Abstract The use of passive control systems, such as metallic yielding dampers, is an efficient solution for improving the seismic resilience of structures and concentrating damage in sacrificial fuse components. The present research investigates the numerical and analytical seismic behavior of three-branch U-shaped metallic dampers. In the first stage, a valid experimental specimen was validated in the Abaqus finite element software to ensure the accuracy of the modeling process, and the results showed good agreement between the numerical and experimental hysteresis curves. Subsequently, a parametric study was conducted on 81 numerical models with geometric variables including arc radius (70, 90, and 110 mm), thickness (15, 20, and 25 mm), and width (40, 60, and 80 mm) under loading angles of 0, 15, and 30 degrees. All models were subjected to displacement-controlled cyclic loading to extract performance indicators such as effective stiffness, ultimate strength, and energy dissipation capacity. The results of the analysis indicated that increasing the thickness and width of the plate has a direct relationship with increased stiffness and energy absorption, while increasing the arc radius leads to a decrease in these parameters. It was also found that changing the loading angle, particularly when combined with variations in section width, influences the area enclosed by the hysteresis curve. In the final part of the research, based on the extracted data, new analytical relationships were proposed to predict initial stiffness and yield displacement with high accuracy. The validation of these relationships with numerical data confirms their efficiency in estimating the mechanical characteristics of the damper without the need for complex analysis. Keywords: Three-branch metallic damper, Parametric study, Energy dissipation, Effective stiffness, Finite element modelingt:

   Heavy metal contamination, particularly from nickel and chromium ions, have significant environmental and health risks due to their toxicity and persistence in water. Conventional removal methods mostly are lack of selectivity and efficiency. It pushes researchers to explore the novel adsorbents. In this study, phycocyanin-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles were prepared to selectively immobilize Ni(II) and Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solutions. Magnetic nanoparticles were first synthesized and coated with polyethyleneimine, followed by functionalization with phycocyanin to provide active binding sites for metal ions. Adsorption experiments were conducted under different conditions, such as initial metal concentration, and contact time, and removal efficiency and adsorption capacity were calculated. The adsorption kinetics were analyzed using a pseudo-second-order model, while Langmuir isotherms were applied to determine maximum adsorption capacities. Results showed rapid Ni(II) adsorption within minutes, whereas Cr(VI) uptake was slower but reached similar capacity over extended time, reflecting differences in affinity and interaction mechanisms. Maximum adsorption capacities were 13.85 mg/g for Ni(II) and 22.17 mg/g for Cr(VI), and adsorption was strongly influenced by pH, with nickel favoring alkaline conditions and chromium favoring acidic conditions. Desorption experiments showed that the adsorbent could be regenerated and reused, indicating practical applicability. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups responsible for selective binding and the stability of phycocyanin on the magnetic core. In conclusion, the magnetic adsorbents provided selective, efficient, and reusable removal of nickel and chromium ions, suggesting a promising approach for wastewater treatment and offering a foundation for future studies to optimize performance. Keywords: Phycocyanin, Magnetic nanoparticles, Nickel, Chromium, Adsorption

   Lithium-ion batteries are the powerhouse of the digital electronic revolution in this modern society. However, a critical issue is the thermal management of these devices' batteries to ensure rapid charging or discharging, safe operation, and efficient performance by regulating their temperature within the optimal range. Nevertheless, existing battery thermal management methods, including air and liquid cooling (known as active cooling), not only occupy significant space but also struggle to overcome battery cooling at high temperatures due to their heavy weight and limited energy consumption, leading to reduced vehicle efficiency. In contrast, passive cooling methods, referred to as phase change material (PCM)-based battery thermal management technology, have demonstrated favorable performance by saving weight and energy consumption. However, the low thermal conductivity and leakage of PCMs have limited their application in battery thermal management. In this thesis, the thermal modeling of a battery using a heater was experimentally investigated. Additionally, several battery thermal management systems, including PCMs with three different mass percentage ratios composed of paraffin and beeswax, and carbon-based aerogel/PCM composites, were fabricated. The results showed that using a PCM composed of 75% paraffin and 25% beeswax alone increased thermal performance by up to 56% compared to the other two ratios. Furthermore, using raw aerogel/PCM composed of 25% paraffin and 75% beeswax resulted in a 31% increase in thermal conductivity compared to the PCM alone. However, black aerogel/PCM composites showed acceptable performance across all ratios and resulted in a 46% increase in thermal conductivity. Overall, the use of a black aerogel/PCM composite composed of 25% paraffin and 75% beeswax was considered the optimal thermal management system due to its highest thermal conductivity.

