Abstract Biosensors have attracted special attention in recent years as key tools in biomedical, environmental, and pharmaceutical fields. The increasing demand for rapid, accurate, and low-cost diagnostic methods has led researchers to use Field-Effect Transistors, specifically Tunnel Field-Effect Transistors (TFETs). Due to their low power consumption, subthreshold swing of less than 60 mV/decade, and compatibility with nano-scale technologies, these devices are ideal candidates for developing the next generation of biosensors. In this thesis, three different architectures of short-gate TFET-based biosensors, including Continuous-Gate Structure , Multi-Segment Gate Structure , and Fractional-Gate Structure, were designed, simulated, and analyzed. To investigate the effect of dielectric materials on sensor sensitivity, four different dielectric constants (1, 7, 9, and 11) were considered for filling the biosensor cavities. Simulations were performed using the Atlas environment in SILVACO software based on advanced physical models, including Band-to-Band Tunneling (BTBT), SRH and AUGER recombination, and field-dependent mobility models (CONMOB and FLDMOB). Simulation results showed that the choice of architecture and dielectric constant plays a decisive role in the sensitivity and efficiency of biosensors. In the continuous-gate structure, drain current sensitivity decreased from approximately2500 for k=11 to 400 at higher voltages. In the multi-segment gate structure, the initial sensitivity for k=11 was reported at about 600, which decreased to 70 at higher voltages. In the fractional-gate structure, sensitivity for k=11 was over 70 at low voltages and reached about 2 as the drain voltage increased. This comparison indicates that the continuous-gate structure with high dielectric constants offers optimal sensitivity performance, while the fractional-gate structure provides greater stability. The results of this research show that through optimizing gate architecture and selecting high-k dielectric materials, biosensors with higher accuracy and lower power consumption can be developed for real-world environments. These achievements can play a significant role in rapid disease diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and the development of portable medical devices. Keywords: Biosensor, Tunnel Field-Effect Transistor (TFET), Short Gate, Sensitivity, Dielectric Constant, SILVACO Simulation.

   Approximate computing is a promising approach for high-performance, and low-energy computation in inherently error-tolerant applications. This study proposes an approximate adder comprising a constant-truncation block in the least significant part and several non-overlapping summation blocks in the more significant parts of the adder. The carry-in of each block is supplied using the most significant bit of one of the input operands from the earlier block. In the most significant block, two more-precise approaches are used to generate candidate values for the carry-in. The final value of the carry-in for this block is selected based on the values of the input operands. In fact, the proposed approximate adder is input-aware, and dynamically adjusts its operation in one or two cycles to improve accuracy while limiting the average delay. The experimental results indicate that the proposed adder has a better quality-effort tradeoff than state-of-the-art approximate adders. Different configurations of the proposed adder improve delay, energy, and the energy-delay product (EDP) by 78%, 72% and 87% respectively, when compared to state-of-the-art approximate adders, all without any loss in accuracy. Additionally, the efficiency of the proposed adder is confirmed in both image dithering and stock price prediction through regression.

   In this thesis, a Wilkinson power divider is designed using a hybrid structure composed of three resonators—rectangular, square, and U-shaped—instead of the conventional quarter-wavelength transmission lines used in standard Wilkinson power dividers. The main objective of this thesis is to design a compact power divider with a wide bandwidth and improved S-parameters. This thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter one provides the fundamental concepts necessary for understanding the operation of power dividers. Chapter two reviews the concept of power division and examines common types of power divider structures along with their analysis. Chapter three presents a review of several designs that have been proposed in recent years. In chapter four, the proposed power divider is introduced and thoroughly analyzed from initial design to the final structure, including equivalent LC circuit modeling, even- and odd-mode analysis, and current density distribution. Finally, chapter five summarizes the key findings and conclusions of the research. Furthermore, this thesis introduces an innovative method to achieve multiple different center frequencies without altering the main structure. In this method, by placing three rectangular-shaped structures between the input and output ports and only changing their widths, different center frequencies can be obtained. After the design process, the characteristics and parameters of the power divider are as follows: The divider operates at a center frequency of 2.14 GHz and is capable of suppressing the second to eleventh harmonics with a suppression level of -21 dB. The physical dimensions of the divider are 10.743 mm × 10.243 mm, equivalent to 0.0095?g2 , representing an 81% size reduction compared to the conventional structure at the center frequency. The return loss is better than -51 dB, insertion loss is -3.087 dB, return loss at the output ports is better than -46 dB, and isolation between the output ports is better than -45 dB.

 Brain tumors are caused by abnormal cell growth in the brain. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most widely used method for diagnosing brain tumors. Through these MRIs, doctors analyze and identify abnormal tissue growth and can confirm whether the brain is affected by a tumor or not. Today, with the advent of artificial intelligence techniques, the diagnosis of brain tumors is performed using machine learning techniques and algorithms and artificial neural networks. The advantages of using these algorithms include rapid prediction of brain tumors, fewer errors, and greater accuracy, which helps in decision-making and choosing the most appropriate treatment for patients. In this study, an artificial neural network will be used to detect the presence of a brain tumor and its performance will be analyzed. The main goal of this research is to design an artificial neural network-based system for automatic detection of brain tumors from MRI images and classify MRI images into two categories: "brain tumor" and "normal" and ultimately achieve high diagnostic accuracy in MRI images. Keywords: Brain tumor detection, Artificial neural networks (ANN), MRI images, Convolutional neural network (CNN).

