در اين پژوهش، عملكرد ستون‌هاي سنگي به عنوان روشي موثر در تقويت خاك‌ها و افزايش پايداري شيب‌ها مورد بررسي قرار گرفته است. هدف اصلي تحقيق، تحليل سه‌بعدي راندمان ستون‌هاي سنگي با توجه به آرايش‌هاي هندسي مختلف در شيب‌هاي مختلف مي‌باشد. بهسازي و تقويت شيرواني‌هاي خاكي در برابر تغييرمكان‌هاي جانبي، نشست و كاهش ضريب اطمينان از موضوعات مهم در مهندسي ژئوتكنيك است. ستون‌هاي سنگي به‌عنوان يكي از كارآمدترين روش‌هاي بهسازي زمين، با ايجاد محصورشدگي جانبي، بهبود زهكشي و افزايش سختي توده خاك، نقشي مؤثر در افزايش پايداري شيرواني‌ها ايفا مي‌كنند. با وجود اين، كارايي ستون‌هاي سنگي تا حد زيادي به آرايش هندسي، طول ستون، قطر و نحوه اندركنش آن‌ها با لايه‌هاي خاكي وابسته است. در اين پژوهش، عملكرد سه آرايش هندسي ستون‌هاي سنگي (مثلثي، مربعي و شش‌ضلعي) و همچنين تأثير طول ستون، به‌صورت عددي و سه‌بعدي با استفاده از نرم‌افزار PLAXIS-3D   مورد بررسي قرار گرفته است. نتايج نشان داد كه آرايش‌هاي هندسي مختلف اثر قابل توجهي بر رفتار مكانيكي شيب دارند. آرايش مثلثي بهترين عملكرد را از نظر كاهش جابه‌جايي افقي و افزايش ضريب اطمينان پايداري ارائه كرد؛ به‌طوري‌كه بيشترين مقدار ضريب اطمينان برابر با 6/1 براي اين آرايش به‌دست آمد. در مقابل، آرايش شش‌ضلعي ضعيف‌ترين عملكرد را داشته و كمترين ضريب اطمينان برابر با   28/1 ثبت شد. اين اختلاف بيانگر بهبود حدود 25 درصدي ضريب اطمينان در آرايش مثلثي نسبت به شش‌ضلعي است. بررسي تأثير طول ستون نيز نشان داد كه افزايش طول ستون از 3 متر به 6 متر موجب افزايش حدود 2/21 درصدي ضريب اطمينان پايداري شيب مي‌شود. همچنين با افزايش طول ستون، جابه‌جايي افقي به‌طور معني‌داري كاهش يافته و رفتار شيب پايدارتر شده است. از نظر تنش‌ها نيز مشاهده شد كه آرايش مثلثي بالاترين مقدار تنش برشي پيك را در حدود 390 كيلوپاسكال ايجاد مي‌كند، در حالي‌كه آرايش مربعي مقدار مياني حدود 350 كيلوپاسكال و آرايش شش‌ضلعي كمترين مقدار را نشان داد كه ناشي از محصورشدگي جانبي كمتر است. به‌طور كلي، نتايج تحقيق نشان داد كه انتخاب آرايش مناسب ستون‌هاي سنگي و بهينه‌سازي طول آن‌ها مي‌تواند كاهش قابل توجهي در نشست قائم، جابه‌جايي جانبي و افزايش چشمگيري در ايمني شيب ايجاد كند. يافته‌هاي اين پژوهش مي‌تواند به‌عنوان مرجعي براي طراحي بهينه ستون‌هاي سنگي در پروژه‌هاي عمراني به‌ويژه در شرايط خاك‌هاي سست و لايه‌اي مورد استفاده قرار گيرد.   

كلمات كليدي: تثبيت خاك‌هاي رسي، سيمان پرتلند، الياف تركيبي، الياف پلي‌استر، الياف پلي‌پروپيلن، واكنش‌هاي هيدراتاسيون، دوام در محيط نمكي، ساختار اليافي تركيبي.

One of the important issues in excavation in urban environments is the monitoring of the pit wall, which, if not monitored accurately, can lead to irreparable loss of life and property. Pit wall monitoring is a vital aspect in geotechnical and civil engineering that can have significant effects on the safety and sustainability of construction projects. This study investigates the effect of time on changes in the shape and position of semi-deep pit walls using a total station camera and Plaxis software, using the Mohr-Columbus behavior, and emphasizes the importance of master monitoring and time-based analysis. By simulating real construction and loading conditions in Plaxis software, the behavior of pit walls over time is analyzed under the influence of various factors such as soil type, loading, environmental conditions, etc. In this type of monitoring, by considering the effect of time in the analyses, more optimal solutions are provided for the design and implementation of excavation operations and will reduce potential risks. In this study, a project (under construction) during the semi-deep excavation operation (12.5 m) was considered, and with increasing excavation depth, ten reference points were examined as selected monitoring points, and with the information obtained from the monitoring, we modeled it in Plaxis software and examined the driving and resisting forces and the rupture wedge by considering the effect of time in the analyses. In this software, the different stages of pit construction are accurately modeled and the time changes in lateral pressures, settlements and deformations of the pit wall are examined. Among the outstanding results of the study, the following can be mentioned: 1- In time-dependent analysis, it always predicts a greater displacement than the instantaneous analysis. 2- The greatest deformation usually occurs at half the height of the pit wall. 3- The pause between excavation stages has a significant effect on increasing the deformation of the pit wall. 4- In soft fine-grained soils, creep behavior is very effective. 5- Field monitoring results are usually closer to time-dependent analysis than static analysis. 6- The speed of project implementation due to weather conditions is the main controlling factor of pit wall deformation. 7- Time-dependent analysis usually shows the actual likely failure pattern better.   

   The present study, in order to improve the geotechnical behavior of clay soils of kaolinite, bentonite and sand/clay mixture (80% standard sand, 20% local clay), which are always known as problematic soils in civil and road construction projects due to their high swelling potential, high shrinkage and low shear strength, three types of stabilizers including lime, xanthan gum and sodium alginate (biopolymer) were used to improve quality, increase mechanical properties, increase shear strength and effective improvement parameters. The samples were made in different percentages of stabilizers, lime (2.5 to 7.5%), biopolymers (0.5 to 2%) and evaluated in 7 and 28-day curing periods. Laboratory tests including grading, determination of Atterberg limits, modified compaction test, uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) were performed. The findings showed that the addition of lime initiates short-term and long-term pozzolanic reactions, which in the short term increase the pH and ion exchange, in the long term cause the release of Si and Al ions from the clay plates and ultimately the formation of CSH and CAH cementitious materials. The mechanism of action of biopolymers is completely different from the chemical reactions of lime and cause strong gelation between soil particles. The compressive strength results showed that lime had the best performance for all three soils used in the range of 5 to 7.5%. Xanthan gum biopolymer had the best compressive strength for kaolinite soil at 2%, in bentonite and in sand/clay at 1%. Sodium alginate biopolymer had the best performance and resistance for both kaolinite and bentonite soils at 0.5%, but in sandy clay soil, sodium alginate did not have a positive effect and was accompanied by a decrease in soil basic resistance. In general, lime provided the most long-term improvement, while biopolymers provided short-term improvement and performed best at 0.5%, 1% and 2% due to lower consumption and environmental compatibility. Keywords: Soil stabilization, lime, kaolinite, biopolymer, pozzolanic reactions, bentonite, xanthan gum.

         اين پايان نامه به بررسي عملكرد و اثربخشي سازه هاي كنترل سيل، به طور خاص بر ديوارهاي حفاظتي در امتداد سواحل رودخانه ها از ديدگاه مهندسي عمران مي پردازد. سيل يكي از مخرب ترين مخاطرات طبيعي است كه تهديدهاي قابل توجهي براي زندگي و زيرساخت هاي انسان به شمار مي رود. براي كاهش اين خطرات، اجراي سيل بندها و ديوارهاي حفاظتي ساحلي ضروري است. اين تحقيق به يك شكاف انتقادي در ادبيات مربوط به ارزيابي جامع اين ساختارها مي پردازد. اين پايان نامه با استفاده از رويكرد مطالعه موردي به ويژه حادثه سيل فروردين 1397 در شهرستان پلدختر به ارزيابي عملكرد ديوارهاي حفاظتي حاشيه رودخانه كشكان مي پردازد. اين مطالعه از روشهاي ارزيابي دقيق و تكنيكهاي تجزيه و تحليل دادهها براي تجزيه و تحليل يكپارچگي سازه، راندمان هيدروليكي، و اثرات اجتماعي-اقتصادي ديوارهاي حائل استفاده ميكند. در اين تحقيق از نرم افزار پلكسيس دو بعدي براي بررسي پايداري ديوار ساحلي استفاده شده است. دو حالت ديوار بنايي و بتني براي بررسي پايداري استفاده شده است.همچنين ابعاد ديوار نيز تغيير كرده است. نتايج تحليلها بهروشني نشان ميدهد كه ديوارهاي بتني در مقايسه با ديوارهاي بنايي از نظر عملكرد سازهاي در برابر نيروهاي سيلابي كارآمدتر هستند.       واژه هاي كليدي : ديوارهاي محافظ ساحلي ، سيل ، شهر پلدختر

   Stabilization of clayey soils has long been one of the main challenges in geotechnical engineering, especially in areas where soils with expansive behavior or low resistance to repeated loading are observed. Kaolinite soil, as one of the important types of clayey soils, requires modification and improvement in order to be used in infrastructure projects due to its plate-like structure, high surface area to volume ratio, and limited reactivity. In recent years, in order to increase the durability, stability, and mechanical strength of soils, the use of mineral and chemical additives with pozzolanic properties and alkaline activators has been considered as a sustainable and effective approach. In this study, a combination of Portland cement, microsilica, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, and sodium silicate (Na?SiO?) were used as the main stabilizers to improve the engineering behavior of kaolinite soil. The simultaneous combination of pozzolanic and alkaline materials leads to the formation of secondary reactive gels such as C-S-H, C-A-S-H and N-A-S-H in the soil structure, which play an important role in increasing the compressive strength, tensile strength and long-term stability. On the other hand, the use of alkaline solutions with different concentrations allows the investigation of the effect of geopolymer reactions and the kinetics of the formation of hydration products. Next, in order to evaluate the performance of the stabilizers, tests including unconfined compressive strength, Brazilian tensile strength, wet and dry cycle tests, and SEM and XRD microscopic analyses were carried out. The main goal is to achieve an optimal combination of stabilizing materials for effective improvement of kaolinite and provide a sustainable solution in stabilizing problematic soils for geotechnical applications, especially under variable environmental loading conditions. The results showed that using up to 12% stabilizer and replacing 50-65% of cement with microsilica and solutions of sodium hydroxide with a concentration of 8 M and sodium silicate with a concentration of 1% provide the highest resistance.

