.B, [08.03.25 13:59] One of the common dermatological issues is skin wounds and their healing process. The significance of wound healing arises from its high prevalence in both human and veterinary medicine. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of a bacterial nanocellulose (BNC)/esculin composite on skin wounds in a rat model. A total of 45 male Wistar rats were used and divided into three groups (15 rats per group): control group, bacterial nanocellulose group, and bacterial nanocellulose/esculin group. Bacterial nanocellulose and bacterial nanocellulose/esculin discs were applied to wounds created on the dorsal region of the rats. On days 7, 14, and 21 post-experiment initiation, digital photographs were taken for morphometric evaluation, and tissues were collected to analyze histopathological changes, hydroxyproline content, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) levels, oxidative/antioxidative parameters, and the gene expression levels of interleukin-1? (IL-1?), transforming growth factor-?1 (TGF-?1), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the wound area. The results revealed that bacterial nanocellulose/esculin significantly reduced wound area compared to both the control and bacterial nanocellulose groups throughout the study period. Furthermore, esculin treatment reduced lymphocyte count compared to the control group, decreased fibroblast count in the early phases, and increased fibrocyte count in the later stages of wound healing. Other parameters such as re-epithelialization, tissue organization, collagen fiber maturation, and larger-sized blood vessels showed significant improvements in the bacterial nanocellulose/esculin group compared to the other groups. In the bacterial nanocellulose/esculin-treated group, dry matter content, glycosaminoglycan levels, and hydroxyproline content were significantly increased during different wound healing stages compared to the control group. Evaluation of oxidative stress parameters also indicated improved antioxidant status in the wound tissue of the bacterial nanocellulose/esculin-treated group, as evidenced by increased glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity and decreased malondialdehyde concentration. Moreover, esculin treatment significantly modulated gene expression patterns at different stages of wound healing, which clinically contributed to accelerated recovery and reduced inflammatory complications. The findings of this study demonstrated that bacterial nanocellulose/esculin is effective in wound healing. The accelerated wound healing properties of this formulation could be attributed to its effects on vascularization, modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, enhanced antioxidant defense mechanisms, and increased collagen and glycosaminoglycan production. Keywords: Bacterial Cellulose, Esculin, Skin Wound, Rat.

S.B, [06.02.25 11:04] In recent decades, microbial resistance has been recognized as one of the greatest challenges in public health. The emergence and spread of antibiotic- resistant bacteria have doubled the necessity for new research to discover effective antimicrobial compounds. In this context, medicinal plants, due to their bioactive compounds, have high potential for producing new drugs. Cannabis sativa L., known for its numerous medicinal properties, is the focus of this study. This research aims to investigate the antimicrobial effects of hydroalcoholic extracts and nanocapsules containing these extracts against two significant and pathogenic bacterial species, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus agalactiae. The methodology included preparing hydroalcoholic extracts from cannabis plants and synthesizing nanocapsules containing these extracts using advanced nanotechnology techniques. To assess the antimicrobial effects, standard laboratory methods such as determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were used. Additionally, the physical and chemical properties of the nanocapsules were evaluated to ensure their stability and efficacy. The results showed that the hydroalcoholic extract of the cannabis plant has significant antimicrobial effects against both target bacterial species. However, the nanocapsules containing the cannabis extract demonstrated far greater efficacy due to increased surface contact with the bacteria and improved bioavailability. These nanocapsules were able to inhibit the growth and survival of the bacteria at lower concentrations compared to the pure extract. This study highlights the importance of using nanotechnology to enhance the efficacy of herbal medicines and the development of a new generation of antimicrobial agents. This achievement can be seen as a novel step in combating microbial resistance and improving the treatment of infections caused by resistant bacteria. Keywords: Cannabis sativa, hydroalcoholic extract, nanocapsules, antimicrobial effects, microbial resistance, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus agalactiae  