Abstract Hydrogen production as a clean and sustainable energy source, particularly through water splitting, is considered one of the fundamental challenges in the field of renewable energy. In this study, the process of hydrogen production through photocatalytic water splitting using photocatalysts Bi?WO? and CuBi?O? with different weight ratios is investigated and analyzed. The two photocatalysts, CuBi?O? and Bi?WO?, were synthesized via a hydrothermal method and subsequently combined in various weight percentages. Due to their unique properties in light absorption and charge transfer enhancement, these photocatalysts have the potential to exhibit high efficiency in hydrogen production from water. To characterize the Bi?WO? and CuBi?O? photocatalysts, several analytical techniques were employed. Subsequently, the impact of forming a heterogeneous junction between these two materials on water splitting performance was examined. All reactions were conducted under UV-Visible light in a 160 mL quartz reactor. Experimental results indicate that although the pure Bi?WO? and CuBi?O? photocatalysts produce hydrogen at rates of 131.87 ?molg?¹ h?¹ and 165.56 ?molg?¹ h?¹, respectively, the heterogeneous Bi?WO?/CuBi?O? junction in the optimized sample significantly increases the hydrogen production rate to 341.25 ?molg?¹ h?¹ compared to the individual photocatalysts. This enhancement in efficiency is attributed to improved light absorption, increased electron and hole lifetimes, and reduced electron recombination.   Keywords: Photocatalyst, CuBi?O?, Bi?WO?, Water Splitting, Heterojunction

   The present work evaluated the lycopene recovery from industrial tomato waste using cellulase enzyme along with ethanol and alkaline treatments. Central composite design (CCD) was applied to optimize the enzymatic step. An optimal lycopene yield of ??about 51.09 µg g-1 was obtained under the cellulose-to-tomato peel ratios of 4.25 mL g-1, the temperature of 48.25 ?C, and hydrolysis duration of 152.81 min. A combination of the enzyme-ethanol treatment (at 60°C for 5 s) before solvent extraction resulted in a very small increase in lycopene yield while a combination of the enzyme and alkaline treatments (45% KOH, 10% sample weight at 55°C for 30 min) enhanced significantly the lycopene recovery yield by 249.6%. In lycopene extracted under optimal conditions, the highest antioxidant activity against H2O2 as an oxidizing agent was shown at about 75.4% in the case of the enzyme-alkaline treatment.   

   Abstract Oxidative desulfurization (ODS) is a promising method for replacing the traditional hydrogenation desulfurization process. High selectivity in removing refractory organic sulfur compounds, low cost, and milder operating conditions are the most important advantages of this desulfurization method, which has attracted the attention of many researchers in recent decades. In this research, a 3%Mn-15%MoO3/?-Al2O3 bimetallic catalyst along with H2O2 as an oxidizing agent and DMF as a solvent were used to remove organic sulfur compounds by oxidative desulfurization. For this purpose, the mesoporous 3%Mn-15%MoO3/?-Al2O3 catalyst was synthesized using the wetness impregnation method. The synthesized catalyst was characterized using XRD, FTIR, FESEM, EDS-MAPP, and BET tests, showing that the catalyst with 15%Wt MoO3 (as the active metal) and 3%Wt Mn (as the promoter metal) exhibited the best performance for oxidative desulfurization. Subsequently, the operating conditions were optimized using Design Expert 11 software and the CCD(central composite design) method to achieve the highest desulfurization efficiency. The highest desulfurization efficiency was achieved at an O/S molar ratio of 3.4, a catalyst loading of 1.1 grams for 3%Mn-15%MoO3/?-Al2O3, a reaction temperature of 60.2°C, and a reaction time of 30 minutes. Additionally, under these optimized conditions, the ODS process was performed on sour gas oil and fuel oil cuts produced by the Lavan oil refinery, resulting in desulfurization efficiencies of 58% and 44%, respectively. These efficiencies were expected due to the higher concentration and complexity of sulfur compounds present in these cuts. Finally, the 3%Mn-15%MoO3/ ?-Al2O3 catalyst underwent five regeneration cycles, and the results demonstrated that the catalyst maintained its activity well and can be reused after five regeneration cycles.    Keywords: desulfurization, Oxidative desulfurization, Bimetallic Catalyst, Wetness Impregnation,   Modeling And Optimization.   

  In this study, the effects of various pretreatment methods on cellulase enzyme production from wheat straw using solid-state fermentation and the fungus *Trichoderma reesei* ATCC 26921 were investigated. Wheat straw, as a significant agricultural waste in Iran, has high potential for producing industrial enzymes and bio-products. The main objective was to find the optimal pretreatment method for maximizing cellulase production. Through Box-Behnken design, the best fermentation conditions were found at 30°C, 80% humidity, over 6 days. The study explored acidic, alkaline, combined, and deep eutectic solvent pretreatments, revealing that the deep eutectic solvent calcium carbonate-glycerol improved enzymatic activity by 38% compared to untreated samples. FTIR analysis showed enhanced lignin and hemicellulose degradation, improving cellulose accessibility. This research emphasizes sustainable development and optimal use of agricultural waste, offering new pathways for industrial enzyme production and reduced environmental pollution.