Abstract Today, with the growing complexity of digital circuits and the increasing compactness of manufacturing technologies, the likelihood of failure during both the manufacturing process and the operation of digital circuits has risen. As a result, these products require testing both during production and operation to ensure proper performance. Therefore, producing a high-quality test with a minimal number of test vectors and in the shortest time is crucial. In this thesis, a simulation-based test generation method for combinational circuits is proposed. This method utilizes an approximate criterion called approximate critical path tracing with parallel patterns to evaluate the effectiveness of candidate test vectors. This criterion is based on the traditional critical path tracing method, but introduces an approximate approach for backtracking in fan-outs. By allowing some inaccuracies in the results, this method reduces the complexity of fault simulation compared to traditional methods. The parallel pattern critical path tracing method leverages both fault-level and pattern-level parallelism, resulting in significantly higher simulation speed compared to traditional methods for determining fault coverage. Applying the parallel patterns approximate critical path tracing algorithm to ISCAS85, ISCAS89, and ITC99 benchmark circuits shows that, in over 98% of the circuits, the results strongly correlate with the exact fault coverage index. Additionally, compared to the parallel pattern fault simulation method, this approach is more than 500 times faster. The proposed test generation method, which utilizes the criterion derived from the parallel pattern approximate critical path tracing algorithm to identify effective test vectors, is capable of producing high-quality test vectors quickly. Evaluations on benchmark circuits demonstrate that this method is over 15 times faster than the one using parallel pattern fault simulation, with only a 1% average increase in the number of test vectors.    Key words: Digital circuits testing, Fault coverage, Simulation-based test-pattern generation, Approximate fault coverage index, Critical path tracing.   

   A novel design for realizing optical 2-bit analog to digital converter based on two-dimensional photonic crystals will be proposed in this thesis. The proposed structure consists of two main parts; a nonlinear 3-channel demultiplexer, followed by an optical coder. The nonlinear demultiplexer quantizes the input analogue signal based on its optical intensity at the central wavelength of ?=1550 nm and  consists of two ring resonators using nonlinear rods inside. For appropriate values of the input optical intensity, one of the ring resonators can drop the optical signal at its corresponding output port using Kerr effect. The optical coder also contains two similar ring resonators which can converts the quantized levels to 2-bit binary code. The base structure is a square lattice of silicon dielectric rods with refractive index of 3.46 implemented in an air background. The nonlinear rods used in the ring resonators are made of doped glass with refractive index and nonlinear Kerr coefficient of 1.4 and 10-14 m2W   respectively, and the total footprint of the structure is about 555 ?m2.   Maximum sampling rate is up to 240 GS/s .

Abstract SOI (Silicon-on-Insulator) field effect transistor is a transistor with many advantages over conventional silicon transistors, which is an advanced technology used in semiconductor transistors, here it is SOI-MESF transistor. The effect of the metal-semiconductor field is discussed. Using two metals (platinum) in SIO2 and one piece of oxide in the SI transistor improves DC WRF characteristics, increases breakdown voltage, increases cutoff frequency, improves potential, and improves current. . In particular, the changes made in the SOI-MESFET structure significantly improve the performance of these transistors. SOI-MESFET is very suitable for high-frequency and high-power applications, SOI-MESFET transistors are used in applications due to their special characteristics. Some of these applications include:    • High-frequency circuits: due to the reduction of interference capacitance, these transistors are suitable for high-frequency and microwave circuits. • RF amplifiers: due to thermal stability and optimal performance at high temperatures, they are used in radio frequency (RF) amplifiers. • High power circuits: due to high breakdown voltage and reduction of self-heating forces, they are used in high power circuits. • Applications: Due to the mentioned military features, they are also used in military and aerospace equipment. • Integrated circuits: due to low power consumption and high stability, it is used in integrated circuits and systems on a chip.

  سيستم هاي ميكروالكترومكانيكي يا به اختصار ممز[1]) (MEMS، كارايي قابل توجهي در فركانس هاي مايكروويوو راديويي (RF) دارند . اين تكنولوژي كاربردهاي MEMS (سيستم هاي ميكرو الكترومكانيكي) را به خصوص در سيستم هاي مخابراتي بيسيم و ماهواره نشان مي دهد. در واقع سوييچ هاي ممز   RF، ميكروماشين هاي سطحي هستندكه از حركت مكانيكي براي ايجاد يك"اتصال كوتاه" يا " مدار باز " در خط انتقال RF استفاده مي كنند .اين سوييچ ها با استفاده از روش هاي ميكروالكترومكانيكي و با اتصال الكتريكي–فلزي و با استفاده از فواصل هوايي ساخته مي شو ند . در طراحي و ساخت سوييچ هاي ممز، دو نوع اتصال مختلف وجود دارد. اين اتصال شامل پيكربندي خازني (يا شنت) و نوع فلز به فلز (يا سري) مي باشد .در سوييچ هاي خازني به دليل وجود لايه دي الكتريك بين خط انتقال و پل ، چه در حالت بالا(مدار باز) و چه در حالت پايين(مدار بسته) بين پل و خط انتقال هيچ اتصالي وجود نخواهد داشت . به دليل وجود اين فاصله سوييچ در حالت بالا و در حالت پايين مانند يك خازن عمل مي كند كه با افزايش نسبت خازني ، سوييچ عملكرد فركانس بالاي بهتري خواهد داشت. در روش پيشنهادي يك سوييچ خازني با يك لايه پلي سيليكان و يك دي الكتريك از جنس هوا و مواد ديگر كه بر بستري از سيليكان و يا خطوط CPW قرار ميگيرند ، بررسي مي شود و سعي ميشود ولتاژ تحريك سوييچ را كاهش داد چرا كه يكي از مهم ترين پارامتر ها در طراحي و ساخت سوييچ هاي ممز، ولتاژ تحريك مي باشد كه در واقع پايين ترين ولتاژي است كه با اعمال آن به مدار، سوييچ در حالت روشن قرار ميگيرد و اساسا كوچك بودن اين مقدار ولتاژ براي ما مطلوب است اما از آنجاكه اين پارامتر با پارامتر زمان سوييچينگ نسبت عكس دارد، نميتوان آن را به ميزان زياد كاهش داد. لذا با روش هاي ديگري مانند كاهش يا افزايش فواصل هوايي و تغيير جنس ماده ي دي الكتريك ، به بهبود پارامترهاي مهم سوييچ ، مانند زمان سوييچينگ و عملكرد فركانس بالا مي پردازيم

