به منظور شناسايي مولكولي قارچ‌هاي همراه با بذرهاي سالم و آلوده بلوط ايراني به سوسك سرخرطومي بذرخوار بلوطCurculio glandium (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)   در استان كرمانشاه، نمونه‌برداري در ?? سايت جنگلي مجزا از اكتبر 2023 تا ژانويه 2024 انجام شد. در هر سايت، ?? درخت به طور تصادفي انتخاب شد و از هر درخت، ?? بذر بلوط به ظاهر سالم و ?? بذر بلوط احتمالاً آلوده به سوسك جمع‌آوري گرديد. بلوط‌ها در كيسه‌هاي كاغذي برچسب‌دار به آزمايشگاه بيماري­شناسي گياهي دانشگاه رازي براي جداسازي قارچ منتقل شدند. درصد بلوط­هاي آلوده­شده توسط C. glandium و قابليت زنده­ماني اين بلوط­ها ارزيابي شد. از بين 200 بذر بلوط جمع­آوري شده نيمي از آنها بلافاصله در خاك گلدان تجاري كاشته شدند و نيمي ديگر پس از يكسال نگهداري در انبار، كاشته شدند. شناسايي مولكولي پس از شناسايي ريخت‌شناسي توسط يك حشره‌شناس مجرب استخراج گرديد. آغازگر اختصاصي گونه بر اساس توالي COI مربوط بهC. glandium     و با استفاده از نرم‌افزار OLIGO 7.56   طراحي شد. اختصاصيت آغازگر اختصاصي C. glandium از طريق آزمون‌ واكنش زنجيره­اي پليمراز با استفاده از الگوهاي DNA حاصل از طيفي از حشرات غيرهدف اعتبارسنجي شد. دي.ان.اي. ژنومي از كشت‌هاي خالص ?? ريخت‌گونه قارچي كه روي محيط PDA رشد كرده بودند، استخراج شد و كيفيت و خلوص آن با استفاده از اسپكتروفوتومتر و الكتروفورز روي ژل آگارز ? درصد در بافر TAE ارزيابي گرديد. نرمال بودن داده‌ها و همگني واريانس‌ها به ترتيب با استفاده از آزمون‌هاي شاپيرو-ويلك و لوون مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند. طول زخم از طريق آناليز واريانس يكطرفه ارزيابي شد و تفاوت‌هاي معنادار بين ميانگين‌ها با استفاده از آزمون توكي مشخص گرديد. نتايج نشان داد نرخ آلودگي تنوع زيادي داشت و ميانگين كلي نرخ آلودگي بذرها به سوسك سرخرطومي بذرخوار بلوط ?/? ± ?/?? درصد بود. درصد جوانه­زني بذرهايي كه بلافاصه پس از جمع­آوري كاشته شده بودند (90 درصد) نسبت به بذرهايي كه پس از يكسال انبارداري كاشته شدند (30 درصد)، بالاتر بود. توالي­يابي ناحيه سيتوكروم c اكسيداز با آغازگرهاي اختصاصي سبب شناسايي پروانه بذرخوار بلوط (Cydia fagiglandana)   شد. اختصاصيت جفت آغازگر FCuGl/RCuGl جهت شناسايي لاروهاي سوسك سرخرطومي بذرخوار بلوط (C. glandium) تأييد شد. در مجموع گونه­هاي قارچي Aspergillus niger (31 درصد)، Paecilomyces lecytidis (5/20 درصد)، Quambalaria cyanescens (4/12 درصد)، Rhizopus stolonifera (6/5 درصد) و Fusarium proliferatum (9/4 درصد) به لحاظ فراواني در رده­هاي اول تا پنجم شايع­ترين گونه­هاي قارچي آلوده­كننده بذرهاي بلوط در مناطق مورد بررسي بودند. تحليل فيلوژنتيك، شناسايي‌هاي مولكولي حاصل از جستجوهاي BLAST را تأييد كرد. از ???? عدد بذر بلوط، ??? جدايه قارچي متعلق به ?? تاكسون به دست آمد كه 7/81 درصد تنوع مربوط به قارچ­هاي آسكوميست و زيرشاخه Pezizomycotina و 2/0 درصد تنوع مربوط به زيرشاخه Saccharomycotina، 4/12 درصد از قارچ­هاي بازيديوميست و 8/5 درصد تنوع مربوط به شاخه Mucormycota بودند. به لحاظ فراواني نيز بيشترين جدايه­هاي قارچي خانواده آسكوميست مربوط به Eurotiales (34/56 درصد)، Hypocreales (1/24 درصد) و Botryosphaeriales (9/5 درصد) بودند و راسته Hypocreales با پنج تاكسون، بيشترين تنوع تاكسونوميك را نشان داد. نهال‌هاي مايه­زني شده با قارچ‌هاي B. fabicerciana، C. bennettii، C. deborreae، Coniochaeta sp.، Cytospora sp.، C. ribis، C. rhodophila، F. equiseti، F. proliferatum، N. macnamarae، N. dimidiatum، P. lecythidis، Q. cyanescens و T. roseum سبب ايجاد بيماري شدند. مايه­زني بذرهاي بلوط‌ با جدايه‌هاي قارچي در شرايط كنترل‌شده، درجات مختلفي از لكه­هاي نكروز را ايجاد كرد كه بر اساس طول زخم كمي‌سازي شد.

   The cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a key storage pest of legumes in tropical regions such as Iran, with losses reaching up to 90% during storage. Damage includes seed weight reduction, perforation, and secondary contamination. Using chemical insecticides such as malathion and thiamethoxam in storage faces challenges, including pest resistance and environmental pollution. Therefore, integrated pest management (IPM) with entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae is proposed to reduce the use of these insecticides. These fungi control pests by penetrating the cuticle and producing degradative enzymes, but their slow action requires a combination with insecticides. This study aimed to evaluate the individual efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (selected isolate) and two commonly used insecticides, thiamethoxam (a neonicotinoid) and malathion (an organophosphate), as well as their interactions on adult C. maculatus under laboratory conditions. After determining lethal and sublethal doses and other toxicological parameters using probit models for single agents, the impact of simultaneous application of the fungus with sublethal insecticide doses was assessed. Analytical methods such as the co-toxicity coefficient (CTC) and combination analysis models were used to evaluate the type of interaction (synergistic, additive, or antagonistic). The laboratory methodology included Iranian-native fungal isolates, pest rearing on chickpea (28°C, 75% RH), bioassays at various concentrations, and statistical analysis of synergy. Results showed that the selected fungal isolates were highly virulent; B. bassiana and M. anisopliae caused 70-85% mortality at 10^6-10^7 conidia/mL concentrations. In seed treatment, insecticides were more effective with thiamethoxam, having a lower LD50. Regarding compatibility, sublethal insecticide doses (LD25) had only minor adverse effects on mycelial growth (10-15% reduction), sporulation (20% reduction), and conidial viability (80-90% retained), with malathion being more compatible than thiamethoxam. Regarding mixtures, results showed that combining the fungus with LC25 of insecticides induced synergy, raising mortality to 90-95% and reducing lethal time from 7-10 days to 4-6 days. The interaction between thiamethoxam at a sublethal dose and M. anisopliae produced the most potent synergistic effect. This indicates that a very low dose of thiamethoxam (about one-quarter of LD50) amplified the fungus's pest-killing ability by more than threefold. This synergy is likely due to neonicotinoids weakening the insect's immune system, facilitating fungal penetration. Native isolates are effective, and co-application reduces pesticide use by 50-70%, manages resistance, and preserves the environment. Synergism is due to the weakening by insecticides and easier fungal entry. Compared to similar studies, Iranian native isolates perform better. Challenges include fungal persistence at low storage humidity and the need for commercial formulations. Recommendations include field trials and integration with other IPM factors for broader application in Iranian storage systems. This study lays the groundwork for combined biological-chemical formulations to enhance food security and sustainable agriculture.    Keywords: Malathion, thiamethoxam, toxicity, mixture, synergism, antagonism, fungal fitness, integrated pest management.   

   This study was conducted to assess the transgenerational sensitivity dynamics and bioefficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis su  . kurstaki (Bt) in the control of third instar larvae of the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) over four consecutive generations. Laboratory bioassays using various concentrations of Bt were performed on the parental generation (F0) and successive progenies (F1, F2, F3). Results indicated that cumulative mortality rates and sensitivity indices—including LC50, resistance ratio (RR), and lethal dose ratios—declined significantly in later generations. The parent and first filial generations were most susceptible to Bt spores and crystals, but with continuous selection pressure, resistance development was pronounced in the second generation (RR=2.92), reaching maximum resistance in the third (RR=7.25). The LT50 values rarely reached 50% lethality except at high concentrations in the initial generation; for most treatments and especially in later generations, this threshold was not attained. Statistical modeling was used to examine the relationship between LC~50~ and LT~50~ across all generations. All models confirmed a strong positive correlation (r=0.92), demonstrating that increasing resistance or reduced sensitivity under selection pressure substantially delayed larval mortality. Nonlinear power regression (R²=0.89) and generalized linear modeling with a gamma distribution (Deviance explained=85%) further validated the robust relationship between dependent and independent variables. These findings underscore that repeated use of Bt, without resistance management strategies such as refugia, accelerates resistance development and reduces biological control effectiveness. Therefore, sustainable pest management in field conditions should include insecticide rotation, creation of Bt-free refuges, and implementation of higher, targeted concentrations. This research demonstrated rapid transgenerational resistance evolution under laboratory selection, emphasizing the need for regular monitoring and prevention of both genetic and epigenetic resistance in key pest populations under greenhouse and field conditions. Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis, cotton bollworm, transgenerational resistance, bioassay, successive generations, statistical modeling, biological control

