Coriander is a member of the Apiaceae family, which has been widely used in traditional medicine, and its medicinal value has been proven throughout history among various nations. One of the most important problems of this valuable crop is non-chemical weed control, which can be reduced by using cover crops.

Abstract Increasing population and water shortage in arid regions have challenged food security. Optimal water management and the use of compounds such as doudab and salicylic acid, by improving the physiological processes of plants, contribute to greater water efficiency and sustainable production of crops. This experiment aimed to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of doudab (1 and 1.5 liters per hectare), salicylic acid (0.5 and 1.5 mM), and control (spraying with water solution) on the yield and yield components of peanut plants under different irrigation cycles (once every 10 days, once every 20 days, and a combination based on seasonal conditions), was conducted in a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research-educational farm of the Agricultural College of Ravansar County in 1402. The results of variance analysis showed that irrigation interval and its interaction with foliar application had a significant effect on traits such as dry weight of full pod, dry weight of seeds, dry weight of pod skin, dry weight of roots and shoots without pods, hundred-seed weight, number of pod types (immature, empty, full, double and total per square meter) and ratio of pods (immature to total and full to total). Also, foliar application of fumigation and salicylic acid showed a significant effect on all these traits except number of immature pods, ratio of immature to total pods and seed size. The results of segmentation showed that the interaction effect of irrigation interval and fumigation concentrations and foliar application of fumigation and salicylic acid on various traits such as dry weight of seeds, roots, shoots, hundred-seed weight, number of pods (immature, empty, full, double and total), and pod ratios was significant at the 1% probability level. The results of the mean comparison showed that the best yield was observed under the conditions of 10-day irrigation interval and foliar spraying with a concentration of 1.5 l/ha of fumigation and 1.5 mM of salicylic acid. Under these conditions, the dry weight of the seed was 220 g, the number of filled pods was 283 per square meter, and the seed size was 1.42 cm. Also, the application of salicylic acid reduced the number of empty pods. Under the conditions of 20-day irrigation interval, the yield was generally reduced, but foliar spraying with fumigation and salicylic acid reduced the negative effects of drought stress. Under the conditions of 10-day irrigation interval and without foliar spraying, the dry weight of the seed was 190 g and the number of filled pods was 240, which indicates the positive effect of foliar spraying under optimal irrigation conditions. These results showed that the combination of regular irrigation and foliar spraying with optimal concentrations can help improve yield and reduce the effects of drought stress in peanut plants. Keywords: Water efficiency, growth regulator, stress, foliar application, yield.   

Abstract Considering the importance of fodder beet in supplying fodder and its high adaptability to adverse environmental conditions, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of the age and number of leaves of fodder beet tra  lant in the greenhouse and Research farm of Razi University's Faculty of Agriculture. The experimental design used in this research was complete randomized blocks with three replications and 10 treatments. In this research, the effect of tra  lant age (one month, 45 days, and two months) and the number of tra  lant leaves (not removing leaves, removing half leaves, and removing all leaves) were investigated. Leaves were removed before tra  lanting to the field and preserving the crown and bud of the tra  lant. Thus, the treatments include direct seed cultivation, 30-day tra  lant without leaf removal, 30-day tra  lant with half of the leaves removed, 30-day tra  lant with all leaves removed, 45-day tra  lant without leaf removal, 45-day tra  lant with half of the leaves removed, the leaves were 45-day tra  lant with the removal of all leaves, 60-day tra  lant without removal of leaves, 60-day tra  lant with the removal of half of the leaves and 60-day tra  lant with the removal of all leaves. After the tra  lants reached the desired age, all the treatments were transferred to the main field simultaneously and on the same date. The results of the analysis of variance showed that survival percentage, the relative amount of leaf water loss, relative leaf water content, SPD, stomatal conductance, specific weight of leaves, number of leaves, leaf area, dry weight of leaves, and aerial parts, diameter and length Root, crown length, fresh and dry weight of root, root yield, gross income, net income, and benefit-cost ratio were significant. The 45-day tra  lant with removing all leaves was superior to other treatments regarding SPD and stomatal conductance. The results of the research showed no statistical difference between the treatments of two-month and 45-day tra  lants, except for the complete removal of leaves, although the highest value was related to the 45-day tra  lant with half of the leaves removed. The highest gross income and profit-cost ratio was related to the 45-day tra  lant with half of the leaves removed. However, the 45-day tra  lant with no leaf removal and half-leaf removal and the two-month tra  lant with no leaf removal, half-leaf removal, and whole-leaf removal showed the highest net income. Considering that the 45-day planting date and removing half of the leaves had the greatest effect on root yield and income, the simultaneous use of these two methods can play a significant role in increasing early harvest and fodder beet root yield. Keywords: Direct cultivation, Fodder beet, Planting date, Removal of tra  lant leaves, Tra  lantation   

   Cover crops contribute to nutrient cycling and may improve soil chemical properties and, consequently, increase crop yield. Potato is the fourth most valuable plant for human nutrition.  o there is a need to develop potato cropping systems with higher yields and crop quality. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of cover crops planted as pure and mixed on some soil properties and potato growth and   yield. Experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in Research Farm of the Campus of Agriculture and the Natural Resources، Razi University of Kermanshah. Experimental treatments include barley, vetch and clover cover crops in pure and mixed form at 10 levels, pure clover, pure barley, pure vetch, 50% barley + 50% clover, 50% barley + 50% vetch, 50% vetch + 50% clover, 30% barley + 70% clover, 30% vetch + 70% barley and 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley. The results showed that the height of cover plants was affected by the type of cover crops, so that the tallest barley plants (58 cm) in the treatment of 50% barley + 50% vetch and the shortest clover crops (25 cm) in planting density of 50% vetch + 50% clover was observed. In addition, the use of cover crops compared to the control treatment caused an increase in soil properties including pH, organic carbon, N, P and K in the stage before planting potatoes compared to the before starting experiment stage. In the post-harvest of potato, the use of cover crops decrease pH soil   and increases soil organic carbon, N, P and K compared to the control. On the other hand, the use of cover crops in both stages 20 and 40 days after potato cultivation reduced the density of weeds, and pure barley cover crops was more successful in controlling weeds than other treatments. Among the investigated cover crops, the planting density of 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley was more favorable than other treatments. So that the highest plant height, leaf area index, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight and the number of main stem in all stages of measurement were obtained from this treatment. In addition, the comparison of averages showed that the maximum number of tubers, fresh weight of tubers and dry weight of potato tubers were obtained by using the mentioned treatment. It was found that cover crops had a positive effect on the diameter grading of the tubers in the maturity stage, and in the treatment of 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley, the most small tubers (95 per m2), medium tubers (329 per m2) and large tubers (211 per m2) were seen. On the other hand, it was observed that this treatment increased the tuber yield by 7.98 tons/ha compared to the control treatment. In all four stages of vegetative growth, tuber formation, tuber bulking stage and potato tuber maturity, the treatment of 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley caused an increase of 43.35, 53.37, 42.17 and 50.43% respectively, RWC was compared to the control without cover crops. In general, the results of this research showed that the cultivation of cover crops can be used as a strategy to improve the growth traits, yield and yield components of potatoes.

