Thisstudy aims to explore the use of postmodern ekphrasis through intermediality in creating a dynamic narrative for representing the mind of the postmodern subject in Mark Z. Danielewski’s House of Leaves. Using pastiche and collage, drawn from painting, to blend styles and genres to exhibit the complexity of the postmodern world, on the one hand, and employing specific postmodern narrative techniques with visual elements to create multi-layered narratives, on the other hand, are the main concerns in Danielewski’s postmodernist fiction. Abstract    This study aims to explore the use of postmodern ekphrasis through intermediality in creating a dynamic narrative for representing the mind of the postmodern subject in Mark Z. Danielewski’s House of Leaves. Using pastiche and collage, drawn from painting, to blend styles and genres to exhibit the complexity of the postmodern world, on the one hand, and employing specific postmodern narrative techniques with visual elements to create multi-layered narratives, on the other hand, are the main concerns in Danielewski’s postmodernist fiction. In this regard, Danielewski has employed such postmodern narrative techniques as metafiction, paratextuality, hypertextuality, intertextuality, experimental typography, and ergodic writing to demand active reader engagement. These techniques, connected to contemporary ekphrasis, bridge language forms and visual forms to challenge traditional conventions by embodying postmodern fragmentation. In this sense, in light of William J. T. Mitchell’s theory, ekphrasis is not merely a verbal representation of visual art; it functions more dynamically and more engagingly as it mingles words and images to interact. On this point, House of Leaves demonstrates a visual version of postmodern fragmentation and the fragile nature of truth by employing intermediality to create a multi-layered narrative to engage readers in a fragmented, chaotic experience, mirroring the traumatized and disturbed state of mind of the postmodern subject. Considering ekphrasis within a postmodern framework, House of Leaves remarkably reveals how postmodern narrative techniques blend words and images, leading to a dynamic interplay and active participation of readers to comprehend the complexity of the narrative truth. Keywords: Mark Z. Danielewski, House of Leaves, Ekphrasis, Postmodernism, intermediality

   This thesis explores Black women’s identity crisis in predominantly white societies in Toni Morrison’s God help the Child. Under Critical Race Theory (CRT), and drawing on Kimberlé Crenshaw’s concept of “intersectionality,” that helps with understanding the ways that multiple forms of inequality merge to give rise to systemic racism, this study highlights how race and gender intersect to create unique forms of oppression against Black women in Morrison’s challenging novel. So far as the legacy of slavery, colonialism, and systemic racism continue to impact Black women on all social, political, cultural and psychological grounds, their imposed invisibility and marginalization due to under-representation is fundamentally rooted in Frantz Fanon’s arguments in Black Skin, White Masks, which examines the psychological effects of colonialism and racism on Black people. The internalization of white societal norms and the resulting identity conflicts highlight systemic racism against which the Black struggle to maintain their self-integrity. In this context, Fanon’s theories are applied to present a deeply psychoanalytic reading of the novel, where the protagonist grapples with internalized racism and intergenerational trauma stemming from her Black roots. Morrison underscores the profound psychological scars left by racial discrimination and the consistent attempts made by the Black woman for a sense of the self against “embodied Blackness” which stands for the lived experience of Black individuals in connection with their physical bodies and how they are perceived within societal structures. By integrating CRT and Fanon’s psychoanalytic framework, this paper advocates for a deeper understanding of the structural and personal dimensions of racism, emphasizing the need for societal transformation to address systemic inequities and support the empowerment of marginalized communities.

This study uses Michel Foucault’s theories of power to examine how it is negotiated in Madeline Miller’s Circe, concerning the interplay of biopower, female empowerment, and patriarchal dominance. The analysis, building upon Foucault’s ideas in The History of Sexuality and Discipline and Punish, investigates how power forms women’s bodies, identities, and desire  through discipline and violence. In this light, Miller’s narrative pictures how a woman, marginalized in both divine and human society, regains agency by opposing and reusing the very systems that constrain her. Miller’s Circe is a reimagining of a marginal figure from the Homeric myth whose exile is portrayed as a place of metamorphosis. By cultivating her witchcraft, which is a type of embodied knowledge and counter-power against rationality, she empowers herself against patriarchy. In light of Foucault’s biopolitics, the study shows how Circe’s body becomes a site of resistance as well as a target of patriarchal domination. In order to emphasize how female empowerment is inscribed on the female body and how Circe resists patriarchy through self-fashioning, the study also discusses feminist theorists like Judith Butler and Sandra Bartky whose application of Foucault to feminism helps with further analyzing Circe’s motives. Ultimately, the study argues that Circe manifests a Foucauldian understanding of power as relational, simultaneously offering a feminist subjectivity against patriarchal normalization. Circe emerges not only as a figure of myth but as a complex embodiment of resistance, autonomy, and the redefinition of womanhood in a world structured by divine and masculine authority.

   One of the main questions of our time is how power structures react during times of crisis and what politics governments choose to manage these situations. This study explores how people can survive in extraordinary conditions when they are stuck between life and death in a post-apocalyptic society without hope. Using Giorgio Agamben’s theoretical framework in State of Exception, this study attempts to explore the concept of thanatopolitics as one of the main themes in Cormac McCarthy’s The Road, through new lenses to examine the problem of human survival in dystopian settings. This thesis aims to illustrate the novel’s paradoxical concepts of life and death, how humanity becomes fragile in harsh situations, and how survival turns into “bare life” as governance of death is ruling. In the novel, the father and son’s journey is the portrayal of the Agambian state of exception, where survival is the ultimate goal of people at all costs, even by killing each other and taking others’ belongings because humanity is at its minimum level. The father’s selfishness is reflected in his decisio   he puts their safety above other people’s lives by refusing to help them in challenging conditions as his own survival and his son’s, in particular are his ultimate aim. This study thus follows an interdisciplinary approach to shed a new light on the problem of life and death, as explored by McCarthy in a post-apocalyptic world.

