, were employed for calculating drought indices and training predictive models. Subsequently, the LSTM recurrent neural network was trained for simulation and forecasting, with 70% of the data allocated to training and 30% to testing for precipitation and potential evapotra  iration (estimated using the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method), and 80% to training and 20% to testing for drought indices. Performance evaluation of the LSTM model demonstrated its high capability in reproducing the spatiotemporal behavior of drought indices; the NSE value for SPEI exceeded 0.90 and for SPI exceeded 0.6 at most stations. Model errors in estimating precipitation ranged from 2.5 to 84 mm at Zabol and Anzali stations, and for potential evapotra  iration from 11 mm at Anzali to 39 mm at Abadan, indicating high accuracy and stability of the model in arid and semi-arid regions of the country. Comparison of indices showed that SPEI, due to accounting for temperature and water balance, provides a more accurate representation of actual agricultural drought conditions compared to SPI.

      This study investigates family language policy among two generations of Kurdish-Persian bilingual families in the cities of Kermanshah, Ilam, and Sanandaj in western Iran. These regions have high densities of Kurdish speakers from different dialect groups. Adopting Spolsky’s theory of language management (2009), the study examines language ideologies, practices, and management strategies related to Kurdish (minority language) and Persian (dominant language) within 30 intergenerational families across high, middle, and low socioeconomic statuses. Using a mixed-methods approach, the researcher uses a questionnaire. In addition, one parent from each generation participates in an in-depth interview covering attitudes, identity, aspirations, literacy activities, explicit management efforts, and actual language use behaviors. The study aims to provide empirical insights into the maintenance and shift of minority languages during family transmission. Results reveal that while both generations of parents hold bilingual ideologies and value the use of both languages at home, a tendency toward language shift is evident among lower socioeconomic groups, favoring Persian over Kurdish. Despite this trend, many participants express a commitment to preserving Kurdish as a cultural marker. The study highlights the critical role of family language policy in sustaining minority languages and suggests that supportive policies and community initiatives are essential for the continued preservation of Kurdish.    Key Words‌: Bilingual Families, Family Language Policy, Language Management, Language Ideology  

Throughout history and across the globe, human life has consistently been exposed to various natural hazards. Drought is one of the most significant climate-related hazards and undoubtedly ranks among the primary and oldest natural disasters, regarded as a silent threat and a disaster without prevention in nature. To quantify the characteristics of drought (such as intensity, duration, and spatial extent), drought indices have been considered effective tools. The purpose of an index is to simply and quantitatively determine the aforementioned three characteristics: intensity, duration, and spatial extent. With this aim, the present study examines the drought status in the country using the Standardized Evapotra  iration Drought Index (SEDI) based on data from 78 synoptic stations, utilizing two CMIP6 models (INM-CM4-8 and INM-CM5-0) under two scenarios,   2-4.5 and   5-8.5, across two statistical periods: the past (1996-2014) and the future (2025-2075). The aforementioned index is based on the comparison of actual evapotra  iration and potential evapotra  iration values. The actual and potential evapotra  iration values, as well as the SEDI index values, were calculated and analyzed separately on both monthly and annual bases for the past and future periods.    According to the research findings, the maximum actual evapotra  iration during the observational period was recorded in three major centers in the southeast of the country, while the minimum was observed along the Caspian Sea and in the northwest corner of the country. The historical evapotra  iration values from the INM-CM4-8 model, except for a limited area along the Persian Gulf coastline, indicated a maximum value of 1420-955 mm, with a minimum of 490-25 mm across most of the country. In the INM-CM5-0 model, in addition to maintaining the existing pattern of the INM-CM4-8 model, a maximum actual evapotra  iration was also evident in the northwest corner. The actual evapotra  iration values from both models during the historical period under the   2-4.5 and   5-8.5 scenarios exhibited a similar pattern to that of the observational period. The potential evapotra  iration values during both the observational and historical periods of the two models revealed a maximum pattern in the southeast, extending towards the south and center of the country, reaching a minimum in the northern strip.    The future actual evapotra  iration values in both models under the   2-4.5 and   5-8.5 scenarios demonstrated similar patterns to the previous patterns, with a limited maximum along the Persian Gulf coastline and in the northwest corner. The projected potential evapotra  iration values from the INM-CM4-8 model under the two scenarios exhibited a maximum in the south and southeast, gradually decreasing in value and intensity towards the north and northeast of the country. The projected potential evapotra  iration values from the INM-CM5-0 model under the   2-4.5 scenario, with the exception of a part of the northwest, exceeded 2559 mm, while in the   5-8.5 scenario, this value was limited to the southeast and southern regions of the country.    The monthly calculated SEDI drought index values during the observational period indicated very severe drought occurrences throughout the country in the warm months of the year. In the historical period of the INM-CM4-8 model, in addition to the warm months, May and June also experienced

   : الگوهاي پيوند از دور به وقوع و تداوم الگوهاي بزرگ مقياس از ناهنجاري و چرخش و فشار هوا اطلاق مي­شود كه در محدوده جغرافيايي وسع گسترش مي­يابند. نوسان اطلس شمالي (NAO) و نوسان شمالگان (AO)، الگوهاي موثري از تغييرپذيري گردش عمومي در محدوده برون حاره نيمكره شمالي و از عوامل اصلي كنترل­كنند? عناصر اقليمي مانند دما و بارش مي­باشند كه داراي اثرات اقتصادي، اجتماعي بزرگ بر بخش هاي انرژي، صنعت و حمل و نقل هستند. در اين پژوهش با توجه به   اهميت بارش­هاي زمستانه ايران، تلاش گرديده تا تاثير نوسانات اطلس شمالي و نوسانات قطبي در ارتباط با شدت و ضعف رودخانه­هاي جوي موثر بر بارش زمستانه ايران بررسي گردد. داده­ها شامل داده­هاي بارش chirps براي يك دور? آماري 72ساله (1950-2020) مي­باشد، و مقادير نوسان اطلس شمالي و نوسان قطبي از پايگاه داده­هاي مركز ملي پيش بيني محيطي –مركز ملي پژوهش هاي جوي NCEP/NCAR اخذ گرديد. داده­هاي ارتفاع ژئوپتانسيل (hgt)، نم ويژه (q)، مولفه باد مداري (u) و نصف­النهاري (v)، فشار تراز دريا (SLP) و تراز500 هكتوپاسكال از مركز اروپايي پيش­بيني ميان مدت جو (ECMWF) اخذ و براي شناسايي و مسير­يابي رودخانه هاي جوي از الگوريتمي مبتني بر محاسبه انتگرال قائم انتقال افقي بخار آب (IVT) استفاده شده است. نتايج حاصل از تجزيه و تحليل داده­ها نشان مي دهد كه طي فاز منفي نوسان قطبي و نوسان اطلس شمالي، نيمه شمالي و غربي ايران از بارش هاي خوبي برخوردار   است در نيمه شمالي و غربي كشور بارش ها تحت تاثير رطوبت رسيده از درياي مديترانه است و همگرا شدن جريان رطوبتي درياي مديترانه با جريان رطوبتي واچرخند عربي كه موجب   انتقال رطوبت درياي عرب، خليج عدن و درياي سرخ مي­شود، پس از تقويت با رطوبت خليج فارس، مقادير بالاي بارشي را در غرب و جنوبغرب ايران ايجاد مي­نمايد. در فاز مثبت نوسان AO و NAO دماي آب اقيانوس اطلس نسبت به ميانگين خودكاهش يافته است كه اين افت دماي آب سبب كاهش انتقال رطوبت و در نتيجه سبب افزايش پايداري هوا و افزايش فشار حرارتي مي­گردد   در نتيجه همسو شدن فاز مثبت NAO و AO با ناهنجاري­هاي مثبت دماي سطح اقيانوس اطلس، سبب تقويت رودخانه­هاي اتمسفري زمستان? ايران نمي­شود. كليدواژه ها: نوسان قطبي(AO)، نوسان اطلس شمالي(NAO)، رودخانه هاي جوي(ARs)، بارش هاي زمستانه، ايران.