  Vibrationenergy harvesting is an ideal source of renewable energy, in this thesis a newmicro-electromagnetic harvesting mechanism for low-power applications isintroduced that can be used at a vibration frequency of less than 11 Hz, whichis used for motion harvesting. Fits humans, moving vehicles, and structuressuch as buildings, bridges, and streets. The energy harvesting mechanismresulting from the moving electromagnetic field (magnet) in the vicinity of afixed coil made of material (copper) induces a current in the coil, examples ofdifferent energy harvesting geometries to achieve the best and lowest frequencyand harvesting performance The energy generator is specified in terms ofdimensions, output power, stable sinusoidal voltage. As far as the builtprototypes showed the ability to harvest energy at low frequencies in the rangeof 2 to 10 Hz, with a voltage between 330 and 800 mV, and an output power of upto 2800 µW.

  In recent years, the electrothermal effect has beenwidely investigated in microfluidics and has been proposed and used as a promising technique for use in laboratory devices on a chip. In this research, firstly, a variety of electrokinetic phenomena   briefly introduced , which includes electroosmotic, electrothermal and electrophoresis. At first, we simulated electroosmotic micropumps in two symmetric and asymmetric geometries and showed that in fluids with High conductivity   electroosmotic EO phenomenon is inefficient, and in the following, we have investigated and compared the electrothermal micropump, which is suitable for such fluids, in two symmetric and asymmetric geometries, without external thermal bias and also under the external thermal bias. To strengthen the pumping flow, a micropump with a new geometry has been designed and simulated with rectangular holes where the electrodes are located on the inner surface of the holes, and the result of the design was that the output velocity in the presented design has increased significantly compared to the previous conventional designs. Finally, the effect of the electrical conductivity of the fluid, applied frequency, electrical potential, length of the microchannel, length of the wide electrode, the depth of the holes and the gap between the two electrodes were investigated on the fluid velocity and the maximum temperature created in the microchannel

The current research is to present a new model for low noise amplifier design in wireless local area networks. For this purpose, we consider a low noise amplifier with cascode technique and then modify the cascade. The results of this study show that the modified cascade stage has high gain and optimal noise figure. The LNA will be designed to be stable in the 3.1 to 10.6 GHz range. The results of this study can be widely used in medical devices. The results of this research showed that the amount of noise in the designed circuit has been reduced by 45.57%. Also, the amount of gain in the circuit designed by the author has also increased by 20.5%. Therefore, it can be said that in the current research, satisfactory results have been obtained regarding reducing noise and increasing gain.   

A microelectromechanical switch is an electronic device that disconnects or connects electric current by changing the position or shape of its microscopic structure. These switches consist of micro and even nanometer structures and are used as an alternative to conventional electromagnetic switches in electronic devices. With the change the dimensions, the characteristics of the switch change. For example, by reducing, the response time is improved, as well as an increase in sensitivity to electric current occurs. Also, with the change, the application frequency was higher. Microelectromechanical switches are used in many electronic applications, including memories, sensors, electronic chips, and communication devices. It is also used in the automotive, medical and industry. In this thesis, the basic structure of switches based on micro-electromechanical systems for use in radio frequency has been investigated and analyzed, and the design challenges of different analyzes have been investigated in the analysis. Then, by evaluating the previous switches and previous examples, their results and the weak and strong points of each have been analyzed. Finally, a new microelectromechanical switch for high frequency applications has been designed and simulated using polysilicon material. The presented structure is operated with 5V voltage and its switching time is less than 38 microseconds. COMSOL version 6.1 software is used to simulate the proposed structure. One of the most prominent features of the provided switches is its size, which is only 60?m × 220?m, and this value is much smaller compared to other articles and designed switches. Also, one of the other terms in the design of high frequency switches is the value of capacitor at the time of the switch, or in other words, high capacitor and low capacitor, which is referred to as the capacitor ratio. This parameter for the presented switch is 65, which is very ideal and provides various applications for the switch. At the end, the presented switch structure has been modified and with the help of twisted anchors and different structures, different switches have been presented under the title of the first and second modified structure. Each of these structures moves with the same voltage of 5 volts, and for each of these structures, the structures of switching time, capacitance ratio, displacement, and the effect of contact force have been simulated and analyzed at the level of the switch. Also, the type of material in the function of the switch has been investigated and by changing the material to gallium arsenide, it is found that the contact forces on the surface of the switch are much less and the switching time increases.   

   In recent decades, due to the growth and development of mobile telecommunication equipment and portable systems, RF researchers and designers have focused more on designing circuits with low voltage and power consumption. Most systems are now wireless, and reducing power consumption is important, which can lead to increased battery life. One of the important parts in receiver systems is the low-noise amplifier, which should be designed with low power. In this thesis, a narrowband low noise amplifier with low energy consumption and high voltage gain is presented using 0.18 ?m RF CMOS technology, so that in the proposed amplifier, the threshold voltage of the transistor can be reduced from the bias technique. body and to reduce the supply voltage and current, current reuse technique has been used. Due to the use of noise removal technique in the proposed circuit, it has resulted in acceptable noise reduction, and with the appropriate selection of circuit elements, a compromise between circuit parameters has been created. The results of the investigations show that the gain of the proposed low-noise amplifier is 13.8 dB, S11 is less than -14.37 dB, and the noise figure is 2 dB at the central frequency of 2.4 GHz. Also, the linearity is -2.5 dBm and the power consumption at the power supply voltage of 1 V is 3.79 milliwatts. The use of such a circuit can greatly contribute to the design of low-power, high-performance wireless communication systems. With further modifications, it can also be used in IoT applications where low power consumption is critical. Overall, this work shows a promising trend for the development of compact, low-power and efficient amplifiers using advanced RF CMOS technologies.