This thesis is a critical reading of Paul Auster’s Sunset Park in light of the power politics of Giorgio Agamben’s philosophy, as articulated through such terms as homo sacer, “bare life” and “state of exception”. Auster’s novel is about a few homeless men and women in New York who go through much suffering because of housing issues in the first decade of the 21st century, a problem that highlights governmental policies against the majority of people who cannot afford buying houses. In light of Agamben’s concepts above, using an interdisciplinary approach in philosophy and literature, this study is an attempt to analyze how Auster’s characters in Sunset Park go through a gradual decline in their human status from ordinary citizens to the Agambenian homo sacer, or social outlaws or scapegoats in the context of the novel, whose lives through homele  ess are reduced to the least standards of living, as “bare life” in Agamben’s philosophy, in a society that is run by prejudiced laws. Through an Agambenian reading of the novel, this study will contribute to Auster’s studies considering his socio-political concerns in his realistic novels that address contemporary issues in the United States.   

This study attempts to analyze Charles Dickens’s David Copperfield in light of Raymond Williams’s social realism and his concept “structure of feeling”. Although social realism emerged as an official literary doctrine in the early 20th century, Dickens shows proto-social realist concerns, especially in his critique of the problems of the labor class in the 19th century and his reflection of the lived experiences of people. When the issues of social realism are traced in literature, the daily struggles of the working-class people are foregrounded concerning their struggles with social and economic problems. By critiquing socio-political structures and legal injustice, social realism calls for social change and reform. Through the representation of the social ills of the nineteenth-century English society and y calling for a series of social reformation, Dickens published David Copperfield to unveil socio-economic problems that affected the everyday lives of people. Therefore, under Raymond Williams’s theory, this thesis attempts to analyze the exploration in David Copperfield of the lived experiences of the time and how Dickens used social criticism to show his protest against the British industrial capitalism. As such, this thesis contributes not only to Dickensian studies but also to discussions on the evolution of social realism.  

This work is the culmination of a journey that would not have been possible without the unwavering support, guidance, and i  iration of many remarkable individuals. At its heart, it is a testament to the love, dedication, and wisdom I have been blessed to receive throughout my life. First and foremost, my deepest gratitude goes to my beloved parents, whose sacrifices and unconditional love have been the cornerstone of all my achievements. Their steadfast belief in the transformative power of knowledge and their tireless efforts to prioritize education within our family have shaped the person I am today. They have taught me the value of perseverance, humility, and curiosity, and for that, I am forever indebted. I would also like to express my heartfelt appreciation to my supervisor, Dr. Ali Taghizadeh, a man of exceptional diligence and precision. His unwavering commitment to academic excellence, paired with his ability to nurture intellectual growth, has been instrumental in transforming me into the researcher I aspired to become. His guidance, patience, and constructive criticism have left an indelible mark on my journey, and for that, I am profoundly grateful. To my teacher, Dr. Naser Maleki, whose wisdom and passion for teaching i  ired me to think critically and embrace practical solutions—I owe a debt of gratitude for the invaluable lessons imparted. His ability to illuminate complex ideas and challenge us to push the boundaries of conventional thinking has been a source of immense motivation and growth. I am equally grateful to Dr. Mohammad Javad Haj’jari, whose unwavering dedication to his students was nothing short of extraordinary. Whether it was resolving our questions or helping us navigate the challenges of academic life, his support and kindness have been a constant source of comfort and encouragement. To each of these remarkable individuals, I extend my sincerest thanks. Their contributions have not only enriched this work but have also profoundly shaped my personal and intellectual growth. This thesis stands as a reflection of their efforts, guidance, and belief in me.   

  The issue of space has always been a concern for both scholars and philosophers. In this respect, Deleuze, in his collaborative book with Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus, delves into this issue, attempting to persuade the contemporary thinkers to rethink old concepts through new lenses and perspectives. Accordingly, in relation to space, they introduce the concepts of “smooth” and “striated” space. Their book, being rhizomatic and interconnected, makes these concepts closely related to one another, as smooth space is depicted as the space of nomadism and rhizome, where nomads traverse and live. Their ideas have captured the interest of a number of contemporary theorists, including Rosi Braidotti, who expands the Deleuzoguattarian nomad into the “nomadic subject” in her studies. This thesis attempts to weave these concepts together, linking them to survival in a post-apocalyptic environment. In view of this, Paul Auster’s In the Country of Last Things, with its post-apocalyptic cityscape, provides a groundwork for applying the Deleuzoguattarian concept of “nomadism.” Such an application seeks to investigate the interconnected relationship between space and identity. To achieve this, a meticulous analysis of the character dynamics and the portrayal of the unstable urban landscape as smooth space is conducted to demonstrate how subjectivity and environment influence one another and how a nomadic subject can secure his/her survival amidst disarray and chaos. This interdisciplinary study creates an opportunity to enrich the use of philosophical concepts in literary interpretation, along with offering readers the chance to think and act nomadically in this ever-changing space we live in.

   Adorno’s aesthetic theory is concerned with the relation of art and society. He introduces the disartification of art which means that a work of art not only cannot be separated from its social context but also is dedicated to mirror the society within which it occurs. Long Day’s Journey into Night is an autobiographical four-act play written by the American playwright Eugene O’Neil. This study, by presenting a clear vision of Adorno’s aesthetic theory and the concepts of capitalism, reification, mass culture, and fetishization, tries to analyze O’Neil’s play in a Marxist manner. This social and political masterpiece will be thoroughly elaborated according to Adorno’s aesthetic theory. This study focuses on the potency of Adorno’s theory in elucidating O’Neil’s criticism of a capitalist system, in the above-mentioned play, in which people are the laborers in the process of producing capital and are tragically diminished as a consequence.    Key words: Adorno, Aesthetic Theory, Anti-Capitalism, Eugene O’Neill, Long Day’s Journey into Night