   بخار‌آب در سيستم آب‌وهوايي از اهميت بالايي برخوردار است.   شار بخار آب،   مكانيسمي كليدي در انتقال انرژي بين عرض‌هاي جغرافيايي است، بنابراين اين عنصر آب‌وهوايي در مكانيسم‌هاي بارشي نقش اساسي دارد. منطقه خاورميانه به دليل قرارگيري در عرض‌هاي خشك به شدت تحت تنش‌هاي آبي قرار دارد و بايد مكانيسم‌هاي انتقال رطوبت آن به خوبي شناخته شود. اگرچه مطالعات گسترده‌اي در مورد نقش النينو و لانينا يا به عبارت ديگر فاز منفي يا مثبت شاخص نوسان جنوبي النينو در   خصوص بارش‌هاي خاورميانه انجام شده است اما تاكنون مطالعه‌اي از منظر شار بخار‌آب و ارتباط آن با الگوي پيوند از دور نوسان جنوبي النينو انجام نشده است. در مطالعه حاضر با استفاده از داده‌هاي انتگرال قائم مداري و نصف‌النهاري شار بخارآب با وضوح فضايي و مكاني 25/0*25/0 درجه و در مقياس زماني ماهانه از مركز باز تحليل ECMWF به بررسي شار بخار‌آب در خاورميانه پرداخته شده است. طي بررسي 41 ساله (1980-2020)، 22 ماه به عنوان شديدترين رخداد النينو و 5 ماه به عنوان شديدترين رخداد لانينا مشخص شدند، كه نتايج نشان داد طي سال‌هاي رخداد النينو، در بسياري از نقاط خاورميانه به‌ويژه طي ماه‌هاي سرد آن شار بخار‌آب افزايش مي‌يابد. مناطق شرق خاورميانه همانند ايران،   مناطقي از غرب خاورميانه مانند عربستان و مصر، برخي از كشورهاي مركز خاورميانه مانند فلسطين و سوريه، و قسمت‌هايي از جنوب و شمال خاورميانه، ناهنجاري مثبت شار بخارآب را تجربه مي‌كنند. طي رخداد النينو، بيشتر رطوبت از طريق درياي سرخ و درياي عرب انتقال مي­يابد.    كليدواژه‌ها: شار بخار‌آب، النينو، لانينا، خاورميانه

   بارش سنگين و سيل آسا يكي از پديده هاي مخرب طبيعي است كه كشور ايران به علت موقعيت جغرافيايي خاصي كه دارد، داراي نوسان شديد در رژيم بارشي مي­باشد. قرار داشتن كشور ايران در منطقه انتقالي الگوهاي بزرگ مقياس گردش هاي جوي، سبب شده كه محل برهمكنش سيستم هاي بزرگ مقياس گردش حاره و برون حاره باشد. تاثير و نقش رودباد ها در بررسي و مطالعه پديده هاي اقليمي بسيار حائز اهميت است. تشكيل رودباد مي تواند سبب استقرار باد هاي غربي و همچنين ايجاد رودباد هاي جبهه قطبي و جنب حاره در كمربند حداكثر شيب وردايست جو شود. براي بررسي برهمكنش دو رودباد جبهه قطبي و جنب حاره با وردايي تاوه قطبي و تاثير آن بر بارش هاي فرين زمستانه ايران، از داده هاي شبكه بندي شده chirps براي شناسايي روزهاي فرين بارشي، و از داده هاي تاوايي پتانسيل و ارتفاع ژئوپتانسيل و مؤلفه هاي باد مداي و نصف النهاري و دماي هواي مركز پيش بيني هاي ميان مدت اروپا(ECMWF) براي سطوح 10-500 هكتوپاسكال در بازه زماني 2020-2000 براي نمايش شرايط جوي استفاده شده است. نتايج حاصل نشان داد كه گردش نابهنجار تاوه قطبي پوشن سپهري و وردسپهري بر روي دوره هاي بارش فرين زمستانه ايران تاثير گذار بوده و سبب تركيب دو رودباد جبهه قطبي و جنب حاره شده و ادغام اين دو از دلايل اصلي بارش هاي فرين زمستانه ايران در بازه زماني كوتاه مدت مي باشد. افزايش تاوايي پتانسيل، مهم ترين عامل اثر گذاري رودباد هاي جبهه قطبي و جنب حاره است و بيشينه بارندگي در ايران با وضعيت رودباد ها در ارتباط است.    كليدواژه‌ها: بارش فرين، رودباد جبهه قطبي، رودباد جنب حاره، تاوه قطبي، برهمكنش، ايران