In this study, a simultaneous combination of three stabilizers—lime, silica fume (micro-silica) and a biopolymer—was employed to improve the geotechnical behaviour of swell-prone clay soils of bentonitic origin. This innovative combination was designed to achieve desirable mechanical properties, chemical stability in aggressive environments, swelling reduction and enhanced long-term durability of the specimens. Specimens were prepared with different stabilizer contents (2.5–15%), various lime–silica fume ratios, and incremental biopolymer dosages, and were evaluated after 7-day and 28-day curing periods.Laboratory tests comprised determination of Atterberg limits, modified compaction, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), free-swelling evaluation, durability tests in acidic, alkaline, saline and sulphate environments under wet–dry cycles, and microstructural analyses using XRD and SEM. The results indicated that lime addition initiated pozzolanic reactions, promoted release of Si and Al from the clay structure, and ultimately led to formation of cementitious phases such as C–S–H and C–A–H. The combination of lime and silica fume accelerated reactivity and produced additional C–S–H gels that played a key role in strengthening interparticle bonds. The biopolymer acted as a complementary agent by forming surface coatings on soil particles, thereby contributing to increased structural cohesion and volumetric stability.UCS results showed that mixtures containing 7.5% and 10% total stabilizer with a 60% lime : 40% silica fume ratio, or 50% : 50% (lime : silica fume), combined with 0.5% and 1% biopolymer, delivered the largest improvements in mechanical parameters and durability. Specimens stabilized with these 10% lime-based mixtures also exhibited acceptable durability in aggressive environments, whereas untreated soils experienced severe loss of strength and structural degradation. Replacing the biopolymer with zeolite in durability tests provided effective protection against ingress of deleterious ions.In conclusion, development of gel-like products from pozzolanic reactions, texture refinement, reduction of particle dispersion, and enhancement of structural integrity were the principal factors of improvement identified in this research. The proposed combined-stabilizer approach not only increased soil strength and durability but also enabled reduction in lime consumption and improvement of environmental sustainability.  

در اين مطالعه هدف مدلسازي اثرات سختي لايه خاك ماسه اي شيب دار بر رفتار تغييرشكلي شيب و پي سطحي مجاور شيب است. سختي ارتجاعي خاك كه متناظر با تغييرات سرعت موج برشي و موج فشاري مصالح ماسه اي است در تحليل هاي عددي پارامتري مختلف منظور شده است. در اين پژوهش، حدود 10 مدل عددي با تغيير سختي ارتجاعي خاك ماسه اي كه معادل چهار نوع زمين مندرج در آيين نامه زلزله 2800 است گسترش داده شده است. مدل هاي عددي در قالب كرنش مسطح و در برنامه نرم افزاري تجاري-تحقيقاتي PLAXIS 2D ايجاد شده اند. ركورد زلزله نزديك-گسل شامل مولفه افقي طولي زلزله ازگله-سرپل ذهاب در ايستگاه لرزه نگاري شهر سرپل ذهاب به عنوان تحريك لرزه اي ورودي مدل هاي عددي منظور شده است. با مقايسه نتايج نسبت تنش هاي برشي دو نمودار خروجي كه اختلاف مدول ارتجاعي آنها 63/15 برابر است، نتيجه مي شود كه با افزايش ميزان سختي ارتجاعي مدل عددي، از ميزان تجمع و تمركز تنش هاي برشي نسبي زير پي در ناحيه گوه گسيختگي پي سطحي، كاسته مي شود و به توزيع تنش هاي برشي بخش ناپايدار شيب و قوس لغزش شيب افزوده مي شود. با افزايش مقادير سختي خاك، تغيير محل تنش هاي برشي تا آنجا پيش مي رود كه مقدار زيادي از تنش زير پي كاسته مي شود و علت آن نيز اثر همزمان وجود سربار استاتيكي (100 كيلوپاسكالي) روي پي سطحي (بار معادل ساختمان يا سازه) و سخت شدن ناشي از بارگذاري ديناميكي و وقوع كرنش هاي برشي سيكلي در مصالح ماسه اي است.   از طرفي، با مقايسه پاسخ جابه جايي جانبي براي نقاط چهارگانه در مدل با سختي ارتجاعي E=500MPa و در مدل با سختي ارتجاعي E=1000MPa، بازهم رفتار كلي مدل عددي، شاهد كاهش جابه جايي هاي نقطه C در بالادست تاج شيب است. در واقع نكته قابل برداشت از اين نتايج آن است، كه جابه جايي هاي لرزه اي جانبي شيب بيشتر از آن كه با افزايش سختي مصالح، كاهش پيدا كند، به طور غالب تحت تاثير دوري يا نزديكي نقاط به تاج شيب و قسمت شيب دار است. به گونه اي كه هر چه قدر نقاط مورد بررسي از تاج شيب فاصله بيشتري داشته باشند، بيشتر هم تحت تاثير افزايش سختي مصالح ماسه اي خشك قرار مي گيرند و از جابه جايي هاي لرزه اي وقوع يافته در آنها (به مقدار بيشتري) كاسته مي شود و هر چه قدر به تاج شيب و قسمت شيب دار نزديك تر باشند، تحت تاثير ناپايداري ذاتي هندسي شيب قرار مي گيرند و افزايش دو يا چند برابري سختي مصالح كمتر از موضوع اوليه ناپايداري شكل-هندسي شيب (در اثر رخداد بارگذاري لرزه اي جانبي) آنها را تحت تاثير قرار مي دهد. البته خاطرنشان مي گردد كه نكته مهم در خصوص تغيير سختي لايه خاك ماسه اي در حين بارگذاري هاي لرزه اي آنست كه با تغييرات سختي لايه خاك ماسه اي خشك در شيب، فركانس طبيعي ارتعاش آن نيز كه تاثير مستقيم بر بزرگنمايي يا تضعيف دامنه پاسخ هاي شتاب لرزه اي ناشي از امواج لرزه اي دارد، تغيير مي كند. به همين دليل است كه در زمان هاي آغاز و نزديك به پايان بارگذاري لرزه اي، اغلب مدل هاي عددي مختلف پاسخ هاي بزرگنمايي مختلفي بدست داده اند.   

   Insert text here. Fatigue cracking is one of the main problems of asphalt pavements that affects the durability of the pavement. Self-healing ability is one of the factors that can lead to asphalt resistance against fatigue cracks caused by traffic loading and ultimately increase the fatigue life of asphalt pavement. Every year, a large part of road maintenance and repair costs are spent on fixing the damages caused by these cracks. Therefore, researchers are looking for ways to recognize and increase the use of self-healing capabilities to increase pavement life and reduce road maintenance costs. This research examines the effects of styrene-butadiene-styrene (  ) and carbon fibers (CF) on asphalt self-healing ability through the three-point bending test, and the effect of    and carbon fiber on the microwave heating process. Also, in this research, the temperature of the surface and inside of the asphalt samples has been investigated.   In line with this research, four types of asphalt samples were made, including asphalt without additives, asphalt with    additives, asphalt with CF additives, and asphalt with both    and CF additives. In this research, in order to evaluate and compare the self-healing in different asphalt samples, the ratio of secondary resistance to primary resistance is defined as healing index (HI). The results showed that carbon fibers cause a more uniform distribution of temperature and increase the heating speed of asphalt, but it has reduced the primary and secondary resistance of asphalt to a great extent compared to asphalt without additives.    improved the strength performance of asphalt samples to a great extent, so that the average initial flexural strength of samples made with    is about 180% of the average initial flexural strength of samples made without additives. Also,    decreased the average temperature of the surface and inside of the asphalt samples and made the temperature distribution weaker. These two additives did not increase the asphalt healing index compared to the asphalt without additives.   

   تحليل ديناميكي پايداري شيرواني­هاي مسلح و غير مسلح يكي از مهمترين شاخه­هاي مهندسي ژئوتكنيك است. وقوع ناپايداري و لغزش در شيرواني­هاي طبيعي و مصنوعي از جمله پديده­هايي است كه در ايران و در بسياري نقاط جهان به وفور رخ مي­دهد. گسيختگي شيرواني ممكن است در شرايط طبيعي و صرفا تحت اثر وزن توده ناپايدار رخ داده و يا ممكن است در اثر عوامل ديناميكي مانند زلزله به وقوع پيوندد. امروزه روش­هاي گوناگوني براي پايدارسازي و كم كردن تغيير مكان هاي جانبي شيرواني­ها وجود دارد . پايدارسازي شيرواني­ها تابع تعادل بين نيروهاي محرك و مقاوم مي باشد كه با كاهش نيروهاي محرك، افزايش نيروهاي مقاوم و يا هر دو انجام مي­شود. در اين پايان نامه   اثر زلزله ازگله – سرپل ذهاب بر تحليل شيرواني و كاهش ميزان تغيير شكلهاي آن در حالت بارگذاري ديناميكي توسط نرم افزار المان محدود آباكوس بررسي شده است. همچنين اثر برخي از پارامترها از جمله فاصله شمع ها، طول شمع ها، قطر شمع ها، بررسي تغيير مدل رفتاري خاك بررسي تأثير تغيير پارامترهاي لايه زيرين شيرواني در ميزان پايداري شيرواني بررسي گرديده است. نتايج تحليل نشان مي دهد كه استفاده از شيرواني­هاي مسلح نقش مؤثري در كاهش تغيير مكان هاي افقي و قائم شيرواني ايفا مي­كند.

