The effect of long-term feeding with transition milk and transition milk enriched with probiotic on improving growth performance and reducing susceptibility to diarrhea in newborn Holstein calves

The study aimed to explore how various levels of protected vitamin AD3E supplementation impact the performance, blood parameters, ruminal fermentation, carcass characteristics, and diet digestibility of fattening lamb. Twenty-four male lambs with an average weight of 34.11±3.64 kg and an age range of three to four months were divided into three groups eight in each, using a completely randomized design and kept in individual pen for 70 days. In the experiment, there were three groups of treatments. The first group served as the control and received a base diet without vitamin supplements. The second group received one kilogram per ton of protected vitamin AD3E mixed in the feed. The third group received two kilograms per ton of the same vitamin mixed in the feed. During the experiment, growth performance parameters were evaluated weekly and rumen fermentation and blood parameters were assessed at the end of the study. The results showed that supplementing the diet with protected AD3E improved daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio of male lambs, and was significant in the second treatment compared to the control (P<0.05). The final weight of lambs receiving the protected vitamin supplement was higher than the control group (P<0.05). Adding two kilograms per ton of the AD3E supplement to the diet increased volatile fatty acids, gas production, and degraded organic matter in the rumen compared to the control (P<0.05). The concentration of ammonia nitrogen in lambs receiving the AD3E supplement was higher than that of control (P<0.05). Digestibility of the diet and quantitative carcass traits were not affected by the experimental treatments. The total protozoa population and entodiniomorphs in the second group of lambs were higher than the others (P<0.05). The third group of lambs had higher total protein and lower cholesterol and LDL concentrations compared to the other experimental groups (P<0.05). Overall, the results of this study showed that the use of protected AD3E vitamin supplement in the diet of lambs improved the performance of fattening lambs through positive effects on rumen fermentation and blood parameters, although it had no effect on diet digestibility.   

One of the major challenges for weanling calves is the development of the lower digestive tract (Khan et al., 2016). Weanling calves do not have special digestive enzymes. Therefore, nutrient digestion and lipid absorption are self-limiting (Jones and Heinrichs, 2017). Fat digestion in calves begins in the mouth, where salivary lipase hydrolyzes milk fat. However, only 30% of total fat is hydrolyzed before reaching the small intestine (Davis and Drackley, 1998). When the fat reaches the small intestine, pancreatic lipases, lysolecithin and bile salts form micelles, maximizing the digestibility of milk fat by about 97% (Thor  erry et al., 2016). Studies have reported that limiting lipase activity may prevent the formation of mixed micelles in the intestinal lumen, thereby reducing fat digestion and nutrient absorption (Haetinger et al., 2021).  ecause dairy calves are fed a high volume of liquid ration per meal, the importance of emulsifiers is critical to fat metabolism and absorption. One of the key features of fat digestion in the gastrointestinal tract is micelle formation, which occurs after lipid digestion and complex emulsification (McFadden, 2019). Bile salts act as emulsifiers, stabilize an emulsion and prevent the fusion of dispersed phase globules in the digestive tract (Siyal et al., 2017). In fact, synthetic emulsifiers are derived from the hydrolysis phase of lecithin and have a similar function (Zhang et al., 2011).

   The effect of oral and injectable supplementation of selenium and vitamin E on performance and some blood parameters of growing lambs    The intended study was conducted to investigate the effect of oral and injectable supplementation of selenium and vitamin E on some blood parameters and growth performance of growing lambs.In this study, 18 lambs aged 3-4 months with an average body weight of 18.6 ± 2.7 were randomly divided into 3 groups with 6 repetitions in a period of 10 weeks (2 weeks of habituation + 8 weeks of testing). The experimental groups include: control group (basic diet without selenium and vitamin E supplements), oral group (basic diet with 0.3 mg of selenium in the form of selenomitonin and 50 mg of vitamin E in the form of alpha-copherol per kilogram of dry matter of the diet), group Injectable (4 ml of injectable supplement and each ml contained 0.5 mg of selenium in the form of sodium selenite and 50 mg of vitamin E in the form of alpha-copherol. The lambs were weighed every 15 days and blood samples were taken from their jugular veins on days 0, 30 and 60 of the experiment The results of this study showed that there was no significant difference in daily feed intake, daily and final weight gain, and food conversion ratio among the experimental groups (p<0.05). No significant difference was observed between the treatments in terms of the concentration of zinc, copper and iron elements during the period (p < 0.05). Also, there was no significant difference in fat metabolites, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activity among experimental groups (p>0.05). There was no significant difference in the number of red blood cells, percentage of lymphocytes and neutrophils among the experimental groups (p <0.05). The activity and number of white blood cells in the injection group on day 60 increased significantly compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The level of superoxide dismutase enzyme activity was not significantly different among the experimental groups (p < 0.05). Glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity on the 30th and 60th days of the experiment and total antioxidant on the 60th day of the experiment showed a significant increase in the group receiving the oral supplement compared to other groups (p < 0.05). The amount of malondialdehyde decreased significantly in the groups receiving selenium and vitamin E supplements compared to the control group (p < 0.05).    Keywords: antioxidant, glutathione peroxidase, daily weight gain, blood cells   