   ايران به دليل شرايط جغرافيايي خاص خود، در منطقه‌اي واقع شده است كه در طول يك سال، تحت‌تأثير توده‌هاي هوايي از منابع مختلف قرار مي‌گيرد. اين توده‌هاي هوايي باعث تنوع اقليمي در ايران مي‌شوند. ازاين‌رو تجزيه تحليل تغييرات دما بين روزهاي همسايه مفهومي مهم در مطالعات اقليمي و تغيير اقليم به شمار مي‌آيد و مي‌تواند در برنامه‌ريزي و مديريت كلان در سطوح مختلف سودمند واقع شود. با اين توضيح، هدف اصلي تحقيق حاضر، بررسي و تحليل زماني - مكاني "تغييرات دمايي بين روزهاي همسايه" (TCN)در ايران با استفاده از مدل‌هاي گردش عمومي جو با استفاده از داده‌هاي دماي روزانه ?? ايستگاه همديد كشور با دوره آماري ?? ساله (1990-2014) و سناريوهاي   245،   585 مدل CMIP6 (MIROC6) كه شامل دوره‌هاي تاريخي و پيش‌بيني‌شده (2015 تا 2100) است،   TCN يك شاخص مهم هواشناسي است كه منعكس‌كنندة پايداري دما در كوتاه مدت است. تغيير دماي بين روزهاي همسايه به‌عنوان تفاوت بين ميانگين حداقل و حداكثر دماي روزانه در دو روز متوالي برآورد مي‌شود. مقادير TCN منفي به معناي كاهش دما نسبت به روز قبل و TCN مثبت افزايش دما را نسبت به روز قبل نشان مي‌دهد، درك جامع از TCN در كشف مسائل جديد و تغييرات آب‌وهوايي جهاني يا منطقه‌اي مفيد است علاوه بر موارد معمولي افزايش دما و تغيير ميزان بارش، تجزيه و تحليل داده‌هاي TCN و بررسي تغييرات مكاني - زماني آن نه تنها مي‌تواند به غني سازي پايگاه داده‌هاي اطلاعات آب‌وهواي فعلي كمك كند، بلكه پشتيباني تصميم گيري براي به‌كارآمدن با چالش‌هاي تغيير اقليمي جديد ناشي از تغييرات TCN را نيز فراهم مي‌كند. از شاخص‌هاي آماري براي سنجش ميزان ارتباط و كارايي مدل با داده‌هاي واقعي دماي كشور استفاده شده است. سپس مقادير TCN با استفاده از داده‌هاي تاريخي و آيند? مدل‌هاي گردش عمومي جو (GCM) محاسبه شد. نتايج حاصل از بررسي ميانگين ماهان? تغييرات دما بين روزهاي همسايه در ايران نشان مي‌دهد كه در دوره مشاهداتي بالاترين نرخ TCN به لحاظ زماني مربوط به ماه‌هاي ژانويه، فوريه، مارس، آوريل، مه و ژوئن است از نظر مكاني در شرق و شمال شرقي، غرب، شمال غربي و مركز ايران و كمترين ميزان TCN در ماه‌هاي ژوئيه، آگوست، سپتامبر، اكتبر، نوامبر و دسامبر بيشتر در مناطق شمالي و جنوبي مشاهده مي‌شود و همچنين بررسي ميزان تغييرات TCN در چهار فصل سال نشان مي‌دهد كه فصل زمستان و بهار از ميزان تغييرات TCN بيشتري نسبت به فصل تابستان و پاييز برخوردارند. بررسي ميانگين ماهانه TCN و ميزان تغييرات فصلي TCN در دوره آينده همسو با دور? مشاهداتي و تاريخي كشور است. در نهايت با بررسي تغييرات دما بين روزهاي همسايه بر اساس داده‌هاي پيش‌بيني شد? مدل مي‌توان به اين نتيجه رسيد كه تمام ايستگاه‌هاي همديد كشور در طول همه ماه‌هاي سال يك روند افزايشي را تجربه خواهند كرد.    كليدواژه­ها:

   هدف: هدف از انجام پژوهش حاضر يافتن ارتباط ميان طنزهاي سنايي و مؤلّفه‌هاي سبك گروتسك است. اين كار به هدف ولاتري، يعني نشان‌دادن شباهت‌هاي فرهنگي در ميان انديشه‌هاي انديشمندان ملل گوناگون و اثبات وجود تنوّع در شعر و انديش? اديبان زبان فارسي انجام شده است. روش‌شناسي پژوهش: اين پژوهش به روش تحليل محتوا و بر مبناي مطالعات كتابخانه‌اي انجام شده است. سه روديكرد كمّي، كيفي و تلفيقي در پژوهش وجود دارد. در اين پژوهش تلاش، از روش كيفي استفاده و طيّ آن، محتوا از منظر كيفي توصيف و تحليل شده‌است؛ براي رسيدن به اين مقصود، ابتدا با مطالع? دقيق آثاري كه دربار? گروتسك نوشته شده است، مباني نظري گروتسك استخراج و دسته‌بندي شد. آن‌گاه با مطالع? متن‌هاي منتخب براي پژوهش، اشعاري كه با مباني پيش‌گفته قرابت داشت، گزينش شد. در مرحل? بعدي داده‌هاي گردآوري‌شده بر پاي? اصول گروتسك تحليل شد.. يافته‌ها: سنايي پس از تحوّلاتي كه در دورهاي از زندگي‌اش رخ داد، ضمن روي آوردن به عرفان و تصوّف، به مشكلات اجتماعي مردم پرداخت. او تازيان? انتقاد خويش را با زباني گاه گزنده و تند و گاه هجوآميز و مضحك و گاه آميخته‌اي از هر دو، بر بدن ناساز طبقات گوناگون اجتماعي زمان خود فرود مي‌آورد. با دقّت در اشعار سنايي مي‌توان چنين دريافت كه بدزباني و ركاكت لفظ وي، نشان‌دهند? آن است كه افزون بر رواج اين امر در آن دوران، او براي آنكه بتواند مقاصد و نيّات دروني خود را بيان كند، آن را به شيوة طنز بيان كرده است. طنزپردازي‌هاي وي گاه آشكار و گاه پوشيده بود. نتيجه‌گيري: در آثار سنايي گروتسك در چارچوب مؤلّفه‌هايي به گون? ذيل قابل بخش‌بندي است: دست? اوّل: نابهنجاري؛ دست? دوم: ناهماهنگي و تضاد؛ دست? سوم: تمايز يا تناقض زباني؛ دست? چهارم: آميختگي عناصر حيواني- انساني و دست? پنجم: اغراق. مضامين طنز وي براي بيداري و آگاه‌كردن مخاطب بود. وي در اشعارش از انواع مؤلّفه‌هاي گروتسك (اغراق، ناهنجاري، تضاد) استفاده كرده است در شعر سنايي مؤلّف? وحشتزا مشاهده نشد. كليدواژه‌ها:

         Abstract Pottery is one of the most abundant and important cultural materials that can be studied in ancient sites. Because of its quantity as well as its special and unique characteristics, it can provide information about culture, livelihood, economy and other such things.According to archaeologists, the Iron Age of Iran is one of the most important prehistoric eras, which covers the period of 1500-550 B.C. Regarding the pottery tradition of the Iron Age it can be said that in this period of time a constant pottery tradition is not seen in the west of Iran, and each region has its own pottery tradition. In the upcoming research we will focus on a type of pottery related to the first millennium BC (Iron Age) in the central Zagros region and within the boundaries of cultural Lorestan. Lorestan pottery probably belongs to the local government of Elipi. This type of pottery was first discovered from Tepe Gyan in Nahavand. Grishman called it "Lorestan type".   35 years later this type of pottery was found abundantly in layer III of the excavations of Babajan Tapeh (hill) which was conducted under the supervision of Claire Goff in 1969-1970 in Noorabad city in Lorestan province. From the archeological point of view of the Iron Age the cultural domain of Great Lorestan has special characteristics that have differences with the neighboring domains in this era. It may be related to the environmental conditions and the continuity of previous traditions. All types of Lorestan type pottery in Babajan III Tapeh (hill) have a reddish brown color and their surface is painted with motifs in the form of triangles hanging from the shoulder. This type of pottery has been found so far in the borders between Hamadan, Lorestan and Kermanshah provinces. In terms of shape the containers of this type are in the shape of a jar and in a few cases in the shape of a teapot. A small number of Iron Age sites of Lorestan which have different archeological characteristics have been excavated, and they distinguish Lorestan Iron Age culturally from the neighboring areas to some extent. In the meantime based on the Lorestan type pottery found in some of these geographical areas which are attributed to the Ellipse regimethe Lorestan type pottery is considered to be related to this regime.   Keywords: Pottery, Lorestan type pottery, Ellipse, Babajan III, Iron Age