The parasitoid wasp, Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hym., Braconidae), plays a crucial role in the biological control of lepidopteran larvae. However, producers face significant challenges in storing and maintaining the quality of this wasp during cold storage, as the production process for both the wasp and its host takes approximately two months. Optimal cold storage is essential not only for preventing a decline in the wasp's quality but also for ensuring a constant supply of sufficient and timely quantities. This study investigated the impact of feeding during a four-week cold storage period on the mortality rate and biological characteristics of H. hebetor. This study was conducted experimentally under laboratory conditions. The host, Mediterranean flour moth larvae (Ephestia kuhniella Zeller), was reared at a temperature of 27±2°C, with a relative humidity of 65±5%, in darkness. The parasitoid wasp, H. hebetor, was reared at a temperature of 25±2°C, with a relative humidity of 65±5%, and a photoperiod of 16L:8D hours. Adult wa   of the same age were kept in a refrigerator at 5±1°C under two conditions: without feeding and with feeding using a diluted water and honey solution (1:5 every 48 hours). In each condition, at least 20 pairs of adult male and female wa   of the same age were observed. After verifying the normality of the data, statistical comparisons were made using one-way ANOVA, and treatments were grouped using the Tukey HSD test. The results of this study demonstrate that feeding the parasitoid wasp H. hebetor during cold storage positively impacts the quality and efficiency of the wa  . Specifically, providing a diluted water and honey solution reduced mortality, increased oviposition, and improved parasitism, without affecting the sex ratio. Feeding during cold storage can prevent high mortality rates and reduce quality loss and inefficiency in H. hebetor. These findings can assist producers in optimizing storage methods and maintaining wasp quality, ensuring a consistent supply of high-quality wa   when needed for biological control. Keywords: Feeding, storage, parasitoid wa  , mediterranean flour moth, and biological control   

   Oak dieback disease caused by the fungus Paecilomyces formosus threatens oak trees in the Zagros forests in western Iran. Various insects, such as wood-infesting beetles (Coleoptera), may play a role in dissemination of P. formosus. We collected larvae and adult insects from branch wood of oak trees with dieback symptoms in the Zagros forests. For larval identification, the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase I (COXI) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Fungal isolates from wood and insects collected from the sampled oaks were identified by morphology, acid production on creatine sucrose agar (CREA) medium, phylogeny of DNA sequence data for the ?-tubulin gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA. To detect P. formosus in larvae and adult insects, we used a nested PCR assay with the species-specific primer pairs PaMF and PaMR. The insects that most often tested positive for P. formosus were larvae of the buprestids Acmaeodera sp. and Chrysobothris affinis, and larvae of the cerambycid Trichoferus campestris. Adults of C. affinis and Calchaenesthes diversicolis (Cerambycidae), which were collected from within their galleries, also tested positive. Beetle larvae of Anthaxia sp. (Buprestidae), Latipalpis plana (Buprestidae), Monochamus sp. (Cerambycidae) and Crypticus gibbulus (Tenebrionidae) also tested positive. Larvae that tested negative for P. formosus were species of Cossidae (Lepidoptera), Elateridae (Coleoptera), Gasteruptiidae (Hymenoptera) and Syrphidae (Diptera). Future research is needed to determine whether any of these insects can serve as vectors of P. formosus. These results can be used to target-specific insects for monitoring.

  

كنه(Trombidiformes: Iolinidae)   (McGregor, 1932) Pronematus ubiquitus كنه كوچكي است كه قادر است به‌طور چشم‌گيري، جمعيت تعدادي از آفات و بيماري را كنترل كند. اين شكارگر اندازه بسيار كوچك و سرعت تحرك فوق‌العاده‌اي دارد. روي سطح برگ برخي گياهان، تعداد زيادي پرزهاي غده‌اي وجود دارد كه وجود اين پرزها مانع از استقرار و حركت مناسب شكارگرهايي مانند كنه‌هاي Phytoseiidae مي‌شوند. ولي كنه P. ubiquitus به‌دليل ويژگي‌هاي فوق‌الذكر، قادر است به راحتي پشت و روي برگ گياهان ميزبان حركت كرده و از آفات و عوامل بيماري‌زاي سطح برگ تغذيه كند. كاربرد اين شكارگر به عنوان يك عامل كنترل بيولوژيك، مي‌تواند به ميزان قابل توجهي از مصرف آفت‌كش‌هاي شيميايي بكاهد. نوسانات جمعيت و الگوي توزيع فضايي كنه‌يP. ubiquitus   روي درختان توت و بوته‌هاي لوبيا سبز در فصول بهار، تابستان و پاييز سال ???? در شهرستان كرمانشاه مورد مطالعه و بررسي قرار گرفت. نمونه‌برداري‌ها به صورت فواصل منظم و هفتگي صورت گرفت. نمونه‌برداري اوليه با در نظر گرفتن خطاي نسبي ??/? با ?? نمونه آغاز شد. در اين بررسي براي تعيين الگوي توزيع فضايي كنه‌ي P. ubiquitus، دو روش قانون توان تيلور و شاخص‌ رگرسيوني آيوائو مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. در اين مطالعه الگوي توزيع فضايي روي گياهان مورد مطالعه براي هر دو شاخص از نوع تجمعي به دست آمد. اثر دما و رطوبت نسبي نيز مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. براساس رگرسيون خطي، نوسانات جمعيت كنه با دما براي لوبيا معني‌دار نبود ولي براي توت تفاوت معني‌دار و رابطه‌ي منفي مشاهده شد. همچنين رگرسيون خطي بين رطوبت نسبي و نوسانات جمعيت كنه براي لوبيا معني‌دار نبود، ولي براي توت رابطه‌‌ي مثبت و معني‌دار مشاهده شد. مطالعه‌ي نوسانات جمعيت و الگوي توزيع فضايي كنه‌ها مي‌تواند به تنظيم برنامه‌هاي نمونه‌برداري و تخمين جمعيت آن‌ها در مديريت تلفيقي محصولات مختلف كمك كند.   

   In order to study agronomic evaluation of recombinant inbred lines resulting from the wheat cultivars crossing, 450 recombinant inbred lines (RILs, F6) derived (three populations) from the crossing of Gascogen × winter backcross of Roshan, Marvdasht × MV17, Marvdasht × Shahpasand were evaluated. The experiment was carried out as an augment design in Research Farm of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, in 2020. The control treatments included five bread wheat cultivars (Roshan, Shahpasand, Morvdasht, Kraichov, MV17, Gascogen), the augment design was in the form of randomized complete block design (RCBD) with eight replicates, and the lines were randomly placed inside them.The results obtained from the correlation analysis showed that kernel yield per square meter had a highly significant positive correlation with straw yield, plant height, peduncle length, flag leaf length, spike length, spike weight, number of kernel per spike, weight of kernels per spike, thousand seed weight, number of spike per m2, weight of spike per m2, weight of stem and leaf per m2, biological yield and harvest index. The results of path analysis showed that number of spike per m2 had the highest correlation and also highest direct effect on kernel yield. According to the results obtained from factor analysis, five main components justified 76.70 percent of the total variation among data. Cluster analysis divided the genotypes into five groups. Generally, the results showed that the lines of the first group were superior to the other groups in terms of the most of the evaluated traits. Therefore, the lines in the first group could be sugessted for further breeding expriments. Key words: Augment, bread wheat, cluster analysis, recombinant inbred lines.

  اينتحقيق به بررسي ميزان آلودگي درختان نارون در شهر كرمانشاه به سوسك برگ‌خوار نارون، Xanthogaleruca luteol

   One of the most important pests that attack agricultural and greenhouse plants and in case of severe damage causes changes in the shape of the fruit and leaves of the plant, is onion trips Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). In the current research, population fluctuations and spatial distribution of this pest were investigated in the field conditions of the Canyon variety beans in Sanandaj city (Kurdistan province) in the years 1401 and 1402. Bean leaf was selected as sampling unit. Sampling was done on a weekly basis, and for this purpose, 52 bean plants were selected in each turn, and three lower, middle and upper leaves were selected from each bean plant, and the leaves were shaken on a white tray, and then the thrips inside the tray was transferred into Eppendorf containing 75% ethyl alcohol by a soft brush. The results of this study showed that the population of onion thrips was active in the field from July and gradually increased their activity and density so that the highest population of onion thrips in 1401, in the first week of August with Average (11.65±0.14) and in 1402 at the end of August with an average (11.29±0.23) thrips was observed in the sampling unit. Also, the highest mean number of onion thrips was observed with a significant difference in the lower leaves compared to the middle and upper leaves of beans. The results of the spatial distribution of the pest showed that according to both Taylor and Iowa methods, the spatial distribution of onion thrips was uniform. In general, the results of this study showed that onion thrips population reaches its peak in August in both years studied. Also, the Iowa method was evaluated as more suitable than the Taylor method for estimating the spatial distribution of the pest.