   ABSTRACT    Since the nailed walls of the excavation are considered as permanent structures, its necessary to study and describe the creep behavior of the nailed wall. For this reason, it is necessary to investigate more the soils that have creep potential. Generally, soft clay soil or clay with a high plastic index show a greater tendency to creep than other soils, which has a negative effect on the stability of the excavated wall in the long term. For this reason, the use of nailing method in soft clay soils has certain sensitivities and the parameters of soft clay, the effect of various behavioral models and the effect of choosing the type of analysis (plastic or consolidation) should be investigated in order to have a correct understanding of the development of soil creep and long-term deformations.It should be mentioned that excavation stabilization by nailing method is one of the suitable and practical methods in most urban excavation , which can be effective as a scientific and practical method due to the lack of interference with the work environment (excavation area). It should be checked whether this method is effective in soft clay soils or not

  In recent decades, the discussion regarding human activities in protecting or destroying the environment and preventing the phenomenon of global warming has caused the attention of scientists to be drawn towards technologies that are in this direction. Semi-warm asphalt is a technology that reduces the use of fossil fuels and the production of greenhouse gases by reducing the mixing temperature. It is also possible to protect the environment and reduce its pollution by reusing the wastes of other industries and recycled materials, while saving costs, by reducing industrial waste. Many studies have been conducted in the world to prevent the premature failure of the pavement system caused by moisture. In these studies, different materials were used to improve the functional properties of asphalt, and these materials can be used as bitumen additives or aggregate additives. Sometimes even some of these materials are added directly to the mixture being produced.In this research, it is focused on improving asphalt properties. Nowadays, due to the increase in the amount of traffic and the number of axles, the use of additives in asphalt concrete has become common. An effective additive in increasing the bearing capacity and improving the tensile strength of asphalt mixtures is the use of fibers. Fibers mainly contribute to the reinforcement of asphalt mixtures.Asphalt mixtures use fibers. Fibers mainly contribute to the reinforcement of asphalt mixtures.The results obtained from the Marshall resistance test showed that the addition of 0.3% of carpet fibers and 0.9% of 5-component fibers has the best results among the research samples. Also, the Marshall resistance value obtained for 5-component fibers is much higher than carpet fibers. According to the results of humidity sensitivity test and TSR parameter, it can be said that carpet fibers improve humidity sensitivity up to 0.6%. 5-component fibers also increase humidity sensitivity up to 0.9. According to the tensile modulus test, the use of 5-component fibers significantly increases the tensile modulus. The carpet fiber also increases up to 0.6% and after that it takes a steady and uniform trend. The results of the dynamic creep test showed that the use of more than 0.3% of carpet fibers reduces the dynamic creep and mental number. For 5-component fibers, due to the dissolution of the    part in the mixture, we have seen the growth of the mental number up to 0.9% of the fibers. The results of the indirect tensile test in wet and dry states showed that the addition of 5-component fibers increases the tensile strength in wet and dry conditions. Also, the addition of carpet fibers in the dry state increases tensile strength in all investigated percentages, but the indirect tensile strength increases up to 0.6 percent of carpet fibers and decreases from 0.6 to 0.9.

  The increasing construction of high-rise structures in cities and the placement of buildings on soils with different layers show the need for engineers to pay attention to the effect of different conditions of soil layers on the seismic response of structures. In this study, after validating the 3D numerical model using the previous shaking table test, the effect of soil layering on the seismic response of resistant concrete buildings has been investigated by considering the soil-structure interaction (SSI). Using Abaqus finite element software, a set of numerical modeling for a 15-story building placed on layered soil with different values of shear wave velocity has been simulated. Nonlinear dynamic analysis under seismic motion has been performed in a direct way and the results have been compared and discussed in terms of maximum lateral displacement, shear force, maximum relative displacement of floors and acceleration response spectrum. The results showed that the deeper the soil layer with the lower shear wave speed and the closer it is to the ground surface, the higher the values of lateral displacement and shear force, the relative displacement of layers and the acceleration response spectrum. Also, according to the results, soil layering has a major contribution to the seismic response of buildings by considering SSI, and considering SSI ensures the safe and economical design of structures. Keyword: soil-structure interaction, numerical modeling, soft soil, abacus, relative displacement, floor shear

   پيشرفت در صنعت ساخت و افزايش ميل مردم به سكونت در مراكز متراكم شهري ، همواره مهندسين را به سمت ساخت     سازه هايي با حداكثر زير بناي مفيد سوق داده است كه اين كار تنها با افزايش طبقات روسازه و زير سازه امكان پذير خواهد شد . روش نوظهور ساخت سازه از بالا به پايين[1] به دو صورت متداول جهاني و رايج در ايران در حال توسعه مي باشد كه اختلاف عمده آن در شيوه اجراي ديوار حائل پيراموني است . در اين پايان نامه با مدل سازي يك سازه مناسب به دو شيوه نام برده شده به صورت محاسبات عددي و روش اجزاي محدود ، در برنامه پلكسيس سه بعدي[2] ، بررسي هاي لازم پيرامون ايمن بودن و اختلاف در مقدار تغيير شكل ديواره گود به دو روش رايج در ايران و متداول جهاني صورت گرفته است . از نتايج حاصل برداشت شد كه جابجايي ديواره گود در سازه هاي ساخته شده به روش   نام برده شده رايج در ايران بيشتر از سازه هاي ساخته شده به روش متداول جهاني مي باشد و اين اختلاف در همه مراحل گود برداري و تمام تراز هاي منفي ( زير سطح زمين ) پا برجاست . با تغيير نوع خاك از درشت دانه به ريز دانه تر مي توان متوجه اين نكته شد كه اين اختلاف براي خاك هاي ريز دانه كمتر و براي خاك هاي درشت دانه بيشتر مي باشد   . براي تمام مدل ها مي توان گفت جابجايي ديواره گودبرداري شده براي روش ايراني تقريبا در حدود مجاز آيين نامه هاي معتبر و مبحث هفتم مقررات ملي ساختمان مي باشد اما به دليل نزديك بودن به حدود مجاز مي توان جهت افزايش ايمني از تمهيداتي همچون افزايش ضخامت ديوار حائل اجرا شده استفاده كرد . لازم به ذكر است ساير تغيير شكل هاي محتمل نظير نشست در زمين هاي اطراف و نشست قائم ديوار حائل اجرا شده به روش رايج در ايران بيشتر از روش متداول جهاني بوده كه به دليل حاشيه امن و فاصله زيادي كه از مقادير مجاز ايين نامه اي خود دارند ، اين اختلاف قابل چشم پوشي و ناديده گرفتن است .    [1] Top-down construction [2] Plaxis 3D

  This research aimed to investigate the effect of graphene oxide on rheological properties of recycled vegetable oil-modified bitumen. Graphene oxide was added to pure bitumen PG 64-22 mixed with recycled vegetable oil in different concentrations of 0%, 0.3%, 0.6%, and 1%. Then, the rheological properties of the mixtures, including viscosity parameters, softening point, penetration, dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test, direct tension test, and flexural beam rheometer (BBR) test were examined using laboratory tests. The results of the tests showed that adding graphene oxide to recycled vegetable oil-modified bitumen had a positive effect on its rheological properties. Based on the results, it can be concluded that graphene oxide can be used as an effective additive in improving the rheological properties of recycled vegetable oil-modified bitumen. Therefore, improving the rheological properties of recycled vegetable oil-modified bitumen using graphene oxide is proposed as a sustainable and economical method for improving the performance and durability of road paving.

  چكيده :   با توجه به توسعه شهرها و افزايش تراكم جمعيت در ساليان اخير تعداد طبقات زير زمين و عمق گودبرداري افزايش يافته است.وبه دليل انجام گودبرداري هاي غيراصولي در موارد متعددي شاهد فروريختن ديواره هاي گود و يا ساختمان هاي جانبي مي باشيم بنابراين نيازمند پايداري ديوارهاي گودبرداري مي باشد.اما اين كار مشكلات ويژه اي دارد كه هزينه هاي بالاي اجراي سيستم هاي پايداري مهندسان را به سمت ميخ گذاري سوق داده است.در اكثر تحقيقات صورت گرفته بررسي و تحليل عنصرهاي پايدارسازي گود با فرض در نظر گرفتن لايه هاي افقي خاك بوده است اما در واقعيت لايه هاي خاك ممكن است مورب نيز باشند و همچنين خاك داراي چندين لايه مختلف باشد .هدف ازاين تحقيق بررسي تاثير شيب لايه بندي خاك بر روي عملكرد ميخ ها مي باشد كه سعي خواهد شد با در نظر گرفتن آرايش ميخ ها و وجود لايه بندي مختلف خاك و تاثير آن بر روي فاصله و زاويه ميخ ها و هم چنين تاثير مقاومت لايه ها بر روي ميخ ها بررسي گردد كه در نهايت منجر به كنترل تغيير شكل ديواره گود به طور بهينه خواهد شد و ضريب اطمينان مجاز براي اين نوع مسائل بدست خواهد آمد.  يكي از نرم افزارهاي پركاربرد جهت مدلسازي ديوارهاي ميخكوبي شده نرم افزار plaxis مي باشد. در اين نرم افزار   مـي توان از مدل هاي رفتاري متفاوتي از قبيلمدل موركولمب, خاك سـخت شـونده و خـاك سـخت شـونده بـا احتسـاب افزايش سختي در كرنش هاي كوچك استفاده نمود كه نمايان گـر رفتارهـاي متفـاوتي بـراي مصـالح خـاك محـيط مـي باشند. هدف اصلي اين پايان نامه بررسي و مقايسه اين مدل ها, مزايا و معايب آنها بـه نسـبت يكـديگر و همچنـين بررسـي تاثير پارامترهاي متفاوت اين مدل ها بر روي اط?عات خروجي حاصل از مدلسازي مي باشد.  در اين پايان نامه، در ابتداي امر تاريخچه كلي از اجراي سازه نگهبان گفته مي شود و پس از بررسـيكليـات روش مـيخ كوبي, چگونگي اجراي آن و همچنين انواع مدل هاي رفتاري خاك و آئيننامه FHWA پرداخته شده اسـت. در ادامـه به معرفي نرم افزار هاي PLAXIS و MIDAS GTS NX و همچنين به صحتسـنجي نـرم افـزار Plaxis پرداختـه شـده است. در اصلي ترين بخش اين پايان نامه به مدلسازي يك خاك مشخص با مدل هاي رفتاري متفاوتي پرداختـه شـده و بـه مقايسه اين مدل ها و در نهايت بررسي تاثير پارامترهاي مختلف مدل ها پرداخته مي شود.  واژگان كليـدي: ميخ كوبي خاك- پايدار سازي گود – لايه بندي خاك – مدلسازي عددي - گودبرداري