   تبخير و تعرق (ET) يك عامل مهم و كليدي در مديريت آبياري به­ حساب مي‌آيد. عناصر مهم چرخ? هيدرولوژي شامل بارش، تبخير و تعرق، نفوذ، رواناب و جريان آب زيرزميني است كه بارش و تبخيروتعرق دو جزء مهم و اساسي در اين چرخه مي­باشند. ايران كشوري است كه از لحاظ اقليمي جزو كشورهاي خشك و نيمه­خشك جهان محسوب مي‌شود. متوسط بارش آن حدود دو سوم متوسط بارش خشكي­هاي جهان و كمتر از يك­سوم بارش كر? زمين است. در سطح جهان حدود ?? درصد از بارشي كه به سطح زمين مي­رسد، با فرآيند تبخيروتعرق به جو باز مي­گردد. اين فرآيند در مناطق خشك و نيمه­خشك به ?? درصد هم مي­رسد. هدف از انجام اين پژوهش محاسب? تبخير و تعرق با تصاوير ماهواره‌اي (موديس) در غرب ايران و مقايسه با داد? ايستگاهي و نيز پيش‌بيني تبخير و تعرق با استفاده از تصاوير ماهواره‌اي است. براي انجام اين مهم ميانگين ماهانه داده­هاي تصاوير ماهواره‌اي موديس، براي برآورد تبخير و تعرق در بازه زماني 2019-2001 كه به‌صورت 8 روزه اخذشده محاسبه و مورد تحليل و بررسي قرار گرفت و همچنين داده‌هاي ايستگاهي تبخير وتعرق، بارش، دما و رطوبت ايستگاه‌هاي غربي ايران مورد تحليل قرار گرفت. همچنين از نرم‌افزارR براي پيش­بيني مقدار تبخير وتعرق طي 5 سال بعد از دور? آماري، مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. در اين پژوهش بخاطر تعداد زياد پيكسل‌هاي تصاوير ماهواره از تابع مدل خودكار آريما براي برازش بهترين مدل براي حدود 5 ميليون پيكسل استفاده شد. پيش‌بيني‌هاي مربوط به دوره‌ي آماري (2001-2019)، براي پنج سال (2020-2024) در شصت تصوير به دست آمد. طبق ميانگين تصاوير ماهواره اي دوره آماري 19 سال، بيشترين مقادير تبخيروتعرق مربوط به ماه هاي آذر (دسامبر)، دي (ژانويه) و بهمن (نوامبر) است. براساس داده هاي آماري و پيش بيني، از نظر پراكندگي جغرافيايي، بيشترين مقادير تبخيروتعرق در درياچه اروميه، جنوب استان خوزستان، غرب استان ايلام و بخش هايي از استان هاي آذربايجان غربي، آذربايجان شرقي و كردستان مشاهده مي شود. همچنين نواحي مركزي منطقه مورد مطالعه، تبخيروتعرق مقادير كمتري را نسبت به ساير نواحي دارد. مقايسه تصاوير واقعي و تصاوير پيش بيني تبخيروتعرق را براي چهار ماه فوريه، مي، آگوست و نوامبر سال 2021 نشان مي دهد تفاوت داده هاي پيش بيني شده با مقادير واقعي ناچيز است و پيش بيني هاي مدل براي اين چهار ماه سال 2021 به خوبي برآورد شده است كه حداكثر تفاوت حدودا بين?تا??ميلي متر را نشان مي دهد. صحت پيش بيني ها در ايستگاه‌هاي كرمانشاه، تبريز و بروجرد كامل و عدد ? و ميانگين خطاي مطلق صفررا نشان داد. در ايستگاه‌هاي سنندج، همدان و اروميه   ضريب همبستگي ??/0 و R2 بين ??/?تا??/? و نسبتاً قابل قبول و در ايستگاه اهواز و ايلام ضعيف است.    كليدواژه­ها: تبخير و تعرق، بارش، دما، سري زماني، سنجش از دور، نيمه غربي ايران.   

محيطي كه بشر در آن زندگي و فعاليت مي كند همواره تحت تاثير آب وهوا قرا دارد. بر اساس متون تاريخي و مذهبي، زندگي بشر از دير باز تحت تأثير رخدادهاي آب وهوايي قرار داشته و به همين دليل انسان­ها هميشه به دانستن وضعيت جوي علاقه  مند بوده و توجه خاصي به ناهنجاري­هاي اقليمي و مخاطرات آن داشته‌اند. يكي از بلاياي طبيعي، خشكسالي است كه در بين بلاياي طبيعي تهديدكننده انسان و محيط زندگي او، هم از نظر فراواني وقوع و هم از نظر خسارت­­­­هاي مالي و حتي جاني در رده اول قرار دارد (قويدل رحيمي، 1384، 518). اين پديده در واقع از ويژگي­هاي اصلي و تكرار شونده اقليم­هاي مختلف بشمار مي­آيد (داپيگني، 2001، لسلي و داپيگني، 2001، ويلهايت، 1997). كه ممكن است در هر جايي رخ دهد بطوريكه   سالانه بيش از نيمي از كره زمين در معرض آن قرار دارد (كوگان 1997، 622). اين پديده به­دليل پيچيدگي و غيرقابل احساس بودن، بيش از هر مخاطره ديگري محيط زندگي انسان را تحت تأثير قرار مي‌دهد (ساباش و همكارن 2011، 1) و ماهيت بطئي و خزنده­اش آن را به پنها­  ترين و زيانبارترين بلي? طبيعي تبديل كرده است. اين بدين معني است كه تعيين شروع و خاتمه آن مشكل، و اثرات آن ممكن است بتدريج براي يك دوره طولاني روي هم انباشته شده و براي سال‌­هاي پس از آن نيز ادامه داشته باشد (دانشور1386، 159). از اينرو   اين پديده بطور مستقيم و غيرمستقيم در بخش‌هاي مختلف مانند كشاورزي، منابع آب، محيط زيست، اقتصاد و اجتماع تأثير گذاشته و باعث ايجاد مشكلاتي براي انسان‌ها مي‌شود.   