  دكتر فاضل صالح السّامرائي، استاد دانشگاه بغداد، يكي از قرآن­پژوهان برتر معاصر

         چكيده كاغذ يكي از مهمترين دستاورد هاي بشريت است كه نقش بزرگ و زيربنايي در شكل گيري تمدن بشري و از جمله تمدن اسلامي داشته است . كاغذ در كنار قلم به عنوان يكي از اركان اصلي   نگارش   از اهميت اساسي برخوردار بوده است، در   بينش اسلامي و قرآن كريم اهميت بي پايان به علم و كتابت   و لوح و قلم   داده شده است. در آيات سوره علق به جايگاه ويژه‌اي نگارش و خواندن اشاره شده است، زيرا عامل كرامت انساني است .   خداوند متعال در سوره مجادله مي‌فرمايد ( يرفع الله الذين آمنوا منكم والذين اتوا العلم درجات) و پيامبر مي فرمايد (قيدوا العلم بالكتابة)، به اين ترتيب آيين اسلام مسلمانان را با كتابت و تعليم مأنوس كرد. بنابراين نوشتن قرآن و نوشتن حديث و توجه به علوم و فنون باعث شد كاغذ جايگاه ويژه‌اي در تاريخ تمدن اسلامي پيدا كند، قبل از صنعت كاغذ ازموادي مختلف   ،( گل، سنگ، پارشمن، پاپيروس ، چوب، برگ درختان ، استخوان كتف شتر) استفاده مي شده است. پس از اينكه مسلمانان به روش ساخت كاغذ دست يافتد، اين امر باعث گسترش نوشتن   ، تكامل علوم و بيداري انديشه ها   شد و سهم   مهمي در تمدن و افكار بشريت ايجاد كرد و منجر به   پيشرفت كتابت، ترجمه، شكوفايي ادبي و فرهنگي   در تمدن اسلامي شد . صنعت كاغذ تاثير بسيار بزرگ   در همه جنبه‌هاي   اقتصادي ، اجتماعي و فرهنگي جامعه مسلمانان بر جاي گذاشت   باعث پيدايش حرفه هايي همچون صحافي ، نسخه برداري، كتابت، مركب سازي و خطاطي شد. وراقان   كه كارشون   كاغذ فروشي ، كاغذ سازي و نويسندگي بود، جايگاه ويژه‌اي در جامعه اسلامي داشتند   و فروشگاه‌هاي وراقان   تبديل به مجالس علمي شدند. با توجه   به چنين اهميت سوال اساسي اين است كه كاغذ و صنعت كاغذسازي در تمدن اسلامي چگونه پديد آمد ، و چه تاثيري در شكل گيري تمدن ، فرهنگ   و علوم اسلامي داشته است. در حاليكه   كاغذ نقش اساسي درشكل‌گيري   و شكوفايي تمدن اسلامي دارد اما تاكنون درباره كاغذ و آثار و نقش ان در شكوفايي علوم وتمدن اسلامي پژوهش مستقل و قابل توجه اي درباره كاغذ و صنعت كاغذسازي وآثار آن در گسترش علوم و فنون در تمدن اسلامي صورت نگرفته است.   ما دنبال اين هستم كه اهميت كاغذ و صنعت كاغذسازي نقش و اثرگذاري آن را در توليد و توسعه علوم ،دانش و فنون مختلف را در فرهنگ و تمدن اسلامي بررسي نموده و سرگذشت كاغذ را با تاكيد بر عصر عباسيان مورد بحث و بررسي قرار دهيم   .         كليدواژگان : تمدن اسلامي ،علوم، عباسيان ،كاغذ، صنعت كاغذسازي

      One of the primary issues of the 21st century is the use of technological tools in all aspects of life. However, Machine translation, as one of these tools, has not been fully taken seriously in educational environments. By comparing MT systems to handheld calculators, it becomes evident that MT has yet to be fully embraced in language dir="LTR" >   Keywords: EFL Student, Google Translate, Machine Translation, Post Editing, Translation Output

   Abstract Needs analysis as an integral part of evaluative review of English curriculum, requires giving sufficient attention to all English language learning factors. This issue seems to be more demanding in curriculum of Iranian schools where the feasibility of current curriculum needs to be examined in Iranian contexts in which different cultural and educational backgrounds exist and as a consequence a majority of the students do not practice and achieve proficiency in content and applied learning skills. The descriptive data will be drawn from a needs analysis survey with a group of secondary EFL Iranian students in Hamedan province. Needs discrepancies will be identified and subsequently, solutions to the problems will be offered. This study was motivated by an increasing need from school administrators, English teachers, and students for the improvement of the English curriculum in Iranian secondary school and will have implications for practitioners, teachers, and curriculum developers to practice in EFL general English >Key words: Needs analysis; Iranian secondary school; Curriculum; EFL general English   

The present research aimed to explore the factors that influence motivation and Willingness to Teach (WTT) among students of English Language Teaching (ELT) who are considering a future in education. Grounded in theoretical models, such as Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985), Expectancy-Value Theory (Eccles et al., 1983), Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1994), the Job Demands-Resources Model (Bakker & Demerouti, 2007), and the L2 Motivational Self System (D?rnyei, 2009), the study, utilizing a mixed-methods design, sought to discern the difference in the levels of motivation and WTT among ELT students based on their interest in becoming English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers, to investigate how motivation and WTT correlate in these individuals, and to pinpoint the contributing factors that sway ELT students either towards or away from teaching careers. The research adopted a sequential explanatory design, starting with a survey to gauge the motivation and WTT of 103 ELT students, recruited via purposive, convenience, and snowball sampling methods from various academic levels at Razi University, Islamic Azad University, and Jahad Daneshgahi University in Kermanshah, through distinct questionnaires. This phase was complemented by qualitative semi-structured interviews with 10 participants, offering deeper insights into the personal experiences, perceptions, and situational factors that mold their motivation and WTT. The results indicated notable disparities in the motivation and WTT among those ELT students who are inclined towards teaching careers versus those who are not. It was observed that both motivation and WTT are fluid constructs that interact in intricate ways. The study revealed various significant factors on the motivation and WTT of ELT students, encompassing internal factors like individual interest, self-efficacy, and satisfaction derived from the field, as well as external factors such as job stability, salary, and social status. Conclusively, this research adds to the existing literature on the motivation and WTT of both pre- and in-service teachers by offering both statistical and narrative evidence regarding the factors that shape these constructs. The findings hold implications for shaping educational policy, enhancing teacher education, and guiding professional development efforts, with the ultimate aim of attracting and maintaining a competent and driven EFL teaching community in Iran.   