  To investigate the effect of tillage systems on the yield and yield

   This study was conducted with the aim of feasibility of developing saffron cultivation in Javanrood city by using SWOT strategic analysis. This study is qualitative in nature and based on the SWOT analysis model. In this way, at first, the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities were extracted using the qualitative paradigm, and these points and strategies were weighted and prioritized. The results identified 7 broad categories for the strengths of the development of saffron cultivation, including the existence of suitable capacities for saffron production in the region, the possibility of a family production process, a healthy and environmentally friendly product, the high value of the saffron product, the low cost of saffron cultivation, the existence of a large and long-term local market. There are seven categories of weaknesses, including the low knowledge and experience of saffron growers from production to marketing, lack of skilled workers and high labor costs, bulk sales and lack of proper packaging, non-acceptance of saffron as a cultivation model, problems with onion preparation, its high cost, lack of income in the first years of production and low performance compared to other provinces were identified. The identified opportunities included access to wide markets, people's willingness to cultivate and consume saffron in the region, compatibility of saffron cultivation with the region's climate, and government support for the development of saffron cultivation. The threats include the lack of all-round government support in saffron production, the lack of protective laws and comprehensive and tra  arent government policy regarding the development of saffron cultivation, the weakness of the training and monitoring courses of the Jihad Organization in relation to saffron, the lack of necessary facilities and equipment for production and saffron transformation and complementary industries in the region, the existence of environmental and human risks in the region, the limited market, the lack of supply of sufficient inputs and tools for saffron cultivation by the Jihad Organization, the monopoly of the world market in the hands of other countries, and the lack of access to high-quality onions. Considering that the total of internal and external factors were both greater than 2.50, as a result, the strategies used were aggressive.

of 5% were strongly, positively and significantly  

   Surface waters such as rivers are among the most important sources of water that play a crucial role in supplying water for various activities such as agriculture, industry, drinking, and electricity generation. The Gharasoo River, which is one of the key surface water sources in Kermanshah Province, has had a good water quality in the past, to the extent that it has been used as a water source for the city of Kermanshah for many years. Unfortunately, in recent years, due to the influx of pollution from urban and industrial wastewater, agricultural runoff, hazardous chemicals, microbe-contaminated sewage, and more, the water quality of the river has significantly deteriorated. This study examines the water quality and quality >  

  This study was conducted to investigate the effects of planting date and application of chemical fertilizers and different amounts of seed application on yield and yield components of Kamlina oilseed plant in Razi University Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus Research Farm. The three-factor factorial experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Factors include four planting dates (27 September, 15 October, 2 December and 20 March), different levels of fertilizer mixture (NPK) in proportions of nitrogen 18%, phosphorus 54% and potassium 27% in four levels of control (without fertilizer), 50 kg Per hectare, 100 kg / ha and 150 kg / ha, which were added to the soil at planting, and the third factor was three seed levels (40 kg / ha, 80 kg / ha and 120 kg / ha). The results of this study showed that the effect of planting date, seed content and fertilizer amount on plant height, number of sub-branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000-seed weight and grain yield were significant. The three opposite effects of planting date * seed amount * fertilizer amount on plant height and 1000-seed weight were significant. The results of comparing the mean of the data showed that the highest height of Kamelina plant was obtained on the 15rd of October with the application of 12 kg of seeds per hectare and also the application of 150 kg of NPK fertilizer per hectare at the rate of 91 cm. Also, on the 15rd of October, with the application of 150 kg / ha of NPK fertilizer, the highest number of sub-branches per plant was obtained as 10.77 sub-branches. Among all experimental treatments, the highest number of pods per plant was obtained in the treatment application of 12 kg / ha of camellina seeds and in the date of sowing on October 15, 281 pods per plant and in all four planting dates the application of NPK fertilizer increased to 150 kg / ha Caused more pods to form per plant. The application of 150 kg / ha of NPK fertilizer on the date of planting on 15 October caused the highest number of seeds per pod to be 16 seeds per pod. Among all the experimental treatments, the application of 150 kg of NPK fertilizer along with the application of 12 kg of seeds sown on the date of sowing on 15 October obtained the highest 1000-seed weight of 1.56 g. Increasing seed application per unit area led to increased grain yield in the plant Camellina and among all experimental treatments, the highest grain yield of 1381 kg was obtained on 15 Octobre with 150 kg / ha NPK fertilizer. Based on the results of this study, it was found that in order to achieve higher yield of camellia in Kermanshah region, 12 kg / ha of seeds and 150 kg of NPK fertilizer should be used and the planting date should be in the range of 15 October.

   اثر   تيمارهاي پيش كاشت بذر با ساليسيليك اسيد، هيوميك اسيد و روي بر عملكرد و كيفيت ارقام گندم دوروم در شرايط ديم چكيده به­ منظور بررسي تأثير تيمار بذر با اسيد هيوميك، اسيد ساليسيليك و روي بر عملكرد و برخي صفات مربوط به ريشه گندم دوروم (Triticum durum Desf.) دو آزمايش گلداني و مزرعه اي در پرديس كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي دانشگاه رازي كرمانشاه در سال زراعي 99-1398 اجرا شد. فاكتورها در هر دو آزمايش شامل اسيد هيوميك، اسيدساليسيليك، روي، اسيد ساليسيليك+ اسيد هيوميك، اسيد ساليسيليك + روي، اسيدهيوميك+ روي، اسيد ساليسيليك+ اسيدهيوميك+ روي و شاهد (عدم مصرف) بر روي ارقام گندم دوروم ساجي و ذهاب بودند. در طرح گلداني، آزمايش از نوع فاكتوريل در قالب طرح كامل تصادفي در سه تكرار اجرا گرديده و صفات سطح برگ، وزن خشك ساقه، وزن خشك ريشه، وزن خشك كل، ارتفاع بوته، طول و تراكم ريشه اندازه­ گيري شدند. در طرح مزرعه اي، آزمايش از نوع فاكتوريل و در قالب طرح بلوك كاملاً تصادفي و با سه تكرار و صفات   عملكرد بيولوژيك، عملكرد دانه، تعداد سنبله در متر مربع، تعداد دانه در سنبله، وزن هزار دانه، شاخص برداشت، ، ميزان پروتئين دانه، ارتفاع بوته، ميزان كلروفيل a ، b و كاروتنوئيدها مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند. نتايج تجزيه واريانس در شرايط گلخانه نشان داد كه رقم، بذرمال نمودن تيمارها و اثرات متقابل آن ­ها بر تمام صفات مورد مطالعه   اثر معني ­دار در سطح احتمال 5 درصد داشتند. در بيشتر صفات عملكردي تيمار اسيد هيوميك+ اسيد ساليسيليك+ عنصر روي بالاترين مقدار را نشان داد و بيشترين ميزان وزن خشك ريشه، طول، تراكم و حجم ريشه در تيمارهاي اسيد هيوميك و اسيد ساليسيليك مشاهده شد. در شرايط مزرعه نيز اثرات متقابل تيمارها بر اكثر صفات مورد بررسي اثر معني ­داري نشان داد. در آزمايش گلخانه­ اي بيشترين ميزان براي تمام صفات در رقم ساجي مشاهده شد. در شرايط مزرعه بر خلاف گلخانه، اكثر صفات به‌ ويژه صفات عملكردي در رقم ذهاب مقادير بالاتري داشتند. به ­طوري كه تقريباً همه­ تيمارهاي مورد بررسي بدون اختلاف معني دار با يكديگر، بالاترين عملكرد دانه (510 گرم) را نشان دادند. بيشترين تعداد دانه در سنبله (46) نيز در تيمارهاي روي در رقم ذهاب مشاهده شد. در مجموع مي­توان چنين بيان كرد كه كاربرد كودهاي آلي و تنظيم كننده­ هاي رشد گياهي موجب افزايش عملكرد و اجزاي عملكرد مي ­گردد.       واژه­ هاي كليدي: رنگيزه هاي فتوسنتزي، وزن خشك ريشه، پروتئين دانه، ذهاب ، ساجي

   Corn, along with wheat and rice, are three important plants of the cereal family. These plants play a very important role in feeding the people of the world. Despite the farmers' attention to supply macro elements needed by these plants, the supply of micro elements is not considered. Agricultural soils in most regions of Iran are lacking in metal micronutrients, especially iron and zinc. This problem causes a significant decrease in yield production of these plants. Hence, this research was performed in order to investigate the effect of conventional and nanoparticle fertilizers of iron and zinc on yield and some physiological characteristics of corn in the research farm of the agricultural campus of Razi University in 2019. This research was performed in the form of a complete randomized block design in three repetitions. The treatments investigated in this research were: 1) different concentrations of two iron and zinc fertilizers (three concentrations of 4 and 8 grams per liter and control and 2) type of fertilizer at two levels (conventional and nanoparticle fertilizer). In order to investigate the effect of the mentioned treatments on the agronomic and physiological characteristics of single cross 600 seed corn, foliar treatments of micronutrient elements were applied twice during development period including: the beginning of vegetative growth and the beginning of flowering. The results of data analysis variance showed that conventional and nanoparticles of iron and zinc caused a significant increase in grain yield compared to the control treatment (3590 kg/ha). The highest increase in grain yield under these conditions was obtained in the group of conventional form of iron fertilizer treatment and the group of combined treatment of iron nanoparticle * zinc nanoparticle with an 81% increase compared to the control treatment. The highest increase in grain yield was obtained in the combined fertilizer treatments of iron nanoparticle 4 * zinc nanoparticle 8 and iron nanoparticle 8 * zinc nanoparticle 4, respectively, with 123 and 132% increase compared to the control treatment (3590 kg/ha). The seed yield had a positive and significant correlation with harvest index traits (R2=0.80**), the number of ears per plant (R2=0.40**), the number of seeds per plant (R2=0.61**), and the number of seeds in a row (R2=0.54**). Among the two traits of the number of seeds per plant and the weight of 1000 seeds, the foliar application of micronutrient elements in conventional and nanoparticle form at the beginning of vegetative growth and at the beginning of flowering had the most significant effect on the number of seeds per plant. In this connection, foliar spraying of micronutrient elements had no significant effect on the weight of one thousand seeds. It seems that the number of seeds per plant is more influenced by environmental factors than the attribute weight of 1000 seeds. Keywords: Antioxidan, Catalase, Grain yield, Photosynthetic pigments, Soluble proteins   