   يكي از فرايندهاي ژئومورفولوژيكي مهمي كه اثرات زيادي در پروژه‌هاي عمراني، كشاورزي و آبخيزداري دارد، فرسايش دروني خاك است. فرسايش دروني خاك در خاك‌ها و شرايط مختلفي ايجاد مي‌شود اما عموماً در خاك‌هاي ريزدانه اتفاق مي‌افتد. فرسايش دروني خاك فرايندي است كه طي آن خاك هاي زير سطحي به علت جريان و فشار هيدروليكي آب شسته مي شوند و كانال هاي زير زميني در اثر اين فرسايش ايجاد مي شود. اين فرايند باعث ايجاد فضاهاي خالي خطي توسط آب‌هاي متمركز، درون خاك‌ها يا رسوبات سخت نشده مي‌شود. توسعه و بزرگ شدن كانال‌هايي كه از فرايند فرسايش دروني خاك ايجاد مي‌شوند، مي‌تواند باعث فروريزش خاك‌هاي سطحي زمين و ايجاد خندق‌هاي ناپيوسته شود. اثر فرايند فرسايش دروني خاك محدود به لايه‌هاي داخلي زمين نبوده و با توسعه فرسايش دروني و بزرگ شدن كانال‌هاي زيرزميني بخش‌هاي سطحي نيز از طريق ريزش و لغزش تحت تأثير قرار مي‌گيرند. فرسايش دروني خاك (piping) در محلي كه نيروهاي مقاوم خاك كمتر از نيروي ناشي از نشت آب باشد، به وقوع مي‌پيوندد. درنتيجه اين فرايند، ذرات خاك از هم جداشده و توسط جريان آب جابجا و منتقل مي‌شوند. ادامه اين روند موجب ايجاد حفره‌ها و مجراهايي مي‌شود كه به‌تدريج در امتداد جريان گسترش مي‌يابد. با بزرگ شدن اين فضاها نهايتاً سقف آن‌ها تحمل نگهداري وزن خاك‌ها و سازه‌هايي كه روي آن قرارگرفته‌اند را ندارد و فرو مي‌ريزد. بر همين اساس   اين پژوهش بعنوان يك پژوهش بنيادي ، مبتني بر مطالعات تجربي و آزمايشگاهي همراه   با توسعه و تكامل دستگاهي ، موضوع تعيين كمي فرسايش دروني خاك مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفته است. اساس روش توسعه دستگاهي، تعميم و تركيب روش‌هاي علمي بر روي دستگاه پين هول است كه در اين پژوهش با تغييرات ايجاد شده در دستگاه پين­هول، توانسته­ايم فرسايش دروني خاك را بصورت كمي و دقيق اندازه­گيري نموده و ساير آزمايشات از جمله، دانه بندي و هيدرو متري، آزمايش هاي تعيين حدود آتربرگ، تعيين حد رواني، تعيين حد خميري خاك، آزمايش برش مستقيم، آزمايش تحكيم مضاعف به منظور ارزيابي كمي فرسايش دروني خاك و ساير ويژگي‌هاي شاخص خاك را مورد بررسي و ازمايش قرار دهيم. لذا در اين پژوهش به منظور ارزيابي ميزان فرسايش پذيري خاك ها نمونه هايي انتخاب شده­اند كه از نظر فرسايش پذيري دروني با همديگر متفاوت باشند. در اين راستا دو منطقه شمال استان گلستان (خاك هاي با پتانسيل زياد فرسايش دروني) تعداد 15 نمونه، شهر كرمانشاه (خاك هاي داراي پتانسيل كم فرسايش دروني) و منطقه جنوب غرب استان كرمانشاه (داراي خاك هاي پتانسيل متوسط فرسايش دروني) تعداد 10 نمونه به منظور نمونه برداري انتخاب گرديدند. با توجه به نتايج آزمايشات متعدد در نمونه­هاي خاك جمع­آوري شده در استان گلستان و استان كرمانشاه، نتايج بيانگر اين­است كه خاك­هاي استان گلستان از نظر فرسايشي بسيار آسيب­پذيرتر بوده نسبت به نمونه­هاي خاك كرمانشاه. از ديگر نتايج اين تحقيق كه در امر برنامه­ريزي محيط بسيار كاربردي و ضروري بوده ، نتايج بسيار خوبي است كه در براورد و اندازه­گيري دقيق مقادير كمي فرسايش دروني خاك بوسيله تغييرات ايجاد شده در دستگاه پين­هول بدست امده است . با دانستن مقدار دقيق فرسايش دروني خاك و پيش­بيني اين امر، مي­توان در امر برنامه­ريزي محيطي(مخاطرات محيطي، ژئومورفولوژي)، براي جلوگيري از خطرات محيط از جمله خراب شدن سدها، مخاطرات دامنه­اي و ... جلوگيري نمود.   

چسبندگي و زاويه اصطكاك داخلي خاك موردبررسي قرارگرفته است.   

   Target: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between EFL >Research Methodology: This study adopted a correlational design to answer its research questions. The sample for this investigation was taken from Gilan-e Gharb, Kermanshah province, Iran. Two groups were participated in this study. The first group was 60 male and female EFL students and the second group was 15 EFL teachers who were participated in this study based on convenience sampling. Three instruments were utilized in this study: a) Straightforward Quick Placement and Diagnostic Test (www.macmillanstraightforward.com); b) Foreign Language >Findings: The findings showed that there was a positive correlation between high school students’ level of anxiety and their beliefs toward FLL. Also, the results revealed that teachers had different beliefs about foreign language learning in comparison with students. Moreover, this study revealed that gender made no difference regarding the relationship between learners` anxiety level and beliefs toward foreign language learning. Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that the language educational system should take a step in a direction that eliminates stress and negative attitudes toward foreign language learning. Furthermore, findings revealed that both male and female students have anxiety and negative attitudes toward language learning; therefore, teachers should be aware of FLCA and negative toward language learning; consequently, they should try to create a positive and anxiety-free >Key Words: Foreign language anxiety, beliefs about language learning, FLCAS, BALLI, High school EFL learners

   Today, people live in a digital world and everyone from children to adults is able to master technology in the form of computers and gadgets. In recent years, the use of gamification has been an important focus of attention in EFL learning. Therefore, studies on the effectiveness of digital game-based learning (DGBL) in various areas including vocabulary learning has been developed. Hence, this study is focused on the influence of using mobile games on the vocabulary improvement of young learners. A mix- quasi-experimental pre-test – post-test design was implemented in which 30 male and female young learners who were studying English as a foreign language at Iran Language Institute in Kermanshah were participated. The quantitative data was gathered through pre and post-tests and analyzed using the independent samples t-test. The qualitative data was gathered through interviews and analyzed using Maxqudia software. The results indicated a statistically significant difference between the control and experimental groups in terms of vocabulary achievement. The experimental group performed better and achieved higher results compared to the control group. However, it was found that there was no statistically significant difference between male and female students regarding their improvement in vocabulary. The results of qualitative part indicated that both male and female students exhibited a positive attitude towards the use of mobile games. The utilization of mobile games proved successful in enhancing the engagement of young learners in vocabulary acquisition. The participants expressed interest, enthusiasm, and motivation while playing the mobile games. They displayed a keen desire to expand their vocabulary knowledge and acquire new words. Moreover, the mobile games facilitated easier memorization of the words. Overall, the study suggested that incorporating mobile games can act as an effective technique to encourage active participation and enhance the learning experience for young learners in vocabulary acquisition. The findings of this study can be useful in language education. It can help EFL teachers and institutes to be aware of the importance of using games for EFL teaching so that they will be able to improve teaching quality.