   فرونشست پديده­اي مورفولوژيك است كه در صورت تأثير در يك منطقه مي­تواند باعث ايجاد خسارات فراواني به راه­هاي ارتباطي جاده اي و ريلي، آسيب به ساختمان ها، پل ها و تونل ها و آسيب به زمين هاي كشاورزي)كاهش تخلخل و ايجاد تراكم)، شود. اين پديده در اثر عوامل مختلفي از قبيل: تكتونيك، برداشت از ذخاير زيرزميني، انجام برخي از فعاليت هاي عمراني مانند حفر تونل و انحلال سنگ بستر به وجود مي آيد. فرونشست به خودي خود يك مخاطره مهم است و همزماني آن با مخاطرات ديگر از قبيل زلزله و سيل يك حادثه نچندان مخرب را تبديل به يك فاجعه مي كند. يكي از مناسب ترين روش­هاي شناسايي پديده فرونشست استفاده از تكنيك تداخل سنجي راداري است. امروزه تداخل­سنجي راداري، به عنوان تكنيكي كه جابجايي سطح زمين را با دقت و قدرت تفكيك بالا برآورد مي­كند شناخته شده است. اين تكنيك ابزار متداولي براي بررسي تغيير شكل سطحي زمين در اثر عوامل مختلف، از جمله فرونشست زمين مي­باشد. در مطالعه حاضر ارزيابي مخاطرات فرونشست ناشي از برداشت بي­رويه آب­زيرزميني درحوضه ماهيدشت با استفاده از تكنيك تداخل­سنجي راداري (insar)، همچنين داده­هاي پيزومتري سطح چاه­هاي دشت ماهيدشت بكار گرفته شد. بدين منظور تصاوير راداري سنتنيل 1 و داده­هاي پيزومتري چاه­هاي منطقه مورد مطالعه در سال­هاي 1396 تا 1401 مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. با توجه به نتايج داده­هاي پيزومتري بالاترين سطح آب در سطح دشت درسال 1396 بين 42-59 متر و در سال 1401 بيشترين افت سطح آب به ميزان 65-45 متر اتفاق افتاده است. درواقع دربازه زماني 6 ساله تقريبا بيش از5 متر سطح آب هاي زيرزمين كاهش يافته است. درهمين بازه كمترين افت در سال 1396 به ميزان 8-19/0 متر و درسال 1401 كمترين افت به ميزان 10-82/0 دربرخي مناطق دشت رخ داده است باتوجه به نتايج داده­هاي پيزومتري درسال1401 سطح اب در بالاترين سطح بين 45-65 متر درسال قرار گرفته است كه همين مقدار بيشترين ميزان افت سطح اب را نشان ميدهد وكمترين حد متوسط اب نيز در بخش هاي   شمال غربي و جنوب غربي با مقدار 10-082/0 متر درسال رسيده است   يافته­هاي تحقيق نشان مي دهد دربيشتر سطح دشت ماهيدشت فرونشست طي بازه زماني2016 تا2022 به مقدار 14 سانتي متر اتفاق افتاده كه منطبق بر مكان هايي است كه داراي بيشترين افت سطح آب هاي زيرزميني مشاهده مي شود كه مهم ترين دليل آن به برداشت بي رويه آب در بخش كشاورزي اشاره نمود.    كليد واژگان: فرونشت، آب زيرزميني، تكنيك تداخل­سنجي راداري، پيزومتر، ماهيدشت

   Abstract “War Poetry” is a relatively new genre in literature but the frequent occurrence of wars has changed it to a popular and universal topic. The outbreak of the First World War (1914-1918) in Europe and the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) diverted the course of writing poetry about war in Britain and Iran. This comparative study concentrating on the subject of “War Poetry” is a descriptive-analytic study on similarities and disparities between “English War Poetry” and “Iranian War Poetry”. Close reading of selected English war poems by some of the most known British war poets like Rupert Brooke, Siegfried Sassoon, Wilfred Owen, … and selected Iranian war poems by some of the most known Iranian war poets like Qeysar Aminpour, Mohammadreza Abdolmalekian, Alireza Ghazveh, … reveals significant differences despite the existence of general similarities between them; a point which is an indication of a deep gap between the viewpoint of British and Iranian war poets. This study is in line with American school of comparative literature, and Steven Totosy De Zepetnek’s theories form its underlying structure. In an effort to identify the main factors in the origin and evolution of “English and Iranian War Poetry” this study examines socio-cultural and historical background of British and Iranian societies in the years leading up to and during each war. Then through a thematic analysis the main features, similarities and differences of the two types of “War Poetry” are identified and compared. The psychological concept of “Shellshock” helps to decipher and justify the cause of diverse approaches of British and Iranian war poets towards the issue of war. KEY TERMS: Comparative study, English war poetry, Iranian war poetry, Psychoanalysis, Shell shock.   ?

   Abstract   Today, drought, as one of the major and main manifestations of climate change in Iran, has had a wide impact on all aspects of society's life. In the field of agriculture, including agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, beekeeping and fisheries, the effects of drought are more tangible. Considering that the west of the country, including Kermanshah province, is one of the poles of dryland production of grains and legumes in the country, therefore the annual fluctuations of rainfall and drought can cause significant losses in this field, both to the economy of the region and to the food security of the whole country. Based on this, it is very necessary to know the impact of agricultural drought, using new methods and data, including MODIS remote sensing products, to assess the amount of damage and issue early warnings needed for planning. The main goal of this research is to reveal the time series trend and spatial distribution of agricultural drought in Kermanshah province using MODIS vegetation cover products and then a comparative study on the effect of this drought on the annual yield of two key rainfed crops of Kermanshah province, namely wheat and barley. Dam is the province. In this regard, two categories of data are used. The data of vegetation cover NDVI and land surface temperature LST of MODIS sensor, from which during the statistical period of 2000-2021, the agricultural drought in the growing season (April to September) is revealed in the province, and the second category of data The annual yield of two dry crops, barley and wheat, in terms of tons per hectare, which is obtained from the statistical yearbooks of the agricultural jihad for the same period for Kermanshah province.