  androlone is one of the most abused anabolic androgenic drugs that are abused. Studies show a connection between nandrolone and learning and memory. The effect of nandrolone on learning and memory is complicated and the results are different. Nandrolone can affect learning and memory using different pathways, including genomic and non-genomic mechanisms. Non-genomic steroid function involves the rapid induction of conventional second messenger signal transduction cascades. This process can increase intracellular calcium and activate protein kinases and phosphatases. Calcineurin is an intracellular signaling element that modulates learning and memory and the activation of calcineurin depends on calcium concentration. It is reported that steroids modulate calcineurin activity. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify nandrolone mechanism on spatial and passive avoidance memory and the role of calcineurin. In this study, 40 adult rats were devided into 4 groups including: control, nandrolone (5 mg/kg), nandrolone (15 mg/kg) and nandrolone (20 mg/kg). After 4 weeks of nandrolone injections, learning and memory will be evaluated using morris water maze (MWM) and shuttle box. At the end of behavioral measurements, the hippocampus of the rats will be extracted to assess the protein expression and calcineurin activity in dorsal and ventral hippocampus. Data analysis will be done using   

  ackground: Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal and inflammatory disease caused by feline coronavirus, with no effective treatment available to date. This disease is associated with serum protein alterations and systemic inflammation, often leading to the death of affected cats. Considering the inhibitory effects of remdesivir on RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in other similar viral diseases, this study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of remdesivir on FIP and investigate the proteomic changes induced by treatment. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted on cats diagnosed with FIP, randomly selected and treated with remdesivir for four weeks. Serum samples were collected weekly, and protein alterations were analyzed using serum electrophoresis. The resulting data were statistically analyzed, focusing on changes in inflammation-related proteins. Results: The results demonstrated that treatment with remdesivir significantly reduced the levels of inflammation-related proteins, including globulins, and improved serum biochemical indices. Proteomic changes also indicated enhanced health status in treated cats. Furthermore, patterns of serum protein changes were identified as effective markers for predicting treatment success or failure. These markers could determine the appropriate time for discontinuing treatment and prevent unnecessary drug usage. Conclusion: Remdesivir may serve as an effective therapeutic option for reducing inflammation and improving the health of cats affected by FIP. The findings of this study contribute to better therapeutic management of the disease, reduction of side effects associated with prolonged drug use, and optimization of treatment duration. Keywords: Feline infectious peritonitis, remdesivir, coronavirus, proteomics, drug therapy, serum electrophoresis Background: Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal and inflammatory disease caused by feline coronavirus, with no effective treatment available to date. This disease is associated with serum protein alterations and systemic inflammation, often leading to the death of affected cats. Considering the inhibitory effects of remdesivir on RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in other similar viral diseases, this study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of remdesivir on FIP and investigate the proteomic changes induced by treatment. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted on cats diagnosed with FIP, randomly selected and treated with remdesivir for four weeks. Serum samples were collected weekly, and protein alterations were analyzed using serum electrophoresis. The resulting data were statistically analyzed, focusing on changes in inflammation-related proteins. Results: The results demonstrated that treatment with remdesivir significantly reduced the levels of inflammation-related proteins, including globulins, and improved serum biochemical indices. Proteomic changes also indicated enhanced health status in treated cats. Furthermore, patterns of serum protein changes were identified as effective markers for predicting treatment success or failure. These markers could determine the appropriate time for discontinuing treatment and prevent unnecessary drug usage. Conclusion: Remdesivir may serve as an effective therapeutic option for reducing inflammation and improving the health of cats affected by FIP. The findings of this study contribute to better therapeutic management of the disease, reduction of side effects associated with prolonged drug use, and optimization of treatment duration. Keywords: Feline infectious peritonitis, remdesivir, coronavirus, proteomics, drug therapy, serum electrophoresis