In this study, the researcher tried to explore the probable relationship between intercultural sensitivity and EFL learners’ L2 motivational self-system, as well as the effectiveness of their awareness of intercultural concepts on reading comprehension ability. The study also explored to what extent intercultural competence predicts their possible selves. A mix-methods approach was adopted and data were gathered through questionnaires and tests. The results of the data analysis revealed that there was a negative and significant relationship between intercultural sensitivity and L2 motivational self-system among the participants with a weak effect size value of -.228, while the comparison of groups’ performance indicated improvement in reading comprehension ability. The findings of the posttest examined by an Independent-Samples t-test revealed that the experimental group outperformed after the treatment. Additionally, the results of Linear Regression that explored to what extent intercultural sensitivity can predict the L2 motivational self-system indicated that if intercultural sensitivity increased by one unit, the L2 motivational self-system decreased and they both showed that the regression model enjoyed statistical significance. Accordingly, the results provide empirical evidence for the effectiveness of EFL learners’ awareness of cultural concepts and motivational self-system in L2. The study offers implications for addressing intercultural concepts across the academic years and the need for considering EFL learners’ self-image in the learning process.   

Theoretically drawing on Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of mind (SCT) and following a sequential exploratory mixed method design, this study investigated the impact of Computerized Dynamic Assessment (C-DA) and Group-based Dynamic Assessment (G-DA) on Iranian high school students’ grammatical ability. It also explored the impact of C-DA and G-DA mediations on learners’ grammatical ability in new and demanding problems through conducting a transcendence (TR) session. Besides, compared to non-dynamic assessment (NDA), C-DA as a diagnostic-assisting program was used to assist English teachers in unravelling learners’ performance in various grammatical structures. Moreover, a semi-structured interview was conducted to explore learners’ attitudes toward Computerized Dynamic Grammar Assessment (CDGA) and Group-based Dynamic Assessment (GDGA). This study used a convenient sample of 54 Iranian third-grade students in a private high school who prepared to participate in the Iranian University Entrance Exam (IUEE). The students of the three groups (i.e., the NEG, C-DAEG and G-DAEG groups) followed the same procedure (i.e., DIALANG test, pre-test, treatment, semi-structured interview, post-test and TR test). Quantitative findings using three Between-Subject ANOVAs and three repeated measure ANOVAs revealed that the C-DAEG and G-DAEG groups significantly outperformed the NEG group regarding grammatical ability and could apply them in more demanding circumstances. Besides, the thematic analysis of qualitative data showed that the C-DA software assisted learners to improve their grammatical abilities. The study's findings highlight the importance of applying CDGA and GDGA as mediational procedures that assist learners in developing their grammatical abilities in L2 contexts.     

وجود دين از ضروريات زندگي انسان است و به نوعي سعادت و كمال آدمي   در گرو شناخت آگاهانه از دين و عمل به آموزه­هاي آن است. دين و دين­داري با حقيقت انسان   و وجوه مختلف زندگي   وي پيوند دارد و نقش تعيين كننده اي را ايفا مي­كند. انسان از نظر فطري گرايش به دين و دين­داري دارد و گريزان بودن از دين جرياني برخلاف فطرت و طبيعت او است . دين­گريزي به معناي كم رنگ شدن ايمان و كم نور شدن چراغ دين در زندگي افراد واقعيت دارد و اختصاص به دين خاصي هم ندارد،   بلكه دامن گير همه اديان و مكاتب   است.   با توجه به اينكه مسئله اي اجتماعي است، از ديدگاه مفسران اجتماعي قرآن كريم   نظير علامه طباطبايي، آيت‌الله مكارم شيرازي، سيد قطب و شيخ محمد عبده اغلب با دو عامل فردي مانند جهل و ناداني و عامل اجتماعي مانند: فقر و تهيدستي مرتبط است. اين عوامل   آثار و تبعاتي براي فرد مانند احساس پوچي و سر­گرداني و آثاري براي اجتماع   نظير فقرزدايي دارد. مفسران اجتماعي براي جلوگيري از اين آثار و تبعات، راهكارهاي فردي نظير زهد و راهكارهاي   اجتماعي   مانند بصيرت و هوشياري ارائه مي دهند. روش تحقيق بكار رفته در اين پايان نامه، توصيفي- تحليلي است.     

  olar observations have been of great importance not only to solar physicists but also to geologists, astronomers and meteorologists. The main source of energy for the earth is the sun, and changes in solar radiation and its composition have a significant effect on the weather and, consequently, human activities. Su  ots can be mentioned as one of the components that may affect meteorological parameters and the earth's climate system, which can ultimately cause fluctuations and changes in these quantities. In this study, by using different statistical methods such as correlation analysis, spectral analysis of time series and scatter plots, focusing on stations in the west of the country, which include 4 stations of Hamedan, Kermanshah, Khorram Abad and Sanandaj, in order to understand the possible effect of su  ots on the behavior of quantities Precipitation, average temperature, relative humidity and sea level pressure in the statistical period from 1979 to 2021 were calculated and the necessary investigation was done. The analysis of the correlation coefficient on the main data of meteorological quantities and su  ot data showed the absence of a significant linear relationship between them. But this does not mean the absence of other relationships between the changes of su  ots and meteorological parameters. Using other statistical methods such as drawing scatter diagrams, spectral analysis and filtering data in the band related to the 11-year cycle in determining the type of relationship between solar activities and meteorological quantities and also determining the intensity of its influence on this quantity. It was very effective. The peak related to the 11-year periodicity of su  ots and its intensity in different meteorological quantities were revealed using spectral analysis. From the data distribution charts, it was concluded that there is a weak relationship between the number of su  ots and the probability of light and heavy rain events, relative humidity and low and high temperature in the west of the country. In relation to the amount of pressure, no significant effect was observed.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study is to identify the novels of Reza Jolaei and to study the elements of the story in the novels of this novelist, as well as to get acquainted with the specific style of writing and thought of Reza Julaei and its impact on new writers. This issue can make the elements of the story more widely known and recognized, as well as the July methods in using the elements of the story. Research Methodology: The method of this research is descriptive-analytical, relying on library studies and interviews with the author, which examines and analyzes the elements of the story in two novels about the nature of Homayouni and jujube blossoms. Findings: Reza Julaei is a contemporary novelist and short story writer whose writings have a historical background and have mostly dealt with contemporary historical events. He believes; That we are the same people of the Qajar period and the events of that time, his influence has remained until now, and one of the attractions of his stories is his special style of writing that distinguishes him from other writers. Iranian fiction literature introduced new techniques with the emergence of characters such as Hedayat and Golshiri; That Reza Julaei used these techniques; These techniques include time linearity, complex and anti-hero characters, multiplicity of characters, shifting the narrator (for example, from the omniscient to the narrator), the use of irony, and indirect narration. The elements of the story are one of the most important components of the story, which includes the subject, plot, character, perspective, time, place, theme, and so on. Conclusion: The novel has many fans in Iran and many writers entered the field of storytelling and created significant works. Reza Jolaei's works are related to each other in terms of subject matter as well as the special style and technique he has used, and it can also be said that his works have characters and events in his other book due to their historical background. Has been used, but the special style of this author distinguishes his works from other works. The choice of historical themes from the Qajar and Pahlavi periods is a common feature of July stories. Homayouni's assassination is one of the most important works of this author, which had an important effect on his name. Each author has a specific style and method of applying writing techniques, and reading about each of them can be of particular help to storytellers. Keywords: Reza Joulaei, Jujube Blossoms, Homosexuality, Fiction, Elements of Story  