Today, SOI-MESFET transistors have many applications in the electronic world and due to their advantages such as high switching speed and working at high voltage and frequencies and reducing power consumption compared to BULK silicon body technology, but with this advantage There are also some limitations, such as the effect of self-heating and the effect of body buoyancy. In this research, we introduce a new silicon-on-insulator structure, which compared to the conventional structure, has advantages such as higher breakdown voltage, higher drain current, and improvement in RF parameters. In this structure, we have used an oxide region in the channel region. The oxide region is located between the gate and the drain, which causes an increase in the breakdown voltage, and the reason for this is that the breakdown tolerance of the oxide is higher than that of the semiconductor. A metal region is buried inside the oxide region. The metal region improves RF parameters and prevents electric field congestion. In this structure, the breakdown voltage is around 22 volts, compared to the basic structure, which is about 19 volts, we can see an increase of 3 volts, and also the drain current has increased compared to the basic structure, and the RF parameters have all improved, and as a result This structure is ordered to work in high power applications. This research is about a completely new structure that has excellent efficiency for working at very high powers. In this structure, by using an oxide region in the channel, it improves the breakdown voltage from 19 volts in the basic structure to 22 volts. We are new in the structure, and on the other hand, by using nickel and SI3N4 areas, we have improved the ac parameters and increased the maximum transmission power from 0.9 W/mm in the basic structure to 0.998 W/mm in the new structure, so we can safely say that It is an excellent structure for working at high powers  

Microstrip lines are good candidates for designing microwave filters, power amplifiers, inventors. With other elements of microwave circuits on a circuit board, he pointed out. Other applications of microstrip lines include waveguides, oscillators, and microwave power dividers.  

In this project, a microstrip antenna is presented for use in the RFEH system. In the first chapter, different EH methods are introduced. In the second and third chapters, the structure and components of the RFEH system (antenna, impedance matching circuit, and rectifier are introduced) in the fourth chapter, theory. And the final antenna design technique is discussed, which includes the introduction of the Koch curve, which is used to increase the effective length of the slot. In chapter five, at first, a microstrip antenna with a rectangular patch with a full plate is considered as the initial antenna.

Nowadays, people all around the world are suffering from many problems and diseases, one of the most important of that in recent years is covid-19, which causes many social, economy and other harms to human society. Therefore, treatment of this disease is one of the priorities of human beings today to return to normal living condition. One of the most significant steps and backgrounds for treatment of this disease and other similar diseases is nothing but diagnose this disease in accurate and fast methods that are useful for providing the ground for treatment, increasing knowledge about of that and preventing from spreading new strains. There are many different kinds of ways to diagnose this disease, which one of the most accurate and best is imaging and scan the lung and analyze it. On the other hand, artificial neural networks have many applications such as, processing and analyzing various data based on existing data sets from numbers to images, etc. one of these types of networks, is called convolutional neural networks, which are specifically used for analyzing, classification and processing various images. In this research, our goal is processing lung scan images by convolutional neural networks and receive the results in the output. Our results appear in the output according to predefined classifications based on the primary data sets, which include conid-19, normal and pneumonia. We can benefit from these results to diagnose and combat this disease. Because of the attractiveness and practicality of this field, before the present research, various researches have been done in this field. One of most important goals of this research is improve and optimize the convolutional networks by utilizing meta- heuristic algorithms in order to reduce the layers and network connections for easier and more cost-effective implementation while maintaining network speed and accuracy.

چكيده مقدمه: يكي از شاخههاي مهندسي برق، الكترونيك، و يكي از شاخههاي الكترونيك، مدار مجتمع فركانس راديويي است، كه سوئيچ يكي از المانهاي آن محسوب ميشود. چنين سوئيچي اغلب با استفاده از ترانزيستور ياديود ساخته ميشود،[2],[3 [اما در دهههاي اخير تكنولوژي سيستمهاي ميكروالكترومكانيكي توجه محققين اينحوزه را به خود جلب نموده است،[3]–[7 [اما با توجه به آن كه طراحي آن بسيار چالشبرانگيز است، تاكنونبصورت گستردهوارد صنعت نشده است. هدف: چالش فوق الذكر به اين صورت است كه هرگاه طراح يكي از پاسخ هاي سوئيچ را به مقدار مطلوبي مي رساند، مطلوبيت دست كم يك پاسخ ديگررا ازدست مي دهد، بنابراين نگارنده كوشيده است روشي را ارائه كندكه بطور بهينه طراحي مورد نظر را به انجامرساند. روششناسي پژوهش:درابتدا سهقانون مهم حاكم بررفتار سوئيچ موردنظربا استفاده ازرياضيات وبطوردقيقتعيين گرديده است. اين قوانين به خصوصيات سوئيچ بستگي دارند. سپس با استفاده از يك برنامة كامپيوتري درمحيط نرمافزار متلب، اين خصوصيات بگونهاي تعيين گرديده اند كه بازاي آنها قوانين مذكورمنجربهپاسخهاييگردند كه مطلوب ما باشند. سپس نگارنده به منظور اطمينان بيشتر، دو عدد از سه پاسخ بهدستآمدة سوئيچ را اينبار با استفاده از نرمافزار كامسول به دست آورده است. در نهايت پاسخها با پاسخهاي تعدادي از سوئيچهاي ديگركه در مقالات اين حوزه آمده مقايسه شده اند. يافتهها و نتيجهگيري: محققين اين حوزه اغلب با استفاده از آزمون و خطاي انساني تلاش مي كنند تا بر چالشفوق الذكر غلبه نمايند، درحاليكه ميتوان با استفاده از روشهايي مبتني بر رياضيات يا محاسبات، طراحي موردنظر را بطور بهينه به انجام رساند. پيشنهاد نگارنده استفاده ازتركيب الگوريتم ژنتيك با يكي ازتكنيك هاي تحليلتصميم چندمعياره بوده است. استفاده از چنين روش هايي چه به لحاظ كمي و چه كيفي سبب بهبود طراحي مي- گردد.  