Abstract In order to implement measures for the development and exploitation of new water resources, especially in the agricultural sector in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran, the use of wastewater can be considered as water resources. By using these resources, not only part of the agricultural water shortage is compensated, but also the effects of improper discharge of effluents and its damages to agricultural resources and the environment are prevented. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the strategic crops that is very important in terms of level and nutritional value, so over the past few decades, many measures have been taken to increase its yield. Among these measures, we can mention the use of organic fertilizers such as sewage sludge, which in addition to increasing yield, it is important to study the environmental and health issues related to the use of these fertilizers, as well as the absorption of heavy elements. In order to evaluate the effect of Ravansar industrial town effluent on yield, yield components and accumulation of heavy metals in wheat grain (Pishgam cultivar), in the 2016-17 crop year on a farm in Kermanshah province, Ravansar city, Upper Khorramabad village, a research project as split plot was performed in three replications. Experimental factors included 1. Irrigation water as the main factor (at three levels: a) Irrigation with industrial town effluent b) Irrigation with the left channel of Ravansar c) Irrigation with well water) 2. Irrigation times as a secondary factor (including 1- Onc irrigation time 2- two irrigation times 3- three irrigation times). The results of the present study showed that the treatment of industrial town effluent and water of Qarsoo Ravansar canal had a significant potential of micronutrients. The application of the mentioned effluent in controlled amounts, in the results of plant decomposition, showed that the effluent effluent increased the concentration of iron, zinc and copper in comparison with the control in the plant seeds. All of these elements are the nutrients needed to fill cereal grains such as wheat. The use of wastewater in all quantities to some extent increased the weight of 1000 grains of wheat, so that the highest 1000-grain weight of wheat (49.897 g) was related to the treatment of canal water and three irrigation times, which there was no significant difference between this treatment and three irrigation treatments with industrial town effluent in terms of 1000-grain weight (49.217 g). The results showed that the application of effluent had a positive role in filling wheat grains and by releasing nutrients during the growing period of wheat, Pishgam cultivar increased seed yield and seed yield components including 1000-grain weight, number of grains per spike, number of spikes per plant, and leaf area in wheat. Comparison of heavy metal concentrations in plant samples showed that the concentrations of heavy metals of lead and cadmium evaluated in the present study are high in effluent-treated samples. In well water treatments, the concentration of heavy metals was less than the allowable limit, but in canal and effluent water treatments, the concentration was very high and beyond the allowable limit of heavy metals. But it is not in the toxic concentration range of these elements. Therefore, in order to use the wastewater effluent of the industrial town in agriculture as irrigation water, according to the amount of increase of the mentioned metals in the soil and the amounts absorbed by the plants, it is necessary to consider the toxicity threshold for each metal depending on the type of plant and environmental conditions and evaluate the effluent values based on it. Keywords: Heavy elements, Industrial effluent, Organic fertilizer, Pollutants, Wheat, Yield

   This study was performed to evaluate the relative suitability of susceptible and resistant wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) biotypes to the herbicide terry benuron methyl (granstar) in Hamil and Markazi counties in Islamabad Gharb city, Kermanshah province during 2017-2017 crop in two greenhouse sections. And the laboratory was run. The results of this experiment showed that the resistance of different masses harvested from 9 altitudes (above sea level) did not show a statistically significant difference despite the increase in resistance at altitudes, and the recorded resistance index between 5.55 to 64 / 6 was obtained. The results of the effect of temperature on germination of susceptible and resistant masses of wild mustard showed that the response of susceptible and resistant masses was different at different temperatures and at 20 and 25 ° C sensitive masses had the highest percentage of germination and vigor. They were resistant to the mass. Germination rate also showed significant differences in different temperature treatments and at (5 and 20) ° C the germination rate of resistant masses was significantly higher than sensitive mass. At 25 ° C, the germination rate of the sensitive mass was significantly higher than that of the resistant mass. The results related to the effect of different osmotic potential also showed that in general wild mustard is sensitive to reducing the osmotic potential of soil and the percentage and speed of germination and vigor of sensitive masses at the osmotic potential of 0.1 and 0.2 MPa were the highest and In the osmotic potential of 1 and 1.2 reached zero. Acidity and resistant and sensitive masses of wild mustard have a significant effect on germination percentage and vigor, as well as different amounts of acidity have a significant effect on wild mustard seeds, so that resistant masses prefer acidic to neutral acidity. The results of dose-response experiment showed that the interaction of mass in the amount of trifenuron methyl on the germination percentage of wild mustard seeds was significant. The highest germination percentage occurred at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 in resistant masses, and in susceptible masses in control treatment and concentration of 0.25 and germination in both sensitive and resistant masses at concentrations of 8, 16 And 32 went to zero. Given the relative suitability of wild mustard sensitive stands in terms of germination, it seems that if no special management operations are carried out to reduce the germination of these stands, in the future the population of these stands will expand and in this case, the possibility of There are increasing problems by these masses. eywords: Stolactate synthase, Resistance, Relative suitability, Germination

   Today, due to over-exploitation of agricultural lands and feeding of crops by chemical fertilizers, regardless of organic fertilizers in soil nutrition, a situation has arisen in which our agricultural soils are among the poorest soils in terms of organic matter. This issue necessitates the use of green and livestock fertilizers in Iran's agricultural systems. Considering the importance of green manure plants as organic fertilizers, in order to investigate the growth characteristics and biomass production capacity of several species of green manures, A factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design was conducted in 1397 in the research farm of Razi University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Kermanshah. Experimental factors included two factors (green manure including: 1. Iranian clover 2. lathyrus 3. vetch 4. rye 5. barley) and (planting time included: two dates of the last decade of November and the first decade of December). The results showed that planting date treatment had a significant effect on the five percent probability level on the percentage of green cover. Green manure treatment showed a significant effect on green cover percentage, dry weight, fresh weight, leaf area index, crop growth rate at the level of 1% probability. According to the results of comparing the means, in the planting date treatment, the highest percentage of green cover was related to the November planting treatment (83.4%) and the lowest green cover percentage was related to the December planting treatment (76.85%). In relation to green manure plant treatments, the highest percentage of green cover was related to rye and barley treatments (94.5% and 90.5%, respectively) and The lowest was allocated to lathyrus, vetch and Iranian clover treatments (with values of 75, 71.5 and 69.38%, respectively). The highest dry weight of single plant was assigned to barley and rye treatments (with values of 26.86 and 26.82 g, respectively), but there was no significant difference between these two plants in terms of dry weight of single plant. The lowest single plant dry weight among green manure treatments was related to lathyrus, Persian clover and vetch treatments (21.0625, 20.85 and 17.56 g, respectively). Also, the observations of this study showed that the highest leaf area index was related to rye and barley treatments (with values of 4.97 and 4.72, respectively) and also, the lowest was observed in the treatment of Iranian vetch and clover (with values of 2.856 and 3.141, respectively). In this experiment, the highest growth rate was related to rye and barley (with values of 1.38 and 1.37, respectively), but there was no significant difference between the two treatments in terms of growth rate. The lowest growth rate among green manure treatments belonged to lathyrus, clover and vetch treatments (with values of 1.1, 1.03 and 0.92, respectively). In this study, it was observed that the effect of cover plant cultivation date on the production of green cover of these plants is effective. Regarding the C/N ratio, considering that the highest green cover and growth rate and uptake were related to rye and barley treatment and the highest amount of this ratio was assigned to two plants of rye and barley green manure (32.67 and 33.113). As a result, it can be said that in terms of green manure with high green cover, the best options in the climate of Kermanshah in this study are rye and barley green manure. Given that the main purpose of this experiment was to find a suitable planting date as well as the best option among plants grown as green manure, It can be said that more green cover (83.4%) has been produced in the date of November cultivation and it can be a more suitable date for cultivating these green manure plants and finally controlling winter weeds.