فرهنگ عامه زنده نگه داشتن باورهاي مردمي پيشينيان/ فرهنگ عامه يكي از پايه‌هاي اصلي فرهنگ هر جامعه است. يكي از كهن‌ترين گونه‌هاي ادبيّات و هنر به عنوان پايدارترين جلوه‌گاه باورهاي آدمي، آن، ادبيّات عامّه است. زبان ساده، لحن عاميانه، باورها و اعتقادات و لغات و اصطلاحات محلّي از بارزترين ويژگي‌هاي ادبيّات عامّه است. با مطالعه در اين نوع ادبيّات، علاوه بر به دست‌آوردن اطّلاعاتي در زمينة جامعه‌شناسي تاريخي، مي‌توان به بررسي گذشته و شناخت باورهاي مردم و روش زندگي آنان پرداخت. فرهنگ عامه يا همان فولكلور به مجموعه‌اي از دانستني‌ها، باورها و رفتارها اطلاق مي‌شود كه در بين توده مردم، بدون در نظر گرفتن فايده‌‌هاي علمي و منطقي آن، سينه به سينه و نسل به نسل به صورت تجربه‌هاي زندگي به ارث رسيده باشد. از ويژگي‌هاي بارز آثار محمدعلي جمال زاده مي‌توان به شخصيت‌پردازي و نوع روايت داستان اشاره كرد. حتي شايد بهتر باشد به‌جاي «شخصيت‌پردازي» از «تيپ‌سازي» در اين داستان‌ها نام برد. چنان كه در داستان‌هايش تيپ انسان‌هاي خسيس و رياكار از موفق‌ترين‌ها هستند. به لحاظ شغلي نيز او تيپ كارمند را به‌خوبي در داستان‌هايش گنجانده است. از ديگر ويژگي‌هاي آثار محمدعلي جمال زاده مي‌توان به طنز آن ها اشاره كرد. اين طنز نه‌فقط براي خنداندن كه براي توجه دادن به مواردي ديگر است. خواننده اگرچه با خواندن اين بخش‌ها خنده‌اش مي‌گيرد اما درعين‌حال دريچه‌هاي ديگري نيز به رويش گشوده مي‌شود كه ناشي از تفكر و توجهي است كه در پس آن طنز رخ نموده‌اند. اين ويژگي را مي‌توان از جذابيت‌هاي آثار او دانست. واژگان كليدي: فرهنگ عامه، ادبيات عامه،شخصيت پردازي، تيپ سازي، محمد علي جمال زاده   

مخروط­افكنهها اشكالي هستند كه جريان‌هايي با بار رسوبي زياد از مكان‌هايي با شيب تند، به‌سوي شيب آرام در آنجا تخليه مي‌شوند. كاهش ناگهاني قابليت و ظرفيت همبستگي و كاهش انرژي جريـان درنتيجه بريـدگي شيب، منجر به نهشته‌گذاري رسوبات شده و مخروط­افكنه تشكيل مي‌گردد. مخروط‌افكنه‌ها به دليل داشتن منابع آب غني امكانات بالايي را براي توسعه مناطق شهري و روستايي فراهم مي‌كنند. به‌رغم اين، با تخليه منابع آب و بارگذاري فوقاني ناشي از ساخت و سازها در معرض مخاطرات ناشي از نشست قرار مي‌گيرند. ولي به دليل شرايط متغير رسوبگذاري ميزان اين نشست در بخش‌هاي مختلف آن مي‌تواند خيلي متفاوت باشد. براي بررسي اين موضوع مخروط‌افكنه تنگه كنشت در شمال كرمانشاه انتخاب شد و با آزمايش SPT در 35 محل نمونه‌برداري و برداشت نمونه از 12 نقطه در اعماق 2 الي 24 متري و انتقال آن‌ها به آزمايشگاه، نتايج اوليه برحسب فرمول N60 به دست آمد و پس از اصلاح اعداد الاستيسيته آن‌ها بر اساس روش (Das)، به‌دست‌آمده و سپس مقدار نشست محاسبه شد و علاوه بر اين ضخامت انواع رسوبات نيز از اين طريق به دست آمد. در نهايت با استفاده از نرم‌افزار Excel و    بين داده‌ها رابطه برقرار شد و با استفاده از نرم‌افزار ArcGis نقشه پهنه‌بندي به دست آمد. نتايج سه پهنه را در رابطه با ضخامت رسوبات نشان داد: پهنه اول، قسمت بالادست (رأس مخروط) و قسمت شرق مخروط‌افكنه، اين پهنه با بيشترين ميزان مقاومت و كمترين استعداد نشست بود كه با منطبق با رسوبات شني و محل كم تراكم شهري است. پهنه دوم، قسمت مياني مخروط افكنه به سمت غرب را شامل مي‌شود، اين قسمت داراي مقاومتي متوسط و خطر نشست از بالادست به سمت ميان دست افزايش مي‌يابد. اين بخش نيز منطبق با رسوبات شني و ماسه‌اي و همچنين شهرك‌هاي پرتراكم و متوسط مي‌باشد و در نهايت پهنه سوم كه قسمت پايين‌دست مخروط‌افكنه را شامل مي‌شود كه كمترين ميزان مقاومت با بيشترين پتانسيل نشست را دارا مي‌باشد و با پهنه رسوبات ضخيم رسي و شهرك‌هاي با تراكم خيلي زياد و متوسط منطبق مي‌باشد.   نتايج تحقيق نشان داد كه : رسوبگذاري در بخش­هاي مختلف چگونه مي­تواند در پتانسيل نشست تأثير بگذارد و اين كمك مي­كندكه با مشخص شدن تحول ژئومورفولوژيك يك مخروط افكنه و تاريخ جابه جايي رود   تكليف ضخامت­هاي رسوب تا حدودي مشخص ­شود و با توجه نوع رابطه­اي كه بين انواع رسوبگذاري و نشست به دست آمده است مي­توان در اين محل ها كه تاريخ تحول زمين ريخت­ها مشخص شده است بدون نمونه برداري   يا با نمونه برداري كمتر (در صورت   تعميم نتايج نمونه­هاي مخروط­افكنه هاي ديگر منطقه) به پيش بيني پتانسيل نشست پرداخت.      واژگان كليدي: نشست زمين، شيوه رسوبگذاري رودخانه­ها، تحول ژئومورفولوژيكي مخروط­افكنه­ها، مخروط­افكنه تنگه   