  چكيده: با توجه به اهميت و نقش درختان در اكوسيستمهاي نواحي غربي كشورمان فون كنههاي پيشاستيگما كه قسمت مهمي از كنههاي آفتزاي گياهي و همچنين كنههاي شكارگر را شامل ميشوند مورد مطالعه و تحقيق قرار گرفت. براي رسيدن به اين هدف نمونهبرداريهايي از بهمن 1400 تا بهمن 1401 از شاخ و برگ و خاك و غيره درختان ميوه منطقه چرداول انجام و سپس نمونهها براي تهيه اسلايد ميكروسكوپي به آزمايشگاه انتقال يافت. در اين مطالعه در مجموع 20 گونه متعلق به 11 خانواده جمعآوري و شناسايي شدند كه گونههاي شناسايي شده در اين مطالعه به شرح ذيل است: Super Family: Tetranychoidea Donnadieu, 1876, Family: Tenuipalpidae Berlese, 1913, Tenuipalpus punicae Pritchard & Baker, 1958 Tenuipalpus granti Sayed, 1946 Family: Tetranychidae Donnadieu, 1875 Oligonychus sp. Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 Eotetranychus frosti (M cGrego, 1952) Super Family: Bdelloidea Family: Bdeliidae Duges, 1834 Spinibdella cronini (Baker and Balock, 1944) Family: Cunaxidae Thor, 1902 Cunaxa sp. Coleoscirus simplex (Ewing, 1917) Super Family: Tydeoidea Family: Iolinidae Peritchard, 1956 Neopronematus rapidus (Kuznetzov, 1972) Neopronematus kamali Darbemamieh-Hajiganbar, 2015 Pronematus ubiquitous (McGregor, 1932) Family: Ereynetidae Oudemans, 1931 Ereynetes sp. Super Family: Raphignathoidea Kramer, 1877 Family: Caligonellidae Grandjean, 1994 Molothrognathus mehrnejadi Liang & Zhang, 2015 Molothrognathus sp. Family: Raphignathidae Kramer, 1877 Raphignathus gracilic (Rack, 1962) Raphignathus sp. Super Family: Erythraeoidea Family: Erythraeidae Oudemans, 1902 Erythraeus sp. Abrolophus sp. Family: Anystidae Oudemans, 1936 Erythracarus pyrrholeucus Hermann, 1804 Super Family: Eupodoidea Family Eupodidae Koch, 1882 Eupodes sp.

   Judas thrips, Thrips vulgatissimus Haliday is one of the species living on Judas trees and shrubs. In this study, in addition to the faunistic investigation of thrips associated with Judas trees, population fluctuation and spatial distribution of this species were studied in the Arghavan Strait located in Ilam city during the years 2022-2023. Four branches of 20 cm on each tree in different geographical directions were selected as the sampling unit. Sampling was done every three days, the branches of Judas trees were shaken on a white plastic tray, and then the thrips were transferred with a soft brush into an Eppendorf tube containing 75% ethyl alcohol. Totally, 10 thrips species belonging to six genera from four different families were collected and identified from the flowers of the Judas trees located in the Arghavan Strait. The results showed that the Judas thrips population has two population peaks. The first population of Judas thrips was observed on the first day of April 2023. The highest population density of Judas thrips was obtained in the first peak with an average of 30.60 ± 6.23 and the highest density in the second peak with an average of 73.75 ± 7.64 thrips per sampling unit. The results of spatial distribution based on Taylor’s power law methods showed that the spatial distribution was aggregated. In addition, geographical directions had no significant effect on the density of Judas thrips. In general, the results of this study showed that the population density of Judas thrips is higher at the beginning of the season and in the first generation, which is proportional to the flowering time of Judas trees.

   Oak forests located in the western part of country represent a significant ecological advantage due to their rich biodiversity. These forests include diverse species of oak, Quercus   . Mismanagement and adverse climatic factors make this valuable ecosystem prone to attack by pest insects and the pest insects also accelerate the process of forest deterioration. These pest insects not only cause damage to the forests but also expedite the process of forest deterioration. One of the major pests that target oak trees in the Zagros region is the acorn weevil, Curculio glandium Marsh (Col.: Curculionidae). The larvae of this insect feed on the internal contents of the oak fruits, leading to their damage. Consequently, this disturbs the natural process of the regeneration and hampers the forest's ability to regenerate naturally. This study was conducted in 2022-2023, simultaneously in Dalahu and Islamabad oak forests. From the beginning to the end of the growing season, oak trees were regularly visited and sampled. Oak fruits were randomly collected, than the data were collected and recorded. In the laboratory, infested samples were dissected under a microscope. The biological stages of the pest, such as the place and time of egg laying, the hatching time, the larval stages, the occurrence of the adult insect, morphological characters and natural enemies were investigated. Based on the collected data and climatological data of the region, the peak population in Dalahu was determined on the 20th of Mehr (2022) and in Islamabad West on the 12th of Mehr (2022).The acorn weevil, Curculio glandium, shows an annual life cycle, completing one generation per year. The spatial distribution pattern in Dalahu was determined to be of the cumulative type, while in Eslamabad-e  Gharb it was found to be of the random type. The results of this study are effective in improving management measures to control this acorn weevil pest. Keywords: Biological agents, Forest, Acorn feeders, Oak, Western country, Kermanshah

   Introduction: Special attention to increasing livestock production and improving productivity to achieve self-sufficiency and basic and food needs seems to increase the country more than in the past. Animal husbandry, as the most important sub-sector of agriculture, is one of the most important sectors in the production of production materials and dairy products, which plays a major role in feeding the people of the society, and is a group of dynamic and effective industries, which is subject to many risks during production. Objectives The objective of this research was to analyze the factors on increasing the productivity of the traditional animal husbandry unit in Serfirouzabad village of Kermanshah city in 2022-2023 from the point of view of livestock farmers. Research methodology: The current research is quantitative in terms of paradigm, applied in terms of purpose, Descriptive-analytical in terms of data collection, and field and library in terms of the amount and degree of control of variables. The statistical population of the research includes the owners of traditional livestock units in Sarfirouzabad village of Kermanshah (N = 1100), based on Karjesi and Morgan's table, 285 people were selected using stratified random sampling, including 130 livestock owners with sheep units. 100 ranchers had lamb breeding units and 55 ranchers had dairy cattle units. The data collection tool was 3 researcher-made questionnaires along with interviews, the validity of which was evaluated based on the opinion of experts and university professors, and its reliability was calculated by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient in    software as 0.81. Data analysis was done in two parts, descriptive and inferential statistics, in   23 software. Also, in order to calculate the economic productivity of traditional livestock units, the formula of economic productivity of all production factors was used. Findings: The study of the productivity of the sheep units showed that the average productivity of the total production factors in the sheep units is 2, in the lamb breeding units is 0.2 and in the dairy cow units is 0.8. The results of the study regarding the factors affecting the productivity of traditional animal husbandry units showed that two political factors with an average of 4.073 and economic factors with an average of 4.051 have the greatest effect on the productivity of animal husbandry units. In addition, the social factor with an average of 3.962 was in the third place, and the managerial factor with an average of 3.867 and the human factor with an average of 3.785 were placed in the fourth and fifth place among the factors affecting productivity. Conclusion and suggestion: By ensuring the psychological and physical security of investing in proper pricing of products and inputs instead of mandatory pricing, the government should have a strong supporting and controlling role and provide livestock inputs in the right amount and at the right time at the right price. to put livestock farmers; Also, by granting appropriate subsidies, facilities and credits to traditional animal husbandry units, which have been converted into industrial or semi-industrial units, and by using modern technologies and improved breeds of livestock, their productivity should be increased.   

This study was conducted with the aim of strategic analysis of the development of olive processing workshops in Rajab area of Dalaho city using SWAT analysis. The present study was conducted with a combined (qualitative-quantitative) approach. In order to achieve the goal of the research, which is "development of olive processing workshops in Rijab region of Dalaho city", at first, the SWOT analytical model was used. After identifying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, in the next stage of SWOT, using hierarchical analysis (AHP), the factors of the four points were weighted. Then the strategies were extracted. The current study population included all the olive growers of Rijab region of Dalaho city, based on the information obtained from the Agricultural Jihad Organization in 1402, 370 people were evaluated, of which 15 people were interviewed. Also, in order to obtain rich information, interviews were conducted with agricultural Jihad experts who were familiar with olive cultivation and the issues and problems of olive growers, and 7 people were selected as samples. The tools of data collection in this research were interviews and questionnaires. In general, the results of SWAT analysis showed that there are 4 broad categories for the development of olive processing workshops in Rajab region of Dalaho city, including: suitable environmental and geographical conditions of the region for the development of olives and its products, the high added value of olives compared to other horticultural products in the region. The ability to generate employment and the high human capital of olive growers were identified. Weaknesses include 4 categories, including: management problems of olive growers, lack of necessary capital and equipment in the process of olive production and processing, tra  ortation problems in the study area, professional problems of olive growers. The opportunities for the development of olive processing workshops also include 3 categories such as: supporting policies of the agricultural sector, technology development and investment in the study area, effective promotion and training were identified by the Agricultural Jihad Organization, and finally the threats for the development of olive processing workshops include 4 There are classes, these classes are: problems related to the market, climate changes, financial and credit problems, weak legislation and policy making.  

   Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is one of the most important pests of apple that reduces yield and crop quality. Control methods have been based predominantly on the use of broad spectrum insecticides. Concerns over the safety, environmental impact, development of insecticide resistance in codling moth and sustainability of synthetic pesticides have engendered development and use of softer control methods within the integrated pest management strategy. One of the softer methods that is increasingly being employed for codling moth control is mating disruption employing the female codling moth sex attractant.   The potential of pheromones for use in commercial pest control needs to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis due to the diverse nature of these signaling compounds, but they been shown to be highly effective in the case of pests like Codling moth. According to different environmental conditions to take best results for control of pest, determination of best heights and color of pheromone traps is important in Kurdistan province. In this research, the influence colors and heights pheromone trap captures were investigated. The experiment was conducted in factorial based on a complete randomized design with three replications during 2023. In this study the effects of two factors, trap colors (blue, green, yellow and white) and the trap heights (0.5, 1 and 1.5 m), were evaluated on the catch of adults. The results showed that color and height have significant effect on the number of males captured by traps. The results indicated that in the first generation the highest number of codling moth with the mean of 7.8 were observed in white trap and the lowest number of codling moth with the mean of 3.2 were observed in blue trap. In the first and second generation the highest number of codling moth were observed in 1.5 m height trap. In the second generation the highest number of codling moth with the mean of 9.2 were observed in green trap and the lowest number of codling moth with the mean of 1.8 were observed in blue trap. There were no significant interactions between trap colour and trap height at 5% error probability level. In this research green and white traps were significantly more effective than others colors. Result showed that there were not significant differences among the cultivars in pest density in the first and second generation. The results clearly indicated that green traps in the height of 1.5 m is the most effective trap for control of codling moths    Keywords: Codling moth, pheromone trap, delta trap, mass trapping, saghez city

   In this research, sequential sampling of different species of thrips was done in three important rangelands of Javanrud (Kermanshah province) from March 2023 to June 2023. These pastures included Deh-Sarkh (1500 meters), Massander (1370 meters) and Gandab (1270 meters). Sampling was done weekly by shaking selected plants between three sites into a white tray. Plants of the three sampling sites included wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis), oats (Avena fatua L), chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L), shepherd's purse (Capsella bursapastoris) and wild barley   (Hordeum spontaneum). The results showed that among the total number of 10,503 samples collected from the three sites of Javanroud, 18 species of thrips belonging to four families, including Aeolothripidae (four species), Melanthripidae (one species), Thripidae (nine species) and Phlaeothripidae (four species) were found on five abundant plant species were identified.   Among these 18 species, the four dominant species in the region were Rhipidiothrips brunneus, Melanthrips knechteli, Thrips meridionalis (Priesner) and Haplothrips reuteri (Karny). Results based on critical indicators such as Shannon-Wiener and Simpson Ds showed a difference between the three sampling sites in terms of biodiversity. Based on both Shannon- (2.76) and Simson Ds (0.93) indices, the highest diversity of thrips species is found in the Gandab pasture. The two sites of Deh Sarkh and Massander have almost similar species diversity. The equitability index (=j) for Gandab (0.95) and Deh Sorekh (0.92) was higher than Massander (0.90). The results of the Principal Component Analysis showed that the tendency of thrips species to disperse among the three regions is different from each other. The species similarity index based on the Chekanovsky coefficient showed that the highest species composition is the same between Deh Sorkh and Massander pastures, which are closer to each other in terms of height than the sea level. The Shannon-Wiener Biodiversity Index showed that the highest biodiversity of thrips species in the Deh Sorekh site is on A. fatua L (2.69), H. spontaneum (2.67) and S. arvensis (2.43) plants, respectively. According to the Simson index, the highest diversity of thrips species in the Deh Sorekh site is on A. fatua (0.92) and H. spontaneum (0.92) plants. On the other hand, considering that the lowest Simson diversity index recorded on the rest of the plants was in the range between 0.81 and 0.88.   Therefore, all five selected plants are important host plants for thrips collected, but A. fatua, H. spontaneum   and S. arvensis plants are more key plants in relation to the biodiversity of different species of thrips in Deh-sorkh. The highest pillo uniformity index (equitability=j) in Deh Sarkh was on C. bursapastoris (0.95), in Massander on H. spontaneum   (0.95) and C. bursapastoris (0.95), and in Gandab on A. fatua (0.96) and H. spontaneum   (0.96). In all three sites of Javanroud, the highest carrying capacity in relation to multiple species of thrips was related to wild mustard plant. The similarity index results of thrips species on selected host plants based on the PCA method and the NMDS in the three sampled sites showed that R. brunneus Williams and F. intonsa (Trybom) species had a higher abundance on A. fatua in the Deh-sorkh pasture. Rhipidiothrips brunneus, Frankliniella intonsa, Thrips meridionalis (Priesner) and Haplothrips reuteri (Karny) species are seen with the same abundance on S.arvensis, A. fatua   and H. spontaneum   lants.   However, the species Melanthrips knechteli

  Wheat is a strategic crop; therefore, its storage, especially in storage, encounters particular importance. The khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Evert (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), is a crucial polyphagous pest that causes irreversible damage, especially to wheat. Biological pest control agents that can be established in warehouse conditions are essential from the point of view of healthy food production. The predatory mite Celacaropsis sp. was reported first from the Entomology lab of the Razi University of Iran in 2019; for this reason, there was little information about it. Therefore, this research was aimed to precisely evaluate the morphology of different stages, prey preference, and age stage two-sex life table of the mentioned mite on two prey species, T. granarium, and the mill moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), for introducing an easy and affordable method for the mass rearing of the predator. Accordingly, it was determined that the number of mite stages is sex-dependent. Females had five stages (egg, larvae, protonymph, deutonymph, and adult), and males lacking deutonymph had four stages. Moreover, male adults had morphological dimorphism. No-choice test showed the predatory mite prefers egg to larval instars. In this condition, the predator consumed, on average, 5.9 eggs of the khapra beetle and 3.5 eggs of the mill moth during the 24-hour test, while it did not show any desire to feed on four- and five-year-old larvae and pupae. The egg of both prey species was the most preferred stage for the predator in the way that the prey preference index values (Manley's ?) were obtained at 0.76 and 0.47, respectively. In choosing between the eggs of both prey species, the predator preferred the egg of the khapra beetle to the egg of the mill moth. The life table study of predatory mite on eggs of both species showed that the percentage of pre-adult survival rate and the mean fecundity were higher in T. granarium than E. kuehniella. On the contrary, the mean of the adult pre-oviposition period was more in the mill moth treatment than in another treatment. Also, females constituted only 28% of the adult mites that had fed on E. kuehniella, while they accounted for 65% of the population in the opposite treatment. Feeding on the khapra beetle egg increased the mean of all population parameters compared with providing on the mill moth's egg and, on the contrary, decreased the mean generation time. The ratio of intrinsic mean increase (r) in T. granarium to E. kuehniella as the most critical population parameter was 3.32. This research showed that the khapra beetle egg is a desirable prey for the predatory Celacaropsis sp. and has the potential for use in the mass rearing of this mite. However, before making a definite recommendation, more studies are needed. Key words: The predatory mite, Cheyletidae, Trogoderma granarium, Ephestia kuehniella, preferred prey, two-sex life table

Stonefruit trees are very important in Iran and play an important role in the country's economy. Various pests and diseases reduce the performance of these products. Mediterranean fruit fly with the scientific name Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Dip: Tephritidae) is one of the most damaging pests of kernel trees in the world. o control this pest, the use of chemical methods is not appropriate due to the side effects, and it is necessary to use methods such as mass trapping using traps and different attractants. This study was conducted in 2022 as a complete random block design in a mixed fruit garden (peach, nectarine, plum, apricot, and almond) in the agricultural research center and natural resources of Kermanshah with an area of two hectares. In this study, the performance of several types of attractant compounds (Seratrope, Trimedlor, Biolor, Protein hydrolyzate, Sugar beet molasses, and Ammonium acetate) in attracting Mediterranean fruit fly was investigated using McPhail trap.    software was used to analyze the variance of the data obtained from the study of different Mediterranean fruit fly attractants and the average treatments were compared with the Tukey test at the five percent level. The trend of weekly changes in the mediterranean fruit fly population in different treatments and sampling dates was drawn using Excel software. The results of this research showed that the first female Mediterranean fruit fly was caught on 10 July 2022 and the first male Mediterranean fruit fly was caught on 16 July 2022. The peak population date of this pest was 11 September 2022 with 234 flies. Based on the results of the analysis of variance, there was a significant difference between different attractants in terms of the number of trapped pests (df=4; f=249/97; pvalue<0.01). Baylor treatment attracted the highest average of Mediterranean flies, and Baylor treatment attracted the highest average of Mediterranean flies, and Baylor treatment, Trimedlor®, and Ammonium acetate treatments were placed. In addition, the amount of damage caused to the desired garden was 35%. Baylor and Trimedlor attractants, which had the highest hunting of Mediterranean fruit flies, are recommended to control this pest.      