   The aim of this study is to investigate the potential and efficiency of modified bioadsorbent of combined sheep wool (SW)-cow dung ash (CDA) in removing common heavy metal cations in industrial wastewater. The concentration of Pb (II), Cd (II) and Ni (II) solutions was measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) device. After calculating the adsorption capacity (q) and removal percentage (RE), the thermodynamics and kinetics of adsorption were studied by fitting the equilibrium experimental data with one-component and multi-component isotherms and kinetic models. To check the feasibility (spontaneity) of the adsorption process, the thermodynamic parameters including Gi   free energy (?G°abs), enthalpy (?H°abs) and entropy (?S°abs) were calculated. The effect and optimization of important process parameters were investigated in three levels with experiments designed by the response surface method (RSM) and diagrams related to software output. In order to confirm the surface modification, the adsorbents were analyzed with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The kinetic data of the cationic mixture was well matched with the pseudo-second order model (R2 > 0.993). In fitting the equilibrium data with the one-component adsorption isotherms, the lowest value of the error function and higher consistency was related to the Dubinin-Radoshkevich isotherm in single cation adsorption (R2 > 0.980) and cation mixture (R2 > 0.950). In the adsorption of two-components, the competitive Langmuir-Freundlich (CLF) and expanded Freundlich (EF) isotherms were in very good agreement with the data (R2 > 0.996 and R2 > 0. 989, respectively). The maximum adsorption capacity for the three cations of Pb (II), Cd (II) and Ni (II) in the optimal experimental conditions for the cationic mixture was 21.89, 19.93 and 17.12 mg/g, respectively. Thermodynamic studies showed that the adsorption process of all three studied pollutants is feasible and spontaneous (?G°abs < 0), exothermic (?H°abs < 0), and stable at the adsorbent-adsorbed interface (?S°abs < 0).

   In the characterization of C7+ fractions with wide boiling ranges, measuring distributed properties such as molecular weight (MW), specific gravity (SG), and true boiling point (Tb) can be time-consuming and expensive. This thesis aims to analyze oil data using Solver in Excel and neural network in Matlab to improve the accuracy of oil properties prediction. The data consists of 68 oil samples. The data were divided into two groups: black oil and condensate gas. the Solver tool in Excel to determine the parameters A, B, and P0 for each property P such as SG, MW and Tb in Riazi distribution model Solver program was also used to analyze the data and find the average percentage of the average absolute deviation (AAD%) for both black oil and condensate gas and for each property of SG, MW and Tb. The neural network was then trained using the bulk inputs of MW and SG, along with XC values ranging from0.1 to0.99. By fine-tuning the neural network, the distributed properties of SG, MW, and Tb could be predicted with high accuracy. The study aimed to reduce the complexity and cost associated with measuring distributed properties by utilizing computational tools like Solver and neural networks. So, it was possible to predict the distributed properties of heptane plus fractions with minimal empirical data. The results showed that the neural network model achieved a mean square error ·   (MSE) of (0.0258) for the gas condensate ·   (MSE) of (0.0976) for the black oils. This indicates a high level of accuracy in predicting the distributed properties of SG, MW, and Tb based on the bulk properties. In addition, a second neural network was used to verify the accuracy of the prediction made by the first network with inputs MWb,SGb,XC and outputs (Predicted outputs in the first network) and the mean square error was calculated for both condensate gas and black oil.    ·   (MSE) of (0.003746) for the gas condensate ·   (MSE) of (0.009242) for the black oils. Overall, the utilization of neural networks for the characterization of heptane plus fractions represents a promising approach to streamline the characterization process and reduce time and cost. By leveraging computational tools and machine learning techniques, researchers can enhance the efficiency and accuracy of characterizing complex hydrocarbon fractions.

Heavy metals are among the environmental pollutants that human exposure to them through water and food can cause acute and dangerous poisoning. Water pollution with heavy metals is an existing and developing global problem. Heavy metals such as lead, copper, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, etc. are among the most common pollutants found in industrial wastewater. There are different methods for removing heavy metals, among these methods we can mention chemical precipitation, ion exchange, coagulation, reverse osmosis, electrochemical processes and surface adsorption. Most of these methods have disadvantages, and among them, surface adsorption is considered as an effective method for removing heavy metals. Bioabsorbents are one of the types of adsorbents that have been considered for the removal of heavy metals. In this research, in order to remove heavy metals cadmium and copper, aqueous solutions of melon peel modified with NaOH were used. FT-IR, SEM and ASS analyzes were used in order to determine the structure and identify and check the properties of the prepared biosorbent. In the following, the factors affecting the amount of removal such as pH, amount of adsorbent, contact time and initial concentration of the mentioned metals were investigated. ¬ 170 mg/L, 1.38 g/L adsorbent dose and 45 min contact time have been obtained. Experiment design was done using Design Expert software. R2 in this model for cadmium is equal to 0.9902, which indicates that 99.02% of the data are covered by the model, and the small difference with R2adj, which is equal to 0.9765, indicates the appropriate accuracy of the model. is Kinetic experiments showed that for both metal cations, the absorption capacity increased steeply during the first 20 minutes, and after that, this process slowed down and the absorption rate decreased. Until finally, the equilibrium state occurs after about 35 min for cadmium absorption and 40 min for copper absorption. Isothermal tests of Cd(II) and Cu(II) adsorption by NMPb biosorbent in a discontinuous and single-component system with the same conditions of pH equal to 5, adsorbent dosage of 1.56 g/L, temperature of 25?C and the time required to reach The balance was done. The maximum absorption capacity calculated using the Langmuir isotherm for the absorption of Cd(II) and Cu(II) in the single component system is equal to 310.4 and 136.0 mg/g, respectively. Also, according to the results, the Langmuir model for the absorption process of each of the metal cations is the most suitable model for fitting the laboratory data due to having the lowest values ??of the error function and the highest coefficient of determination R2.   