               Abstract    Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate entrepreneurship development indices in Rural tourism cooperatives in Kermanshah province with emphasis on sustainable tourism. Methodology: This study is an applied, quantitative, and descriptive survey method. The statistical population of this study consists of all members of board of directors and managers of rural tourism cooperatives in Kermanshah province with 290 members. According to Cochran formula, 165 people were selected as sample.   The sampling method used in this study was stratified random sampling. A researcher-made questionnaire was used for data collection. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and the reliability of the questionnaires was calculated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and was calculated to be 0.856 which indicates that the questionnaire had good reliability. Then, to analyze the data and test the research hypotheses from descriptive indices (frequency distribution table, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (t-student test) in    software version 25 used. Results: The results of data analysis showed that the most important indicators of entrepreneurship development in the province's tourism co-operatives were economic indicators with average rating (3.40), infrastructure and institutional indicators with average rating (3.23), individual indicators with average. Ranked (3.13) and social and cultural indices averaged 2.83. Conclusions and Recommendations: The findings of this study show that economic indicators are the most important index in tourism development, especially in less developed areas, because people in these areas are low in terms of economy and income diversity. Policymakers and planners in the country should pay more attention to tourism and its importance, especially in less developed areas, such as pristine rural areas, while allocating more funds to these areas for tourism development to provide them with the least possible benefits. Keywords: Cooperatives, Rural Tourism Cooperatives, Entrepreneurial Development Indicators, Kermanshah Province.

AbstrctToday the tourism in dustry as a key part of the world economy, has been able to achieve the worlds third-largest income generating position. So that different countries, whether developed or developing, each seek to reach the stage of expantion or sustainability of the industry. The main purpose of this applied research is the to analyze the role of cultural tourism management in sustainable tourism development in Kermanshah, which was conducted in three qualitative- qualitative- quantitative phases. Content analysis method was used in qualitative part and descriptive survey method was used in quantitative part. The study population consisted of the first phase of research, tourists, managers, experts, and Faculty of Tourism in Kermanshah City, and in the second and third phase of research, managers, experts, and professors of tourism in Kermanshah City. Sampling method in qualitative section of this study was purposeful and theoretical (for managers, experts, and professors) and snowball (for tourists), through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 17 people in the first phase and 12 people in the second phase. Theoretical saturation was obtained. In the quantitative section, 12 xeperts were given AHP quastionnaive. The validity and reliability of the qualitative part of this study were confirmed using the triangulation technique, and in the quantitative part, the validity of the questionnaive designed by the experts, and its reliability due to the inconsistency rate(0/01) obtained in expert choice11   oftware, were confirmed, and   use the Excel2016 tool for the statistics section. Based on the findings of the qualitative section, the strengths in the field of cultural tourism management with 23 open source and 4 concept, weaknesses in the field of cultural tourism management with 48 open source and 11concept, as well as sterategies for sustainable tourism development in Kermanshah, it and 26 open source and 7 concept. Prioritization of strengths and weaknesses based on their frequency count showed that: organizational and institutional weaknesses with frequency (45) and weaknesses with advertising (45), most important weaknesses, and appropriate investment capacity with frequency (42) and holding training courses frequently, the most important strengths are in the field of cultural tourism management. In the quantitative part, the prioritization results showed that strategies: Education and culture with final weight (0.227), improving the management status of tourism compliance organizations with final weight (0.198), developing new programs and attitudes with final weights (0.188), facilitating financial support with the ultimate weight (0.163), making citizens with the ultimate weight (0.088), improved infrastructures and facilities with final weight (0.087), improve the advertising position with final weight (0.47), They won until the sevent. Therefore, relying on strengths and overcoming weaknesses in the field of cultural tourism management, and the adoption of strategies in this field, the development of tourism in Kermanshah City was the fundamental steps of harvesting, and control of sustainability in the industry. Also, it is suggested that the organization of tourism trustee in the field of tourism services, from educated people in contexts, tourism, employment and... To use.   Key words: tourism development, Sustainable tourism, cultural tourism, Management, Kermanshah city.

during future earthquakes in the area  

National myth including Homa, Zaal, Ghaaf, Rostam, Seemorgh, Phoenix, Jamshid, Bizhan and Siavash.Historical myth including khezr, Iskandar and the water of life myth. Gnostic myths have referred to Hallaj, Plato Ibrahim Bin Adham. By using myths, Saeb has referred to gnostic contents like seclusion, love, annihilation, patience, effort, endeavor, demand, independence, contentment, solitude, silence, insight, prosperity, amazement, pantheism, reliance, enthusiasm, repentance, poverty, connection, monotheism, martyrdom, piety, repudiation, kindness, disclosing secret and satisfaction. This thesis has aim to study the application of mythical elements in Saeb`s poetical book.

  Today, air pollution has become one of the serious concerns of humankind, and it has become more and more visible to the researchers and the owners of this science, since this disruption directly affects and affects human health. We know that suspended particles have a wide range of sizes and sources. In this study, the SMPS suspended particle measurement system was used to examine the particle size distribution in various environments.