   Gavoshan Dam is one of the major government development projects in rural areas. According to the official reports, this project has been created with the aim of supplying water to the agricultural lands of Bilevar and Mian Darb plains, as well as the economic development of the covered areas. However, research has shown that more than three decades after the construction of the dam, the Gavoshan water resources management plan has faced several challenges, including stakeholder conflict. Past research, however, has often tried to assess the economic and environmental impacts of the dam with a positivist paradigm, ignoring the social context in which the dam is built. Therefore, in this research, this time, using the qualitative method and naturalistic paradigm, the social effects of the dam are examined as perceived by the stakeholders. The main emphasis in this qualitative assessment has been on the analysis of social contradictions (as an emerging challenge). Participants in the study positively assessed the effects of the dam on quality of life and improving their sense of place, and believe that the implementation of this project has led to a reduction in social capital and damage to natural resources. Then, the cases of conflict between stakeholders were examined, which led to the identification of various patterns of conflict between stakeholders. The analysis of these cases, emphasizing the conflict management style, showed that the regional water company and Jihad Keshavarzi, as government officials in the implementation of this plan, using a competitive style, try to force other stakeholders to withdraw from their interests. In a way that despite increasing the income of residents and improving various aspects of their quality of life, adverse social effects such as conflict and reduced social capital still plague the residents of the region. Therefore, water shortages or economic problems alone are not a good justification for implementing such projects. It is suggested that in the implementation of development interventions at the strategic level, all aspects of development, especially the social dimensions of the residents of the affected areas should be evaluated. It is better to do this evaluation in the pre-project stages because prevention is always better than treatment.

   Abstract Knowledge of phenology and ecology as well as weed germination characteristics play an essential role in designing effective policies for their management in agricultural fields. Musk weeds of Vicia genus are the predominant species in rainfed fields in Iran. In order to evaluate the plant growth phenology and germination ecology of Caspian vetch and broadleaf vetch as important and predominant weeds in dryland wheat and chickpea fields, an experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications during two cropping years 2019-2020 in rainfed farms located in Kozran section of Kermanshah province were implemented. The farm where the study was conducted had a history of high infestation with both species of vetch. Previous experiments have shown that the emergence of these two species began in early February and continues alternately until April in the fields. Three peaks of emergence of both species in the three months that were the window of emergence of these two species, namely February, March and April of each year were selected and in each peak 15 plants to measure morphological traits and different phenological stages until the end of the growing season in fallow. Crop and other weeds were kept away from competition. Also, the percentage of seed germination of both species and their response to various factors of dormancy breaking were investigated. The results of this study showed that seeds were dormant after harvest and dormancy required a after ripening, so that with increasing number of weeks after harvest, germination percentage reached 40%, but never increased in the fourteenth week after harvest. The results of differentseed dormancy-breaking treatments in both species showed that the germination percentage with mechanical scraping by sandpaper had the highest performance. The results obtained in the morphological section showed that the studied traits including 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod and ratio of pods to flowers in both species had almost the same trend and plants established in February compared to post-establishment They were always superior. Calendar onset and degree of day-cumulative growth of each phenological stage also differed between establishment dates and crop years and its effect on height, number of leaves, number of pods and lateral stems produced in both species was significant. The establishment of Februry in May indicated more power and competition with the crop, and as a result, more damage to it. In general, based on the results of this study, it can be suggested to control and manage earlier settlements of these two weeds, which have competitive power and consequently higher damage to crops in their field control management program and that later established plants can not compete. Hardiness in the rainfed fields of the region. From a practical point of view, it is better to plant the crop later so that we do not face stronger plants of these weeds to compete with the crop. Keywords: after-ripening, dormancy breaking, sub-Branch

   In this study, the effects of planting date (November 1, mid-November and late October) and different nitrogen fertilizer treatments in rainfed (0,50,100,150 kg/h N) and irrigated (0,100,200,300 kg/h N) condition on yeild and morphological traits of Camellina were invesigated. In order to evaluate water use efficiency indicators, the amount of irrigation for water conditions for each planting date was calculated by volume method. For comparison of both conditions separately in the form of split-plot design in a randomized complete block.. The results showed that planting date had a significant effect on the yield parameters of camelina and only on traits (total yield and straw, nitrogen utilization efficiency-(UTE), straw protein% and straw protein yield) in rainfed conditions had a non significant effect. Also, traits (1000-grain weight, oil yield, oil-to-grain yield ratio, grain protein yield, UTE , nitrogen uptake efficiency (UPE), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), nitrogen harvest index, water use efficiency (grain yield and grain protein yield)) in conditions Irrigation was not affected by planting date. The results showed that fertilizer had a significant effect on all traits and only traits (total yield, straw yield and nitrogen harvest index) were not affected by fertilizer in rainfed conditions. Also in irrigated conditions, only traits (oil yield and oil water use efficiency) were not affected by fertilizer. Examination of morphological traits showed that in dryland conditions, all traits were affected by planting date and fertilizer and only the number of sub-branches was not affected by fertilizer. Also, all traits in irrigated conditions were subjected to fertilizer on the planting date and only the height trait was not significant and the GDD in both conditions was only affected by the planting date. Based on the results, it was found that the traits in both conditions and planting date and application of nitrogen fertilizer are different from each other so that all functional traits of rainfed conditions except (grain yield, oil to grain weight ratio and straw protein) on the second planting date have They were the highest and in response to nitrogen fertilizer, all traits increased by applying 150 kg of nitrogen fertilizer per hectare and only traits (oil to grain ratio, nitrogen harvest index, NUE, UPE and UTE) decreased with increasing nitrogen. Irrigation conditions were different so that most of the functional traits had the highest value in the first planting date and traits such as (straw protein%, protein to oil ratio, nitrogen harvest index and UTE) had the highest amount in the third planting date. Yields were also different among the amount of applied nitrogen fertilizer, so that the traits (oil and seed water use efficiency, grain yield, oil, harvest index and 1000-grain weight had the highest amount with the application of 100 kg N/h and other traits They increase the amount of N increased and only traits (UTE, NUE, UPE and nitrogen harvest index) had the highest values in the control. Examination of morphological characteristics showed that all traits reached their maximum on the first planting data with the highest amount of nitrogen fertilizer, and only the number of seeds per pod on the last planting data was different in irrigation conditions due to the simultaneous start of irrigation with the pod formation stage and GDD in the irrigation condition was higher than the rainfed and in both levels it had the highest value in the first planting date. Keywords: NUE, oil yield, phenological development, yield components