The design and construction of water wells are unfamiliar to many engineers. Due to this unfamiliarity, their design is often done inappropriately or completely ignored. In the mechanical design of ground source heat pump systems, we should be familiar with the terminology of water wells and key issues related to their construction. In wells, the still water level and the pumping level are two different states, and in case of low water or no water, sensors and automatic cut-offs can remove the float from the circuit. In this research, we have designed a circuit that differs from existing circuits in that the circuit we have designed can be adjusted at any water level.   

   Abstract Yeast extract is a powdery substance that contains useful substances such as soluble proteins, vitamins and minerals and is widely used in food, medicine, and industrial microbiology industries. This substance is produced as a biological product from the decomposition of the cell wall of yeasts (various strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae). In the present study, in order to reduce the production costs of yeast extract, beet molasses was used as a carbon source in the batch cultivations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (PTCC 5052) at a temperature of 30 ?C and a stirring speed of 150 rpm. The growth curve of yeast was investigated in different initial concentrations of molasses and the results showed that increasing the concentration of molasses in the range of 0-10 vv-1% did not inhibit the growth of yeast and the Monod kinetic model with the specific maximum growth rate of 0.164 h-1 and half-saturation constant 1.78 vv-1% was well described the experimental data. Also, by matching the biomass experimental results with the cell maintenance energy concept model, the theoretical yield of biomass production from reducing sugars in molasses and the maintenance energy coefficient were estimated at 1.739 gcell g-1   and 0.0518   g gcell-1 h-1, respectively. High relative biomass yield and the low maintenance energy coefficient indicates favorable cultivation conditions to achieve a high biomass in the fermentation stage. After cultivation, yeast cells entered the stage of cell wall disruption. At this stage, the processes of autolysis, plasmolysis (in the presence of 0.5 M solution of NaCl and KCl), and ultrasound (20 kHz) were investigated. The results showed that the lowest production yield of yeast extract from biomass (Yp/x) with about 42% was obtained during 24 h from the plasmolysis process by the KCl solution. While, the ultrasonic process after 60 min obtained Yp/x about 78%. The integration of the plasmolysis (NaCl solution) and ultrasonic provided a yeast extract production yield of 81%. In this way, the best result was obtained for the production of yeast extract using 10 vv-1% of molasses in the fermentation stage after 24 h and applying the process of cell disruption with ultrasonic waves.   

   The sharp decline in fossil fuels, as well as the increase in the emissions of harmful air pollutants and greenhouse gases from this burning, which also includes a large percentage of energy, have reduced the acceptance of these fuels. As a safe, renewable and non-toxic fuel, biodiesel is a good alternative to petroleum diesel. The study used cattle slaughterhouse fat waste as cheap raw materials to produce biodiesel fuel by homogeneous game Trans-sterification. From the design of experiments with the design expert software to the response level method (RSM) the effects related to temperature operating parameters, potassium hydroxide catalyst concentration and molecular ratio of methanol to oil were examined individually at three different levels. A total of 17 experiments were designed and conducted individually to investigate the effects of these parameters on reaction efficiency. The results obtained are confirmed by preparing the sample in the predicted conditions of the model. The highest yield related to the molecular ratio of methanol to oil was 6: 1, the catalyst concentration was 1.25% by weight of potassium hydroxide and the reaction temperature was 62 ° C with a reaction time of 1.5 hours of 8.97% by weight. There was a good match between the data from the experiments and the statistical model for the yield of biodiesel produced. The properties of biodiesel produced were determined by the quality in terms of fuel characteristics such as density, gravity, ignition point, sulfur value, humidity and combustion point, and were well matched by the use of EN and ASTM standards. The study shows that cattle slaughterhouse fat waste can be used as a raw material for the production of biodiesel by the Trans-sterification method with the catalyst of homogeneous play of potassium hydroxide and methanol solvent.