  Canine parvoviral enteritis is a common and lethal viral disease in dogs, where rapid diagnosis and accurate prognosis are crucial for effective management and reducing mortality. This study investigates the use of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in the blood of dogs affected by parvoviral enteritis. cfDNA, which is naturally present in the bloodstream, originates from dead and damaged cells, and its levels are typically elevated in inflammatory and infectious diseases. This biomarker, especially in conditions with significant tissue damage and inflammation, can serve as a sensitive indicator for assessing disease severity and predicting complications. In addition to cfDNA, ferritin and C-reactive protein (CRP) are well-known inflammatory biomarkers. Ferritin, which functions as an iron storage protein, is elevated in response to severe inflammation and systemic infections. On the other hand, CRP is a plasma protein that increases in response to inflammation in the body and can be useful for identifying active infections and evaluating their severity. In this study, 20 dogs diagnosed with parvoviral enteritis and severe neutropenia, following initial diagnosis and informed consent from their owners, will be enrolled. Standardized treatment, based on body weight and dosage, will be administered to these patients for five days during which blood samples will be collected. Samples will be taken on the first day before treatment begins, and subsequently on each of the following five days, to assess the changes in the targeted biomarkers and their correlations in evaluating treatment response and prognosis. This study aims to compare the predictive ability of cfDNA, ferritin, and CRP for disease severity and clinical outcomes in dogs with parvoviral enteritis. The findings of this research could serve as an effective diagnostic and prognostic tool to improve therapeutic and care strategies for this life-threatening disease in dogs

Background: Given the projected increase in poultry meat consumption in the coming decades and advancements in genetic improvement processes and nutritional technologies for broiler chickens—leading to a shorter growth period—and due to the limited agricultural resources for poultry feed, the importance of the hatching phase has become more significant. In ovo injection is an innovative technology that has the potential to improve hatchability and subsequent growth performance in broiler chickens. Retinoic acid, an active metabolite of vitamin A, plays vital roles in embryonic development, cellular differentiation, and tissue formation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of in ovo injection of retinoic acid on hatchability, the expression of growth-related genes, hepatic enzyme status, and the early growth of internal organs post-hatching. Methods: In this study, 250 fertilized eggs were divided into five groups: the retinoic acid injection group, the    injection group, the DMSO injection group, the ethanol-disinfected group, and the control group. The injections were performed on day 14 of incubation, and the chicks were sacrificed on the first day of hatching for experimental analyses. The necessary samples were collected for further examinations. Results: The results indicated that in ovo injection of retinoic acid had no significant effect on the hatchability rate or chick weight. Regarding liver function, no significant changes were observed in hepatic enzyme levels, including GGT, LDH, and GOT. Gene expression analysis revealed a significant increase in GHR gene expression in the liver tissue of the retinoic acid-treated group. However, no significant changes were detected in GHR expression in intestinal tissue or in IGF-1 expression in both liver and intestinal tissues. Histomorphometric analysis of the duodenum and colon tissues showed slight changes in villus length and crypt depth, but these changes were not statistically significant .Additionally, no alterations were observed in the normal histological structure of the liver tissue. Conclusion: Overall, the results of this study demonstrated that on the first day of hatching, the expression of the GHR gene in liver tissue was significantly increased, which could potentially contribute to enhanced growth and improved growth performance later in life. Furthermore, retinoic acid at the administered concentration had no significant effects on hatchability, chick weight, liver function, IGF-1 gene expression, or the histomorphometric findings examined in this study. Keywords: In ovo injection, retinoic acid, hatchability, growth, gene expression, broiler chicken.      

abstract Dislocation of the patella is one of the main causes of lameness in dogs and is one of the most common reasons that send pets to the operating room. In this condition, the patella bone is out of its normal position and the movement of the animal is difficult. Although this condition also occurs in cats, most of the reports are seen in dogs, especially small breed dogs. Dislocation of the patella bone, if it worsens, prevents the normal activity of dogs and creates a big problem for them and their owners. Its abundance statistics have been studied by various researchers. However, despite the growing trend of keeping dogs in the last few years, no information regarding the investigation of this condition in Kermanshah city was found during the search in the available scientific source  