Design and fabrication of Wilkinson power divider with harmonics suppression using symmetrical rectangular resonator  

   Abstract: this paper presents a technique for low noise figure reduction of low-noise-amplifier. The proposed LNA is designed in a current reuse technique that offers lower noise figure. Also, using inductor as a gate inductor reduces the effect of the input parasitic capacitance on the noise figure and provides a good matching at the input and output of the LNA. It shows that the proposed technique reduces significantly the noise figure and improves the matching. The proposed LNA is designed in 0.18 ?m process with 1.5 V supply voltage and simulated cadence software. The simulation results show that The LNA achieves voltage gain of 13.3 dB, noise figure of 2.3 dB, and S11 less than ?10 dB, while consuming only 8.1   mW. The layout schematic occupies 0.812 of chip area.

در اين پايان نامه، يك تقسيم كننده توان ويلكينسون ارائه شده است. كه در ان علاوه بر دارا بودن دو باند كاري داراي حذف هارمونيك نيز مي باشد. اين تقسيم كننده با كمك رزناتتورهاي متقارن و استاب هاي بلند و كوتاه طراحي شده است.اولين فركانس كاري اين (WPD) در فركانس 2GHz مي باشد و دومين فركانس كاري 14/1GHz مي باشد و اندازه اين كار   مي باشد لازم به ذكر است كه حذف هارمونيك و تقسيم كننده بسيار مهم است كه در اين تقسيم كننده 5 هارمونيك حذف شده است.اين تقسيم كننده بر روي برد RT-5880 ساخته و اندازه گيري شده است جواب ساخت و شبيه سازي تطبيق مناسبي دارند.

Abstract In recent years, microfluidic technology has been considered by many researchers in various fields of biology, chemistry and medical engineering due to its many advantages such as reducing the sample size, producing less waste, saving time and money. One of the main parts of laboratory processes is cell isolation. In laboratories, different methods are used to isolate or count cells; One of the main disadvantages of these methods is the high volume of the prototype, and the process of testing by these methods requires a lot of time and money. The use of dielectric force has become one of the most popular manipulation methods in microsystems due to its favorable effects such as laboratory scale, simplicity of instrument, ability to induce positive and negative forces and, most importantly, ineffective particle structure. Today, with technologies such as on-chip laboratories and dimensional shrinkage (nano and micro), all of these experiments can be performed in less time, with greater accuracy, and with smaller sample sizes. With the development of on-chip laboratory technology, the tendency to use this technology for cell isolation for cell counting or diagnostic applications in micro-dimensions has increased. Since the electrophoresis force allows us to use laboratory technologies on the chip to count or separate, and has the ability to shrink in micro and nano dimensions, more attention has been paid. What is discussed in this dissertation is the effect of different electrode shapes, different frequencies, fluid properties, channel dimensions, electrode dimensions and electrode spacing in applying dielectric force in cell separation. Since the main purpose is to isolate biological cells and these cells are strongly dependent on temperature, after comparing electric fields, field gradient, fluid conductivity and dielectric force, the effect of changes in these elements on temperature should be investigated. The sensitivity of biological cells to temperature is such that if the temperature rises above a certain value, these cells will die. Then the effect of changes in voltage and fluid conductivity is investigated and finally its effect on the process of separation of living cells from non-living cells.

   Abstract    In this study, the simulation of the effect of different surface buildings on the Kermanshah monorail tunnel has been studied. Numerical modeling of the present study has been performed in the form of two-dimensional finite element method and in plane-strain or two-dimensional strain logic. The software selected for modeling this study was the advanced commercial-research finite element code PLAXIS 2D V8.6. At least 16 different numerical models including the cross section of Kermanshah monorail tunnel and surcharge of buildings with different number of floors have been modeled. The soil model is assumed to be a Mohr-Coulomb elastic-perfect paste model. The parameters of the numerical model have been selected based on the results of the borehole logs studied by the esteemed project consultant. The cross section of the Kermanshah monorail tunnel is in the shape of a horseshoe and is based on the new Austrian tunneling method or NATM. Building surcharge load is simulated based on its equivalent stress at the soil surface and the physics of the buildings are not modeled. The 2 to 100 stories buildings have been applied as surcharge load to the numerical model of Kermanshah monorail tunnel. Also, a free field reference model without the effect of building surcharge load is included in the 2D modeling of the research. Logical relationships are obtained between the increase in surface building surcharge and the amount of deformation. The values ??of the settlements are about five times higher than the horizontal deformations. That is, the subsidence of the soil layer above the structure of the monorail tunnel is about 5 times more affected by the lateral deformation than the increase of the upper surcharge of the building. By simultaneously comparing the maximum shear strain of different parametric numerical models with different construction surcharges, the quantitative range of shear strains is up to about 4% of the maximum shear strain. Up to an surcharge of about 15 floors, which is equivalent to the overhead of existing buildings in Kermanshah, the shear stress of different cases is almost equal (about 300 kPa). This shows that increasing the maximum 100 floors of the building above ground level has increased the amount of axial force inside the tunnel cover by at least 3.5 times.       Keywords: Soil pressure, Kermanshah monorail, tunnel, peripheral structures, soil excavation, numerical modeling.