   Scale insects are important pests of agricultural, horticultural and forestry plants. This group of insects, has more than 8000 identified species in the world and more than 300 species in Iran. Scale insects often damage directly by feeding on plant sap; and indirectly by transmitting virus or by producing honeydew and disrupting photosynthesis. In this research, random sampling of plants and trees, was carried out in warm climatic area, including, Qasr-Shirin, Sarpol-Zahab and Gilan-Gharb regions. At the same time as collecting, recording information and field characteristics of the samples, photographing and transferring to the laboratory, some of the samples, in 75% alcohol, some for the breeding of scales and natural enemies related to them and some also mounted as microscope slides. The samples were identified using reliable sources at the genus and species level; The images and drawings of some samples, based on macroscopic and microscopic characters, were sent to the specialists for verification. In total, 14 plant scale insects from 4 families and 12 related natural enemy species were identified. Addition to the field research, the quarantine scales were divided into three categories based on location, including eight external quarantine scale species, one internal quarantine species, two species with internal quarantine potential of Kermanshah province and one species with external quarantine potential and updated. Among the samples, the species Lepidosaphes ulmi was found for the first time in the hypogeic form on the underground parts of Sorghum halepens in the world, and the species Phenacoccus solenopsis and Parthenolecanium persicae were found for the first time on wild lettuce (Lactuca serriola) and common Ash tree (Fraxinus excelsior) are reported in Iran. Parlatoria crypta, Planococcus ficus and Coccus hesperidum species are reported for the first time on raurel rose (Nerium oleander), fig (Ficus sp.) and judas tree (Cercis siliquastrum) respectively in Kermanshah province. In the following list, scale insects marked with one asterisk are reported for the first time from Iran and others with two asterisk are reported for the first time from Kermanshah province. Additionally, the natural enemies which associated with Kermes spatulatus marked with three asterisk are new for the science; and other natural enemies, which are marked with two asterisk, are new records for Iran. Diaspididae: Aonidiella orientalis**, Lepidosaphes ulmi, Parlatoria blanchardi, Parlatoria crypta, Parlatoria pergandii**, Odonaspis sp.** Pseudococcidae: Antonina graminis** (Natural enemies: Coccinellidae: Diomus rubidus**; Nephus sp.**), Nipaecoccus viridis** (foes:­ Aphelinidae: Marietta  leopardina**; Encyrtidae: Anagyrus sp.; Anagyrus pseudococci), Phenacoccus solenopsis** (foes: Coccinellidae: Nephus bipunctatus**; Scymnus sp.; Encyrtidae: Anagyrus orbitalis**), Planococcus ficus Coccidae: Coccus hesperidum, Parthenolecanium corni, Parthenolecanium persicae Kermesidae: Kermes spatulatus* (foes: Coccinellidae: Exochomus undulatus***; Eulophidae: Aprostocetus protasovi***; Phlaeothripidae: Haplothrips globiceps***) Keywords: Economic pests, morphology, external quarantine, biological control

Oilseed rape, Brassica napus L. (Brassicaceae), is one of the most important oilseed plants in the world. The false chinch bug, Nysius cymoides (Spinola) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), is a polyphagous insect whose nymphs and adults severely reduce crop yield and cause economic damage by feeding on rapeseed. Therefore, chemical control is considered one of the best ways to manage this pest due to its immediate effect. But considering the importance of food safety and the need to protect the environment, it is better to replace reduced-risk pesticides with broad-spectrum pesticides or use a combination of these compounds. In addition, mixing insecticides is a useful solution to delay pest resistance and reduce production costs. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of acetamiprid against the rapeseed false chinch bug and compare it with malathion, which is used in Iran to control this pest. The results of bioassays against adults in two application methods in greenhouse conditions showed that the insecticidal activity of both compounds as foliar spraying (Sp) is more than the soil application (SA). Also, acetamiprid was more toxic than malathion to N. cymoides. The interaction between the two insecticides was antagonistic in all tested cases, except where the recommended concentration of both was applied in an equal volume ratio in the soil, and the result was an additive interaction. Moreover, the persistence of insecticides was investigated for 21 days after treatment at one-week intervals. Accordingly, the mortality caused by the recommended concentration of malathion (RC) Sp decreased significantly within a week of the treatment and reached from 100% to 16.07%; however, acetamiprid was more durable, and the resulting mortality decreased from 92.71% to 34.82%. But in the SA method, on the contrary, malathion (RC) was much more persistent, and after one week, it still killed 53.13% of the treated insects. At the same time, acetamiprid (RC), even during the first 48 hours, caused only 60.71% mortality, but it did not lose much in terms of durability and caused 32.14% mortality after one week. Acetamiprid (2RC) SA and malathion ?2 RC (SA)+ malathion ?2 RC (Sp) had effective control and good durability that can be used alternately. Given the effectiveness in controlling the pest and delaying its resistance and environmental safety, the best combination treatments of two insecticides were firstly malathion (SA) RC + acetamiprid (SA) RC and then malathion 1/2 RC (Sp) + acetamiprid 1/2 RC (Sp). Four-hour, seven- and 14-day residues of the two mentioned treatments led to more than 78%, 41% and 12% mortality in rape seed false chinch bugs, respectively. Therefore, selected single and combination treatments can be used alternately for better control of this pest. This research's results can help improve the chemical control method of N. cymoides.   

The false chinch bug, Nysius cymoides (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), is one of the important pests of oilseed rape worldwide, severely reducing crop yield in aggressive attacks. At present, broad-spectrum insecticides such as organophosphates are used to control it in Iran, which endangers human food security and leaves environmental pollution. On the other hand, the correct use of a mixture of pesticides is one of the solutions that not only reduces the consumption of pesticides but also delays the resistance of pests to insecticides or breaks it. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the new and reduced-risk pesticide spirotetramat for controlling N. cymoides and its simultaneous use with chlorpyrifos by combining two application methods at two recommended concentrations (RC) and half of it in greenhouse conditions. The results of the bioassays showed that spirotetramat in the foliar application was more toxic than in soil application and generally more toxic than chlorpyrifos in both methods. At the same time, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos was similar in both application methods. Also, the interaction of two insecticides was estimated as the additive in all the combined treatments, except for chlorpyrifos (?2 RC) SA+ spirotetramat (?2 RC) Sp, which was antagonistic. Further, the persistence of insecticide residues with one week-intervals from the time of application to three weeks later in different treatments showed that chlorpyrifos RC was the most durable treatment among the single treatments throughout this period in both methods. However, the persistence of the mixed treatments of two insecticides was equal, and during this period, from 22.87-100% of losses (two-hour residues) to 50.39-44% (one-week residues), then It reached 27.78-17.78 % (two-week residues) and finally three to eight percentage (three-week residues). In terms of persistence, no difference was observed between the two application methods of chlorpyrifos during three weeks. Regarding spirotetramat, the effectiveness of the two-hour residues of the foliar spraying method was higher than that of the soil application method. Still, it was equal in the first to the third week. The results of persistence tests also determined that spirotetramat degrades faster than chlorpyrifos in both application methods. Finally, due to the high efficiency and good durability for controlling N. cymoides, foliar application chlorpyrifos RC and soil-applied spirotetramat 2RC were selected from among the single treatments, which should be used alternately to prevent the occurrence of resistance. Due to the less pollution for the environment, the additive interaction and the possibility of more encounters between the insects and the insecticide, two treatments of chlorpyrifos (?2 RC) SA + spirotetramat (RC) SA and chlorpyrifos (?2 RC) Sp+ spirotetramat (?2 RC) SA are the most suitable among the mixture treatments. This research helps to improve the chemical control method of the false chinch bug.

   The potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is an oligophagous pest with a worldwide distribution that feeds on Solanaceae. In addition to the damage caused in the field, this insect is considered the most destructive pest of potatoes in storage, whose larvae can destroy the whole crop by digging deep channels in potato tubers and causing rots due to the entrance of secondary pathogens in severe contamination. The use of insecticides against storage pests is limited due to jeopardizing food security and the development of resistance. Therefore, low-risk or safe management methods should replace chemical control. Irradiation with ultraviolet rays is a safe method that can play an effective role in integrated management programs of this insect in the warehouse. Therefore, this study was designed with the aim of evaluating the role of UV-C radiation in the control of potato tuber moth for the post-harvest stages. Irradiating different ages of eggs for four minutes with this ray showed that as the age increases, the sensitivity to ultraviolet rays increases, so after this irradiation, only 61.67% of the four-day-old eggs hatched. Next, to achieve the most effective duration of radiation, four-day egg cohort groups were irradiated with UV-C rays for different periods of one, two, four, six, and 10 minutes, and their biological parameters were compared with the control treatment (without radiation) via studying the age-stage two-sex life table. The results showed that the pre-adult duration and the percentage of survival rate in this period and adult longevity increased, decreased and decreased respectively with the increase in the duration of irradiation. Also, life table parameters including the age-stage specific survival rate, the age-specific fecundity, the age-stage specific survival rate, the life expectancy and the age-stage reproductive value, were negatively affected by UV-C radiation and dependent on the duration of irradiation. In addition, all population parameters were also affected by this radiation and directly related to the duration of radiation. The values of intrinsic rate of increase (r), the finite rate of increase (?), the net reproductive rate (R0) and the mean generation time (T) for the control treatment were estimated 0.1345 day-1, 1.1440 day-1, 68.39 eggs and 31.42 days, that reached to 0.0099 day-1, 0.0990 day-1, 0.64 eggs and 45.01 days, respectively after eight minutes of irradiation to the eggs. Finally, the high efficiency of UV-C rays to control potato tuber moth in laboratory conditions was determined. Still, more studies are needed before implementing this control method in potato storages.

   Oak thrips, Liothrips pragensis Uzel is found on oak trees in Zagros forests. In this study, population fluctuation and spatial distribution of this species were investigated in oak forests of Javanrud county (Kermanshah province), in 2021. Oak leaves were selected as the sampling unit. Sampling was performed every week from five different areas, so leaves were shaken on a white plastic tray and thrips specimens with a soft brush were transferred into Eppendorf tubes containing 75% alcohol. The results showed that the activity of oak thrips in all five studied areas was occurred on May and their activity and density gradually decreased until it reached its lowest level in September. The highest population density of oak thrips was observed on May with an average of 2.93 ± 0.56, 2.23 ± 0.47, 2.23 ± 0.34, and 0.90 ± 0.28 thrips per sample unit, in Sefid Barg, Bile'ei, Cheshme Miran and Helanie areas, respectively. However, the highest density was obtained in Hori Abad region in June with an average of 2.06 ± 0.43 thrips per sampling unit. The results of spatial distribution showed that the spatial distribution of oak thrips based on Taylor’s power law and Iwao’s methods was random and aggregated, respectively. Furthermore, based on goodness of fit, the Iwao’s patchiness method was more suitable than the Taylor’s power law method for estimating the spatial distribution of the pest.