چكيده كلستاز يكي از بيماري هاي شايع متابوليك است. كلستاز ناشي از نقص عملكرد سلول كبدي و انسداد در مجاري صفراوي است. تجمع اسيدهاي صفراوي باعث افزايش در توليد راديكال‌هاي آزاد اكسيژن در سلول هاي كبد و ميتوكندري سلول‌ها مي‌شود. در نهايت، آسيب كبدي ناشي از كلستاز باعث تخريب ساختار بنياني واحد عملكردي كبد شده و عملكرد كبد را مختل مي كند. اسكولين يك مشتق كوماريني است كه داراي اثرات آنتي‌اكسيداني و ضد التهابي است كه مي‌تواند در درمان ضايعات كبدي ناشي از كلستاز مفيد باشد. جهت ارزيابي اثر اسكولين بر درمان ضايعات كبد، فيبروز كبدي مدل BDL (Bile duct ligation) در 30 سر موش صحرايي ايجاد شد. 10 سر موش صحرايي نيز به عنوان گروه نرمال مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. حيوانات كلستاتيك به صورت تصادفي به سه گروه تقسيم خواهند شد؛ گروه كنترل كلستاز (بدون درمان)، گروه كلستاز درمان با اسكولين 20 ميلي‌گرم/كيلوگرم و گروه كلستاز درمان با اسكولين 40 ميلي‌گرم/كيلوگرم. موش‌هاي گروه درمان، يك هفته پس از القا كولستاز تجربي، به مدت 2 هفته تحت درمان با اسكولين (گاواژ بصورت روزانه) قرار گرفتند. پس ار پايان آزمايش و اخذ خون، حيوانات آسان‌كشي شده و نمونه‌هاي بافت كبد براي مطالعات هيستوپاتولوژي، مولكولي (بيان ژن‌هاي interleukin-1? (IL-1?)، Transforming growth factor-?1 (TGF-?1)   و Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-?)) و بيوشيميايي (اندازه‌گيري هيدروكسي پرولين، پروتئين كربونيله، ليزيل اكسيداز بافتي، ظرفيت تام آنتي كسيداني، مالون دي آلدئيد، سوپراكسيد ديسموتاز، ميلوپراكسيداز   و گلوتاتيون پراكسيداز) استفاده گرديد. نتايج اين مطالعه نشان داد كه اسكولين مي‌تواند سطح آنزيم‌هاي كبدي را در موش هاي مبتلا به كلستاز كنترل و مقادير اين آنزيم ها را نسبت به گروه كنترل BDL كاهش دهد. همچنين اسكولين سطح آلبومين و پروتئين تام را در گروه‌هاي درماني نسبت به گروه كنترل BDL افزايش داد و باعث كاهش مقدار بيلي‌روبين تام شد. درمان با اسكولين تأثير قابل توجهي بر كاهش استرس اكسيداتيو داشت، و باعث كاهش غلظت‌ مالون‌دي‌آلدئيد و پروتئين كربونيله در گروه‌هاي درماني شد. همچنين اسكولين باعث كاهش مقدار هيدروكسي پرولين و گليكوزآمينوگليكان‌ها و كاهش بيان ژن‌هاي IL-1?، TGF-?1 و   TNF-?در بافت كبد موش‌هاي گروه درمان گرديد. در مطالعات هيستوپاتولوژيك نيز اسكولين توانست ساختار بافت كبد را به طور قابل‌ملاحظه‌ايي بهبود دهد و باعث كاهش هيپرپلازي مجراي صفراوي، نكروز پارانشيم كبد و التهاب شود. بنابر اين اسكولين داراي اين پتانسيل است كه به عنوان يك درمان دارويي جهت بهبود كلستاز مورد توجه قرار گيرد و در تحقيقات مشابه، جنبه‌هاي اثربخشي آن با جزييات يسشتري مورد بررسي قرار گيرد. كلمات كليدي: كلستاز، انسداد مجاري صفراوي، فيبروز كبدي، اسكولين   