   One of the relatively accurate methods for determining the seismic response of structures is the use of inelastic dynamic time history analysis. Due to the time-consuming nature of this type of analysis, the large amount of calculations and the need for seismic engineering knowledge, the inelastic static analysis method (Pushover) has been the focus of civil engineers. In general, this analysis method can be >In this thesis, in order to examine the rules of regulations in the discussion of higher modes, three buildings with a special RC-Moment resisting frame system and with the number of floors from 15 to 21, which have an irregular plan, were selected and modeled for analysis and design in the environment of the ETABS program. Linear static and spectral dynamic analyzes were performed on the structures. Then, based on the criteria of Article 9 of the National Regulations of Iran and Iranian Standard 2800, they were designed for the area with high seismic risk and soil type 3. After the design, the structures were inelastically modeled in the SeismoStruct program environment, and inelastic dynamic analysis was performed under three pairs of record’s far from the fault and three pairs of record’s near the fault, which were scaled according to the 2800 standard criteria. Inelastic static analysis (Pushover) was also performed under three lateral load patterns of the first mode, triangular and spectral. The structural displacement responses were extracted and used to check the criteria. By examining and controlling the inter-story drift ratio of structures, it was observed that the first mode lateral load pattern, in estimating the maximum ratio of inter-story displacement of structures, has better accuracy than other lateral load patterns and is closer to the results of inelastic dynamic analysis, although there are differences. This model estimates the need to displacement structures in upper floors more than other models. In the lower floors of structures, the triangular lateral load pattern estimates the need for displacement more than other patterns. Regarding the distribution pattern of inter-story displacement ratio, it seems that the main problem and the biggest difference is in the lower floors of the structures. However, it is concluded that the criteria of standard 2800 are justified in the discussion of pushover analysis and the effect of higher modes, and it is better to use inelastic dynamic analysis if the effect of higher modes dominates the structure.

In this research, biological plasticizer   were made based on edible oil waste using epoxidation and esterification reactions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of adding these bioplasticizers in PVC as a plasticizer and compare its properties with dioctyl phthalate (petroleum-based plasticizer). In this evaluation, FTIR, TGA, DSC analyses, brittleness test during stretching, hardness testing, and migration and fugacity resistance testing were performed. By performing the TGA test, it was found that the PVC sample synthesized with our bioplasticizer has a higher degradation temperature, which means more heat resistance compared to other samples. The tensile test analysis showed that the PVC produced with bioplasticizer in Compared with dioctyl phthalate, it has good tensile stability and the failure graph during stretching was close to the graph of dioctyl phthalate, which results showed that it has almost the same behavior as dioctyl phthalate and this softener can improve the flexibility of PVC.Then, by examining the dissolution of different synthesized samples in different solvents (polar and non-polar), we came to the conclusion that the reduction in the mass of the sample synthesized with this biological softener in non-polar solvents was significantly less and more stable, but in Polar solvents were more reducing the mass of the sample due to the polar structure of the bioplasticizer. Also, compared to other samples, it showed lower volatility and higher thermal stability in the volatility test.

  polymer materials are widely used in many household and industrial tools

   Water is a vital resource for humans, both for consumption and the production of goods. Today, with the rapid development of industries, water pollution caused by heavy metals has become one of the most significant environmental problems and a key goal of wastewater treatment. Among the methods for water purification, membrane filtration has garnered considerable attention. In this study, we conducted the fabrication and investigation of polyethersulfone-based nanocomposite membranes using the phase inversion process, incorporating graphite carbon nitride nanoparticles and nanoparticles functionalized with salicyl aldehyde, indigo, and indigo carmine. This study aims to examine the impact of adding nanoparticles on heavy metal removal and anti-fouling properties. We performed Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy to study the structure of nanoparticles and verify the functionalization of nanoparticles. Additionally, scanning electron microscope analysis, contact angle measurements, and porosity assessment were conducted to investigate the structure of nanocomposite membranes. The fabricated membranes were evaluated for pure water flux, the ability to remove Cu+2 heavy metal ions, antifouling properties, and flux recovery ratio against a milk powder solution. The results demonstrate an increase in the hydrophilicity and pure water flux of nanocomposite membranes when nanoparticles are added, primarily due to the presence of hydrophilic functional groups on their surface. Surface scanning electron microscope images and cross-sections of the nanocomposite membranes show that all the produced membranes possess an asymmetric structure, characterized by a compact, thin, and dense upper layer and a porous bottom layer with finger-like structures. Regarding the filtration of copper nitrate solution, nanocomposite membranes containing 0.5%wt of g-C3N4/Indigo and g-C3N4/IndigoCarmin displayed removal efficiencies of 97.43% and 98.35%, respectively. The membrane containing 1.5%wt of g-C3N4/Salicylaldehyde exhibited a 98.05% removal of copper ions, significantly outperforming the pure polyethersulfone membrane and nanocomposite membrane containing unmodified nanoparticles, which achieved removal efficiencies of 37.23% and 70.65%, respectively. This makes the modified nanofiltration membranes highly suitable for practical applications. The flux recovery ratio for nanocomposite membranes containing 1.5%wt of g-C3N4/Salicylaldehyde, 0.5%wt of g-C3N4/IndigoCarmin, and 0.5%wt of g-C3N4/Indigo was found to be 86.58%, 90.16%, and 79.93%, respectively. These values indicate superior antifouling properties compared to the pure polyethersulfone membrane, which achieved a 61.44% flux recovery ratio. Keywords: Membrane filtration, Graphite carbon nitride, Wastewater treatment, Surface properties, Antifouling