يسعى موضوع بحثنا حول "العقد الإداري" كعقد بين الإدارة الوطنية والمقاول بأنه شخص طبيعي أو اعتباري ، سواء كان مواطنًا أو شخصًا أجنبيًا ، خلال فترة سريانه ، والتي تضمنت ظروفًا معينة ، يتعين على المقاول أن يتعهد ببناء خدمة عامة متصلة بالبنى التحتية للمجتمع باستخدام كفاءاته الخاصة "الأموال والعاملين" وفقا لبنود العقد ، يمكن للمقاول تحصيل رسوم معينة من المستفيدين من هناك لإنهاء المشروع المذكور. يخضع العقد لعدد من القواعد المهمة التي تأخذ الاتفاق من أطراف العقد ، ويلتزم المقاول بإعادة الخدمة العامة والبناء بزياداتها إلى الإدارة دون العكس بشرط أن تكون الخدمة العامة في حالة جيدة وقادرة على الحفاظ عليها في العمل. يعتبر القضاء الإداري والتشريع ورأي الفقه في أن هذا العقد هو نوع من العقود الإدارية. لقد قسمنا الدراسة إلى ثلاثة فصول ، في الفصل الأول نسعى إلى الحقوق والالتزامات الهامة التي تنجم عن العقد للمقاول. في الفصل الثاني حددنا حقوق والتزامات الإدارة الرسمية ، بشكل عام المقاول والإدارة الملزمة بعدد من الالتزامات من أجل الاستفادة من الحقوق التي تنتج مباشرة من عقد البناء والنقل. التزامات المقاول الأولى هي بناء الخدمة العامة بعد ذلك يجب عليه إدارة وتشغيل الخدمة العامة ، وأخيراً يجب عليه نقل الخدمة العامة بزياداتها إلى الإدارة دون مقابل. لا بد أن ينهي العمل بنفسه ، ولا يتنازل عن العقد أو جزء منه إلى شخص آخر دون موافقة الإدارة. سيأخذ المقاول حقوقاً مهمة بعضها هو الضرائب ، والحق في الميزان المالي للعقد ، وحقه في التعويض. ستلزم الإدارة من جانبها بالكثير من الالتزامات مثل مقاول آخر في أي عقد إداري أو مدني ولديها صلاحيات واسعة ، مثل الإشراف على تنفيذ العقد ، وتغيير بنود العقد لتكون مسؤولة عن التطورات العلمية والتكنولوجية. تتمتع الإدارة بسلطة مهمة وخطيرة للغاية وهي تفرض عقوبة على المقاول إذا أخطأ أو أخر (إهمال) في تنفيذ التزاماته. في الفصل الثالث ندرس الأجنبي من العقد ، في البداية حددناه ، ولاحظنا أن الأجنبي يلتزم بالكثير من الالتزامات ، ويحصل على عدد من الحقوق ، ويمكنه أن يطالب الإدارة أو المقاول بإعطائه له ، وإذا رفض (أحدهما) إعطاء الحقوق للأجنبي ، يمكنه الذهاب إلى القاضي الإداري.                  

   Abstract      Environmental issues have held the attention of both scholars and literary writers as significant matter of the present day. In the meantime, there are some writers who have attempted to persuade human beings to rethink nature by looking upon it through new lenses and reconciling humanity with it. A leading concept in this regard is “anthropocentrism,” which strengthens humans’ (harsh) attitudes toward animals and non-human living things. However, Aldo Leopold’s “land ethic” theory absolutely rejects such human-centeredness in environmental issues and argues for the rights of non-humans. Richard Powers’ Bewilderment (2021) is an ecocritical novel addressing these issues, challenging anthropocentrism and advocating environmental equality for all living beings. Applying an interdisciplinary approach to the topic mentioned, the present study discusses how human beings’ treachery against the environment is questioned. The novel projects the ideology of industrial societies which take advantage of the environment for their beneficiary and neglect the future of the Earth and it also depicts the condition of those who are concerned with nature and all its components, regarded as the minority, and unable to save the Earth. In addition, it demonstrates that creating changes in societies’ perspectives requires providing a cultural context. As long as human beings look upon the environment as the owners of it, one can do nothing for the future of the Earth. Key words: Anthropocentrism, Animal Rights, Bewilderment, Biocentrism, Land Ethic, Biocentrism, Richard Powers

   Albert Bandura's theory of “moral disengagement” that mainly discusses that within every person there are self-regulatory mechanisms with which they can actively engage and disengage their moral standards while preserving their self-respect. If they fail in doing so, the consequence of their actions might bring self-destruction to themselves and others. To prevent such destruction from happening, the human psyche decides to look away and disengage any moral standard by utilizing self-regulatory mechanisms. To activate those mechanisms in order to disengage morality and commit the harmful and immoral conduct, people use their words and thoughts in a way that justifies their harmful action, and consequently, would result in the activation of self- regulatory mechanisms. Each mechanism has its unique trait that is a related to an aspect of human behavior, such as “moral justification”, “euphemistic labelling”, “diffusion of responsibility”, and etc. Margaret Atwood's Oryx and Crake (2003) pictures a post-apocalyptic world which a mad scientist named Crake has caused to happen. The present thesis will investigate the psychosocial reasons behind Crake's ultimate and disastrous decision in light of Bandura's theory of “moral disengagement”. In this regard, Crake's personality and actions and the way they affect other characters in the novel are the basis around which the novel and its main events revolve. Using Bandura's psychosocial mechanisms of moral disengagement, this study endeavors to decipher the truth behind his behaviors to reveal a better understanding of the events of the novel, that is, his inhuman and immoral decision to wipe out the humanity and creating bio-engineered humans who will roam the earth, acting like a god although he completely discards the idea of religion and holiness, is done without a single feeling of remorse or guilt for the disengagement of morality is in place.