  self-healing is related to the repair of cracks due to loading and it can be considered as a reversible fatigue phenomenon. Asphalt mix is ??a self-healing material and has the ability to automatically repair damage when exposed to rest periods. This phenomenon depends on various factors such as temperature, rest time, crack width and bitumen and asphalt properties. The rate of repair at ambient temperature, especially at low temperatures, is slow and the flow of traffic on the road can not be blocked to achieve sufficient repair. On the other hand, self-healing of asphalt concrete is significantly dependent on temperature and when the pavement is exposed to higher temperatures, the amount of repair also increases. Self-healing has been studied in two areas of rejuvenation and rapid heating Is. To investigate the effects of temperature on self-healing, we are looking for the best and most economical means and method for generating heat in the asphalt mixture. Among the heating methods, we can mention heating by electromagnetic waves and microwave. Microwaves raise the internal temperature of the asphalt in a short time, which helps in self-healing. There are several methods for evaluating the quality and quantity of self-healing, such as fatigue-based tests, rupture-based tests, and non-destructive tests. In this study, the behavior of graphite nitride carbon additives and polyaniline nanofibers on nanosilica-modified hot asphalt self-healing was investigated by three-point bending test. First, the flexural strength of the samples was obtained by a three-point bending device, then the samples were repaired by heating by a microwave device for 24 hours, then the degree of improvement was determined. In evaluating the self-healing process in the hot asphalt mixture modified with nanosilica, the analysis of the results showed that by adding nanosilica, the negative effect of zeolite on the self-healing asphalt used to produce hot asphalt is compensated and the self-healing rate of asphalt increases. On the other hand, two additives of graphite nitride carbon and polyanylene nanofibers have a positive effect on self-healing and even improve the self-healing of asphalt mixture up to 80%.

   Abstract One of the important applications of identifying the dynamic Properties of earth dams is to determine the modi frequencies, Damping ratio and mode shapes, which eventually leads to a better understanding of the system. Seismic behavior of earth dams is usually studied in four ways Using recorded accelerograms of the dam's response to real earthquakes, laboratory methods on small-scale models, vibration experiments in situ, and finally numerical analysis. Because among the types of in-situ vibration experiments, the use of accelerograms recorded on earthen dams at the time of earthquake has a special place in the study of numerical model of dams.The existence of strongmotion located in Darian Dam and recording earthquake records (albeit weak) in recent years, has provided a special and privileged position to use the records to extract the dynamic characteristics of the dam and perform numerical analysis. Therefore, in the present study, using the recorded response of the dam to Sarpol-e-Zahab earthquake, which was weak in this construction, in the range of linear behavior, while investigating the numerical model in the range of small strains, to extract dynamic parameters, especially Gmax   , GGmax   , ?   with Shear strain was treated which matched very well with the actual results. recorded accelerograms processing, in addition to classical methods, one of the advanced methods in the time-frequency domain is to extract the dynamic characteristics of the dam (including frequencies, damping and modal shapes) and also to compare the answers obtained from numerical analysis and the answers recorded in different parts of the body.

چكيده در حال حاضريكي از ايمن ترين روش حفاظت جانبي گود ها و ترانشه هاي خاكي يا سنگ سيستم نيلينگ يا معادل فارسي آن ميخكوبي مي باشد نيلينگ يكي از روش هاي تثبيت كننده موثر براي ترانشه ها وشيب ها وگودال ها درسرار جهان مي باشد نيلينگ در خاك بايد از نظر اقتصادي جذاب و از ديدگاه فني امكان پذير باشد .خاكها مناسب ونامناسب براي نيلينگ گذاري بايد مورد بررسي قرار گيرد همچنين درك رفتار دامنه خاك نيلينگ با خصوصيات آنها منجر به توصعه شناخت بهتر تغييرات در پارامترهاي شيب خاكي نيلينگ شده است . مقاومت برشي وچسبندگي در طول نيلينگ بين خاك وتزريق از فاكتور مهم تثبيت مي باشد. از آنجاكه هم اكنون ديوارهاي نيلينگ خاك به عنوان سازه هاي دائمي در نظر گرفته مي شوند نياز به مطالعه و توصيف رفتار خزش ديواره نيلينگ وجود دارد به همين دليل در ميان ديواره مورد استفاده براي نيلينگ گذاري نياز هست خاك هاي ريز دانه مورد بررسي بيشتري قرار بگيرد. خاك ريزدانه كه بخش مهمي از آن شامل رس سخت تا مقاوم .سيلت هاي رسي . رس هاي ماسه اي ومخلوطي از آنها مي باشند و رس ها تمايلي بيشتري نسب به خاك هاي ديگر براي خزش از خود نشان مي دهند كه تاثير منفي بر پايداري ديوار نگهدارنده در طولاني مدت دارد . به همين دليل استفاده از نيلينگ در خاك هاي رسي داراي حساسيت ويژه مي باشد كه بايد پارامترهاي خاك رسي برسي شود . تا درك درستي از توسعه خاك به خاطر آماس وفشار اضافي وتغيير شكل دراز مدت داشته باشيم. يكي از مهمترين پارامترهاي خاك هاي رسي شاخص خميري مي باشد كه بر رفتاره ديواره رسي تاثير مي گذارد كه نيازمند تحقيق ومطالعه بيشتري مي باشد. در اين مطالعه سعي مي شود شرايط مساعد خاك هاي ديواره رسي براي نيلينگ گذاري را بدست آوريم ومحدوده شاخص خميري مناسب براي نيلينگ گذاري را مشخص كنيم .Abstract Currently, one of the safest methods of lateral protection of earth pits and trenches or stone is nailing system or its Persian equivalent. Nailing is one of the most effective stabilization . methods for trenches, slopes and pits in the world. It is economically attractive and technically possible. Soils suitable and unsuitable for nailing should be examined. Also, understanding the behavior of nailing soil slope with their properties has led to the development of better understanding of changes in nail slope parameters. Shear strength and adhesion during nailing between soil and injection is an important stabilizing factor. Since soil nailing walls are now considered as permanent structures, there is a need to study and describe the creep behavior of nailing wall. Therefore, among the walls used for nailing, fine-grained soils need to be further studied. . Fine-grained soil, an important part of which includes hard to resistant clay. Clay slates. Sandy clays are a mixture of them and clays show a greater tendency to creep than other soils, which has a negative effect on the stability of the retaining wall in the long run. For this reason, the use of nailing in clay soils has a special sensitivity that the parameters of clay should be examined. To have a proper understanding of soil development due to inflammation and additional pressure and long-term deformation. One of the most important parameters of clay soils is the paste index, which affects the behavior of the clay wall, which requires more research and study. In this study, we try to obtain the favorable conditions of clay wall soils for nailing and determine the range of suitable paste index for nailing.  

  Today, access to energy is very important for developed and developing countries, and because these resources are in crisis, they cannot be trusted and a solution must be found. Therefore, the use of electric vehicles is a very good option to replace combustion vehicles in order to reduce fuel consumption and provide power in the form of distributed generation. But the point is that the community of electric vehicles at charging stations can have a huge impact on the network, and charging stations can also play a role. On the other hand, the location of charging stations in the network plays an important role in network parameters such as losses and voltage deviations. Also, the probabilistic behavior of load in the network and its changes during 24 hours a day can have a significant impact. Have power on network lines during playback. Therefore, in this dissertation, we first model and review electric car charging stations affected by the behavior of electric car owners by including load uncertainty in the Monte Carlo distribution method, which has been omitted in previous studies. Then, to determine the optimal location and capacity of electric vehicle charging stations in the 33-bus distribution network in order to reduce the negative effects on the network, including increasing network losses (active and reactive) and voltage deviations in the network bus using the algorithm. Gravitational atmosphere is addressed. The results of simulation in MATLAB software environment show an increase in losses and deviation of network voltage by placing electric car charging stations in place and with optimal capacity due to increased current and power passing through the lines. The instrumentation shows that if the charging stations of the electric vehicle are not in the optimal location, the losses and voltage deviations will be much higher than the nominal values ??of the network.

   Abstract    In this study, the simulation of the effect of different surface buildings on the Kermanshah monorail tunnel has been studied. Numerical modeling of the present study has been performed in the form of two-dimensional finite element method and in plane-strain or two-dimensional strain logic. The software selected for modeling this study was the advanced commercial-research finite element code PLAXIS 2D V8.6. At least 16 different numerical models including the cross section of Kermanshah monorail tunnel and surcharge of buildings with different number of floors have been modeled. The soil model is assumed to be a Mohr-Coulomb elastic-perfect paste model. The parameters of the numerical model have been selected based on the results of the borehole logs studied by the esteemed project consultant. The cross section of the Kermanshah monorail tunnel is in the shape of a horseshoe and is based on the new Austrian tunneling method or NATM. Building surcharge load is simulated based on its equivalent stress at the soil surface and the physics of the buildings are not modeled. The 2 to 100 stories buildings have been applied as surcharge load to the numerical model of Kermanshah monorail tunnel. Also, a free field reference model without the effect of building surcharge load is included in the 2D modeling of the research. Logical relationships are obtained between the increase in surface building surcharge and the amount of deformation. The values ??of the settlements are about five times higher than the horizontal deformations. That is, the subsidence of the soil layer above the structure of the monorail tunnel is about 5 times more affected by the lateral deformation than the increase of the upper surcharge of the building. By simultaneously comparing the maximum shear strain of different parametric numerical models with different construction surcharges, the quantitative range of shear strains is up to about 4% of the maximum shear strain. Up to an surcharge of about 15 floors, which is equivalent to the overhead of existing buildings in Kermanshah, the shear stress of different cases is almost equal (about 300 kPa). This shows that increasing the maximum 100 floors of the building above ground level has increased the amount of axial force inside the tunnel cover by at least 3.5 times.       Keywords: Soil pressure, Kermanshah monorail, tunnel, peripheral structures, soil excavation, numerical modeling.