This study was conducted to investigate theeffect of wheat straw treatment with fungi on chemical composition, cell walldigestibility and in vitro fermentation kinetics. Isolates of Trichodermafungi including T. koningiopsis, T. aeruginosum, T. atroviride, T.virens and T. koningi, thermophilic fungus Malbranchea cinamomea, Aschotrichaisolated from stone beds in Iran including A. funiculosa and A.chartarum as well as yeast Rodotorula toruloides were used.   autoclaved wheat straw inoculated with eachisolate and non-autoclaved straw and autoclaved straw (negative and positivecontrol, respectively) were kept for 30 days.chemical composition, digestibilityof dry matter, organic matter and cell wall components by in vitro method andrumen fermentation kinetics using gas production technique were determined. Inaddition, fungi from wheat straw samples of Kermanshah province were identifiedusing a taxonomic key. The content of organic matter, cell wall and cell wallcomponents of wheat straw was affected when treated with different fungi.Digestibility of organic matter of straw treated with Trichoderma andthermophilic fungi  increased and with ston fungi and yeast decreased. Anincrease in the digestibility of insoluble fibers in neutral detergent wasobserved with Trichoderma, thermophilic and stony fungi compared toautoclaved straw. Compared to non-autoclaved straw, autoclaved straw showed asignificant higher digestibility of organic matter and cell wall. Among thefungi used for treating straw, Trichoderma resulted in the highest increasein organic matter and cell wall digestibility. From samples of wheat strawcollected from different regions of Kermanshah province, including Qasr Shirin,Sarpol Zahab and Kermanshah cities, more than 100 fungal isolates wereobserved. Three fungi Alternaria, Purpureocillium lilacinum and Cladosporiumwere common among the straws collected from all regions. The results of thestudy showed that treating wheat straw with Trichoderma fungi,especially T. koningiopsis, improved the digestibility of organic matterand cell wall component  y affecting the chemical composition of wheatstraw.  