مرغ مينا يكي از پرندگاني است كه به عنوان پرنده خانگي و زينتي نگهداري مي‌شود‌. با توجه به شرايط نگهداري و سيستم گوارشي –كبدي خود پرنده، بيماري كبد چرب و ذخيره آهن از شايع ترين بيماري ها در اين گونه از پرندگان است كه بيشترين علت ارجاع پرنده به كلينيك مي‌باشد. هدف مطالعه حاضر مقايسه نشانگرهاي كلينيكال پاتولوژي و راديولوژي با تأكيد بر نشانه هاي عارضه ليپيدوز كبدي و بيماري ذخيره آهن در مرغان مينا‌ (Acridotheres tristis) ارجاعي به كلينيك‌هاي دامپزشكي كرمانشاه مي‌باشد. در اين مطالعه از 30 مرغ ميناي ارجاعي به كلينيك هاي كرمانشاه، پس از گرفتن تاريخچه و معاينه، با اخذ رضايت كتبي از صاحب پرنده، خون‌گيري از وريد بال(Brachial vein)صورت خواهد گرفت، سرم خون پس از جداسازي براي بررسي و ارزيابي پارامترهاي بيوشيميايي همچون سنجش ميزان پروتئين كل، آلبومين،تريگليسيريد، آهن و آنزيم هاي كبدي در فريزر با دماي منفي 20 درجه سلسيوس نگهداري خواهد شد. همچنين براي ارزيابي پراكسيداسيون چربي در سرم، ميزان مالون‌دي‌آلدهيد سنجيده خواهد شد. از تمام پرنده‌ها عكس راديولوژي با حالت گماري در دو وضعيت شكمي پشتي و جانبي تهيه شده و مورد ارزيابي قرار خواهد گرفت. در صورت امكان آزمايش تكميلي بيوپسي كبدي انجام و با رنگ آميزي هماتوكسيلين-ائوزين، اسيد پريوديك شيفت و ماسون تري كروم انجام خواهد شد. داده هاي به دست آمده از نتايج آزمايش ها بصورت ميانگين و انحراف استاندارد بوده و با استفاده از آزمون t مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفته و همچنين براي بررسي ارتباط نتايج از ضريب همبستگي پيرسون استفاده خواهد شد. 

raw meat products play a significant role in the transmission of different types of Sarcocystis terran. Hamburger is one of the meat products that may be produced in two industrial ways in licensed factories or hand-made and sold in shops. This product is usually made from beef and can carry important pathogens such as Sarcocystis protozoa. In this research, the contamination rate of hamburgers distributed in Kermanshah with Sarcocystis parasite was investigated using two methods of pepsin digestion and molecular (PCR).