چكيده مغز انسان پيچيده ترين سيستم هستي است كه از ويژگي هاي منحصر به فردي برخوردار است. طي چند دهه اخير ، پژوهشگران سعي داشته اند تا با الهام گرفتن از مغز و نحوه عملكرد آن در پردازش اطلاعات ، سيستم هايي مشابه آن ايجاد كنند . يكي از ويژگي هاي مهم مغز توانايي خود تعميري و قابليت تحمل خطاست ؛ به طوري كه در صورت‌ آسيب ديدن چند سيناپس ، به دليل وجود سلول هايي به نام آستروسيت و از طريق سيناپس هاي سالم باقي مانده ،   سيستم عملكرد خود را در حد قابل قبولي حفظ مي كند . از آن جا كه سلول هاي عصبي در محيطي تصادفي فعاليت مي كنند ، وجود نويز يك مسئله غير قابل اجتناب است . به همين دليل در اين پروژه براي اولين بار به بررسي تاثير نويز در شبكه آستروسيت – نورون خود تعمير پرداخته شده است . با وجود اعمال نويز به جريان نورون ها ، سيستم هم چنان از توانايي خود تعميري برخوردار است و از طريق فيدبك غير مستقيم از سلول آستروسيت اثرات مخرب سيناپس هاي آسيب ديده را تا حدودي جبران مي كند . نتايج نشان مي دهند كه با وجود حضور نويز در جريان نورون ها و اعمال 80 درصد خطا به شبكه ، سلول آستروسيت هم چنان سعي در جبران خطا دارد و تا حد امكان فركانس هدف را حفظ مي نمايد .   

Abstract: The study of neural systems has been of great interest to scientists around the world in recent years, as scientists in various sciences, including biology, neurophysiology and engineering, have tried to study, understand and characterize neural networks. In this regard, neuromorphic scientists and engineers, along with neurobiologists, have simulated and implemented different parts of the nervous system, such as neurons, through analog and digital circuits. Understanding and imitating the natural state of neuronal communication can lead to further advances in the treatment of neurological diseases and injuries. A neuromorphic circuit that implements neurons electronically can reproduce the behaviors observed in real neurons using electronic circuits. The more the operation of these circuits is similar to the operation of a real neuron, the more efficient the circuit. In most of these designs, the effect of noise, which has always existed in electronic circuits, is ignored. Noise is one of the sources of changes in the function of the nervous system that affects all aspects of the functioning of the nervous system. Therefore, it is very important to know the types of noise and its sources in the nervous system and to study its effect on the structure and function of the brain and neurons. In this dissertation, our aim is to investigate the effects of noise on the output of the analog circuit of the Izhikovich neuron model. Using MATLAB software, the mathematical equations of the used neural model are implemented and the output of the model is simulated in this software. We will also simulate the orbital part of this research using Hspice software and examine the effects of noise on the circuit output. Finally, the output of MATLAB software and the output of the simulated analog circuit in Hspice software are compared. Keywords: Neuromorphic, Neuron, Spike, Noise, Izhikevich neuron model.

In this thesis, a new structure WPD with a combination of trapezoidal, circular and rectangular resonators is presented, which has small dimensions of about 11.66 mm× 13.9 mm (0.1 ?g × 0.08 ?g). It also rejects unwanted harmonics from 3.2 to 17 GHz, which means up to 10fo. The operation frequency is located at 1.67 GHz. Other benefits of proposed PD include good FBW (138%) and return losses (-28 dB). Also, the even and odd-mode analysis with LC equivalent circuit and ABCD matrix has been employed to assess the behaviour of the proposed WPD. There is a good agreement between measurements and simulation results. Thus, the proposed Wilkinson power divider can be utilized in various microwave circuits and systems.  

RFID 

  Design, simulation and fabrication of Wilkinson Power Divider with compact size and improvement parameters Thesis Title:

  Abstract:Worldwide, the building sector is responsible for about 30% of the green gas emissions and about 40% of the energy consumption. So, improving building performance can play a crucial role to cope with climate changes and resources depletion. Optimization methods can be more effective in finding the optimal building design after eliminating the less important variables using global sensitivity analysis and thereby reducing the search space. Firstly, in this thesis to identify those input variables that have a large impact on annual energy consumption of an existing office building and thermal comfort of its occupants, to assist building energy engineers and policymakers to decide on the best strategies in retrofitting proce   two different sensitivity analysis methods, namely one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) and analysis of variance (ANOVA), have been applied to outcomes of a validated model of the studied office building. These output variables were the annual electricity and gas consumption and average absolute PMV. The variables chosen as inputs that could be changed easily for the building, they were: heating and cooling set points, air infiltration and ventilation rates, supply water temperature for heating and cooling, and overall heat transfer coefficient of external walls. Then by building simulation based optimization, has been tried to reduce building's energy need, while maintaining thermal comfort in acceptable range. Because this task involves direct coupling of the optimization algorithm to a simulation model, it is computationally intensive. To overcome this issue, this thesis has described an optimization methodology based on a combination of regression models and a Multi-objective Evolutionary Algorithm (NSGA-II) that has applied for the case study. The optimization results shows that the applied method, while maintaining occupants' thermal comfort in acceptable zone, can decrease building's annual gas and electricity consumption 88.1% and 39.2%, respectively.  Keywords: building energy consumption; occupant thermal comfort; sensitivity analysis; one factor at a time (OFAT); analysis of variance (ANOVA); surrogate regression model; multi-objective optimization (NSGA-II)

  SRM motors have attracted considerable attention due to its low cost and robust structure, high efficiency, and the ability to track at variable and high speed and high ambient temperature. SRM engines are one of the oldest types of electric motors that were left out of the lack because of proper control systems, but today with modern semiconductor technology, SRM engines can be made cheap and even easier than induction motors, and will Compete with all other electric motors soon. One of the problems with this machine is the speed control complexity that is influenced by the effect of the voltage thresholds of each phase and the detection pulses which applied on phases but nowadays engineers are working to overcome the obstacles that cause these problems over time.