   پايدارسازي گود و شيب ها در مناطق مختلف به دليل گسترش جمعيت ،رشد شهرسازي و راهسازي جهت تامين امنيت جاني و جلوگيري از خسارات مالي   امروزه مورد توجه بسياري از محققين قرار گرفته است . يكي از رايج ترين روشهاي پايدار سازي به دليل مزاياي بسيار ديوارهاي ميخ كوبي شده است. اخيرا برم بندي در ديوارهاي ميخ كوبي مورد پژوهش قرارگرفته و نتايج مثبت آن به وسيله مطالعات دوبعدي نشان داده شده است. باتوجه به هندسه هاي مختلف و مؤثر بر رفتار ديوار نظير گوشه ها و قوس ها با انجام مطالعات سه بعدي ميتوان رفتار ديوارهاي ميخ كوبي شده در اين شرايط را بهتر شناخت و منجر به ديد مفيد تري از عملكرد آنها شد . دراين پژوهش با استفاده از نرم افزار پلكسيس سه بعدي و دوبعدي اثرات ديوارهاي ميخ كوبي برم بندي شده را در حالت همزماني با گوشه در گود ها ، در يك تحليل عددي مورد بررسي قرار گرفته و نتايج مثبت همزمان ناشي از وجود گوشه و برم بندي وهمچنين تغييرات عرض آن بر روي نشست ها(از مقدار 9 سانتيمتر نشست به 1 سانتيمتر در عرض سه متر كاهش يافته)، تغيير مكان هاي افقي ديوار و پايداري بررسي   قرارگرفته و مدل رفتاري بررسي و ضعف مدل موركولمب نشان داده شد .

   Bitumen as an adhesive in asphalt mixtures has many weaknesses in its structure, and although it forms a small amount of asphalt mixtures, it has a decisive effect on its properties. Weakness in the bitumen structure can accelerate the occurrence of various failures, including rutting in the passage of the wheels, asphalt bleeding and cracking. Thermal cracks are the main cause of pavement failure in cold regions, which leads to several problems, including reduced safety of road users and reduced service life of roads. Therefore, the need to modify the chemical properties of bitumen adhesives and the use of modifiers in these areas can be justified.FractureMechanics Quantitatively describe the failure process in a crack-containing specimen and its growth process, and generally examine the germination and crack growth in brittle materials. Research shows that the cause of these fractures is defects such as fine cracks, the presence of which causes structural failure at stresses less than the stresses designed for the material.Inthis study, the effect of two modifiers, GO and LDPE, on the fracture toughness of hot mix asphalt in mode II loading has been investigated by performing three-point bending test at temperatures of 0 and -10 ° C. Resistance and Marshall modulus experiments were performed on the optimal percentage of additives in the three-point bending test and the control sample, and the results of these two experiments were used for economic and environmental analysisBased on the obtained results, the use of GO and LDPE at both temperatures and for all percentages used, improves K??C   compared to the control sample. The economic analysis shows that LDPE is economical and GO is uneconomical. Reduction of emissions of environmental pollutants was also calculate for different stages of asphalt mixture production

Historical buildings areelements of cultural inheritance of each culture and nation which trying toprotect and keep it is the generation's responsibility. Different factors causedamage to buildings . One of the harmful factors of historical building especiallybrick and dried brick buildings is Rising moisture which is the reason ofdepreciation of historical buildings. Many of researchers are also trying to beable to create a method to remove the presence of Rising moisture fromhistorical buildings.Tekih Moaven Almolk is oneof the historical buildings and tourist attractions of Kermanshah in which theclimbee moisture has been presented and appearanced there during the recentyears.according to the fact that the Rising moisture phenomenon in Tekih MoavenAlmolk is the consequence of the high ground water surface and the ground wateris made by capillarity property of this brick building, the most fundamentwayceto remove this phenomenon is decreasing the ground water level. decreasing the ground waterlevel is formed by drainaging the Tekih's earth by making drain pipe pits.In this research they haveused the studys and geotechnical reports of the place for model building of theground geometry and geo technique parameters. Tekih's geometry in modelbuilding is defined by produced plans in the place as an incorporated solid andrelated to inelastic behaviour. The amount of wall'selasticity is defined by doing Schmidt hammer test in Tekih Moaven Almolk andaccording to FEMA regulation relations in three different amounts and has beenallocated to Tekih's geometry. In this research 4 kind of site plot plan ofdrain pipe pits have been placed in three depth of 4,6 and 8 meters with threekinds of wall with different amounts of elasticity. In the process of modelbuilding of this research at first the ground becomes a model with drain pipepits and then the Tekih's building is placed on the ground and the analysis iscontinued until the form changes will be finished and then reach the ganglionicwater pressure in the Drainage Wells pits to ziro in order to do the drainageactivities.

چكيدهپايدارسازيگودبرداري ها در مناطق شهري و غير شهري به دليل تغييرشكل، ريزش، لغزش و واژگونيهاي محتمل و تأثيرات آن بر سازه هاي مستقر در نزديكي آن ها و مخاطرات مالي و جانيامري ضروري است. تسليح و پايدارسازي گودها به روش هاي متعددي صورت مي گيرد، كه دراين بين روش ميخكوبي خاك، به دليل مزاياي زياد اقتصادي و اجرايي از جايگاه ويژه ايبرخوردار است. بطور معمول در روش ميخكوبي خاك، ديوار? گود قائم و زمين بالادست تختاست. اما، گاهاً   به علت محدوديت ها، شرايطاقتصادي و محسنات زيبايي اجراي گود ها با هندسه هاي ديگر، مطلوب و يا ملزوم ميباشد. كه در اين شرايط تغيير هندس? گود و زمين بالادست، رفتار گود و شالود?بالادست آن را تحت تأثير قرار خواهد داد. از اين رو، در پژوهش حاضر، به مطالع?تأثيرات هندسي (هندس? پله بندي) بر عملكرد آن ها پرداخته شده است. به اين منظور،يك گود به ارتفاع 4 متر، كه در حالت مرجع داراي هندس? معمول ديوار? قائم و خاكريزتخت مي باشد، با مقياس 10/1 و شرايط كرنش مسطح در آزمايشگاه مدلسازي شده و پس ازمقايس? نتايج حاصل از مدلسازي فيزيكي با مدل هاي عددي متناظر و صحت سنجي آن ها،مدلسازي عددي در مقياس واقعي و با هندسه هاي مختلف (شامل پله بندي ديواره) موردمطالعه قرار گرفته است. مدلسازي فيزيكي گود، با استفاده از خاك ماس? شمار? 161فيروزكوه با وزن مخصوص خشك 1.49 گرم بر سانتي متر مكعب و 6 درصد رطوبت، ميخ ها وديوار? آلومينيومي و نيز يك پي نواري فولادي به عرض 8 و ضخامت 1 سانتي متر انجامشده است. شالوده پس از اتمام گودبرداري تا حد ظرفيت باربري تحت بار استاتيكيمتمركز قرار مي گيرد. مدلسازي هاي عددي كوچك مقياس و بزرگ مقياس نيز، در شرايطكرنش مسطح و با دو مدل رفتاري موهركولمب و خاك سخت شونده براي مصالح خاكي و باشرايط يكسان و متناظر با مدل هاي فيزيكي ساخته شده اند. نتايج حاصله نشان ازتأثيرات مثبت تغييرات هندسي و علي الخصوص پله بندي و كاهش زاوي? شيب ديواره، برعملكرد گود و پي نواري استقرار يافته در همسايگي آن دارند. تأثير پله بندي عمدتاًبه صورت افزايش پايداري ديوار? گود، كاهش تغييرمكان افقي ديواره، كاهش نشست پينواري و بهبود ظرفيت باربري آن و همچنين كاهش نشست هاي رخ داده در كف گود مي باشد.در شرايط احداث دو پله تغييرات بهتري نسبت به حالت يك پله اي ايجاد مي شود. اين درحالي است كه، تغيير هندس? زمين بالادست گود و افزايش زاوي? آن، تنها ظرفيت باربريپي نواري را بهبود بخشيده است. همچنين، نتايج حاصل نشان مي دهند كه، تأثيراتتغييرات هندسي در حالت استفاده از مدل رفتاري موهركولمب، با شدت و دامن? بيشتريايجاد مي شوند و تغيير شكل ها در حالت اين مدل، از مقادير مربوط به مدل رفتاري خاكسخت شونده بسيار بزرگ تر مي باشند، كه با كاهش زاوي? شيب ديواره (ديواره ها) نتايجتغييرشكل نهايي دو مدل رفتاري مورد استفاده براي مصالح خاكي به يكديگر نزديك تر وحتي برابر مي شود. اين امر مستقل از مقادير بدست آمده براي پايداري است، كه مستقلاز مدل رفتاري بوده و براي هر دو مدل رفتاري مورد استفاده برابر مي باشند.كلمات كليدي : گودبرداري، ميخكوبي خاك، پله بندي،هندس? گود، مدلسازي فيزيكي، مدل رفتاري     

  In recent years, due to the expansion of cities, today urban tra  ortation has become important and at the same time has many special complexities and cities are facing increasing population density and activities. This increase has various adverse effects and consequences, including air pollution, noise pollution and environmental pollution. Kermanshah, the ninth most populous city in Iran and the second most populous city in the west of the country, is after Tabriz. One million people will pass. Given the volume of intercity travel in the city of Kermanshah, the need to provide and review efficient forecasting methods for tra  ortation and the number of intercity trips and other influential parameters for the future has become increasingly apparent. In a way, this improves the conditions, including employment and economic and social investments, and increases the quality of life. The purpose of this research is descriptive, mathematical and innovative analysis using artificial intelligence, mlp neural network. The purpose of this study is to present a model using artificial intelligence to study and distribute population and urban employment and its relationship with the number of intra-city trips in different areas in Kermanshah. In such a way that according to these changes, necessary and appropriate management actions and planning are done. In this study, the independent variables are demographic information, employees, vehicles and number of students, while the dependent variables are tra  ortation and number of trips produced. Each of these parameters was examined in Kermanshah and then compared to the conventional model of exponential growth rate. Been paid. Finally, mlp neural network has been used to analyze the data using significant variables. The results show the appropriate efficiency of the neural network in analyzing and predicting the number of future city trips compared to other conventional methods.