   Due to the presence of impurities in liquid toluene as a feed for industrial units, these units witness a significant drop in the quality of their products. The mono- and multi-component adsorption of organic impurities from toluene, as an organic phase, was carried out using granular activated carbon (GAC). Ethylcyclopentane (ECP), Methylbenzothiophene (MBT) and Xylene (XYL) were considered as the main components of synthetic solution representative the non-aromatic, sulfur, and aromatic impurity groups in real feed-stock, respectively. Continuous experiments on a packed column under the different bed height (60-120 cm), liquid flow rate (1-3 L/min) and adsorbate initial concentration (200-400 mg/L) were evaluated on breakthrough curves. Breakthrough curves are considered as basic tools in the design and construction of surface adsorption system on an industrial scale. Also, the performance and efficiency of adsorption to remove pollutants and impurities from the flow in a fixed-bed column is usually evaluated by Breakthrough curves. The GAC successfully adsorbates ECP, MBT and XYL from toluene. Among the various breakthrough models available in literature, the Thomas model had a well correlation (R2 >0.93) with all three adsorbates. As well as, the results showed that increasing the depth of the adsorbent improved the removal of ECP, MBT and XYL, while increasing the flow rate and the concentration of adsorbates reduced the removal of ECP, MBT and XYL. Experimental results in mono- and multi-component systems reveal the order of these compounds in term of adsorption affinity onto GAC as MBT > ECP > XYL. Besides, a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation model was developed to simulate and analyze the adsorbates concentration inside of the adsorption column. The simulated breakthrough curve had a good reproducibility with experimental data (R2 >0.97). In addition, the CFD model shows a high mass transfer zone and a slow adsorption rate in all tests of adsorbates adsorption; as well as, the mass transfer zone grew as the bed height increased.

  The presence of colored pollutants in water causes irreparable damage to the environment and huma   Therefore, it is necessary to purify this pollutant from water. There are many methods for treating water containing colored pollution, including coagulation, advanced oxidation processes, membrane processes, and biological processes. In this study, the absorption method has been used due to its numerous advantages such as the availability of various raw materials, low cost, high efficiency, and reusability to remove the synthetic color pollution of methylene blue. In the absorption tests, two types of slag absorbent after oil extraction (absorbent A) and biochar extracted from it (absorbent B) have been used. In the absorption tests, the independent variables of methylene blue dye concentration, absorbent amount, contact time and temperature have been evaluated. The results showed that adsorbent A has a better performance than adsorbent B. For example, under the same conditions, the amount of adsorbent 0.01 g in 10 ml of methylene blue solution with a concentration of 40 mg/l adsorbent A and B can remove 97.5% and 55.5% of color, respectively. have been. The isotherm of the process has been investigated using the Langmuir and Freundlich experimental models, the kinetics of the process using the first and second pseudo-order models, and the thermodynamics of the process using the Van Hoof model. The results showed that the experimental data of adsorbent A has a better match with the Freundlich model R=98%, while the equilibrium data of adsorbent B is more accurately fitted with the Langmuir model R=99%. Adsorbent A with R=299% and Adsorbent B with R=2% have a good agreement with the pseudo-second order kinetic equation. Also, the thermodynamic study of the process showed that the absorption of methylene blue has an endothermic and spontaneous nature. Adsorbent recovery allows to reuse the adsorbent after two periods of recovery of adsorbents A and B in the condition of 0.01 g of adsorbent in 10 ml of methylene blue solution with a concentration of 100 mg/l, able to remove 53.30% and 41.56%, respectively. have been color

   Currently, removing sulfur from gas or liquid fuels is one of the most important tasks of the oil refining industry. Sulfur compounds such as mercaptans, thiophenes, benzothiophenes, and dibenzothiophenes can be converted into SOx during gas or liquid combustion. Various physical, chemical and biological methods have been investigated in order to remove sulfur impurities from petroleum compounds, which include HDS, ADS, BDS, EDS and ODS. In this research, the oxidative desulfurization process of simulated oil cut containing 1000ppm di-benzothiophene using heterogeneous catalysts with loading of potassium tungsten oxide based on natural kaolin zeolite along with hydrogen peroxide as oxidizing agent and acetonitrile as solvent. The extraction was done in which catalysts with 5, 10, 15, 20% by weight of potassium tungstate based on metakaolin were made by dry inoculation method. After testing the %W catalyst /metaKaolin 15 was chosen as the best catalyst in this research . Then, using Design Expert version 11 software, the experiments were designed and the optimal operating conditions (t=60min, T=60Co, O/S=12, cat=0.04g) were determined and the amount of desulfurization from the model oil in these conditions 98.9% was obtained. Also, the corresponding catalyst still had an acceptable performance after five recovery steps.