انتريت پاروويروس سگ (CPV) يكي از علل مهم مرگ‌ومير در توله‌سگ‌ها علي‌رغم درمان تهاجمي است. يكي از مكان‌هاي حمله ويروس، مغز استخوان بوده و باعث تخريب مخزن پيش‌ساز گرانولوسيتي و متعاقب آن ايجاد نوتروپني و كاهش سطح ايمني مي‌شود. استفاده از سايتوكاين‌هاي تحريك‌كننده مخزن پيش‌ساز گرانولوسيتي يكي از راه‌هاي جبران نوتروپني متعاقب درگيري با پاروويروس است. فيلگراستيم به‌عنوان يكي از مهم‌ترين فاكتورهاي تحريك‌كننده كلني گرانولوسيتي شناخته شده كه باعث بلوغ، تكثير و تمايز نوتروفيل‌ها در مغز استخوان و همچنين افزايش نوتروفيل‌هاي در گردش مي‌گردد. از طرفي در التهابات، توليد ROS افزايش‌يافته و عدم تعادل بين راديكال‌هاي آزاد و سيستم آنتي‌اكسيداني باعث افزايش توليد گيرنده‌هاي G-CSF مي‌شود. انجام مطالعه براي روشن‌تر شدن اثرات استفاده از آن در شرايط بيماري واقعي ضروري به نظر مي‌رسيد. به همين منظور 20 قلاده سگ مبتلا به انتريت پاروويروسي و نوتروپني شديد پس از تشخيص اوليه به دو گروه تقسيم شدند. يكي از گروه‌ها (تعداد 10 سگ) تزريق زير جلدي 10 ميكروگرم در كيلوگرم وزن بدن فيلگراستيم هر 24 ساعت داشت و گروه ديگر هم حجم آن آب مقطر به‌صورت زير جلدي دريافت كردند. در اين مطالعه تغييرات تعداد كل لكوسيت‌ها (TLC)، تعداد نوتروفيل‌ها، تغييرات پارامترهاي خوني و غلظت آلبومين، كورتيزول و پروتئين واكنشي C   (CRP) به‌عنوان فاكتورهاي پيش بيني بقا و نشانگرهاي استرس اكسيداتيو كه شامل، انديس استرس اكسيداتيو (OSI)، مالون‌دي آلدهيد (MDA) به‌عنوان شاخص پراكسيداسيون چربي، سوپراكسيدديسموتاز و فعاليت آنزيم ميلوپراكسيداز در سرم حيوانات موردمطالعه هر 24 ساعت به مدت 5 روز مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت همچنين بررسي ارتباط بين نشانگرها همچنين اثر آن‌ها بر روي روند درمان بيماران موردمطالعه قرار گرفت. انتريت پاروويروس سگ (CPV) يكي از علل مهم مرگ‌ومير در توله‌سگ‌ها علي‌رغم درمان تهاجمي است. يكي از مكان‌هاي حمله ويروس، مغز استخوان بوده و باعث تخريب مخزن پيش‌ساز گرانولوسيتي و متعاقب آن ايجاد نوتروپني و كاهش سطح ايمني مي‌شود. استفاده از سايتوكاين‌هاي تحريك‌كننده مخزن پيش‌ساز گرانولوسيتي يكي از راه‌هاي جبران نوتروپني متعاقب درگيري با پاروويروس است. فيلگراستيم به‌عنوان يكي از مهم‌ترين فاكتورهاي تحريك‌كننده كلني گرانولوسيتي شناخته شده كه باعث بلوغ، تكثير و تمايز نوتروفيل‌ها در مغز استخوان و همچنين افزايش نوتروفيل‌هاي در گردش مي‌گردد. از طرفي در التهابات، توليد ROS افزايش‌يافته و عدم تعادل بين راديكال‌هاي آزاد و سيستم آنتي‌اكسيداني باعث افزايش توليد گيرنده‌هاي G-CSF مي‌شود. انجام مطالعه براي روشن‌تر شدن اثرات استفاده از آن در شرايط بيماري واقعي ضروري به نظر مي‌رسيد. به همين منظور 20 قلاده سگ مبتلا به انتريت پاروويروسي و نوتروپني شديد پس از تشخيص اوليه به دو گروه تقسيم شدند. يكي از گروه‌ها (تعداد 10 سگ) تزريق زير جلدي 10 ميكروگرم در كيلوگرم وزن بدن فيلگراستيم هر 24 ساعت داشت و گروه ديگر هم حجم آن آب مقطر به‌صورت زير جلدي دريافت كردند. در اين مطالعه تغييرات تعداد كل لكوسيت‌ها (TLC)، تعداد نوتروفيل‌ها، تغييرات پارامترهاي خوني و غلظت آلبومين، كورتيزول و پروتئين واكنشي C   (CRP) به‌عنوان فاكتورهاي پيش بيني بقا و نشانگرهاي استرس اكسيداتيو كه شامل، انديس استرس اكسيداتيو (OSI)، مالون‌دي آلدهيد (MDA) به‌عنوان شاخص پراكسيداسيون چربي، سوپراكسيدديسموتاز و فعاليت آنزيم ميلوپراكسيداز در سرم حيوانات موردمطالعه هر 24 ساعت به مدت 5 روز مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت همچنين بررسي ارتباط بين نشانگرها همچنين اثر آن‌ها بر روي روند درمان بيماران موردمطالعه قرار گرفت.

 ADDIN  ADDIN  ADDIN  ADDIN  ADDIN   Abstract    Parvovirus in canids is one of the significant factors contributing to the mortality of puppies, especially from 6 weeks to 6 months of age, with a high prevalence. This virus is the most common cause of hemorrhagic gastroenteritis among the canine population. Since the initial appearance of Canine Parvovirus Type 2 (CPV-2) on a global scale in 1978, this virus has undergone rapid evolution and mutation over a short period of time. Consequently, the original CPV-2 strain was replaced in the early 1980s by newly emerging strains known as CPV-2a and CPV-2b. Recently, a third antigenic subtype, CPV-2c, has emerged in several countries, including Iran. As molecular studies on common strains have not been conducted in Kermanshah city, this study aimed to identify prevalent virus strains among 60 referred dogs to veterinary clinics in Kermanshah city. Additionally, clinical signs and patient profiles were examined and compared based on the infecting strain. Pathological examinations were also conducted on deceased puppies to assess the pathogenicity of the strains and compare their severity. The ARMS-PCR method was utilized to determine the Canine Parvovirus strains in this study. Based on the results obtained from the ARMS-PCR assay conducted on 60 sampled dogs, 56 samples tested positive for Canine Parvovirus. Among these, 2 samples (%3) were infected with CPV-2a, 29 samples (%52) with CPV-2b, and 25 samples (%45) with CPV-2c. This study did not find a significant correlation between the infecting strain and the occurrence of specific clinical symptoms. However, a significant  association was observed between the lack of vaccination and an increase in mortality rates among Canine Parvovirus-infected individuals (P<0.05). Furthermore, cases of vaccine failure and dogs infection with this disease caused by the CPV-2c strain have been observed in dogs over one year old with complete vaccination The microscopic findings demonstrated the presence of fibrinonecrotic enteritis and myocarditis in deceased animals, along with the existence of intranuclear inclusions indicating the presence of the virus in infected cells