مطالعه­ي مورد نظر جهت بررسي اثر روش تجويز مكمل‌هاي سلنيوم و ويتامين اي در اواخر آبستني بر غلظت سلنيوم، مس، روي و آهن خون و شير ميش‌ها و خون بره­هاي حاصل ازآن­ها انجام شد. در اين مطالعه 18 راس ميش آبستن از گله 50 راسي آبستن به صورت تصادفي انتخاب و در 3   گروه 6 راسي به صورت انفزادي نگهداري شدند. تيمارها شامل:تيماراول ،شاهد (دريافت مقدار 10 ميلي‌ليتر مكمل سلنيوم و ويتامين اي به صورت تزريقي دو هفته قبل از زايش؛ هر ميلي ليتر حاوي 5/0 ميلي‌گرم سلنيت سديم و 50 ميلي گرم ويتامين اي). تيمار دوم، دريافت مكمل سلنيوم و ويتامين اي بصورت خوراكي   3/0 ميلي‌گرم سلنيوم و 50 ميلي‌گرم ويتامين اي در كيلوگرم ماده خشك مصرفي ) مخلوط با جيره و به‌صورت روزانه از چهار هفته قبل از زايش و تيمار سوم تجويز 10 ميلي‌ليتر مكمل سلنيوم و ويتامين اي به‌صورت تزريقي چهار هفته قبل از زايش (5 ميلي‌ليتر) و دو هفته قبل از زايش (5 ميلي‌ليتر)بودند. ميش‌ها در روزهاي اول، وسط دوره   و قبل از زايش توزين   و امتياز بدني آنها نيز تعيين شد.از رگ گردني ميش­ها   قبل از تجويز مكمل و زمان زايمان خون‌گيري شد. از بره­هاي تازه متولد‌شده نيز قبل از مصرف كلستروم   (آغوز) و روز 14 بعد از تولد از طريق رگ گردني خونگيري شد. نمونه هايي ازآغوز و شير جهت اندازه­گيري غلظت سلنيوم، مس، روي و آهن برداشت شد. نتايج آزمايش نشان داد كه ميانگين وزن ميش­ها در   4 هفته قبل از زايش تا زمان زايش، تفاوت معني‌داري نداشتند ولي در دو هفته بعد از زايش وزن ميش­ها در گروه تيمار خوراكي نسبت به تيمار شاهد بيشتر بود(05/0>P).اختلاف معني‌داري در امتياز وضعيت بدني بين تيمارها مشاهده نشد. بعد زايش غلظت سلنيوم پلاسماي ميش‌ها در تيمار خوراكي بالاتر از گروه‌هاي ديگر بود (05/0>P). در روز تولد ميانگين غلظت سلنيوم پلاسماي خون بره‌ها در تيمار خوراكي   بالاتر از دو گروه ديگر بود (05/0>P) اما در دو هفتگي بين بره‌هاي تيمارهاي مختلف تفاوتي از لحاظ اين فراسنجه مشاهده نشد (05/0>P). غلظت سلنيوم در آغوز ميش­هاي گروه دريافت‌ كننده مكمل خوراكي نسبت به تيمار شاهد افزايش يافت(05/0>P)اما تفاوت معني­داري بين تيمارها از لحاظ غلظت سلنيوم در نمونه هاي شير   مشاهده نشد (05/0P>). تفاوت معني­داري بين تيمار‌ها از لحاظ غلظت‌هاي آهن، مس و روي پلاسماي خون، آغوز و شير ميش‌ها وجود نداشت (05/0P>) . تفاوت معني‌داري در غلظت‌هاي آهن، مس و روي پلاسماي خون بره­ها در زمان تولد بين تيمارها وجود نداشت (05/0P>) اما در دو هفتگي بره­ها، غلظت مس پلاسماي خون در تيمار خوراكي نسبت به تيمار شاهد بالاتر بود (05/0>P). در نتيجه گيري كلي، غلظت سلنيوم خون ميش‌ها و بره‌هاي حاصل از آنها و غلظت سلنيوم آغوز در تيمار خوراكي بيشتر بود(05/0>P)اما به غير از مس در بره ها، اختلاف معني‌داري در غلظت عناصر آهن، روي و مس مشاهده نشد. با توجه به نتايج اين مطالعه، بهتر است از مكمل سلنيوم و ويتامين اي به صورت خوراكي استفاده شود

-1.مقدمهتقاضاي بالا براي گوشت گوسفند، توليدكنندگان را مجبور مي‌كند تا مديريت پرورش خود را با هدف كاهش هزينه‌هاي توليد، افزايش پارامترهاي توليد و توليدمثل به منظور افزايش بهره‌وري در واحد سطح، بهبود رفاه حيوانات، و ارائه يك رويكرد پايدار براي اطمينان از ماندگاري سيستم در طول زمان بكار بگيرند (Altieri و همكاران، 2000). برخي از نژادهاي بز و گوسفند در عرض­هاي جغرافيايي معتدل تنوع فصلي در فعاليت توليد مثل در طول سال دارند (شلتون، 1978؛ اورتاوانت و همكاران، 1985؛ شيمينو و همكاران، 1992). به خوبي اثبات شده است كه فعاليت جنسي فصلي تحت كنترل دوره نوري است به اين صورت كه روزهاي طولاني مهاركننده و روزهاي كوتاه تحريك كننده هستند(Bissonnette, 1941؛ Chemineau et al., 1988; مائده و همكاران، 1988; والنسيا و همكاران، 1990; سانتا ماريا و همكاران، 1990).   در غرب كشور، تغييرات فصلي فتوپريود و ميزان بارندگي باعث تاثير بر علوفه توليدي مراتع شده، لذا سبب شده است كه دستگاه توليدمثل گوسفندان در فصول خاصي از سال فعالتر باشد. به عبارت ديگر دو عامل فتوپريود و تغذيه، به عنوان عوامل اصلي موثر بر فعاليت دستگاه توليدمثل، بطور همزمان در ايجاد توليدمثل فصلي شناسايي شده­اند (Delgadillo et al., 1999). با اين حال، نقش ديگر محرك‌هاي محيطي مانند در دسترس بودن غذا و تعاملات اجتماعي بعنوان تنظيم كننده­هاي بالقوه توليد مثل فصلي را نبايد ناديده گرفت(Restall, 1992; Restall et al., 1995; Walkden-Brown et al., 1993; Mani et al., 1996). چراكه فصلي بودن توليد مثل مي­تواند بهره­وري حيوانات مزرعه­اي را محدود كند (Yeates, 1949). در حيوانات اهلي تعيين باروري است بسيار مهم است، به ويژه در حيوانات نر كه براي اهداف پرورشي و لقاح مصنوعي (AI) استفاده مي شوند. مسائل ناباروري مرتبط با اسپرم مي­تواند بر عملكرد پرورش گله­هاي بزرگ حيوانات تأثير منفي بگذارد (Hoflack و همكاران، 2007).گوسفند نژاد مهربان به طور معمول در غرب ايران پرورش داده ­مي­شود. مراتع و توده علوفه موجود در اين منطقه از كشور، به طور گسترده­اي با فصل و كيفيت بارندگي متفاوت است، كه ممكن است به يك الگوي فصلي توليد مثل را ايجاد كند (قربانخاني و همكاران، 2015). بر اساس نتايج بدست آمده و همچنين مشاهدات درمورد گوسفند سنجابي انتظار مي­رود كه الگوي فعاليت توليدمثلي در بره نر مهربان بصورت فصلي در موقعيت جغرافيايي پرورش ­آن­ها باشد، اما محققان در شيراز نشان دادند كه ميش مهربان نشانه­هايي از توليد مثل غيرفصلي را دارد (سفيدبخت و همكاران، 1978؛ 1977). در اين راستا و بر پايه مشاهدات و گزارش­هاي پرورش دهندگان بومي، اين حيوان داراي توليد مثل فصلي است، بطوريكه در اواخر فصل تابستان و اوايل پاييز همزمان با كاهش طول روز فصل جفت­گيري اين دام اتفاق مي­افتد. علاوه­براين، در فصل بهار مجددا دستگاه توليد مثل اين حيوان فعال مي­گردد كه به نظر مي­رسد ناشي از تاثير تغذيه علوفه­هاي تازه در مراتع باشد. از اينرو، با درك بيشتر از اثرات مكمل­هاي تغذيه­اي بر فعاليت دستگاه توليدمثلي   و بكار بردن مديريت صحيح تغذيه­اي مي­توان اثرات منفي فصل غيرتوليدمثل بر بازده توليدمثلي را كاهش داده و همچنين امكان استفاده از تكنيك­هاي مختلف توليدمثلي در خارج از فصل را تا حد زيادي مرتفع نماييم