  Heavy metal pollution is one of the concerns that has become a global concern, and cadmium is one of the types of metals that are very dangerous and carcinogenic. Bioremediation is one of the environmentally friendly methods that is a suitable alternative to chemical methods. Biomineralization is one of its subcategories, which is a process during which microorganisms make mineral from the biological mineral environment and eliminate its risk.The aim of this research is to work on the biological mineralization process and test this process in the bacterial culture environment.The microorganism used is Bacillus persicus and the desired metal is cadmium, which by preparing the required solid and liquid culture medium, the defined process for three operational parameters: pH (6.5-8.5), temperature (25-35°C) and the concentration is 1500-200 ppm.The findings indicate that the highest removal rate is 57.17%. In relation to pH, the process of removal increased gradually with the increase of pH from 6.5 to 8.5 and we reached the maximum amount of removal at 8.5. In relation to the temperature, with the increase in temperature from 25 to 35 degrees, the removal status is increasing, and then from 35 to 45 degrees, we have seen a decrease in the amount of removal, and at 45 degrees, we have had the minimum amount of removal. Also, in relation to the concentration, we have seen an increase in the removal rate by increasing the concentration from 200 to about 1240, and after that, a slight decrease has occurred up to the concentration of 1500.The simultaneous state of pH and concentration had the greatest effect on the amount of removal, followed by temperature, concentration and pH respectively.

   Gas refineries after sweetening and dehumidification processes, with the problem of presence of mercaptans in the gas stream. are facing considering the importance of separating mercaptans from natural gas flow due to the harmful environmental effects and Improving the quality of products of gas refineries, the mercaptan removal process of one of the most important refinery units. is counted The removal of mercaptans from gas streams is done by various methods that use Surface adsorption processes are among the most widely used methods. In this research, simulation of mercaptan removal unit Phase one of the South Pars gas company, which uses surface absorption technology, has been completed. In this unit, from The surface adsorption operation is done by alternating pressure-temperature method (PTSA) using 13X and 3A zeolite adsorbents. The importance of the mercaptans removal process is clear and any increase in separation efficiency will lead to improved unit performance. Therefore, in this research, a new process cycle, which includes two stages of temperature equalization to reduce temperature and pressure equalization to increase pressure, was presented in order to improve the performance of the process, and the effect of effective parameters on the quality of the output product was also investigated. . The simulation of the unit was done using Aspen Adsorption software. The values ??of the mole fraction of the components in the output flow of the simulated model were compared with the real data and the average relative error was 1.23%. The results of the simulation showed that in the studied operation, cyclic dynamic conditions occur after five consecutive cycles from the beginning of the process. The concentration of methylmercaptan and water decreases from the input values ??of 1100ppm and 30ppm to the final values ??of less than 9ppm in dynamic cyclic conditions (DCS). In addition, using the new proposed cycle reduces the power consumption of the unit. . so as to reduce the energy consumption of the existing unit by 35.43%. The effect of the effective parameters on the quality of the output product, including the flow rate of the input feed as well as the temperature of the second heating stage was investigated on both the existing and improved cycles and the results showed that by reducing the temperature of the second heating stage to 175°C and reducing the feed flow rate Input at the rate of 2.3 kmol/hr achieves the highest separation benefit for both cycles.         

Surfactants are used as emulsifiers in food, agriculture, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Surfactants are often produced by chemical methods and from crude oil derivatives, and their use is not desirable due to their toxicity on living cells. Among the advantages of production and application of biosurfactants is the possibility of their production from agricultural waste and food industry factories, stability in high temperature and pH, and low critical micelle concentration. Biosurfactants can be produced on an industrial scale by yeasts and bacteria, and among them, sophorolipids are widely used. Sophorolipids producing strains are mainly Candida family yeasts, which are able to convert linear hydrocarbon compounds or fatty acids with medium chain length into amphipathic sophorolipid compounds. In this research, a new species of Candida catenulata was used to produce sophorolipids from fatty acids in the residue of vegetable oil neutralization unit. To increase production efficiency by using this waste, 3 types of processes were carried out to remove heavy triglycerides, non-hydratable and hydratable gums and mineral salts from free fatty acids. The results showed that production of sophorolipids by using isolated fatty acids was even better than using refined oils and raw soapstock. In this study, sophorolipid production was carried out in three stages including production in a shaker flask and production in a bioreactor in batch and Fed-batch operations. In shaker flask studies, by using free fatty acids collecting from sunflower soapstock, the final titer of sophorolipid was 12.4 g L-1. Utilizing the aeration flow and continuesly mixing in the bioreactor compared to the shaker flask increased the production rate in the bioreactor. Since the high concentration of produced sophorolipids can act as an inhibitory effect on the growth and optimal production of the product, using fed-batch system in bioreactor can possiblly dilute the medium culture during production.   In batch operation in bioreactor, the final concentration of produced sophorolipids reached 14.6 g L-1 and when using fed-batch operation with all components of the culture medium, the final titer of sophorolipids increased to 17.5 g L-1 . Also, the effect of feed acidity and dilution rate in fed-batch operation were studied using response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that the feed acidity and dilution rate have significant effect on the volume productivity of sophorolipids, the yield of produced sophorolipids to consumed glucose, and the yield of produced sophorolipids to consumed free fatty acids. The highest volume productivity of sophorolipids was 0.266 gSLs L-1h-1, the yield of production of sophorolipids to total glucose consumption was 0.157 gSLs gglucose-1 and the yield of production of sophorolipids to total free fatty acids consumption was 0.211 gSLs gFFAs-1 at 4.9 acidity and 0.010 h-1 dilution rate in fed-batch operation.