  Abstract Habronemiasis in Horses is caused by species of Habronema nematode and transmitted by insect carriers, importantly the flies’ species including Muscae domestica and Stomoxys calcitrans. Due to importance of diseases spreading by arthropod carriers, alongside the fact that main horse training centers and farms disregarding this disease and specially its hygienic and economical aspects, this made us up to achieve supporting estimation of ocular Habronemiasis occurrence through certain diagnostic methods for this parasite via molecular tracking and also calculation of Habronema species prevalence at important horse breeding farms and horseracing centers in Kermanshah City. This study was taken place during a 14 month period by observing 41 centers (Horseracing Clubs, Breeding farms and personal stables) and population equal to 385 Horses. By considering clinical history of horses and clinical signs of Ocular Habronemiasis, 28 suspicious horses were detected and grouped in a lower society named “Targets” and they went undergone sampling from lesions of conjunctivae tissue in addition with their environmental disease carrier flies collected as second samples for proving Habronema parasitic presence and investigating Habronema species prevalence through Habronema Genome tracing via Real-time qPCR method. After molecular test procedure and statistically analyzing obtained data, 75% of the suspicious horses were reported Positive for being infected by Habronema, while the positive Targets consists of 61.9% male and 38.1% female. Although the relation of disease occurrence with factors like age of horses, season of disease occurrence, races and body colors was meaningful, indicating about 80.95% of positive targets were from Kurdish race and about 42.85% were Sorrel for their body color. Among the whole 385 horses under observation, horses with age range below 5 years old had the most infection rate and the disease prevalence was at highest peak at summer and after that, at fall. Carrier flies were sampled from suspicious Horses living places, were tested and indicate presence of Habronema Larvae in 92.85% of Targets’ environment. For environments of positive Target horses, all of places had Habronema Larvae detected in flies. As the matter of determination of Habronema species, in molecular investigation of whole positive target samples were reported 92.85% and 7.15% respectively for Habronema muscae and Habronema microstoma. Organized fundamental anti-parasitic treatment programs, sanitizing horsebox floor regularly, preventing from formation of insects attracting places from excrements all over the farm and ultimately medical management of conjunctivitis lesion treatment might be effective in reducing occurrence of ocular Habronemiasis

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5-Fluorouracil is one of the most conventional chemotherapeutic drugs for patients with colon cancer over the past several years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant enzymes and TRPC6 gene expression in rat erythrocytes after administration of 5-fluorouracil in order to find a suitable method to reduce the harmful effects of this drug on blood factors. For this purpose, 24 male Wistar rats with an average weight of 210g were divided into four groups of Low, Medium, High and control doses. In the treatment groups with 5-FU drug respectively, 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight, and in the control group, the same amount of normal saline was injected intraperitoneally once daily to each rat. Clinical signs were evaluated during the study. At the end of the 5-day period, all rats were weighed and blood samples were taken from the heart and then, serum and RBC were transferred to the laboratory for evaluation of hematologic parameters, oxidative stress indices and gene expression. Statistical analysis of data was performed using GraphPad Prism software version 9. The data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test was used to evaluate the significant differences between the groups and the level of significance of differences (P<0.05) was considered. The results of this study showed that there is significant weight loss in both high and medium dose groups. Hematocrit and RBC levels were significantly reduced compared to the control group except for the low dose group. Leukocyte counts, neutrophils, lymphocytes and platelets showed a significant increase compared to the control group. Changes in hemoglobin level were meaningless, but in all treatment groups, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, Total Oxidative Status (TOS) and Oxidative Stress Index (OSI) except for the oxidative index in medium dose group in serum, were significantly higher than the control group   and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) decreased significantly in all groups except the medium dose group in serum. The levels of Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) in RBC in all treatment groups were significantly reduced. The amount of Nitric Oxide (NO) enzyme increased significantly in medium dose of serum sample and also significantly increase in both low and high doses in RBC sample. Also, in the study of TRPC6 gene expression, the expression of this gene significantly increased in high and medium doses of 5-FU. Therefore, it can be concluded that administration of 5-FU drug in the treatment of cancer can cause oxidative stress in red blood cells and this oxidative stress increases the expression of TRPC6 gene in the membrane of erythrocytes and then causes apoptosis in them. Thus, it is recommended that physicians and veterinarians to be carefull in prescribing it to patients with blood problems and anemia.   