چكيده هدف: به منظور بررسي اثر كودهاي سرك نيتروژن و گوگرد بر عملكرد كمي و كيفي كلزا (.Brassica napus L)   آزمايشي به صورت مزرعه‌اي در سال زراعي   1397-1396   در شهرستان كنگاور، استان كرمانشاه   انجام شد. روش‏شناسي پژوهش: آزمايش به صورت فاكتوريل با دو عامل كود نيتروژن و گوگرد در قالب طرح بلوك‌هاي كامل تصادفي در سه تكرار انجام شد. تيمارهاي آزمايشي شامل كود نيتروژن از منبع اوره در سه سطح   (60، 120 و 180 كيلوگرم در هكتار) و كود گوگرد از منبع سولفات آمونيوم در چهار سطح (صفر، 25 ،50 و 75 كيلوگرم) بودند. اعمال تيمارهاي آزمايشي در دو مرحله قبل از شروع ساقه دهي و غنچه‌دهي كلزا صورت گرفت. يافته‌ها: نتايج آزمايش نشان داد كه صفات كمي و كيفي كلزا   شامل ارتفاع بوته، وزن خشك و سطح برگ، عملكرد دانه، عملكرد بيولوژيك، تعداد غلاف در بوته، تعداد دانه در غلاف، وزن هزار دانه، شاخص SPAD، كارايي فتوسيستم II، درصد نيتروژن شاخساره، درصد نيتروژن دانه، محتواي فيبر دانه و درصد اسيدهاي چرب اشباع بصورت معني‌داري تحت تاثير تيمارهاي آزمايشي قرار گرفتند. با اين حال تاثير تيمارهاي آزمايشي بر صفات وزن خشك ساقه، محتواي اسيدهاي چرب غيراشباع، ميزان كلروفيل‌هاي a و b، كاروتنوئيد و پروتئين‌هاي محلول معني‌دار نبود. مقايسه ميانگين برهمكنش تيمارها نشان داد بيشترين عملكرد دانه، عملكرد بيولوژيك، تعداد غلاف در بوته، تعداد دانه در غلاف، وزن هزار دانه، ارتفاع بوته، وزن خشك   و سطح برگ، محتواي اسيد چرب اشباع، محتواي نيتروژن دانه، محتواي نيتروژن شاخساره، حداكثر كارايي فتوسيستم II   و درصد فيبر دانه در سطح سوم كود نيتروژن و گوگرد (180 كيلوگرم نيتروژن   و 75 كيلوگرم گوگرد) مشاهده شد. برهمكنش تيمارها بر شاخص SPAD و درصد روغن دانه معني‌دار نبود. اما شاخص SPAD تنها تحت تاثير كود نيتروژن قرار گرفت بطوري كه بيشترين ميزان اين شاخص با مصرف 180 كيلوگرم اوره در هكتار مشاهده شد. اثرات ساده تيمارهاي آزمايشي بر درصد روغن دانه معني‌دار بود و در بين سطوح كود نيتروژن بيشترين درصد روغن دانه با مصرف 180 كيلوگرم اوره در هكتار و در بين سطوح كود گوگرد بيشترين درصد روغن   دانه با مصرف   75 كيلوگرم سولفات آمونيوم در هكتار مشاهده شد.

Bacterial leaf streak (BLS) is one of the most important bacterial diseases of wheat worldwide. Following climate changes, especially heavy rainfall in recent years, the disease has shown significant outbreaks and damage to wheat in Kermanshah province. This study was performed to determine phenotypic, biochemical and molecular characteristics of the pathogen and its pathovars in various regions of the province. For this, infected leaves and seeds were collected from major wheat growing areas during 2019 and 2020. In the lab, 140 isolates were obtained on Nutrient agar (NA) medium. Using the recommended bacteriological tests, phenotypic and biochemical characteristics of the isolates were determined. Base on the results, 4 isolated were selected for pathogenicity tests on wheat, barley, rye and triticale to determine their pathovars. Genetic diversity among the isolates was evaluated using rep-PCR method with ERIC and BOX primers. Two isolates were selected based on the pathogenicity tests and their 16S rRNA sequence were determined using 1492R and 27F primers. According to the results of phenotypic and biochemical tests, the isolates belonged to Xanthomonas translucens and determined 16S rRNA sequences showed 100% similarity to those of X. translucens in the Genbank. Pathogenicity tests showed the existence of two pathovars of the pathogen in the province, pv. undulosa and pv. cerealis. There was no correlation between the pathovars and sampling regions. The results of genetic diversity showed high variation among the isolates.   

   Nowadays water resources are one of the great treasures of human beings, for which proper operation requires effective rules and management regarding the different demands, lacks and limitations in using the resources. Dams are applied for different purposes. Optimal operation of dam reservoirs is one of the important issues in water management. In this study, optimal operation of dam has been examined in order to supply maximum dam tailwater needs, in deterministic and probabilistic system. The case study is Qeshlaq dam constructed on Maryamnegar River, 15 Kilometer northwest of Sahneh in Kermanshah province. The aim of Qeshlaq reservoir dam construction is supplying drinking water demand in Sahneh, providing environmental and agricultural demands of Chemchemal valley and establishment of irrigation network in Sahneh city. Water management simulation and planning of this area was done by WEAP simulator software. Regarding the precipitation being indecisive and its direct effect on the inflow, probabilistic flow is more certainly. Therefore, the system probabilistic conditions were studied by making the inflow probabilistic and examining the effect of probabilistic cumulative distribution function (CDF) on demand supply. This probabilistic approach was codded in Lingo software based on definite optimization by linear planning under probabilistic limitations. In this approach, the inflow to reservoir was compared using two different ways including CDF calculation by Weibull distribution and the best fitness distribution. The results of simulation and optimization by deterministic approach shows that supplies in agricultural, drinking, and environmental demands are, respectively, 92%, 95% and 95%. Due to reservoir inflow decrease in probabilistic than deterministic approach, the reservoir optimal volume was, first, estimated considering the inflows and deterministic demands. It was 27.6 Million cubic meter which shows the high estimation in designing the reservoir of Qeshlaq dam than the reservoir designing volume (47.6 Million cubic meter). In addition, all demands are fully supplied in this condition.

Damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani is one of the most important disease of common bean in Iran and Kermanshah Province. R. solani is a soil-borne and saprophyte pathogen with broad host range which make it hard to manage by common chemical and breeding strategies. However, biological control by probiotic bacteria is promising approach in management of this disease. Plant probiotic bacteria not only suppress the disease by producing antibiotics and inducing systemic resistance but also promote plant growth by releasing phytohormones and solubilizing essential nutrients. In this study, effect of 52 bacteria isolated from rhizosphere, 26 bacteria isolated from rhizoplan and 8 commercial strain were investigated on plant growth. Eleven isolates were screened for further studies on plant disease suppression. Bacteria isolates 40, 19, 21, 29 and Bacillus pumilus INR7 suppressed the disease up to 52, 47, 70, 37 and 80 %, respectively. Based on plant growth and disease suppression experiments, four isolate were identified by sequencing the 16S rDNA and phylogenetic analysis. Results showed that bacterial isolates 40, 19, 21 and 29 had the highest similarity with Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas geniculata, Bacillus simplex and Serratia marcescens, respectively. B. pumilus INR7 were selected for formulation studies. Effect of different macro- and micro-nutrient were investigated on biomass production, resting spore/biomass ratio, bacteria survival under 180 days storage condition and efficacy of formulated bacteria on the damping-off disease. Different concentrations of molasses and urea were investigated on biomass production. Result revealed that the highest biomass achieved at 30 and 6 g/L of molasses and urea, respectively. In next experiment, effect of some nutrient element were assessed on spore induction. The highest spore production were induced in 0.0766, 0.0081, 1,321, 0.19, 0.00013 and 0.00629 g/L of CaCl2, FeCl3, (NH4)SO4, MgCl2, ZnCl2 and MnCl2, respectively. In next step, effect of some compounds were investigated on bacteria survival under room and 4 °C. Treatment contains 0.2, 5, 20, 0.1 and 4 g/L of polyethylene glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, Arabic gum and glycerol was the most effective treatment in bacteria survival in both condition. The bacteria population in this treatment was 7×108 and 9×107 CFU/ml in 4 °C and room temperature after 180 days, respectively. The formulated bacteria suppressed the damping-off disease up to 72% in greenhouse condition. Keywords: Biological control, Bacillus pumilus INR7, Damping-off, Formulation, Rhizobacteria.  