  Among the pests that cause the most damage toedible button mushrooms, the mushroom-eating mosquito Lycoriella auripila (Winnertz), from the order of Diptera, can be mentioned, which is considered one of the most important and damaging pests of edible mushrooms. Considering the resistance of L. auripila mosquito to common pesticides, it is necessary to find new effective insecticides to control this pest. In this study, the sensitivity of whole insects of fungus gnats to the organic insecticides Bino1 and Tendaxir was evaluated separately and in combination. Biometric experiments in this research were carried out in Petri dishes covered with soil. LC10, LC50 and LC90 for Binu 1 insecticide after 48 hours were calculated as 0.605, 75.37 and 9391.12 ppm, respectively, and also the required concentration of Tendaxir insecticide to reach 50 The percentage of losses in 24 and 48 hours was 2762.097 and 237.73 ppm respectively (according to the effective substance). According to the results of mixing two pesticides for sub-lethal and lethal concentrations after 24 hours, it was observed that among the different ratios, the ratio of 6:4 (Tendaxir: Binu 1) was the best mixing ratio of two pesticides, and considering that the synergistic rate (R ) for its LC90 concentration was equal to 109.035 and also its mixing index (CI) was equal to 0.009, it was found that this ratio of mixing two pesticides after 24 hours had the most synergistic effect in controlling Lycoriella auripila

Abstract: The Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), is one of the most important polyphagous stored product pests, which causes quantitative, qualitative, and hygienic damages to strategically stored cereals, including wheat. This study’s goal was the investigation of three harmless control agents’ efficiency against this pest, including the local isolate entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Ascomycota: Hypocreales), and two commercial formulations of diatomaceous earth (DE), respectively named Sayan and Celite 610, alone and combined application. For this purpose, first, the bioassay test was conducted to determine the insecticidal activity of the fungus and DEs against adult pests by impregnation of wheat seeds for 14 days. Next, the LD25 dose of DEs was combined with different doses of fungus in a ratio of 1:1, and the interaction type against the pest was determined. Then, a two-sex life table studied the sublethal effects of mixtures that had a synergistic interaction, the highest lethal activity toward the Khapra beetle, and the individual components of these mixtures.   ased on the results, LD50 values for B. bassiana, Sayan, and Celite were obtained 295.32, 4439.49, and 992.25 ppm, respectively, indicating that Celite was more toxic than Sayan. The type of fungus interaction with each of the DEs was synergistic in most combinations and additive in some cases. As a result, two combinations of LD50 of fungus+ LD25 Sayan and LD75 of fungus+ LD25 of Celite were selected for the life table study. According to results, total pre-adult period was increased in all treatments and most of all in fungus+celite due to prolongation of the growth period of some stages and the production of additional larval instars compared to the control. Accordingly, mean generation time (T) was increased in all treatments, but the adult longevity of females and males was decreased in all treatments. However, the survival rate reduced in all stages of all treatments which females of Celite+fungus treatment by a 61.81% reduction compared to the control group showed the most diminution. The mean oviposition in offspring showed a sharp decrease in all treatments and reached 28.15 ± 2.46 eggs/female in control to 2.39 ± 0.89 eggs/female in Celite+fungus treatment. The most important parameter determining population growth, the intrinsic rate of increase (r), was severely reduced by all lethal agents studied. The most decrease of r was related to mixture treatments (Sayan+fungus: 0.0096 ± 0.0048, and Celite+fungus: -0.0004 ± 0.059 day-1) compared to the control population (0.0474 ± 0.0022 day-1), which indicates that the population is declining. The other life table parameters, including net reproductive rate (R0), gross reproduction rate (GRR), and finite rate of increase (?), also decreased in all treatments compared to control. Finally, it was concluded that the local isolate of B. bassiana DE and both formulations of diatomaceous earth, Sayan and Celite, especially Celite, have a high insecticidal potential against T. granarium. Synergistic interactions between them can also be used to reduce consumption rate and at the same time increase their efficiency in pest control, which is both economically valuable and overcomes the limitation of using large amounts of diatomaceous earth. The present study can help production and commercialization of powder formulations consisting of B. bassiana and two commercial formulations of diatomaceous earth. Keywords: The Khapra beetle, Entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana

° C higher than the system without tillage  

   Quercus   . is the most important and most abundant tree species in west of Iran, especially the Zagros region and Bisotun natural preserved area. Bisotun natural preserved area with an area of ??82100 hectares is located in a mountainous part in the Zagros Mountains in Kermanshah province. This area is located in height of 1320 meters above sea level. Mites are active arthropods in oak forests that have different roles, like pest, predator and decomposer. Due to the importance and role of oak in the western ecosystem of the country the fauna of Prostigmata associated with Quercus   . investigated in Bisotun natural preserved area. Samples were taken from the soil and aerial parts of the oak forest in 2018 -2019. Specimens were transferred to the laboratory, segregated using Berlese funnel or stereomicroscope, clarified in lactic­­ acid and mounted in Hoyer’smounting media. In this study totally,12 species and 16 genera belonging to 12 families were collected and identified. Among these species, Anystis baccarum L. belonging to the family of Anystidae and Tetranychus urticae Koch belonging to the family of Tetranychidae, had the highest relative baundance then to other collected species. Identified species in this study listed as below: Anystidae: Anystis baccarum Linnaeus, 1758; Bdellidae: Cyta coerolipes (Duges, 1834); Cunaxidae: Pulaeus glebulentus Den Heyer, 1980; Tydeidae: Lorryia woolleyi (Baker, 1968), Tydeus caudatus (Duges, 1834); Ereynetidae: Ereynetoides amplectorus Hunter, 1964; Iolinidae: Pronematus ubiquitus (McGregor, 1932), Pronematus rykei Meyer & Rodrigues, 1966; Erythraeidae: Parerythraeus sp., Abrolophus sp.; Smarididae: Smaris sp., Fessonia sp.; Raphignathidae: Raphignathus sp.; Tetranychidae: Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836; Tetranychus turkestani (Ugarov & Nikolski), 1937, Eotetranychus frosti (McGregor, 1952); Trombidiidae: Allothrombium sp.; Cheyletidae: Acaropsellina sollers Kuzin, 1940.

      Abstract: Integrated exploitation of surface and groundwater resources is one of the most important challenges facing water researchers. Integrated use is the exploitation of surface and groundwater resources in order to increase the amount of available water and the sustainable use of available water resources. Therefore, proper planning in this field requires knowledge of how surface and groundwater interact in the region and the estimation and calculation of surface and groundwater parameters and factors affecting it. Therefore, one of the main objectives of the current study is to simulate the interaction of surface and groundwater by creating a dynamic connection between surface and groundwater resources in the mid-Darband and Bilehvar plains so that the data and results are monthly between the WEAP surface water model and the water model. MODFLOW underground is in circulation. In this research used combination of simulation and optimization models. WEAP model has been used for simulation two reservoir systems consist of Gavoshan and Shohada dams which are stated in Gavehrood basin .In this regard, reservoir operation modeling has been done according to current situation in operation area for 72 months in during 2007 to 2013 years. Hence afterData collection, formed the WEAP model input files and model has been calibrated . In this chapter, the results of simulation of river and aquifer interaction in the case of simultaneous exploitation of surface and groundwater resources based on a coupled WEAP-MODFLOW model are presented. The results of simulation of surface and groundwater using WEAP and MODFLOW models are presented and the current conditions of exploitation of water resources in the region will be examined if the existing policies continue. In the following, the results of the interaction of the river and the aquifer and the share of the mysterious river in feeding or draining the aquifer or groundwater in a statistical period are discussed. Finally, while examining the percentage of meeting the needs and related reliability, the balance of water resources in the region and the components of the balance in terms of integrated operation and Exchange of the mysterious river with the plain of Miandarband and Bilevar have been evaluated. So that the simulation results showed that one of the most important achievements of this research is the creation of simulation of saturated and unsaturated soil area using complete hydroclimatology balance components as a coupled model of surface and groundwater. Also, during the period of 6 years, the highest amount of aquifer feeding in the plain is in the months of November to February, and because of the high rainfall on the plain in these months. In these months, in addition to rainfall, there is some nutrition from the infiltration of irrigation water. But in the warm months of the year, irrigation is done only through the infiltration of irrigation water.

   Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies is dependent on continuous monitoring of the pest population, this is not only time-consuming, but also highly dependent on human judgment and costly.On the other hand, traditional methods for identifying insects are time consuming and costly. Due to the expansion of the industry and its rapid growth, human beings have always sought to accelerate their work with greater accuracy. The use of artificial intelligence techniques instead of manual and human decision-making, in addition to increasing productivity, also has a high degree of accuracy. Pistachio is a commercial product, and many manufacturers of this product, are damaged by the insects each year. A group of pistachio's pests mainly feed on pistachio, which Idiocerus stali Fieber, 1868 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is very important for this group. In this research, I. stali was selected as target insect for identification using image processing algorithm. Sticky yellow cards were used for collecting samples. To prepare the image processing algorithm, the color and shape characteristics of the objects were used.A total of 357 color properties and 20 shape's features for identification of I. stali were extracted by image processing algorithm. Color properties were divided into two categories of mean and standard deviation and characteristics related to vegetation indices. The mean and standard deviations are the average of the first, the second and the third component, the mean of the components of the first, second and third, the standard deviation of the first, the second   and the third component of 17 Color spaces such as RGB, HSV, YIQ, YCbCr, CMY, HSI, Improved YCbCr, L*a*b*, JPEG-YCbCr, YDbDr, Y  r, YUV, HSL, XYZ, Luv, LCH and CAT02 LMS. The characteristics of the vegetation indices are including the first component of the normalized RGB, the second component of the normalized RGB, the third component of the normalized RGB, the gray channel, the Excess Green, the Excess Red, Color index for vegetation cover extraction, the difference between the excess green and excess red parameters, Normalized Difference Index, Green Minus Blue Indicator, Red-Blue Contrast, Excess Red Index, Excess Green Indicator, and Excess Blue Indicator. shape's Characteristics used are also including length, width, area, perimeter, logarithm of length to width ratio, Ratio of the object's perimeter to the object surrounded by the rectangle's perimeter, width to length ratio, Area to length ratio, eccentricity, Orientation, Convex Area, Filled Area, Equivalent Diameter, Euler Number, Solidity, Extent, Elongation, Compression, Aspect Ratio and length to perimeter ratio. Artificial Neural Network hybrid method - Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (ANN-PSO) was used to select the effective features. The selected effective characteristicscolor space, normalized difference index for LCH color space, gray channel for color space YCbCr, second component index minus third component for color space YCbCr, area and mean of the first, The second and third components of color space Luv. The detection rate of the designed image processing algorithm is 99.72%. Artificial neural networks of multilayer perceptron have the ability to classify insects into two classes of I. stali and Anthaxia Sp. Eschscholtz, 1829 with a precision of 99.59 percent. The results showed the feasibility of the new method for identifying the pest insects without destroying them in the farm and in natural light conditions and in the shortest time and with very high accuracy.