Developing EFL learners' inferential reading skills through WebQuest-based flipped classroom: Exploring learners' perspectives

   Abstract The present study, as a research in the field of gender linguistics, aimed at investigating the Persian spoken by women in Kermanshah based on Lakoff’s dominance approach (1975). The purpose of this study was to investigate, describe and categorize the specific features in women’s speech. It further analyzed the impact of age on the frequency of using these speech features. The data of the present study were collected using questionnaires and interviews from 90 urban middle- 0px 0px 13px; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed; direction: ltr;">   Key words: Gender Linguistics, Lakoff’s Dominance Approach, Freud’s Defense Mechanism, Kermanshahi Farsi

  Abstract:Heat waves is one of environmental dangers which has got atmospheric origin and is of importance taking into account the effect it can have on the routine life and health of people as well as economy. In this research the synoptic analysis of heat waves in south west of Iran and the reason behind these waves, the exact statistics of these waves concerning continuity, intensity, time distribution and frequency have been studied. Also atmospheric circulation pattern in the time of heat waves and heat waves prediction by Markov model have been studied. In order to do so, data of maximum daily temperature of 15 synoptic weather stations in south west of Iran during 1990 to 2015 (26 years and 9496 days) were used. Then, after categorizing the data in excel, to identify heat waves percentile-derivation method was used, temperatures in proportion to 95 percentile or more were considered as heat waves. To identify heat waves of south west, temperatures which lasted for 2 days and occurred at 11 stations were defined as heat waves. Meanwhile 111 pervasive heat waves in the south west region were identified during 1990 to 2015 and were categorized as short-term, mid-term and long-term heat waves. The least-continuing waves were for 2 days and the most lasting ones for 17 days. Among these heat waves, four long-term heat waves were analyzed synoptically. After identifying heat waves and drawing frequency diagram and time distribution, the different maps related to different indexes of atmosphere (thickness, geopotential altitude of indexes: 850, 700, 500 hectopascal and wind speed vector at 850 hectopascal index) were drawn. Studying maps shows that a thermal low-pressure at ground level and tidal high pressure deployment in middle layers of atmosphere lead to weather stability and temperature intensity. Then by using Markov model and getting transfer status frequency matrix (N) and transfer status probability matrix (P) and by using Markov model as well as R software and installing Markov package in this software, heat waves become predictable for coming years.     

تحليل و بررسي روند تغييرات پنج آلاينده معيار آلودگي هوا در شهر كرمانشاه در سال هاي 1393-1384

Today in Iran, air pollution is the first issue of environmental pollution and urban tra  ortation system is the one of the main causes its release, Aerosols and gases are the most important known pollutants in the air. Air pollution has many reasons in different cities of Iran such as increase traffic, deforestation, forest fires, increased establishment of factories and power plant, natural factors such as dust storms. Pollution of geo graphical environments in Iran by Aerosols and gases is one of the most important issues in this country. Air pollution has 2 type of pollutant: a) Particle   b) Gas , particularly   there are Jobs and various industrial activities that produce this pollutants. Therefore, measurement of this pollutants is very important because they are effective on health and environmental degradation, Therefore, we must use efficient methods for reduce the concentration this pollutants.In this study, after a brief review of air pollution;, in summary, we defined air pollution, then, we   measured Aerosol   with Cascade Impactor 8 stages and i   the next step, we analyzed   the physical and chemical data in different places of Kermanshah city. In determining the chemical composition, results show that among the five elements V, Cr, Hg, Cd and pb, Hg has the highest mass. In determining the Aerosol size distribution, results show that in Dust storm and Urban traffic the most particles are in the range of Coarse Mode and Accumulation Mode. In the next section, we defined concentration of gaseous pollutants in different places of Kermanshah city , results show that printer home produces O3 and NO2 and heavy traffic produces CO,CH4,Ben and NOx. At the end, the ways have been suggested for reduction of air pollution.

Air pollution is one of the most important recent environmental problems which is the presence of gaseous, liquid, and solid compounds or a mixture of them in the air. Therefore; it can endanger human health directly or indirectly and it also causes harm to animals, plants, buildings and bodies.  The main air pollutants include particulate matters and gases. Particulate matters are solid or liquid particles that are suspended in a gas (usually air). Since particulate matter pollutant nowadays have become a critical pollutant of metropolises , the evaluating of particulate matters concentration in indoor and outdoor environments in Kermanshah province has became necessary. The results of extensive studies on indoor air pollution indicate that the effect of air pollution in indoor environments is more than air pollution in urban environments, as most people in the urban community spend about 80% to 90% of work and life time in indoor environments and are exposed to air pollution in these environments. As a result, this study aimed at investigating significant indoor pollutants, their sources and their effects on health, the introduction of some of the indoor pollutants resources and the study of the limitations of indoor pollutants in the world as well as Iran. As Kermanshah province is the second province that is involved with the dust storm, and the quality of indoor air is influenced by out, this study examined the indoor air quality using Lighthouse HANDHELD 3016 Particle Counter under dusty and clean conditions, in the environments equipped with water and gas air conditioners over 5 minute periods (22 time cycles).  The results of the research showed that in all measurements, the particles with the diameter of 0.3, 0.5 and 1 micron had the most frequency, respectively. Also, as particles with a diameter of more than 1 micron (very large particles) can enter the atmosphere through dust, by making comparison between the number of particles with a diameter greater than 1 micron in the indoor environments equipped with water and gas air conditioners under dusty and clean conditions, it was found that these particles in dust conditions in environments with water conditioners increased up to 3 times in some cases than those in gas air conditioners. That is to say, water air conditioners bring much more dust particles into indoor environments. Regarding various studies, photocopiers and printers can be considered as an important source of particulate matters (ultrafine and fine particles) in office environments. In order to investigate this, the concentration of particles 0.3, 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 micrometers in diameter was measured before the devices were turned on, as well as during the operation of the machines in the printing office with the largest number of photocopiers and printers in Kermanshah province. The results showed a significant increase in the concentration of 0.3, 0.5 and 1 micron particles, fine mode, during the printing process in the printing office air.

Assessing Vulenerabilty of Karstic Aquifers in Kermanshah Plain and Bistoon-parao Mass Using COP Model  

             The Zonation of Regions on Rockfall Hazards in the North of Kermanshah City.

  Abstract  This study was conducted with the aim of investigating EFL learners’ attitude toward the use of smartphones in order to learn English vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, and determining the factors that lead to the selection of a specific smartphone application. This research was conducted at Razi University of Kermanshah. In this research, it has been hypothesized that students have a positive attitude toward the use of smartphones for learning the English language, and factors like the capability of being updated, cheapness, and the ease of use are the main factors that lead to the selection of a particular smartphone application. To test these hypotheses, the study used a mixed methodology which is a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. For the qualitative part of this study, 5 students were interviewed and their data was analyzed by using thematic coding. For the quantitative part of this study a questionnaire was designed and distributed among 55 EFL students based on the themes drawn from the qualitative part of the research and the modified version of TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) by Davis (1986). The findings of this study revealed that students have a positive attitude toward the use of smartphones for learning English and the factors like the capability of being updated, cheapness, and the ease of use are the main factors that lead to the selection of a particular smartphone application.  Keywords: Attitude, Mobile Learning, MALL, EFL learners, Smartphones’ a  , TAM

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