Abstract: Purpose: Traffic accidents are a problem resulting from advances in technology and industrialization of societies And it causes a lot of physical, financial and emotional damage. Worldwide traffic accidents kill more than 1.3 million people annually.   It also injured more than 50 million people. Driving accidents are one of the most important public health challenges And in Iran, traffic accidents are much higher than in other countries, especially developed countries. Researchers see four factors as human, vehicle, road, and environment as major causes of the accident And the most effective factor in causing accidents is the human factor. Accordingly, efforts are needed to improve the safety of travel and to reduce traffic accidents by applying traffic safety. Experts in the field of psychology are interested in identifying the psychological factors affecting accidents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of personality traits (anxiety, stress, depression and aggression) on the number of crashes in truck drivers.   Research Methodology: The statistical population in this study is 3600 drivers in the Lorestan province cargo association. 347 samples were selected using Cochran formula and questionnaires were distributed by random sampling method. The research tool is a questionnaire consisting of four parts, the first part includes demographic questions, the second part of the Manchester Driving Behavior Questionnaire, the third part of the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Questionnaire and the fourth part the Aggression Questionnaire. In this study, using multivariate regression to determine the predictive power of variables used in the study to predict the number of accidents, and Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equations have also been used to confirm the research hypotheses and questions.   Findings and Conclusion: With increasing depression, anxiety, stress, anger and aggression, the number of risky driving behaviors increases. Regression results show that the independent variables of depression and anger have the highest ability to predict the dependent variable of number of accidents. Keyword: Traffic Safety, Traffic Accidents, Truck Drivers, Psychology, Structural Equations, Regression   

underground dam 

The environment is constantly exposed to various pollutants. Oil pollution is one of the pollutions that can lead to irreparable damage to the environment. Every day, a large amount of petroleum products enter the environment in various ways, including oil extraction, tra  ortation, leakage from storage tanks and pipelines. In addition, oil pollution affects the mechanical, chemical and dynamic properties of the soil. Changing the geotechnical properties of the soil is an important issue for structures adjacent to or on contaminated oil soil that can cause cracking or increase soil resistance. Investigating and evaluating the velocity of waves in soil structure can provide useful and significant information about the behavior of small soil strains to researchers and engineers. Since the behavior of many structures and foundations during dynamic loads is in the range of small strains, the study and calculation of parameters representing the behavior of small strains of soil has been of great importance for civil engineers. The importance and value of oil industry structures in Iran, as one of the active countries among oil exporting countries and also as a country with a high level of seismicity, has led to the importance of conducting research in order to improve the design level and accuracy of structures exposed to pollution.In the present study, the basic concepts of wave propagation in contiguous environments a digitally controlled triaxial testing apparatus was utilized as a host device and equipped by two Bender Elements, under different confining pressures to measure the shear wave velocity and finally identify the shear modulus of clay contaminated with crude oil with different percentages of contamination and to compare them with non-oil contaminated clay soils on small-strain range.  

   Numerous studies have shown that residential neighborhoods have a significant impact on people's travel behavior. However, in recent years the issue of self-selection has been the focus of attention. Residential self-selection is one's desire to choose a place of residence based on preferences. If people choose to live in specific neighborhoods based on their travel preferences, they will probably use the travel modes stimulated by the new neighborhood. But the extent to which the impact of the environment and people's preferences is still unclear. If the choice of accommodation is based on other elements - not travel-related, it is possible that people will find housing mismatches that are long-term and if not preferred location causes residential dissonance. It is possible for people to change their attitudes based on their new residential environment and travel patterns. So far, it is still unclear how the attitude and choice of travel mode after resettlement occurs. Most research on residential self-selection has been conducted in Europe and the US, and the results are not generalizable to Asian countries, particularly those with moderate to poor public tra  ort system, this study examines the role of residential preferences and environment in choosing a residential location.For this purpose, a questionnaire of people's preferences and environmental impacts was used to select a place of residence for Kermanshah citizens. Using confirmatory factor analysis, the most important preferences were identified and a two player game, non-cooperative and static game was played between the transit transition policy and the users with four distinct strategies. The results showed that for Kermanshah residents, four tra  ortation optimization options, shifting to station, price-based accommodation and TOD accommodation are the most important preferences for accommodation. The policy maker also has four strategies for doing nothing, light work (optimizing the current situation), building a mass transit system and creating sustainable development tra  ort services (TOD). Nash equilibrium in this game showed that the optimization of commuting and the policy of not doing the job according to the current conditions of Kermanshah is a good option.   

Abstract : Every year, human losses and irreparable economic catastrophes caused by earthquakes in different parts of the world are imposed on nations. Population growth and improved quality of life have led to an increase in the number of buildings and urban infrastructure, as well as an increase in public demand, which directly and indirectly increases the likelihood of various damages due to major earthquakes. In the meantime, the excavations located in the city and the effects of their existence on other adjacent structures are not ineffective in increasing the probability of various damages. The aim of this study was to investigate the two-dimensional combination of topographic effects and soil characteristics on the seismic response of excavations and adjacent structures. For this purpose, 48 hollow models with different geometric conditions of rectangular and trapezoidal shape located on the bedrock as well as a layer of sediments with 4 different impedance ratios were evaluated. The geometry of the rectangular pits was considered in 5 aspect ratios and the trapezoidal pits were considered in 5 different angles. It should be noted that parametric studies have been performed using two softwares. First, hybrid software is used to evaluate the seismic response of the structure by combining the finite element method in the near field and the boundary component method in the distant field Then, using Abacus software, the accuracy of the results is checked. In each of the excavation models, first the critical points were determined under the influence of the various factors mentioned and then the behavior of these points were analyzed and evaluated more and more comprehensively. Finally, practical diagrams for engineering uses are presented so that the spectral response of the pits can be estimated in a simple way Also, in order to improve seismic regulations in order to reduce the damage caused in the known conditions, the results can be used to complete seismic geotechnical studies.   

ذخيره آب هاي زير زميني وپيشنهاد راهكارهاي متنوع، يكي از مسائل مهم در علم مهندسي آب است. استفاده از سدهاي زير زميني يكي از راهكارهاي مفيد، اقتصادي وسازگار با محيط زيست است. هدف از اين پژوهش مدل سازي آزمايشگاهي وعددي سد زيرزميني با استفاده از خاك رس وبتن پلاستيك با ضخامتهاي مختلف است تا تاثير جنس سد بردبي عبوري ازآن بررسي شود. همچنين تاثير جنس مخزن بر دبي عبوري از سد نيز بررسي مي گردد. جنس مخزن مصالح ماسه رودخانه اي، شن ومخلوط شن وماسه در نظر گرفته شده است. در آزمايش هاي انجام شده بر سد بتن پلاستيك، جنس آبخوان تاثيري بر مقدار دبي عبوري از سد نداشته است و دبي عبوري براي هر سه نوع آبخوان برابر با صفر بوده است . اين امر نشان مي دهد كه سد بتن پلاستيك عملكرد بهتري نسبت به سد رسي دارد. درسدهاي بتن پلاستيك كاهش ضخامت تاثيري بر دبي عبوري از سد نداشته است. بيشترين دبي عبوري از سد رسي با آبخوان شني و به مقدار   (404× )اتفاق افتاده است. تمام مدل هاي آزمايشگاهي، توسط روش المان محدود دو بعدي نيز تحليل شده اند كه تطابق خوبي با يكديگر داشته اند

   اين حقيقت كه زلزله، خرابي گسترده‌اي در نواحي خاص و خرابي‌هاي جزئي در ديگر نقاط بوجود مي‌آورد، مويد اهميت اثرات محلي ساختگاه مي‌باشد. اثر چينه‌شناسي محلي و مورفولوژي محلي بر شدت حركت زمين و آسيب زلزله، سالهاي زيادي است كه توسط محققين مورد توجه قرارگرفته است. مصالح لايه سطحي زمين از سنگ بستر تا آبرفت تشكيل شده از مصالح درشت‌دانه و ريزدانه در مقابل امواج لرزه‌زا واكنش‌هاي متفاوتي دارند. رسوبات سست و نرم عموما بيش از سنگ‌هاي سخت، دامنه ارتعاشات را افزايش مي‌دهند. علاوه بر آن هندسه يا اثرات توپوگرافي ساختگاه مي‌تواند عامل مهمي در بزرگنمايي و يا كوچك‌نمايي ارتعاشات ناشي از زلزله باشد. بنابراين اثرات ساختگاهي مي‌تواند تاثير بسزايي بر كليه مشخصات مهم حركت نيرومند زمين از جمله دامنه، محتواي فركانسي و مدت زمان حركت نيرومند داشته باشد. لذا تعيين اثرساختگاه به عنوان يكي از مهمترين مراحلي كه بايد در مطالعات ريزپهنه‌بندي و طراحي سازه‌هاي مقاوم در برابر زلزله انجام گيرد شناخته مي‌شود؛ همچنين تلاش براي پيدانمودن مناسب‌ترين روش جهت كاهش خطرات ناشي از آن وظيفه يك مهندس زلزله يا ژئوتكنيك است. امروزه كاملا آشكار است كه اثرات ساختگاهي دو و سه‌بعدي، پاسخ لرزه‌اي سطح زمين و توزيع خسارت ناشي از زمين‌لرزه را به شدت تحت تاثير قرار مي‌دهد، اما برخلاف روشن شدن اهميت اثرات ساختگاهي چند‌بعدي در اغلب آيين‌نامه‌هاي طراحي مقاوم در برابر زلزله؛ هنوز تنها اثرات ساختگاهي يك‌بعدي كه بيانگر خصوصيات ژئوتكنيكي ساختگاه و عدم درنظر‌گيري اثر خصوصيات هندسي و توپوگرافي است را در پارامتر‌هاي حركت لرزه‌اي زمين مورد توجه قرار مي‌گيرند. در اين پژوهش علاوه بر مطالعات ميداني انجام شده، به منظور درك واقعي اثرساختگاه بر ميزان خرابي منطقه‌فولادي و مسكن‌مهر، واقع در بخش غربي شهرستان سرپل‌ذهاب براي نخستين بار پس از زلزله مخرب و تاريخي   آبان ، 9 گمانه شناسايي تا عمق متري، جهت شناسايي ژئوتكنيكي مسير، حفاري، و ساختار زيرسطحي زمين به طول تقريبي 300 متر در هر منطقه و(منطقه فولادي در دو راستا) به عمق