  AbstractThis study was performed to investigate theeffects of using Ferolago angulate extract onquantitative and qualitative traits of milk and colostrum production,antioxidant status of pregnant goats and also antioxidant status of goat milkin dairy goats. In this experiment, 21 dairy goats were used in the form of 3experimental treatments and 7 replications in a period of 7 months. Goats werefed in 3 groups (control, feeding with 20 mg of Ferolago angulate extractper kg of live weight and feeding with 40 mg of Ferolago angulate extractper kg of live weight). Estrus synchronization was performed in goats. In twostages of pregnancy (beginning and end), blood samples were taken and someblood parameters were examined. Immediately after the birth of the goats, basedon the birth weight and quantitative and qualitative measurement of thecolostrum, during the lactation period, the quantitative and qualitativeevaluation of the milk produced by the mothers was performed. The resultsshowed that the addition of 40 mg of Ferolago angulate extractto the basic diet of goats significantly increased milk production compared tothe control treatment (P <0.05). Also, adding 20 mg of Ferolago angulate extract to goats' diet significantly reduced milksomatic cells (P <0.05). Other milk components measured in this experimentwere not affected by the experimental diet (P <0.05). Mean weight gain,blood parameters and measured serum antioxidant levels includingmalondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and totalantioxidant were not affected by any of the experimental diets (P>0.05). In general, the results of the data showed that the use of Ferolago angulate extract as an additive at the level of 20 and 40 mg hasa positive effect on milk production performance of dairy goats, but in termsof weight gain, blood parameters and the level of antioxidants used Up to 20and 40 mg did not improve these parameters.Keywords: Ferolago angulata, milk, goat, antioxidants, milkcompounds

  tract In this study, the effect of additive buffers (sodium bicarbonate, ruminobuffer and commercial buckwheat buffer) on yield, gas production and rumen fermentation parameters in vitro and in vivo was investigated. The mean weight of 26 kg was used in a completely randomized design with three treatments and six replications over a period of 75 days.The diets used included the first or control treatment diet (sodium bicarbonate), the second treatment diet (ruminobafer) and the treatment diet, respectively. Third was Behdam Roshd commercial buffer. During the test period, weighting was performed every two weeks and blood sampling was performed at the end of the period and ruminal fluid was collected in two stages on day 30 and day 60. The mean weight gain in the first and second treatments was The third treatment was more and there was no significant difference between the treatments in terms of dry matter consumption, but the best conversion ratio was related to the second treatment. Significantly decreased triglyceride in the second and third treatments compared to the first treatment (control) It was found that alanine aminotransferase was significantly increased in experimental treatments compared to the control, aspartate aminotransferase was significantly decreased in the second treatment compared to the first (control) and the third. There was no significant difference between treatments and control in terms of protozoan population. Gas production under the influence of experimental treatments was significantly reduced compared to the control treatment. Experimental buffers had no significant effect on total volatile fatty acids. Ammonia nitrogen increased under the influence of rominobuffer compared to the control treatment, but decreased in the commercial buffer treatment. Also, the pH of the ruminal environment showed a relative increase compared to the control group under the influence of experimental treatments. Keywords: Rumen fermentation, Buffer, Volatile fatty acids, Ammonia nitrogen