   The present thesis is concerned with the influence of Brecht’s “Epic Theatre” theory on the selected works of two English dramatist. Its main purpose is to critically analyze the effect of Brecht’s “Epic Theatre” theory on the work of two modern English dramatists: John Arden (1930-2012) and Edward Bond (1934- ). To achieve this purpose, this thesis will read Brecht’s The Three Penny Opera (1928) and The Private Life of the Master Race (1938) to analyze his influence on Arden’s The Island of the Mighty trilogy and Bond’s Saved and The Fool. A dimension of Brecht’s influence is that he has promoted the development of 20th-century drama. Also, his “epic theatre” is a new genre in political drama that provides a constructive criticism of life in this period. However, what distinguishes Brecht’s theater is Alienation Effect. Brecht’s theatrical technique is a method for detachment, one that leads to the separation of the audience from the character, which causes the former feel that he is other than the latter. Consequently, the researcher studies John Arden’s The Island of the Mighty and Edward Bond’s Saved and The Fool to trace how elements of Brecht’s Epic Theatre theory are manifested in the selected plays. The elements that the researcher needs to investigate include as family disintegration, individual alienation, and social violence. Moreover, the principles of moral training which mirror Brecht’s stylistics can be focus of this study. Key words: Epic theatre, Bertolt Brecht, English drama, Alienation Effect, Edward Bond, John Arden

   The present research is a stylistic study. It takes to analyze comparatively the prose style of J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye (1951) and Helene Cixous’s Inside (1969), in light of Cixous’s theory of “Feminine Writing”. So, this research tries to do a double task, because it will attempt to explode the borderlines of language and literature, which means that more than one time it will come and go between the former and the latter. The researcher focuses on how the stylistic features of language operate in Inside and The Catcher in the Rye. So the analysis of the feminine use of language in the former in comparison with the masculine application of it in the latter is the main job of this research. It is thus that Cixous theorizes that the women’s language and their act of writing are the best spaces (means) of their new existence against the traditionally linear patriarchal discourse. Inside and The Catcher in the Rye are the works of a female and a male author respectively. So, language takes different functions in them, and the main concern of this thesis is to provide a critical analysis of feminine versus masculine roles of language in these novels. Notwithstanding, analyzing these literary texts in light of a feminine theory of writing, the present thesis intends to provide the readers with a chance to read fiction from a feminine perspective. And the main characters of Cixous and Salinger are different in gender, because one of them is a male while the other one is a female.   Keywords: Ecriture Feminine, Medusa, Phallocentrism, Logocentrism, Stylistics, Writing the body

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حق يا حكم بودن مفاد لزوم در عقود از مباحثي است كه با وجود كاربرد و ثمرات فراوان و متفاوتي كه در فقه و حقوق به دنبال دارد؛ اما تا كنون كمتر به بررسي و تبيين آن پرداخته شده است؛ لذا در اين پژوهش تلاش شده است ضمن تبيين ماهيت حق و حكم و سپس با مطالعه وتتبع در ادله مشروعيت عقود و نيز با عنايت به آثار و ويژگي‌هاي تميز حق و حكم و همچنين ارزيابي اقوال فقها و با درنظرگرفتن ديگر راه‌حل‌هاي ارائه شده در اين مورد وضعيت حق يا حكم بودن لزوم عقود و ايقاعات؛ در مواردي كه شارع به آن تصريح نكرده است؛ مشخص شود. رساله حاضر مشتمل بر سه فصل است كه به روش كتابخانه‌اي وبه صورت تحليلي - توصيفي و با استفاده از منابع و سايت‌هاي اينترنتي معتبر صورت‌گرفته است. در يك نگاه كلي مي‌توان گفت اگر ثابت شود مفاد لزوم در عقود از احكام است، امكان دخالت متعاقدين در اسقاط يا نقل‌وانتقال ونيز معاوضه و مصالحه بر آن وجود ندارد؛ چون جعل و رفع آن به دست شارع و قانون‌گذار است. درحالي‌كه اگر حق بودن آن ثابت شود قابليت اسقاط و توارث و مصالحه و همچنين انحلال، فسخ، معاوضه و ابراء، و نقل‌وانتقال آن به دست ذي حق است. كليدواژه: حق يا حكم بودن، مفاداصاله اللزوم در عقود، خيارات، ايقاعات      

According to American exceptionalism ideology, United States of America, because of its unique historical context and social and political structures, is assumed superior than other nations of the world. This line of thought has led Americans to believe that they possess the best sets of values and culture. Because of their presupposed supremacy, Americans believe that they have a special mission to lead humanity toward peace and salvation. American literature, as an integral part of American culture, has been more or less under the influence of American exceptionalism ideology. Vonnegut’s Cat’s Cradle and Cormac McCarthy’s The Road as a well-known American post-modern fiction are no exception. The satiric style and critical viewpoint of Cat’s Cradle toward the established American values and religion make it a good text for the study of American exceptionalism ideology. On the other hand, McCarthy’s The Road illustrates a destroyed America which is quite different from the one that we know today, therefore it is worthwhile to study the narrative to see if American exceptionalism ideology still persists in post-America. This research aims to study three features of American exceptionalism which are most prominent in American fiction in the narrative of these novels. These features include: American hero, American journey, and American mission.  

Objective: in this inquiry, the researcher, with the help of the theory of the contemporary American feminist-philosopher Judith Butler's ideas on gender and gender performativity, tries to peruse the female protagonist, Sula Peace, who ho lives in a patriarchal society with its norms and gender conventions. Sula stands as an opposing type of woman who questions patriarchal order. This inquiry analyzes the female protagonist in Toni Morrison's "Sula" by depending on Butler's theory about gender performativity. Methodology: in Butler's view, gender is not a biological, innate, and fixed phenomenon but a concept constructed by many factors such as culture and tradition. The consequence of such construction is that the aim of a compulsory heterosexual society is fulfilled. Relying on Butler's ideas, it becomes clear how the ideals of a heteronormative community that wants to spread the norms of heterosexuality limit individuals' gender. Findings: Sula reflects a community in which patriarchal orders are constantly circulating; these ideals expect women to be passive, submissive, and prepared to accept mothers and wives' roles. Such expectations cause too much pressure for women to endure. Result: Sula challenges all the social conventions imposed on her through family and society; she also defies the sexually preventing gender roles and contests the conventional view of womanhood and motherhood. Sula gradually becomes an independent and autonomous self. Through a careless way of living, opposing the standards of her society and the prescribed rules that society has imposed on her, Sula continuously questions and challenges the norms of her society: she never gets married, she never becomes a mother, and she has many premarital affairs both with white and black men. However, at the end of the novel, Sula's case shows that patriarchy can never be fully overcome; it can only be resisted since patriarchy determines all the restrictions in a conventional society. Key Words: Butler, Feminism, Otherness, Patriarchy, Sula, Toni Morrison   