SRM motors have attracted considerable attention due to its low cost and robust structure, high efficiency, and the ability to track at variable and high speed and high ambient temperature. SRM engines are one of the oldest types of electric motors that were left out of the lack because of proper control systems, but today with modern semiconductor technology, SRM engines can be made cheap and even easier than induction motors, and will Compete with all other electric motors soon. using the sensor to detect the position of the rotor increases the price and complexity of the engine structure, and in addition, in the event of burning or dusting and the mass of each sensor and also noise on sensor cables which given the fact that it is used in industrial environments or electrical appliances, It is likely that this engine will not be welcomed, but in a sensorless method that uses feedback from different parts of the engine and using a microprocessor and writing complex codes to detect the position of the rotor and start the engine and take a long time It takes itself and needs much more science, but all of these happen just one time, and the engine's surroundings make it easier to control other engine parameters.

Today, the use of wireless technology has become very popular It has become an indelible part of everyday life and even the industry And an example of its applications can be cell phones, WiFi networks, Radio digital information exchange and more Cited.   To achieve these technologies, various engineering knowledge and achievements, especially in the field of electronic, have been used. Providing these features on a small chip in the advancement of the science of minimizing components VLSI , CMOS technology And the construction of RF components and circuits It's possible; RF design includes parts such as antennas, low noise amplifiers,mixers, oscillators, phase lock loops, frequency instruments and power amplifiers.An important part of the network after the antenna is the low noise amplifier, which has various parameters that interact with each other. Including noise, bandwidth, linearity, input matching and extra ; We have tried to get a more linear response from the circuit using the Linearity enhancement techniques and we have achieved 3.1-10.6 GHz bandwidth. The proposed circuit structure in the fourth chapter of this thesis is examined.key words:Low noise amplifier, bandwidth, linearity, gain, linearization technique

In this thesis design and fabrication of real time powersystem emulator for power transformer study was presented. Real time powersystem emulator historical studying and review on this emulator advantages inpower system analysis and scenario of hardware in the loop examining clearlyshow the subject importance. Many efforts have been devoted in this field andtodays trends in Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA) utilization for itsendless advantages was increasingly reported in IEEE literatures and industrialapplications. A. Benigni and A. Monti in a paper named A Parallel Approach to Real Time Simulation of PowerElectronics System (2015)

Abstract The Wilkinson power dividers are one of the most ubiquitous passive circuit elements in RF/Microwave applications. They are widely used in antenna arrays, balanced amplifiers, mixers, frequency multipliers etc. in this thesis, a compact microstrip four-way filtering power divider is presented. The structure of the proposed device includes an inline filter has generalized Chebyshev response, where frequency dependent coupling method is used to generate transmission zeros at finite frequencies. A detailed design procedure is shown to determine the initial parameters of all the characteristic impedance and electrical length. Therefore, by the outspread inline filter, the configuration of four-way filtering power divider is achieved. Three isolation resistors are used to satisfy both transmission and isolation property. A porotype is designed and fabricated on a substrate with the relative dielectric constant =3.38, the thickness of h=0.7874mm and the dielectric loss tangent of tan ?=0.0022. after the full wave simulations and optimization by using AWR environment, the dimensions of the prototype is obtained and the overall size is about   55.5×40 .The measured result show 5% bandwidth centered at 2.5 GH with low in-band return loss, high-frequency selectivity, good matching and good isolation between outputs.

Design Of Ultra Wideband Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) With Current Reuse And Noise Cancelling Technique

بررسي منحني ظرفيت سازه هاي داراي ستون بتن پر(CFD)

  Over the past several years, different control methods have been presented to avoid hyper synchronization of neurons in various papers, Because this abnormal synchrony disturbs the function of the brain and causes the diseases Like epilepsy and Parkinson. The primary treatment of disease   is drug therapy. if drug   treatment is unsuccessful, other therapies are there such as surgery and stimulation of the damaged area. in the surgical procedure, the damaged area of the brain is destroyed , which will have many side effects. In the direct stimulation technique, due to permanent stimulation of the damaged area, surgical problems can be reversed. Since stimulating methods of feedback and non- feedback are mathematical equations and have no biological background,   tried to use astrocytic stimulant as a biological stimulant. Several studies have shown that the effect of astrocytes on the absorption or release of glutamate in the synaptic space, the storage of potassium ion, and the regulation of extracellular pH is necessary to maintain the correct level of irritability in the CNS. The impairment of this function can lead to an increase in the stimulation of the neurons and their synchronization with each other. The disorder of this function can lead to an increase in the stimulation of the neurons and their synchronization with another. Therefore, astrocytes can apply appropriate control feedback to regulate neuronal activity. In this study, we tried to investigate the biological stimulus ability   induced by the behavioral dynamics of astrocytes using analog circuit design. Because astrocytes play a major role in neurological interactions in the neurons synchronization and desynchronization , the above stimulant advantage can be considered as the biological basis based on the interaction between neurons and astrocytes. To simulate the behavior of neurons in diseases caused by super-synchronization of neurons, the biological network of the neuronal population is considered, and the suggested stimulatory ability is investigate in their desynchronization. Considering the many applications that digital systems have, the design of analog circuits continues to apply where digital equivalents can not perform their tasks well. For example, in applications that require very low power, such as medicine, implantable elements, and portable and lightweight devices, digital circuits may not be appropriate. Also, all the signals in the real world are analog, and these analog signals will never be substitutable. For this reasons, the proposed system   is designed with analog circuits and simulated in the HSpice software.Key words: synchronization, stimulation, astrocyte, neuronal population, analog circuit design.  