    Seed deterioration is one of the factors reducing seed vigor and germination.Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the seed priming ability with some plant growth regulators to prevent or improve flax seed deterioration in Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University.This experiment was conducted in two separate sections to study the possibility of prevention and improvement of seed deterioration.In the first section, the seeds were first primed with hormones and then were deteriorated.In the second section, the seeds were first deteriorated and then were primed with hormones.For testing of each hormone, three factors including seed deterioration (on three levels: no deterioration, mild and severe deterioration), priming with hormone (in four concentrations) and two flax varieties (Indian and Hungarian) were considered.Hormones include: salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, cytokinin, gibberellin and auxin.Hydropriming experiment included three levels of seed deterioration, two flax cultivars and two seed priming levels (without and with hydropriming).The evaluated traits included the percentage of germination, germination rate, mean time to germination,mean daily germination, normal seedlings, shoot length, root length, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, length and weight seedling vigor indices.The results showed that the Indian cultivar had superiority in both of the section of improvement and prevention to seed deterioration than the Hungarian cultivar.This superiority, however, was not significant in some traits.With increasing seed deterioration, a decrease was observed in germination characteristics.The results showed that seed priming withauxin at concentrations of 50 and 100 mgL-1 and gibberellin at concentrations of 50 and 100 mgL-1 preventedto seed deterioration.Other treatments did not have significant effects on prevention of seed deterioration.Seed priming with gibberellin at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg.L-1 and salicylic acid at concentration of 50 mgL-1 improved the germination characteristics of deteriorated seeds.In general, seed priming with auxinorgibberellinto prevent and with gibberellin or salicylic acid to improvement of flax seed deterioration can be used

  The velocity distribution is the most important variable for determining the flow characteristics such as discharge, shear stress distribution, sedimentation, erosion, head loss, energy factor, and the required momentum requirement for hydraulic. The velocity distribution in a channel is influenced by geometric shape, bed roughness, and the presence of structures, and must be studied and examined before solving a variety of hydraulic problems in open channels. The velocity distribution in open channels has been studied over many years, and in recent years, this problem is investigated by solving the Navier-Stokes hydrodynamic equations that are combined with turbulent models.The velocity distribution equation can be the velocity values ??in vertical directions Exaggerated by assuming that the maximum velocity is on or below the water surface. This equation does not have the constraints and defects of other common equations, and the velocity distribution corresponds to it in a physical space with a probability distribution. This distribution has an M parameter called "entropy parameter" whose value is used as an indicator for comparing different patterns of flow velocity distribution in the channels.

  Chickpea is one of the most important legumes in the west of the country. In order to study the root development and yield of chickpea varieties in different cultivars, field and field experiments were conducted at Faculty of Science and Agricultural Engineering of Razi University. A field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications and a pot experiment in a factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with three replications in the years 1394-1393. In the field and pot experiment, seven genotypes of chickpea (Arman, Azad, Philip55-98, Adil, Native Kishcheh, Hashem and ILC 482) were planted in three planting dates, 20/8/1394, 20/9/1394 and 12/1394. Reviewed. The traits were studied in field experiment including grain yield, harvest index, biological yield, plant height, remobilization, shoot re-transfer ratio and stem efficiency in remobilization. In the pot experiment, traits such as root dry weight, root to shoot ratio, root length, total root length, root volume and root density were investigated. The results showed that Hashem cultivar and K???e native genotype had the highest amount of grain yield traits, remobilization of stored photosynthetic materials into seeds. In terms of planting date, the best date of cultivation was on the date of 20/8/94 or the same date of the first cultivar, the highest grain yield in the pea plant was realized on this date. The statistical results obtained from field experiment confirm that Hashem and Karehcheh cultivars had the highest amount in terms of the amount and ratio of remobilization of photosynthetic materials stored in the stem in the formation of grain yield.In the pot experiment, Arman and native cultivars of Kearcheh on April 20, 1994 had the highest root length, root volume, root dry weight, root to shoot ratio and root density. It seems that all traits related to root of chickpea are influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Therefore, to promote and increase drought tolerance in chickpea, finding genotypes with a strong and effective root system is a priority

  افزايش جمعيت، افزايش تقاضا براي غذا را به دنبال خواهد داشت بنابراين توليدات كشاورزي بايد با سرعتي برابر با رشد جمعيت، ولي با همان زمين­ها و منابع آب ثابت، رشد كنند.   به منظور تعيين ميزان رشد و توليد ماده خشك گياه تحت تاثير آبياري با نقطه شبنم، پژوهشي گلخانه اي و مزرعه اي طراحي گرديد. تاثير آبياري با نقطه­شبنم، آبياري­معمولي و بدون آبياري بر­روي صفات كمي و كيفي گيا­هان در پژوهش­هاي گلخانه­اي و مزرعه­اي مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند كه پژوهش گلخانه­اي در دو مرحله (جوانه زني بذر و مرحله رشد رويشي گياه)   اجرا گرديد. در پژوهش در مرحله جوانه زني،   تاثير تيمار­هاي آبياري با نقطه­شبنم و بدون آبياري در قالب طرح كاملا تصادفي با سه تكرار بر درصد جوانه زني بذرنخود، گندم، خيار، كتان، چغندر، شنبليله در سال 1394 ارزيابي گرديد. كه تيمار آبياري با نقطه­شبنم باعث جوانه زني بذر در مقايسه با شاهد (بدون آبياري) گرديد. پژوهش گلخانه اي در مرحله رشد رويشي گياه در قالب طرح كاملا تصادفي با سه تكرار ­روي صفات رويشي نخود و گندم بكار رفت. تيمار­هاي آبياري شامل آبياري با نقطه­شبنم و آبياري معمولي بودند. مقايسه ميانگين داده­ها براي نخود نشان داد كه تيمارآبياري معمولي نسبت به آبياري با نقطه شبنم داراي وزن تر ساقه، وزن تر تك برگ، وزن خشك ساقه، وزن خشك تك برگ، وزن تر كل ساقه و برگ، وزن خشك كل ساقه و برگ و نسبت برگ به ساقه بيشتري بود. مقايسه ميانگين داده­هاي نشان داد كه تيمارآبياري با نقطه­شبنم نسبت به آبياري با روش معمول از نظر طول ساقه، تعداد برگ، وزن تر ساقه، وزن ترتك برگ، وزن خشك ساقه، وزن خشك تك برگ، وزن­تر كل ساقه و برگ، وزن خشك كل ساقه و برگ، سطح برگ، نسبت برگ به ساقه و وزن مخصوص برگ) تفاوتي نداشت. پژوهش مزرعه­اي در قالب طرح بلوك هاي كامل تصادفي با سه تكرار در سال 1396-1395 اجرا گرديد. در اين بخش سه تيمارآبياري با نقطه­شبنم، آبياري معمولي و ديم روي نخود اعمال گرديدند. صفات مورد بررسي   شامل كلروفيل a،   كلروفيل b،   كارتنوييد،   كلروفيل كل،   كلروفيلa/b،   هدايت روزنه­اي،   فتوسيستم (2)،   فتوسيستم (1)،   محتواي رطوبت نسبي آب، ارتفاع ساقه،   تعداد ساقه، تعداد برگ، تعداد غلاف حاوي تك بذردر هر بوته، تعداد غلاف حاوي دو عدد بذر   در هر بوته، تعداد غلاف خالي در هر بوته، تعداد غلاف در هر بوته، طول غلاف، قطر غلاف، تعداد دانه در هر بوته،   وزن 100 دانه، عملكرد در يك هكتار، عملكرد كاه­وكلش در يك هكتار، عملكرد دانه در تك بوته، عملكرد كاه­و­كلش تك بوته، عملكرد دانه در يك متر مربع، عملكرد كاه­و­كلش يك متر مربع، وزن بيولوژيك تك بوته، وزن بيولوژيك در يك متر مربع، شاخص برداشت تك بوته، شاخص برداشت در يك متر مربع بودند. تيمارهاي آبياري اثر معني داري بر   هدايت روزنه­اي،   FV/FM، شاخص كارايي فتوسنتز و تعداد برگ   نخود در شرايط مزرعه داشتند ولي تاثير تيمارها   بر ساير صفات مزرعه اي معني دار نبود. مقايسه ميانگين داده ها نشان داد كه آبياري­با­نقطه­شبنم نسبت به شرايط ديم از نظر   هدايت روزنه¬اي،   FV/FM، برتري داشت. تيمار آبياري معمولي و ديم سطح برگ بالاتري نسبت به آبياري با نقطه شبنم داشتند. آبياري معمولي نسبت به ديمكاري شاخص كارايي فتوسنتز   بيشتري داشت. با توجه با نتايج بدست آمده مي توان گفت كه آبياري با نقطه شبنم بعلت تامين مقدار اندكي رطوبت بهتر است در مراحلي كه گياه احتياج كمتري به آب دارد مانند جوانه زني استفاده گردد، هرچند در شرايط بي آبي مي تواند تا حدي رطوبت مورد نياز گياه را تامين كند و راهكاري براي مقابله با خشكي باشد.