   Abstract Objective: Propofol and ketamine-diazepam are two of the most widely used protocols for total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) in dogs. Anesthesia and surgery disrupt the balance between antioxidants and free radicals produced by the body, which can cause oxidative stress. Therefore, choosing appropriate anesthesia protocol in order to improve the treatment and health of the patient, have particular importance. The aim of this study is the evaluation of the serum oxidative stress markers of these two anesthesia protocols for ovariohysterectomy (OHE) in female dogs to choose a better TIVA regimen.   Method: Ten female mixed-breed, approximately 1.5-year-old dogs were randomly divided into two equal groups (5 dogs in each group). In group 1 (g1) ketamine (5 mg/kg) and diazepam (0.25 mg/kg) were used for both induction and maintenance of anesthesia. In group 2 (g2) propofol (4 mg/kg and 0.3 mg/kg/min) was used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia respectively. The anesthesia in g2 was maintained by route of continuous infusion. Ovariohysterectomy (OHE) was performed routinely in all dogs. Blood samples were taken through the cephalic vein before anesthesia induction (T1), and one hour (T2), and 24 hours (T3) after anesthesia induction. Blood serum was separated by centrifugation. The serum samples were used for measuring the oxidative stress markers including; total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) using commercial kits. Oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated based on TOS to TAC ratio. Data were analyzed using a linear model in GraphPad Prism 9 software considering the significant level of p<0.05. Results: Although OSI (TOS/TAC) increased during anesthesia in two groups, it was significantly lower in g2. MDA level was significantly lower in this group only at T2. In addition, the NO level was significantly lower at T3, and the GPx level was significantly higher at T2 in g1. Conclusion: In TIVA for OHE in dogs, Propofol has the less oxidative effect (based on the TOS, OSI, and NO measures) than ketamine-diazepam. Even the antioxidant effect of propofol may be higher than ketamine-diazepam (based on the TAC and GPx measures). Keywords: Propofol, Ketamine, Diazepam, Oxidative stress, Serum, anesthesia.

  Choosing the right and safe anesthetic regimen is always animportant part of many surgeries. Therefore, the use of appropriate analgesicsin patients undergoing surgery is necessary to reduce the pain and prevent theincrease of oxidative stress factors (glutathione pathway). Among these drugs,ketoprofen and meloxicam can be used as NSAIDs. The aim of this study was to compare the effects ofketoprofen and meloxicam on the glutathione pathway in ketamine-xylazineanesthesia in rats. 80male rats aged 5 weeks were purchased. 5 rats were sampled from the heart, then75 rats were randomly divided into 3 groups. For each blood sampling 5 heads wereselected. 30 minutes before induction of anesthesia, the control group receivedsaline and the groups 1and 2 received ketoprofen and meloxicam respectively bysubcutaneous rout in the same volume. The ketamine-xylazine combination wasthen injected intraperitoneally to anesthetize all rats. Sampling times were;before induction, 30 and 60 minutes, and 24 and 48 hours postinduction. Afterseparating the blood serum, the serum levels of oxidized glutathione, glutathione, glutathione peroxidaseand glutathione reductase were measured by calorimetry usingcommercial kits. In surgeries where analgesia under 24 hours is moreimportant, it is better to use ketoprofen, and if analgesia after 24 and 48hours is important, it is better to use meloxicam.