  ReviewIn this descriptive survey, we tried to analyze urban agricultural mechanisms in primary schools of Kermanshah city. Three steps were designed to achieve the research objectives. In the first step, using quasi-experimental method and post-test pretest design with control group, the role of practical vegetable training in knowledge, attitude and skills of sixth grade elementary students in the academic year 2018-2019 was investigated. For this purpose, two groups of 55 students were studied using a researcher-made questionnaire. The results showed that after implementing practical vegetable training, there was a significant difference between the post-test and pre-test scores of the experimental group in terms of knowledge and attitude compared to the< control group (p In the next step, using descriptive phenomenology method, students' skills and practical experiences during the cultivation process were investigated. In this regard, purposive sampling method (N=30) data analysis using Colaysi method showed that students gained experiences such as conflict over product protection and providing facilities, learning with pleasure and competition during the cultivation process. In the last step, targeted field interviews were conducted with experts from the Education Organization, managers and parents. The results of data analysis using content analysis method showed that implementing farm school programs has advantages such as learning through practice, promoting agricultural jobs, learning with sheet pleasure, improving learning space, fostering students' creativity, increasing social capital, changing students' behavior, increasing valuation and promoting healthy eating culture, accelerating learning process, promoting urban agriculture, increasing parental interactions and students' income for school. In addition, the implementation of the farm school plan can be faced with challenges such as being costly and lack of credit, lack of necessary facilities in schools, need for specialized and skilled staff, time limits on cultivation and in schools, legal and administrative problems, opposing some parents with cultivation and work, resistance of the late educational staff against the complete implementation of the plan and negative attitude of the society towards agriculture.Keywords: Agricultural Development, Farm School, Urban Agriculture, Agriculture in Institutions, Elementary Students.

   Food fraud has increased dramatically in recent years. In addition to affecting product quality and causing financial losses, food fraud also has adverse effects on consumer health. And it has raised a lot of concerns about food consumption. One of the most widely used foods in the food industry are edible oils. Which is used in cooking. Solid vegetable oils, or oils such as palm oil, are high in saturated fatty acids, which can cause high blood fats, high cholesterol, and eventually clogged arteries. Cardiovascular از are the most important causes of death. The oils used in the food basket of people should have at least 2% of saturated and trans fatty acids. One of the reasons for usingPalm oil is cheaper than other sesame, corn, soybean and sunflower oils, and due to higher prices of other oils than palm oil, the share of imports of this oil compared to other oils has increased in the last two years. In cooking, a variety of oils are used, each taken from a separate source From grains such as corn to fruits such as olives, nuts such as walnuts, almonds and hazelnuts, and seeds such as canola, safflower and sunflower. It is difficult to find a way to easily determine the quality of edible oils. Therefore, in recent years, olfactory, visual, taste and computer methods have been used more in the food industry. Electric nose is a new method that is considered in agriculture and food industry today In this study, a system has been used to detect and estimate the amount of palm in edible oils. The optoelectronic system consisted of ten metal oxide semiconductor sensors. During the test, the voltage response of the sensors at a certain schedule to inject the head space into the sensor housing and then clean the housing in the next step was done automatically and collected by the data system. Types of edible oils were prepared by mixing with palm oil in different proportions. The properties extracted from the signals obtained from the electrical nose were processed by principal component analysis and artificial neural network methods. Based on the results, the olfactory machine is able to detect palm oil   

  AbstractThis study was conducted to determine the effects of adding different levels of dried molasses distillers condensed soluble with bran (MDCS+B) to diet on productive performance, and some blood parameters in mehraban lambs.  

The study of effect of meatand bone meal differentlevels on performance,fermentation,carcass and blood parameters ofMehrabanfinishinglambs.  

Effect of different sources of Zn on performance and some blood metabolites in Kermani lambs

 The effect of dietary organic and Nano chromium supplementations on immune responses and some blood parameters in Sanjabi lambs.