  AbstractThe nut scale, Eulecanium tiliae (Linnaeus, 1758), is widely distributed in the most parts of Iran, including western parts, to occur in orchards, and to be a potential threat to a variety of fruit trees, including sweet cherry,such as Prunus   , and Malus    (Rosaceae). During 2016-2017, the biology of the pest was studied in natural conditions (Ahmad-abad sweet cheery orchard). Sampling intervals were each ten days throughout the year (excluding winter monthes). The reprodutive adult females were collected and reared in laboratory condition microscopic slides were made for species identification. It was found to infest many fruite trees, Winter was passed by second nymphal instars on the ligneous parts (one or two year old twigs). Sampling and observations showed that no male detected. The reprodutive female occurred in April, and began to oviposit in early May and continued to do so until early June. The number of eggs per female on estimated, 200-1000 eggs. The first instars appeared at the end of May, spread out and settled on both surfaces of the leaves. They moulted at the end of August and migrated to the young twigs, where they overwintered. There was only one generation a year, but this species appeared in considerable density on the twigs of individual sweet cheery tree. This species reproduce parthenogenetically.The observations shows that heavy infestation caused premature yellowing of the leaves and drying up of twigs. There is no male detected during life history study;. The following associated natural enemies detected:Encyrtidae: Blasthotrix brittanica (Girault, 1917)Pteromalidae: Pachyneuron muscarum (Linnaeus, 1758)Phytoseiidae: Paraseiulus talbii (Athias-Henriot, 1960); Typhlodromusbagdasarjani (Wainstein & Arutunjan, 1967)Iolinidae: Pronematus ubiquitous (McGregor, 1932)Caligonellidae: Molothrognathus sp.(Summers & Schlinger, 1955) Cheyletidae: Cheletogenes ornatus (Canestrini & Fanzago, 1876) Phlaeothripidae: Cephalothrips coxalis (Bagnall, 1926).

One of the advanced and new methods that has been common is the use of mulch. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Research Farm, Campus of Agriculture and natural Resources of Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran in 2016 and 2017. The plants used were corn, sunflower, lentil and chickpea. The treatments consisted of plastic mulch between rows, plastic mulch on plant (in chickpea, lentil, corn) and control treatment. Plastic mulch among rows had the highest growth and yield in all tested plants compared to other treatments. The results of the comparison of mean treatments showed that grain yield, 100 seed weight, number of pods in chickpea and lentil and in both years were higher in row treatment than control. In lentil in two years, treatment of mulch between the rows had higher number of seed per pod than the control. In chickpea, there was no significant difference in the number of seeds per pod in each two years. In corn, between row treatment had higher biological yield, harvest index, number of seeds per row, ear weight and 100 seed weight than control, but there was no significant difference between “treatmet of mulch between rows” with “treatment of mulch on plant”. There was no significant difference in number of rows per ear, pod weight, ear length and chlorophyll content. In sunflower, treatment of mulch between row had higher biological yield, head diameter, head weight and 100 seed weight than control, and there were no significant differences among treatmetns in terms of harvest index, number of seeds per head and chlorophyll content. In general, the results of this experiment showed that the application of mulch between the rows of plant led to an increase in the yield of the plants, probably due to weed growth reduction, moisture retention and improved water use.

To evaluate the relationship between weeds and with the lentil to predict yield using Artificial Neural Network approach and also showing spatial variability of weeds and yield using geostatistical method, an experiment was conducted on one of the lentil fields of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of Razi University in Kermanshah. Sampling was systematically carried out in two stages in a network of regular points that the geographic coordinates of each sampling point were recorded using a GPS device, once in the pre-flowering stage of lentil and the second time at the end of the growing season. In these two stages, traits including density, height, canopy percentage and dry weight of weed species, and also canopy percentage, grain yield and biomass of lentil was measured and recorded. In addition, weeds diversity and evenness indices were calculated based on their density. In total, 45 weed species in the first stage and 28 species in the second stage was observed that most of which were annual and broad leaves. The results showed that, among the studied factors, density, canopy and dry weights of weeds had a significant negative effect on lentil yields, which in some cases also positive effect of some weed species was observed. The results also showed the positive effect of increasing the weed species diversity and evenness on lentil yield. In addition, according to the results, crop yield variations affected by weeds at the each area of the field, was different and the geostatistical method was showed that very good. The results showed that artificial neural network method is acceptable for predicting yield and biomass of lentil using weed traits as input of model. The best network to predict the yield was PCAs neural network, made from standard data with Steps learning law, with correlation coefficient of 80% and root normalized mean square error of 5.85%. However, the accuracy of the neural network for biomass prediction was not as effective as yield, so that the correlation coefficient and normalized root mean square error in its best network were 78% and 11.36%, respectively. The results generally showed that the neural network approach could use in lentil yield prediction under weed interference conditions, assuming that other conditions are desirable (non-outbreak of pests and diseases and occurrence of non-biological stresses).  Keywords: Spatial interpolation, Multi-species competition, Regression, Canopy, Site-specific management

Abstract:The aim of this study was, the Possibility of using high-density    markers for improving the genetic diversity in populations with a bottleneck, determination of the minimum   required marker density for evalution of genetic diversity in these populations and determine the best strategy for using the genetic markers in the improvement of genetic diversity. This study   was performed with simulation computer   y using of R programming language. First, a populatio     in the size of   100 individual non-relatives (male and female same) was simulated, than this population structure were randomly mating together to 50 generations and in all generations the number of offspring was fixed, after that the genome with a length of 5 morgan and 5 chromosomes 1 morgan was simulated with the same length. In order to create a marker density respectively, the number of 5000،500،50   markers    in equal distances was on the chromosome. Then the base population over four generations was incresed to 1600 individual. At this stage of the study,   three scenarios of bottleneck   , moderate, severe and very severe on the population was applied and the remaining population in the influence of bottleneck, according to distant relatives (pedigree) and according to distant relatives (  ), was mated randomly. The results showed that in random mating, inbreeding in small populations increased greatly and mating in the distant relatives increased less intensity. Also mating in distant relative   that people was calculated based on coefficient of distant relatives and mated according to data obtained from the (  ), value of inbreeding was less than population that were crossed with each other according to data obtained from the pedigree. So, we can conclude that in a small population, individuals mate with each other   ased on the coefficient of distant relatives which obtained from the (  ),because of genomic inbreeding may reflect real inbreeding in the population, which could be a useful tool to evaluate population inbreeding and, also genomic information and better information based on pedigree. Finally the rate of inbreeding in small populations in the low density of markers (Population 16) in comparsion with high density increased, but this increase was not significant(P>0/05). However, in larger populations (Population 80, Population 160) along with increasing the density of markers, the rate of inbreeding decreased and the results showed that in the very small population density of marker doesnt have notable impact on the controll of inbreeding. But at high densities of markers in big populations, it can help   to controll inbreeding rates and maintain the genetic diversity of individuals.key words: Bottleneck, Genetic diversity, Molecular markers,       

  To study the effects of weeds and some factors affecting the yield of rainfed chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), a field survey was conducted with sampling of 85 chickpea fields in three villages located in suburb of the city of Rawansar in the Kermanshah province at 2015. Data collection was done in two ways including: a) asking questionnaire from farmers and b) direct sampling of the fields. extracted data from included field area, crop rotation, farmer education level, time of plowing, fertilizer consumption, seed varieties cultivated, sowing date, weed management, date of harvest, harvesting method and the grain yield. Sampling was carried out in two stages: before flowering and pod formation randomly from six points of each field, using 1 x 1 m dimension quadrates. In this way, information such as weed species density and canopy percent , chickpea density and canopy percent , and grain yield were recorded. The results showed that the grain yield of chickpea depending on the type of crop management like time of plowing, sowing, sowing date, sowing method, weed management, date of harvest, and social factors such as farmer education level, age and experience of farmer and also studied village no significant differences were found.   Accordingly, performing twice plow before planting, using mechanized planting techniques, weed management and selection of appropriate planting and harvesting date significantly increased the yield of chickpea and decreased the weed population. In addition, increasing two factors of farmer education level and experience increased crop yield and reduce weeds. Also residing compared with non-residing in the village with an increased probability of more attention of farmers, increased crop yield and reduced weed population. A total of 28 weed species were recorded in the studied fields which most of them were mostly dominant annual and broadleaf weeds in chickpea fields in Kermanshah province. Meanwhile, the weed species of Cichorium intybus and Carthamus oxyacantha had the greatest impact on the grain yield.   ome weeds, like Glycyrrhiza glabra and Hordum glaucum   as a result of interactions with other weeds had a positive impact on the chickpea yield. In addition, increase in diversity and evenness of weed population has a positive impact on the yield of chickpea. It seems that increase the diversity of weed lead to increase competition between weeds and reduces weed competitiveness by themselves. This can reduce the negative impact of some weed species on arable crops. It was probably why the chickpea yield was affected by the positive effects of some weeds. In general it can be said that the factors affecting crop production in real conditions, can raise awareness about the effects of each of these factors, and thus is resulting in better management in the agricultural sector.