Self-repairing is among the principal foundations of biological neural networks, upon which, adjacent synapses undertake functions of defected synapses to avoid disturbances in the network function, ending up compensating the incurred error. In the present research, a self-repairing analogue circuit is designed using an astrocyte-neuron relationship. The designed circuit is based on a software model of an astrocyte-neuron network with proven ability to detect errors and undertake self-repairing. The results obtained of the proposed circuit show that, when an error occurs in the synapses associated with a neuron, the currents of healthy synapses of the same neuron increases. This increase is made by receiving a feedback from adjacent astrocytes. This process maintains the network function and compensating the incurred error in the network. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to present a neural network-based analogue circuit with self-repairing capability considering the effect of astrocytes. In this research, the proposed circuit was designed and simulated in HSPICE software using standard 0.35 ?m CMOS technology.

  Recently, solving under determined systems is interested problem in the researchers of several science , especially that is too hard solving problem in general for reaching sparsete solution. In special term , a linear equation system can be converted to an equal convex optimization problem that has just one solution. This improvement is start for many searches and caused sparse solutions.In this thesis, we Propose a novel algorithm for sparse infiniti impulse response (IIR) filter designe. If a filter be sparse the addres and moltiplieres of zero coefficient will be deleted at last cost and complexity of implementation will redused.In recently years a lot of algorithms for sparsing signal introduced. This algorithms 0in 0in 10pt" >In this thesis we propose a novel algorithm for sparse infinitive impulse response (IIR) filter designs. The objective of the sparse digital filter design problem is to reduce the number of nonzero-valued filter coefficient.The proposed design method is i  ired by   particle swarm optimization(PSO) algorithm.This algorithm is included into two stages ,a preliminary optimization stage is introduced to determine the positions of filter coefficients to be zero then is reduced the error with determined the zero in first step. At last designed Butterworth IIR filter be sparse with six, zero coefficients with pass band edge .3791 , cut of frequency .531   and attenuation -45dB the   implemented on virtex6 Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA).

  In this study the effect of ferrite particle in magnetic field on force heat transfer enhancement is investigated. For this purpose an experimental rig has been designed. The effect of different external magnetic field is studied. The effect of reciprocate movement of magnetic field on heat transfer enhancement is studied. The results show that using this system an enhancement of between 16.35% - 36.24% are obtained. Finally, the results are expressed in terms of dimensionless numbers.

  As the number of VLSI implementations of spike-based neural networks is steadily increasing, it is important to design spike-based learning algorithms and circuits which are compatible with these systems. The circuits must have adaptation and complex patterns classification capability. Spike-based learning circuits typically are used in conjunction with linear integrate and fire neurons. As a new class of current-mode conductance-based silicon neurons has beenrecently developed, it is important to evaluate how the spike-based learning circuits perform. In this research we propose VLSI implementation of a spike-based learning circuit which consists of a post-synaptic weight control module and a pre-synaptic weight update module. We propose a new circuit for the post-synaptic weight control module which consists of a generalized I&F neuron circuit, Diff-Pair integrator as synapse, voltage comparator, WTA circuit as current comparator and astrocyte circuit. Simulation results also show that the astrocyte performance as a part of current comparator is quiet acceptable.

The human brain is composed of neurons with a Switching speed of about second. Studying spikey neural network(  )s, including modeling, simulation and implementation of a biological neuron model, helps to learn about brain and cure related diseases or to design more efficient processors and smarter robots. Such applications, made this part of neuromorphic researches so popular.   In this paper, Wilson neuron model has been simulated and implemented as an acceptable approximation of Hodgkin & Huxley (1952) biological model that is more adjusted for efficient implementation on digital platforms such as FPGA. According to results, proposed model can adequately describe neuron favorable behaviour. Hardware implementation on FPGA shows that the modified model imitates the biological behavior of different types of neurons, besides using feasibility, targeting a low-cost and high efficiency.   

Design and feasibility analysis a micro device for micro particle separation magnetophoresis

طراحي يك تقويت كننده كم نويز و بهينه سازي تابع نويز توسط الگوريتم هاي بهينه سازي در متلب

  In this thesis two new compact size high selective microstrip bandpass filters for X- and Ku-band are proposed. The presented structure uses T-shaped resonators with direct connected orthogonal feed lines. The T-shaped resonator provides high selectivity for the proposed filter and reduces the overall size of the filter, compared with conventional uniform stub. Due to its symmetrical structures, it can be analysed with the odd and even mode. Two filters at X- and Ku-band, respectively with fractional bandwidth of 30.3 % and 37 % were realized on a Roger 5880 substrate with dielectric constant of 2.2 and 15mil thickness. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate good agreement.

 synapses are the essential part for neural network that transmit the information between neurons. The biological neuron transmits electrical or chemical signal between neurons. When the pre-synapse receives a spike, it releases the neurotransmitters and cause to active receptors in the post-synapse. After receive enough neurotransmitters from pre-synapses, the post-neuron reaches threshold voltage, the action potential is occurred in post-neuron. So, with this way the information transmit between neurons  The synapse electrical circuit is the most important parts in neuromorphic that transmit the information between neurons. In this paper we propose a modified Differential Pair Integrator (DPI) synapse circuit that can remove problems of previous synapse circuits by producing standard first-order differential equation. The proposed circuit works in sub-threshold region with low power consumption and has biological time constant   in low supply voltage (1Volt). This circuit can tune the gain and time constant with three separated controlling voltages and can play a crucial role for learning neural codes and encoding spatiotemporal spike patterns linearly in biological frequency range. This circuit has good performance and advantages in comparison with different synapse circuits, so it is suitable for applications in reconfigurable neuromorphic devices which implement biologically brain circuits. The proposed circuit is designed at 0.35µm standard CMOS technology and simulated by Hspice software.   Keywords: neuron; synapse;DPI synapse circuit; sub-threshold; low power;