  AbstractThe stabilization of the slope is one of the most important branches of geotechnical engineering. The occurrence of instability and slip in the natural and artificial slopes is one of the phenomena that occur in Iran and in many parts of the world. The slope failure may occur under normal conditions and only under the influence of unstable mass, or may occur due to dynamic factors such as earthquakes. Today, there are various ways to stabilize and reduce the displacements of the slopes, one of which is the use of concrete piles. Stabilization of the slopes is a function of the balance between the driving forces and the rigid ones, which are performed by reducing the propulsion forces, increasing the strength of the forces, or both. In this thesis, the effect of the presence of concrete piles on the stabilization of the slopes and the reduction of its deformation in dynamic loading mode has been investigated by the abaqus finite element software. Also, the effect of some parameters such as the distance between the piles, the length of the piles, the diameter of the piles, the study of the modification of the behavioral model from Mohar-Columbus to Dragar-Prager and the study of the effect of the variation of the layers of the lower layer of the gable on the level of girder stability has been studied. The results of the analysis show that the use of pile plays an effective role in reducing horizontal and vertical displacements.  Keyword: Slope stabilization, Numerical analysis, Pile, Dynamic analysis, Abaqus

بررسي تاثير ويژگي هاي تسهيلات خياباني بر شاخص هاي ايمني در مناطق شهري ، مطالعه موردي : ايلام

  Due to increased energy consumption and

در حوزه‌ي عمران و به خصوص شاخه‌ي ژئوتكنيك پي‌ها از اهميت بسيار بالايي برخوردار هستند. از اين‌رو در چند دهه‌ي اخير، نوعِ جديدي از پي‌ها به‌نامِ پي‌هاي پوسته‌اي مطرح شده‌اند كه در تحقيقاتِ انجام گرفته نشان داده شده‌است داراي عملكردي مناسب‌تر در زمينه‌ي ظرفيت باربري و نشستِ مجاز در مقايسه با ساير پي‌ها مي‌باشند. در اين پژوهش نيز، قصد شده است تا با مدل‌سازيِ فيزيكي و عدديِ چندين نمونه از پي‌هاي پوسته‌اي بر روي خاك ماسه‌اي و با در نظر گرفتنِ دو پارامترِ عمق مدفونِ پي و مسلح‌سازيِ نمونه‌ي خاك توسط ژئوگريد، مقايسه‌اي بينِ ميزان و چگونگي فرآيندِ نشست در پي‌هاي پوسته‌اي با پي‌هاي تختِ صورت گيرد تا ابعاد جديدي از خصوصيات وعملكرد اين‌گونه پي‌ها مشخص شود.   در مدل‌سازيِ فيزيكي، سه نمونه پي پوسته‌اي هرمي با زواياي رأس 120، 90 و 60 درجه و يك نمونه پي تختِ مربعي به‌عنوان نمونه‌ي شاهد، همچنين سه نمونه پي پوسته‌اي مخروطي با زواياي رأس 120، 90 و 60 درجه و يك نمونه پي تختِ دايروي به‌عنوان نمونه‌ي شاهد بر روي ماسه‌ي 161 فيروزكوه، در قالبِ 32 آزمايشِ متفاوت درون يك جعبه‌ي آزمايشگاهي تحت بارگذاري قرار گرفتند. اين آزمايشات بر اساس دو پارامترِ عمقِ مدفونِ پي و عمق مدفونِ ژئوگريد به 4 دسته تقسيم مي‌شوند؛ دسته‌ي اول شاملِ پي‌هايي است كه بر رويِ سطحِ خاك قرار دارند و عمق مدفونشان صفر است، همچنين خاك غير‌مسلح است. دسته‌ي دوم در عمقِ مدفوني برابر با نصفِ عرضِ پي و در خاكي غيرمسلح قرار دارند. دسته‌ي سوم دارايِ عمق مدفون صفر هستند اما   بر روي خاك مسلح با عمقِ ژئوگريد برابر با نصفِ عرضِ پي مي‌باشند و دسته‌ي آخر كه در عمقِ مدفونِ نصف عرض پي قرار گرفته و عمقِ ژئوگريدِ خاكِ مسلح برابر با نصفِ عرضِ پي از زير سطحِ پي مي‌باشد. همچنين تماميِ تست‌ها به‌صورت عددي در نرم‌افزار آباكوس مدل‌سازي مي‌شوند.    به صورت خلاصه نتايجِ حاصل شده از 32 تست آزمايشگاهي و مدل‌سازي‌هاي عددي متناظر با آن‌ها، از اين قرار مي‌باشد: 1. در حالتي كه پي‌ها روي سطحِ خاكِ غيرمسلح قرار دارند، بارِ گسيختگي نهايي براي پي‌هاي پوسته‌اي از پي‌هاي تخت بيشتر است؛ اگرچه ميزان نشستِ كمتري را نشان مي‌دهند. 2. همواره با مدفون كردنِ پي‌ها و مسلح‌سازيِ خاك، بارِ گسيختگي نهايي افزايش و نشست كاهش مي‌يابد. در اين حالت بار گيسختگي نهاييِ پي‌هاي تخت از پي‌هاي پوسته‌اي بيشتر و ميزان نشست‌ِ آن‌ها به يكديگر نزديك مي‌شود. 3. پارامترِ مسلح‌سازيِ خاك در ترازِ نصفِ عرضِ پي از روي سطح خاك نسبت به مدفون كردن پي‌ها در عمقِ نصف عرضِ پي از سطح خاك، تأثير بيشتري در كاهشِ نشست و افزايشِ بار گسيختگيِ نهايي از خود نشان مي‌دهد.          4. در تماميِ حالات، بار گسيختگيِ نهايي پي‌هاي پوسته‌اي هرمي از همتايِ مخروطيِ خود بيشتر و نشستِ آن‌ها كمتر است.

Effects of bed stiffness on the seismic response of earthdams ,case study jamishan dam

تثبيت خاك رس نرم با استفاده از پسماند صنعتي آهك و سيليكات سديم

  AbstractIn the last three decades the use of geosynthetic materials for retaining walls and reinforcing slopes has increased significantly throughout the world. These materials have a very wide range of geotechnical engineering works due to their properties including corrosion and rust resistance, durability, flexibility and so on. The use of geosynthetics increases the resisting forces in the soil mass through tensile forces mobilized in these elements. As a result, there is a reduction in horizontal deformations and an increase in the general stability of soil structures. Geogrid is a member of the geosynthetic family, which is widely used for reinforcing due to the high rigidity and tensile strength and more interactions with soil particles. In the recent decades, several experimental and numerical investigations have been carried out to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations on soil reinforced by different types of materials. Recently A new type of geosynthetics called grid-anchor has been introduced to increase the load capacity of soil soils. Grid-anchor is made by changing the structure of the typical and adding polymeric anchors to it. Grid-anchor has great pullout strength than the common geogrid when it deals with the sandy soil. The basic difference between common geogrids and grid-anchor is existence of short anchors attached to the geogrid on one side which provides great pullout strength for grid-anchor that This can improve the performance of most of the structures that are reinforced with it. In this research, A series of model tests has been carried out to evaluate the effect of using grid-anchor on performance of soil reinforced retaining walls to evaluate the effects of offset distance of a strip footing on lateral displacements of the wall facing and bearing capacity of strip footing. The results of this study showing that by using of Greid Anchor to reinforcing retaining wall can be increase bearing capacity 5.6 time more than unreinforced condition and 1.5 time more than increase toward arming with Geogrid. Furthermor, The Greid Anchor can reduce the side walls displacement of the wall by 65% compared to unreinforced condition and 16% relative than the reinforcing position with the Geogrid. Also, the highest BCR(Bearing capacity ratio) in the distance b= 0.1H and the lowest amount WDR( wall displacement ratio) in the distance b= 0.4H toward by the edge of the wall.

Overpopulation in metro-polices has led to a space reduction in the cities and a tendency to use underground spaces. Underground structures, especially in cities with large populations, are built for various needs. Different solutions have been proposed for traffic problems; some of the most important of these solutions include the building subways, intersections, urban trains, and etc. Contrary to popular belief that the earthquake impacts on underground structures and tunnels are trivial, there are many cases in science research in recent years that show the significance of earthquake destruction effects on these structures. With the disclosure of the importance of the presence of underground spaces on the seismic response at the Earths surface in this regard, the researchers paid attention to studying analytical, numerical and physical modeling. Considering with seismicity of the Kermanshah city, I have tried to by using finite element ABAQUS software study the effect of earthquake on the site condition of Kermanshah metro tunnel by defining the suitable nonlinear behavior for materials used in modeling. Each one of BH-7, BH-8 and BH-9 bore holes have been analyzed in 3 different steps: first, Frequency analysis, then free field analysis (without tunnel), and finally the main model. The results derived from the time historical analysis of the three BH-7, BH-8 and BH-9 bore holes show that the maximum amplification occurs in the BH-9 borehole which is the most critical borehole in terms of amplification received waveforms on the earth surface. Although the maximum amplification occurs in the BH-9 borehole, the highest maximum stress occurs in the tunnel cover at the site of the BH-8 borehole due to the location of this borehole which is near the bedrock. On the all, the amount of damage on the dependent tunnels depends on the geotechnical characteristics of the layers, the content and intensity of the earthquake record, the amplification that occur in the soil profile, the amount of tunnel overhead, the strength of the forming materials covering the tunnel with concrete and the type and the distance from the bedrock.