   Abstract Insect pest always had a negative on the lives and human societies at different levels, including agriculture and health, and imposing economic and even social losses. In the agicultural domin in average insect pest damage to agicultural products in developed countries is estimated 18% per year. These number, of course, are much higher in less developed countries. In most part of the world for many years, the reduction of damage caused by the pest was largely basedon the use of chemical insecticides. The use of chemical pesticides has severe negative effects on the environment, non- target creatures and beneficial insects. In this regard, researchers have used safe and eco- friendly methods such as the application of various biological agents. One of these methods is the use of microbal factors, such entomopathogenic fungi. The benefit of the entomopathogenic fungi is that they have hight host expertise as well as a wide host insects vegetarian, on the other hand, for houman, the environment, non-target creatures and beneficial insects are almost safe. The purpose of this study   was to identify and isolate   the entomopathogenic fungi in Kermanshah province. Sampling from early july 2017 to late april 2018 were determined from forest, cultivated, garden and uncultivated in Kermanshah province. 43 samples of soil were collected from the provinces to isolate to isolate entomopathogenic fungy from the soil. For isolate entomopathogenic fungi of bait insect Ephestia kuehniella was used. The method included two kilograms of soil into glass of 200 gram, and 10 larvae were added to the glass, for a week the soil glass underway and is dead larvae were cultivated after disinfection on the potato dextrose agar(PDA). After the end of the isolation phase, 144 fungi isolate were collected from the county provinces. In which the most isolated fungi were extracted from forest, cultivated, garden and uncultivated soil, respectively.   In order ti ensure patogenseity isolate fungus to be test host pasage. This test was three times to ensure that insects larvae were destroyed by pathogenicity fungi. Also, in order investigate the relation between the isolate fungus and physicochemical parameters, some of these parameters such as soil reaction (pH), electrical conductivity of soil (EC), lime amount (caco3), soil texture and organic carbon (OC) was studied. For morphological identification was used of the medium of potato dextrose agar (PDA), malt extract agar (MEA), sabro dextrose agar (SDA) and clove leaf extract agar (CLA). The isolates were more abundant and isolates which differed from other isolate were 20 isolate were selected for molecular identification. It was for molecular recognition of the extraction kit (zagros biodiversity ideas company) and CTAB (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide). The its1-5.8s-its2 regions of the nuclear ribosomal subunit have been amplified by forward and backward primers. Result of polymerase chian reaction were confirmed by gel electrophoresis, sequencing amplified gens was done after sending them to Malaysia apical company. Obtained sequences were manually edited using bioedit software was and submitted to the gen bank and the access number was obtained for subsequent studies. After molecular identification and observation of the morphological properties, it was found that the identified fungi belonging to genus Fusarim, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Meyerozyma, Paramyrothecium, Chaetomium and Beauveria that including Aspergillius nomius*, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium sp, Penicillium solitum, Penicillium sizovae*, Penicillium sp, Alternaria chlamydosporigena, Meyerozyma guilliermondy, Paramyrothecium

اثرات جانبي روش هاي مختلف كاربرد تيامتوكسام بر سن شكارگر در سيستم ششكار شكارگري orius albidipennis-Aphis gossypii

  بالاخانواده Coccoidea حشراتي كوچك با انواع دگرديسي، دوشكلي جنسي و پارتنوژنز هستند. ماده­ها بي­بال بوده، فاقد تحرك، داراي ترشحات پودري و يا پوشش سپرمانند با بدني بيضوي يا گرد هستند. خصوصيات كوتيكولي ماده­هاي بالغ در رده­بندي آن­ها نقش دارد. در ماده­هاي بالغ خصوصيات لاروي باقي مي­ماند اما در نرها در مراحل بلوغ يك جفت بال دارد. نرها قطعات­دهاني ندارند و تغذيه نمي­كنند. انتهاي شكم نرها داراي زايده بلند است. بال­هاي عقب نرها به زايده هالتر­مانندي تبديل مي­شوند. ماده­ها 2-3 سن پورگي و نرها 4 سن پورگي دارند. گونه­هايHypogaeic scale insects از خانواده­هاي مختلف شپشك­ها با تغذيه از ريشه و قسمت­هاي زير­زميني ميزبان موجب كاهش رشد گياهان آلوده مي­شوند. با توجه به اينكه اندازه كوچك دارند توسط كشاورزان ناديده گرفته مي­شوند، با تهيه اسلايدهاي ميكروسكوپي از شپشك­ها مي­توان آن­ها را شناسايي كرد. اهداف پايان­نامه معرفي، جمع­آوري و شناسايي شپشك­هاي روي ريشه گياهان در شهرستان سنقر، توصيف شپشك­هاي جديد روي ريشه گياهان در اين شهرستان و نيز جمع­آوري و شناسايي پارازيتوئيد و شكارگرها هستند. پس از جمع­آوري نمونه­ها و نوشتن مشخصات در جدول، در آزمايشگاه شپشك­ها جداسازي شده و نمونه­هاي زنده را در تركيبي از Ethyl Alcohol و Glacial Acetic Acid ثابت كرده و با سوزن نازك نمونه را سوراخ مي­كنيم و بعد به محلول پتاس10% انتقال داده و بعد نمونه­ها را به آب­مقطرمي­شوييم، در ظرف ديگر آب­مقطر،GAA را تا 70% افزوده و بعد نمونه­ها را به GAA100% انتقال داده و محلول Acid Fuchsin را به­GAA اضافه كرده و بعد با GAAمي­شوييم و بعد يك قطره Xylen افزوده و با يك قطره كانادابالزام اسلايد درست مي­كنيم. با قرار دادن در آون، اسلايدها خشك شده و برچسب مي­زنيم.كليد واژگان: شپشك­هاي ريشه،Hypogaeic scale insects ، Coccoidea، ريخت شناسي، سنقر.

  AbstractThe nut scale, Eulecanium tiliae (Linnaeus, 1758), is widely distributed in the most parts of Iran, including western parts, to occur in orchards, and to be a potential threat to a variety of fruit trees, including sweet cherry,such as Prunus   , and Malus    (Rosaceae). During 2016-2017, the biology of the pest was studied in natural conditions (Ahmad-abad sweet cheery orchard). Sampling intervals were each ten days throughout the year (excluding winter monthes). The reprodutive adult females were collected and reared in laboratory condition microscopic slides were made for species identification. It was found to infest many fruite trees, Winter was passed by second nymphal instars on the ligneous parts (one or two year old twigs). Sampling and observations showed that no male detected. The reprodutive female occurred in April, and began to oviposit in early May and continued to do so until early June. The number of eggs per female on estimated, 200-1000 eggs. The first instars appeared at the end of May, spread out and settled on both surfaces of the leaves. They moulted at the end of August and migrated to the young twigs, where they overwintered. There was only one generation a year, but this species appeared in considerable density on the twigs of individual sweet cheery tree. This species reproduce parthenogenetically.The observations shows that heavy infestation caused premature yellowing of the leaves and drying up of twigs. There is no male detected during life history study;. The following associated natural enemies detected:Encyrtidae: Blasthotrix brittanica (Girault, 1917)Pteromalidae: Pachyneuron muscarum (Linnaeus, 1758)Phytoseiidae: Paraseiulus talbii (Athias-Henriot, 1960); Typhlodromusbagdasarjani (Wainstein & Arutunjan, 1967)Iolinidae: Pronematus ubiquitous (McGregor, 1932)Caligonellidae: Molothrognathus sp.(Summers & Schlinger, 1955) Cheyletidae: Cheletogenes ornatus (Canestrini & Fanzago, 1876) Phlaeothripidae: Cephalothrips coxalis (Bagnall, 1926).