The objective of the present study is to evaluate Suzanne Collins’ The Hunger Games trilogy in light of Gramsci’s theory of culture and hegemony. The present thesis raises the essential question of what the relationship between culture and hegemony is. Through the study of Gramsci’s views, the thesis highlights the fact that there is a direct relationship between culture and hegemony, contrary to the popularbelief that the concept of hegemony is mistakenly equivalent to the concept of coercive domination. Cultural hegemony is a kind of domination exercise mixed with consent and based on the cultural and ideological leadership of societies. The argument here is then the hypothesis that Gramsci’s elaboration on the concept of hegemony has seemingly affected or has found some manifestation in Collins' approach towards culture, politics, and ideology, as extrapolated in her description of Panem in the trilogy, leading her to focus on the issue that culture could also be one of the main causes of economic and cultural subjugation. As a result, culture, which is a key analytical notion in the present research, is defined as a productive process or a means of production. Referring to the leftist cultural ideas as well as the creation of new cultural concepts, as represented in Collins' trilogy, this thesis does not take culture as necessarily crystallizing into the highest cultural product but considers the culture of each era as a combination of past cultural elements, dominant elements, and emerging elements.Keywords: The Hunger Games, Gramsci, Hegemony, Panem, Suzanne Collins

The twenty-first-century literature has experienced a shift in taste and methods of expression of ideas, as reflected in Metamodernism, introduced by Robin van den Akker and Timotheus Vermeulen to explore this shift in literary appeal. Although metamodernism is an approach in its naissance, it has drawn many twenty-first-century literary works and theorists toward itself due to its ability to connect with the contemporary audience through certain features of its artworks which have proven more incongruent with contemporary socio-cultural issues. These features are often an adjusted form of former traits used in modernism and postmodernism which have been modified to fit contemporary needs and tastes. Regardless of their heritage, these metamodern features are exclusive to twenty-first-century artworks and should not be confused with their predecessors. In this light, certain terminologies such as “infinite Real” and “historioplastic metafiction,” respectively an aversion of the “Real” in former philosophical and psychological fields and a modified form of “historiographic metafiction”, suggest that truth and reality are infinite and the past and future are connected through a plastic connection. Accordingly, A Visit from the Goon Squad (2010) by Jennifer Egan has certain metamodern features and can be used as a good example of metamodernist fiction regarding Egan’s rendering of the concepts of the “infinite Real” and “historioplastic metafiction” among others. This study, being interdisciplinary in approach with a thematic investigation, is an attempt to investigate A Visit from the Goon Squad in light of the main principles of Metamodernism in order to present the contemporary audience with an introductory guideline to read metamodernist fiction.   Key words: A Visit from the Goon Squad, Historioplastic metafiction, Infinite Real, Jennifer Egan, Metamodernism

The Maze Runner trilogy by James Dashner is the story of a society which is controlled by the ideology of an apparently invisible minor group. In Dashner’s story, when Thomas, the protagonist, and a group of teenagers wake up in a strange spiraling neighborhood, they remember nothing of the outside world, except the strange dreams of a mysterious organization known as W.I.C.K.E.D. It is only by digging into the memories of the past and finding a few signs available in the maze that Thomas can hope to realize why they have come to this place and that they must find an exit from it. In The Maze Runner series, mankind is regarded not only as the subject of cognition but also as a more conflicting arrangement within which he appears. So, in the discourse of Dashner’s novels, mankind becomes aware of his limitations and endings. Therefore, the argument of this research will be based on a part of Michel Foucault’s philosophy. Foucault argues that while in the modern society rather no cruel punishment is implemented against criminals, punishment often takes different forms of surveillance. In fact, the purpose of this study is to analyze The Maze Runner trilogy in light of Foucault’s theory of discourse. In this regard, this thesis will analyze the main conflict in Dashner’s trilogy, that is, the conflict between power-holders and the subordinate characters who are controlled by them. Following this purpose, this thesis does not assume that power relations in Dashner’s trilogy are equally distributed among the citizens or social classes, but that there is a network of relations among the power-holders which is constantly expanding. In connection with analyzing the subjectivity of the characters, this research takes these power relations as the realization of a vast network that goes deep into the society with which every man is more or less involved. Keywords: Foucault, James Dashner, discourse, power relations, The Maze Runner

  The present thesis takes a Marxist approach towards DonDeLillo’s White Noise (1985) and Cosmopolis (2003) by using Louise Althusser's theories. It will firstly analyze Cosmopolis and then will delve into White Noise to find the anti-capitalist common grounds between them and the way the capitalist ideologies are internalized within their characters as presented by DeLillo. White Noise represents a fight against the capitalist ideology. The reproduction that Althusser speaks of, in addition to the reproduction of labor, is also the reproduction of the conditions of production which are manifested in the novels under study. Cosmopolis, moreover, artistically portrays the financial structures of the capitalist society in America. The relationships among these structures are symbolized by the journey that Eric Packer makes around Manhattan. The most important concept in this novel is money about which DeLillo’s characters often talk regarding their betting and investments on Yen. Eric, the protagonist, symbolizes the American capitalism that DeLillo believes is coming to an end. Analyzing Cosmopolis and White Noise in light of Althusser, the researcher thus evaluates the capitalist ideology that causes the self-alienation of characters in Cosmopolis and assesses the consumerist ideology that haunts the materialist consciousness of the characters in White Noise. Finally, it will be demonstrated how the anti-capitalist structures and mechanisms contribute to the liberty of characters’ in Cosmopolis and White Noise. Keywords: Althusser, DeLillo, capitalism, ideology, self-alienation, Cosmopolis, White Noise