<  gt;<STRONG>ارزيابي پتانسيل روانگرايي خاك با استفاده از آزمايش <I>CPT &am  am  و </I></STRONG><?xml:namespace prefix = "v" /><v:shapetype id=_x0000_t75 stroked="f" filled="f" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" coordsize="21600,21600"><v:stroke join></v:stroke><v:formulas><v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></v:f></v:formulas><v:path o:connecttype="rect" gradientshapeok="t" o:extrusionok="f"></v:path><?xml:namespace prefix = "o" /><o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></o:lock></v:shapetype><v:shape id=_x0000_i1025 type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata src="file:///C:\\\\Users\\\\saeideh\\\\AppData\\\\Local\\\\Temp\\\\msohtmlclip1\\\\01\\\\clip_image001.png" chromakey="white" o:title=""></v:imagedata></v:shape><  gt;&am  am  و دسته&am  hy;بندي&am  hy; داده&am  hy;هاي ناقص با استفاده از طبقه&am  hy;بندي ميانگين مركزي فازي (<I>FCM</I>)</B></P>

مقايسه عددي بين عملكرد لرزه اي سدخاكي با هسته رسي(FCRD) و سد سنگريزه اي با رويه بتني (CFRD) با استفاده از نرم افزار FLAC3D

<  gt;بررسي عددي ظرفيت باربري ديناميكي شالوده هاي نواري واقع بر روي شيب مسلح </P>

  پيش بيني بار معلق رسوبات رودخانه قره سو با استفاده از محاسبات نرم

  Usually pile foundatios in addition to vertical load, because of some reasons such as earthquake force, wind effects, sea waves and soil pressure affected under the influence of considerable horizontal forces. Although the applied load to pile foundations is usually a combination of vertical and lateral components, there have been few investigations on the behavior of piles subjected to combined loadings. In common methods of pile design, due to the complexity of the analysis of piles under combined load and interaction between them, the analysis of piles under combined load is ignored. This matter is acceptable if the lateral load applied to the piles was small but for lateral loads with larger quantities, study the effects of applied combined vertical and lateral loads seems necessary.In this study the influence of vertical loads on the   lateral response of a 3×3 group pile for piles used in Arvand jahan ara steel making plant located in khoramshahr that connected together by a concrete cap is studied through finite element analysis. The analysis focus on the three piles in the middle row of pile group. The response of piles to pure lateral loads was first evaluated and then the response of piles to combined loads is examined for different values of vertical loads. The soil profile contains five layers and the Mohr-Coulomb model was adopted to simulate the behavior of soil. The piles are modelled as Linear-elastic material.The results have shown that increases in horizontal soil stresses around the piles is the main affective factor in changing the lateral response of pile group under combined loads. The effect of vertical loads on the lateral response of piles depends on the pile position. The vertical loads lead to increase in the horizontal bearing capacity of piles and thus lead to more economical design of pile foundations. Bending moment and shear force values in the piles under lateral load shown that the values of these parameters also depends on the value of vertical loads applied to the piles.

Current design of Geo­ synthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) walls, shows that the horizontal deformations in the walls increases rapidly with height. To take advantage of both the aesthetics and the economics of GRS walls while considering high heights, multi-tiered walls are often used. In this context, 12 models of the walls were constructed and their performance was determined under static loading. This study presents a series of model tests on the GRS walls in a tiered configuration, to evaluate the effects of factors, including the offset distance between adjacent tiers and number of tiers, on the lateral displacements of the wall facing and ultimate bearing capacities of the strip footings on the multi-tiered GRS walls. The ultimate bearing capacity and wall deflection can be significantly improved by increasing the number of tiers wall and increase of tier-offset. Interaction between the upper and lower walls significantly influences the tier-offset, and the interaction between the walls, significantly increase in the horizontal deformation in the wall face for the upper wall. With an increase in the offset distance, the lateral displacement decreased significantly, particularly in the upper tier. The experimental results showed that, the Performance in Four layers of reinforcement, and two tier walls, the optimum offset distance obtained for D/H= 0.35. When the offset becomes significantly large, each tier functions independently.  KeywordsGeogrid, Retaining walls, Multi-tiered configuration, offset distance    

   Activation of oncogenes is one of the most critical factors which results in cancer. In this study, activation of oncogenes due to the mutation is studied and then the effect of mutant cells on the neighborhood cells is investigated. We have combined evolutionary equations of oncogenes with replicator equations in order to study the model precisely. We interpret the formation process of mutant cells and immune cells function against them, then we model the immune function with differential equations. We model the interaction between cancerous and healthy cells using the concept of evolutionary game theory. System dynamics are examined by employing replicator equations as well as control theory notions. We categorize the system into separate cases depending on its parameter values.   For cases in which the system tends to converge to undesired equilibrium points, stem-cell injection is utilized as a therapeutic suggestion. The effect of inserted stem cells on the model is considered by reforming the replicator equations as well as adding some new parameters to the system. We analyze the system by categorizing it into different scenarios based on amounts of its parameters.   In each case, the interaction rates’ values are suggested in a way that the equilibrium points of the replicator dynamics are located on an appropriate region of the state space. Based on the suggested interaction rates, it is proved that the system doesn’t have any undesirable interior equilibrium point as well. Therefore, the system is converged to a desired equilibrium points, i.e., a point with no or a scanty level of cancerous cells. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the suggestions in investigation of cancer emergent and matastasis, the rule of immune system against it and a therapeutic suggestion to elimination of the cancerous cell in different scenarios.

مطالعه عددي تاثير عملكرد قوسي در پايداري گودبرداري عميق با سيستم شمع نگهبان

ثبتيت خاك ماسه اي آلوده به نفت خام با استفاده از سيمان و پودر شيشه بازيافتي

بهسازي خاك هاي ماسه اي بوسيله ي رسوب ميكروبي كلسيت

  In this study methanol production mechanism is unchanged and methanol production in micro channel has been investigated and modeled just with change in some operation conditions (temperature, pressure and …). A main difference of micro channel than other instruments is that in micro channel can be achieved industrial scale with coupling several micro channels without change in scale of channels. In other word, with adding multiple micro channels together or put them on each other can increase instrument capacity and produce product in industrial scale without change in yield. While in other common industrial instruments maybe the project fail and change yield with increasing scale from pilot to plant. In addition, small scale of reactor has advantage that energy can be delivered better and more effective. In this work, CFD modeling of micro channel for methanol production has been carried out with Gambit and Fluent in heterogeneous conditions. Methanol is produced by syngas feed and Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 coated on wall of micro channel as catalyst. In order to design experiments, has been used design expert software and CCD method. Factor considered in the design of experiments were temperature, pressure, length and radius of reactor and entrance syngas ratio. Except syngas ratio, other parameters have been investigated, quantitatively. Optimum operation conditions were pressure of 80 bar and temperature of 523 K. In these conditions has been obtained maximum methanol production

The human brain is composed of neurons with a Switching speed of about second. Studying spikey neural network(  )s, including modeling, simulation and implementation of a biological neuron model, helps to learn about brain and cure related diseases or to design more efficient processors and smarter robots. Such applications, made this part of neuromorphic researches so popular.   In this paper, Wilson neuron model has been simulated and implemented as an acceptable approximation of Hodgkin & Huxley (1952) biological model that is more adjusted for efficient implementation on digital platforms such as FPGA. According to results, proposed model can adequately describe neuron favorable behaviour. Hardware implementation on FPGA shows that the modified model imitates the biological behavior of different types of neurons, besides using feasibility, targeting a low-cost and high efficiency.   

  Abstract:  It is obvious that there is a strong relationship between tra  ortation and land use،   each notable change in tra  ortation system has influence in pattern of urbanization،   although changes in land use have direct effects on travel pattern،   y increasing tra  ortation infrastructure the accessibility levels of different places will change and it can caused the changes in land use pattern. Changes in land use pattern make new activity and demand،   also it will then effect on tra  ortation planning and this recursive cycle will continuous this relationship indicated land use and tra  ort cycle،   we can investigate this relation with some variables for example geographical characteristics and location of the activity،   demographic and economic characteristics،   characteristics of urban demand mobility. This research is looking for Investigation of the relationship between urban density indices and vehicles kilometers travel and travel modes with recursive neural networks model. In this research the urban density indices and vehicles kilometers used as the independent variable and travel modes as the dependent variable. Four travels mode between seven cities surveyed considered that include passenger car، commercial vehicles، rail، bus. The overall objective of this research is investigation of the relationship between urban density indices and vehicles kilometers travel and travel modes. In this study the information contained seven major cities in Australia during certain times، the cities were Sydney، Melbourne، Brisbane، Adelaide، Perth، Hobart، Darwin. This research method is the use of sample. Some of the results have shown that the vehicle kilometer travel and travel modes had a strong relation which by using recursive model we are able to predict values according different policies.

  Abstract  The primary means of transmission pipeline systems for gas and other fuels are liquid.Most of these pipelines are buried underground and heavily influenced by sudden movements of the earth caused by earthquakes and landslides are located.Applied to pipeline damage during any of these events, if severe, can lead to the breakdown of instruments and therefore are large economic lossesThe subject of this thesis numerical modeling and analysis of buried pipe reply in motion a reverse faultWith regard to large deformations in the pipeline, nonlinear finite element analysis is conducted using Abaqus softwareWith each move the pipeline to one or all forms of axial loads, bending and shear is Thi  loads may lead to large compressive stresses, which in fact leads to local buckling or are generalIn this work the interaction between the pipe and the surrounding soil due to sudden movement of the earth, with a connection between pipeline and soil type, soil nonlinear response, call nonlinear material and nonlinear geometry is studied.The most important parameter for determining the performance level and the amount of damage to pipelines buried in an earthquake, the maximum strainVital artery regulations also determine the maximum strain, seismic behavior pipelines have been buried.That the relationship of stress and strain values obtained Regulations and have been compared with the results of the software.

  Speed is one of the main causes of taking place of driving crashes and the increase of their severity and also the cause of more than thirty percent of traffic fatalities .Researches have shown that drivers choose their speed based on road geometry and environmental conditions and the design speed is not more than the speed chosen by a group of drivers. So it can be said, predicting the safety level of the highway, depends on the operating speed rather than design speed. In this study, the effect of the geometry features, Environmental conditions and speed limits on the operating speed in tangents and horizontal curves of suburban four-lane roads regarding the free-flow conditions was examined. Three four-lane suburban tracks in Lorestan province were considered as the physical range of this study and the vehicle speed in 201 pieces was recorded and their data were collected. statistical analysis showed that eighty five-percent speed in the former horizontal curve,   longitudinal slope of the road, side markings and speed limitations are factors affecting the operating speed in the tangents and eighty five-percent speed in the former tangent, horizontal curve radius, longitudinal slope of the road and speed limitations are factors affecting   the operating speed in the horizontal curve. The results indicate that only in 95 and 110 km/h speed limitations vehicle drivers in tangents and horizontal curves follow the law and in other speed limitations the operating speed differences reach up to 2 times more than the defined speed limitation. Another finding of this study is that vehicle drivers in the tangents got affected only by three post speed limits out of 8 and the rate of effectiveness for the 60 km/h speed limitation is equal to 6/373 and for 50km/h is 6/581 and for 40km/h is 8/831 respectively.   And also, vehicle drivers in the horizontal curves got affected only by two post speed limits out of 8 and the rate of effectiveness for the 60 km/h speed limitation is equal to 5/466and for 50km/h is 3/980 respectively.