پيش بيني پذيرش نظام كشاورزي حفاظتي در اقليم كردستان عراق با استفاده از قضييه بيز:مطالعه موردي منطقه گرميان

High quality seed is essential factor for proper establishment of seedling in field. Percentage and rate of seed germination in the laboratory are usually different from the emergence percentage and rate in field. This study carried out to determine the most suitable seed vigor test in the laboratory to predict the seedlling emergence percentage and rate. Eight lentil seed lots belonged to four cultivars (kimia, Bilesavar, Qazvin and Kermanshah local), were selected. These seed lots were different in production year, so that were produced in 2010 and 2014 years. In laboratory, some seed tests were performed on the seed lots, such as standard germination test, cold test, electrical conductivity test, imbibition test, hiltner test, osmotic stress test (at three potential 0, -3 and -6 bar), and accelerated aging test (at three temperatures 40, 41 and 42 °C for periods of 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours). In these tests, some indices related to seed and seedling vigor were measured, such as final germination percentage, mean daily germination, average time to germination, germination rate, normal seedling percentage, abnormal seedling percentage, seedling vigor index, allometric index, the use of seed storage, the contribution of seed storage in seedling weight, root and shoot length, root and shoot dry weight. In the farm, also, above mention seed lots were planted and some traits were evaluated, such as the seedling emergence percentage, average daily emergence, average time to emergence and seedling emergence rate. The results of analysis of variance and mean comparisons showed that the lentil seed lots were different in terms of measured traits in the laboratory and the field. Orthogonal analysis for field and laboratory tests showed the superiority new v.s. old seed lots. To investigate the relation between field and laboratory tests, correlation analysis wase measured between germination characteristics in the laboratory with two traits of percentage and rate of seedling emergence in field. In relation to seedling emergence percentage in the field, the highest positive correlations were obtained with normal seedling percentage in the accelerated aging test at of 41 °C for 72 and 96 hours (0.888 and 0.861, respectively), the final germination percentage in the accelerated aging test at 41 °C for 72 and 96 hours (0.842 and 0.813, respectively), normal seedling percentage in the cold test at 2 °C (0.733) and normal seedling percentage in the standard germination test (0.724). In relation to seedling emergence rate in the field, the highest positive correlations were obsereved with germination rate in the cold test at 2 °C (0.792), shoot length in the cold test at 4 °C (0.766), germination rate in the osmotic stress test at -6 bar (0.765), average daily germination in the osmotic stress test at -6 bar (0.753), average daily germination in the standard germination test (0.733), and average daily germination in the accelerated aging test at 41 °C for 96 and 72 hours (0.718 and 0.712, respectively). So, these laboratory tests can be used to predict the rate and percentage of seedling emergence in the field.

abstarct

Tra  lanting is one of the basic methods resulting in crop earliness and increases yield. Regarding that among crop plants in Kermanshah province, sunflower, maize, sugar beet and squash with multiple uses have higher cultivated area, so, the experiment was aimed to increase yield of the plants by tra  lanting at research greenhouse and field, campus of agriculture and natural resources, Razi University, Kermanshah during two years (2015 and 2016). In 2015, the experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Factors were three planting methods (seeding, 4-week tra  lanting and 6-week tra  lanting) and two planting dates (early planting and common planting date). In 2016, the experiment was a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments included tra  lanting (6-week tra  lanting at early planting for maize and sugar beet, 4-week tra  lanting at early planting for sunflower, early seeding for squash) and seeding (control). In the first year, results showed that 6-week tra  lanting at early planting, 6-week tra  lanting at early planting, 4-week tra  lanting at early planting and early seeding produced the highest biological yield in maize, sugar beet, sunflower and squash, respectively. The treatments were selected to repeat for year two.   In the second year, results showed that tra  lanting compared to direct seeding increased biological yield, chlorophyll, leaf area and seed yield in sunflower and maize and sugar yield in sugar beet. In squash, early seeding had higher biological yield, chlorophyll and stomatal conductance compared to seeding at common date. There was no significant difference between seeding and tra  lanting in terms of sugar content in sugar beet. So, to increase yield, 6-week tra  lanting at early date for maize and sugar beet and 4-week tra  lanting at early date for sunflower is recommended for earliness in Kermanshah. Planting dates and tra  lant ages except studied ages and dates in the experiment were suggested for the next experiments.

Myagrum perfoliatum is a winter weed in crops such as wheat and barley in Kermanshah province recently been problematic. This weed, emerging in Iran and in the world, many studies have been done on it. Seeds zero at different depths (surface), 5, 10, 20 and 40 cm. The time period after 2, 4, 6, 9, 12 and 14 months out of the soil and tra  orted to the laboratory and under the treatments were temperature and light. Temperature treatment at three levels (25 ° C, fixed, variable 5/10 and 10/20 °C) and light treatments on two levels (light and dark) were applied.The results showed that weed seeds are not photoblastic. Myagrum perfoliatum germinated in light and dark alike. Optimum temperature for seed germination temperature regime Myagrum perfoliatum varied 10/20. Burial depth on seed germination significant effect (p?0.01). The highest germination was found at a depth of five centimeters of soil. Over time also had a significant effect on breaking dormancy so that the seeds after 14 months had the highest percentage of germination. Due to the increased depth, germination percentage decreased Myagrum perfoliatum can be concluded that deep plowing to control weeds because it can lead to the germination of seeds and this prevents them into the depths of the plowing should be done a few years in the West because in Iran is usually done by plow tillage the soil tillage and seed lefted to gether and seeds that in the middle up and make them germinate.Key words: deep plowing, new weed, optimum temperature, wheat and barley

AbstractApproximately, one third of the worlds lands face a shortage of precipitation and half of which has annual precipitation less than 250 mm, nearly a quarter of potential evapotra  iration in these areas. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of different amounts of super absorbent polymer and drought on establishment and seedling growth of some warm and cool season plants under drought condition. The experiment was carried out as factorial design with three replications at the research farm of cumpus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University Razi, Kermanshah. At the field experiment, treatments included plant species and super absorbent polymer levels and at the pot experiment, the treatments were plant species, super-absorbent polymer levels and drought stress (favorable and long-term irrigation). Cool season plants included safflower, canola and alfalfa and warm season plants included foxtail millet, dill and fenugreek. The results showed that by increasing the super absorbent polymer rate, stem, leaf and total fresh weight, stem, leaf and total dry weight, plant height, leaf relative water content, emergence percentage and rate were significantly increased, however chlorophyll index was decreased. Increasing irrigation period (drought stress) decreased these parameters, however chlorophyll index was increased. By increasing the amount of super-absorbent in cool season plants, the percentage increase of emergence in safflower was higher than that of alfalfa and canola. By increasing the amount of super-absorbent in the warm season plants, the percentage increase of emergence in fenugreek was higher than that of millet and dill. Regarding the result, in order to increase seedling establishment, super adsorbent polymer rate of six grams per square meter is recommended except foxtail millet. For foxtail millet, super absorbent rate of 6 grams per square meter is enough.      Key words: Absorbent Polymer, irrigation period, SPAD index, leaf relative water content