  To study the effects of weeds and some factors affecting the yield of rainfed chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), a field survey was conducted with sampling of 85 chickpea fields in three villages located in suburb of the city of Rawansar in the Kermanshah province at 2015. Data collection was done in two ways including: a) asking questionnaire from farmers and b) direct sampling of the fields. extracted data from included field area, crop rotation, farmer education level, time of plowing, fertilizer consumption, seed varieties cultivated, sowing date, weed management, date of harvest, harvesting method and the grain yield. Sampling was carried out in two stages: before flowering and pod formation randomly from six points of each field, using 1 x 1 m dimension quadrates. In this way, information such as weed species density and canopy percent , chickpea density and canopy percent , and grain yield were recorded. The results showed that the grain yield of chickpea depending on the type of crop management like time of plowing, sowing, sowing date, sowing method, weed management, date of harvest, and social factors such as farmer education level, age and experience of farmer and also studied village no significant differences were found.   Accordingly, performing twice plow before planting, using mechanized planting techniques, weed management and selection of appropriate planting and harvesting date significantly increased the yield of chickpea and decreased the weed population. In addition, increasing two factors of farmer education level and experience increased crop yield and reduce weeds. Also residing compared with non-residing in the village with an increased probability of more attention of farmers, increased crop yield and reduced weed population. A total of 28 weed species were recorded in the studied fields which most of them were mostly dominant annual and broadleaf weeds in chickpea fields in Kermanshah province. Meanwhile, the weed species of Cichorium intybus and Carthamus oxyacantha had the greatest impact on the grain yield.   ome weeds, like Glycyrrhiza glabra and Hordum glaucum   as a result of interactions with other weeds had a positive impact on the chickpea yield. In addition, increase in diversity and evenness of weed population has a positive impact on the yield of chickpea. It seems that increase the diversity of weed lead to increase competition between weeds and reduces weed competitiveness by themselves. This can reduce the negative impact of some weed species on arable crops. It was probably why the chickpea yield was affected by the positive effects of some weeds. In general it can be said that the factors affecting crop production in real conditions, can raise awareness about the effects of each of these factors, and thus is resulting in better management in the agricultural sector.

  AbstractMoth cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), one of the key pests of agricultural products in Iran and other countries of the world. The cotton bollworm resistance to the most common insecticide groups (Pyrethroids and organic phosphorus compounds and carbamates) to reduce the effect of insecticides in many countries.To solve this problem, new solutions such as the use of biological control methodsespecially the use of antimicrobial compounds may lead to loss of proper control and to delay the development of resistance.Among these entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin in integrated pest management is very important, because this fungus has a global distribution and having more than 700 host species, has a wide host range is.Also one of the most important fungal pathogenicity strength and quality assessment methods, the use of biological control and infected table data which in this area are limited.In this study, the effect of fungi B. bassiana, the life table parameters of cotton bollworm, H. armigera (Lep; Noctuidae) were investigated.All experiments, Was performedwithImmersion method, in temperature 25±1C°, relative humidity 65±5and photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) hour.After primary test, effective concentrations were determined to isolate DC7 102,103,105,106,108 and to isolate DE 101,102,104,106,108were determined, and to investigate the virulence of two strains of fungi DC7 and DE B. bassiana, bioassay second instar larvae of the cotton bollworm in four replications.Results of this study showed that compared to other isolates have created more toxic strain DC7,also LC25 and LC50 for these isolates respectivelywere 2/44 ×102   and 1/5 ×104 ml spore was calculated.The results of life table parameters indicated that this fungus had a significant impact on Mortality.In addition to increased mortality, fertility rates for the insects that alivehave also reduced.Intrinsic rate of increase (rm) to control Sublethal and lethal concentrations, respectively, 0/198, 0/121 and 0/111 on day were calculated.This fungus create mortality, cause deformities in pre-pupa, pupae and adults.Thusit can be said that the fungi in the pathogenesis of the cotton bollworm has great potential. Hence can be used as a biological control agent effective against the pest to be used.

  سن گندم(Eurigaster intergericeps ( Hem, Scutelleridae مهم­ترين آفت مزارع گندم وجو در خاورميانه است.اين حشره در ايران نيز به عنوان يك آفت كليدي، خسارت قابل ملاحظه­اي به محصولات گندم وجو وارد مي­كند. سم­پاشي­هايي كه عليه اين آفت صورت مي­گيرد نه تنها باعث آلودگي محيط زيست شده بلكه موجب آلودگي مواد غذايي نيز مي­شود. بنابراين با استفاده از قارچ­هاي بيمارگر حشرات در مديريت آفت مي­توان موجب كاهش استفاده از آفت­كش­هاي شيميايي شد. در اين بررسي بيماريزايي سه قارچ Paecillomyces lillacinus، Beuveria bassiana و Fusarium prolifreatumروي پوره سن سوم سن گندمEurigaster intergericepsدر شرايط آزمايشگاهي به مدت شش روز مورد آزمايش قرار گرفت. آزمون بيماري­زايي اثبات كرد كه هر سه قارچ بيماري­زا هستند ودر همه جدايه­ها با افزايش غلظت سوسپانسيون اسپور قارچ­ها درصد مرگ­ و مير لاروها افزايش پيدا كرده­است. غلظت   108   قارچ   euveria bassiana بعد از شش روز باعث 78% درصد تلفات در جمعييت پوره سن دوم   intergericeps. E و قارچFusarium prolifreatumدر غلظت 109   باعث68%مرگ ومير و قارچ Paecillomyces lillacinus با غلظت 1010 باعث 76% مرگ ومير جمعييت تيمارشد كه هر سه قارچ با تفاوت معني­داري نسبت به جمعييت شاهد توانايي بالايي براي كاهش جمعييت پوره­هاي سن دوم را دارد.آزمون موازي بودن توان نسبي نشان داد كه قارچ Beuveria bassianaبا تفاوت معني­داري از دو قارچ ديگر توانايي بالاتري براي بيماري­زايي دارد

       Chestnut (Quercus sp) is a forest tree with medicinal properties that is grown in heavy, low depth, calcareous, clay soils with alkaline PH. During performed surveys in Qalaje region, one of tributaries of west Islam Abad Town, in 2015 to 2016, the only species of crab louse (Hem: Asterolecanidae), Asterodiaspis quercicoala, was identified on chestnut trees (Quercus sp). of important morphological characteristics of this species, we can refer to having pores with 8 shapes at the margin of body and existence of two long hairs at the end of body. In order to biological study of this pest, weekly and regular inventory on shoots of chestnut in different stages all the year has been done and recorded.Adult female insects, first age instar and second age instar were appeared on 2016/4/9, 2016/5/21 and 2016/7/25, respectively and peak of their population were on 2016/5/14, 2016/8/8 and 2016/8/12. Adult female insects on shoots contained 16-66 semen. Biology of pest showed crab louse has one season in year in weather condition of west Islam Abad Town and it spends winter as unfertilized female substance on shoots. The most important natural enemy of this species in the region was parasitoid bee Habrolepis dalmanii that (Hym: Encyrtidae), has significant role in reducing adult population.      Chestnut (Quercus sp) is a forest tree with medicinal properties that is grown in heavy, low depth, calcareous, clay soils with alkaline PH. During performed surveys in Qalaje region, one of tributaries of west Islam Abad Town, in 2015 to 2016, the only species of crab louse (Hem: Asterolecanidae), Asterodiaspis quercicoala, was identified on chestnut trees (Quercus sp). of important morphological characteristics of this species, we can refer to having pores with 8 shapes at the margin of body and existence of two long hairs at the end of body. In order to biological study of this pest, weekly and regular inventory on shoots of chestnut in different stages all the year has been done and recorded.Adult female insects, first age instar and second age instar were appeared on 2016/4/9, 2016/5/21 and 2016/7/25, respectively and peak of their population were on 2016/5/14, 2016/8/8 and 2016/8/12. Adult female insects on shoots contained 16-66 semen. Biology of pest showed crab louse has one season in year in weather condition of west Islam Abad Town and it spends winter as unfertilized female substance on shoots. The most important natural enemy of this species in the region was parasitoid bee Habrolepis dalmanii that (Hym: Encyrtidae), has significant role in reducing adult population.      Chestnut (Quercus sp) is a forest tree with medicinal properties that is grown in heavy, low depth, calcareous, clay soils with alkaline PH. During performed surveys in Qalaje region, one of tributaries of west Islam Abad Town, in 2015 to 2016, the only species of crab louse (Hem: Asterolecanidae), Asterodiaspis quercicoala, was identified on chestnut trees (Quercus sp). of important morphological characteristics of this species, we can refer to having pores with 8 shapes at the margin of body and existence of two long hairs at the end of body. In order to biological study of this pest, weekly and regular inventory on shoots of chestnut in different stages all the year has been done and recorded.Adult female insects, first age instar and second age instar were appeared on 2016/4/9, 2016/5/21 and 2016/7/25, respectively and peak of their population were on 2016/5/14, 2016/8/8 and 2016/8/12. Adult female insects

The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a key cucurbits pest in world and is managed with repeated insecticide applications. Application of mixture of pesticides is an efficient way to reduce pesticides use and inhibit pest resistance development. Study of two pesticides interaction could have beneficial results for their consumers especially in IPM programs. The joint action of imidacloprid and pymetrozine against the cotton aphid, were investigated under laboratory conditions (25 ± 1 oC, 65 ± 5% R.H. and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L: D) h.) using a leaf dipping method. The best synergistic effect was discovered in the ratio group Im/Py 5/5 with the R or CI and LC50 values of 3.84 or 0.27 and 8.71 ppm respectively. Additive actions were also found in most of the ratio groups.   The effect of applying sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid, pymetrozine and mixture was evaluated, also, using demographic toxicology. Longevity and population growth parameters, including intrinsic rate of increase (rm), net reproductive rate (R0), generation time (Tc) and finite rate of population increase (?), were affected negatively by these three compounds insecticides. The rm values for control, imidacloprid, pymetrozine and mixture exposed populations were 0.39, 0.22, 0.31 and 0.23 female offspring per female per day, respectively. Results showed that application of sublethal and lethal doses of mentioned pesticides can be an effective method in the control of possibly insect pests in IPM program.