Connections in precaststructures are of great importance and their design requires great precision totransfer lateral loads such as earthquakes and wind. On the other hand, everyyear, a large number of buildings catch fire and cause a lot of financial andhuman losses. In other words, fire in buildings is one of the serious threatsto the life and financial security of society. Therefore, the necessity ofresearch related to connections in precast structures and the importance ofstudying their behavior after fire is felt more than ever.The resistance ofstructural members against fire is one of the important parameters for having asafe building. Buildings of medium importance and high importance should bestable for at least 90 minutes in fire. Based on this, many researchers havestudied the behavior of beam-to-column connections after fire, but none of themhave investigated the behavior of precast concrete beam-to-column connectionswith metal-yielding dampers under the effect of fire with different diversions.Have not given so, this research is an attempt to fill this scientific gap,that if we have a metal-yielding damper in the connection of the prefabricatedbeam to the column, what is the effect of fire duration on its post-firebehavior?Therefore, in thisresearch, the first goal is to propose a new beam-to-column connection with ametal-yield damper in precast structures, and the second goal is to provide amethod to protect it against fire. The third goal, which is the main goal ofthis research, is to investigate the effect of duration of exposure to fire onits behavior.For this purpose, firstthe new articles were studied and then validation was done in ABAQUS software,and in the next step, several precast beam-to-column connections withmetal-yield dampers were analyzed, and one of them, which had better hysteresisbehavior, was selected to continue this research. In the next step, accordingto past studies, the use of concrete cover was used to protect the connectionin fire conditions. In the next step, after performing the heat transferanalysis, the mechanical analysis was performed. Finally, resistance afterfire, stiffness after fire, heat distribution were discussed in numericalmodels.The results of hysteresisanalysis of beam-to-column connection in pre-fire conditions show that theproposed beam-to-column connection has good seismic behavior. Also, afterthermal analysis and based on TEMP contour, in numerical models with 10 cmthick concrete cover, increasing the duration of the fire from 60 to 120minutes has caused more fire heat to reach the beam-to-column connection, asthe temperature of the coldest connection point of the beam to the column is about237 degrees Celsius in the 60 minute diversion, and in the 120 minutediversion, the temperature of the coldest connection point of the beam to thecolumn is about 394 degrees Celsius.Also, this research showsthat placing the beam-to-column connection exposed to fire with deflection of60, 90, and 120 minutes, on average, reduces the bending moment by 40, 50, and60 percent, respectively, and reduces the bending stiffness, respectively, byThe value is 39, 47 and 65 percent.  

  Color is one of the most important quality properties of the product that is first visible to the consumer. Color is an effective factor in attracting attention and selecting the food that is received through the sense of sight, and its presence in the rapid diagnosis and final acceptance of each product will be due to its attractiveness. According to the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) definition, food coloring is: "A color additive contains any dye, pigment, or other substance made by a synthetic process or similar method, or from a plant, animal, "Minerals and other sources or intermediates have been extracted, isolated and derived, and when used for food, medicine, cosmetics or any other part, can create and add color to it." Which will be added to food, beverages and cosmetics for human consumption in order to create color. According to this definition, colors are divided into two categories: licensed for consumption (ie, for food consumption, a license is required, such as dyes of natural origin) and non-licensed for consumption (ie, it is not necessary to obtain a license for consumption). Fabrics and carpets are used) are divided. With the passage of time and the increasing need of various cosmetic, health, textile, food, etc. industries for more and more diverse colors, humans began to prepare and mass-produce dyes in an industrial way, the production and consumption of which in non-food industries caused Air pollution, groundwater aquifers, running water, pollution of agricultural lands and pastures in the food, cosmetics and health industries have caused deep concern about the safety of chemical or synthetic dyes in the health of the body (1). Due to the allergic effects of some artificial colors in foods such as azerobin or tartrazine, their use in various food industries is limited (8). Some synthetic dyes also show carcinogenic and mutagenic effects, for example dye used in the meat industry to form nitrosamines. This substance combines with nitrate and nitrite to form an amino agent (9) in order to To counteract these harmful effects, there is a global trend towards the production of pigments from natural sources. Natural dyes are derived from two important sources of plants and microorganisms. In the meantime, dyes derived from fungal sources have wide and very important applications in the nutrition and economy of human society and are able to create a profit of about $ 30 billion per year in the industrial process. The number of different colors in fungi is more than a thousand species that are not found in other organisms or are very small (1). Permissible edible and natural pigments of plant origin will cause many problems such as instability against light, heat, low or high acidity, low solubility and often lack of easy access throughout the year (2).

2 ) نقش مهمي در استخراج و خالص سازي مواد دارويي به كمك اين متدولوژي قدرتمند و دوستدار محيط زيست را دارد. از طرفي زمانبر و هزينه بر بودن دستيابي به داده هاي تعادلي حلاليت و حساس بودن برخي مواد دارويي به حرارت، ضرورت مدلسازي حلاليت مواد دارويي در SC-CO2 را افزايش مي دهد. در اين مطالعه با استفاده از تكنيك برنامه نويسي بيان ژني (GEP) و 743مجموعه داده جمع آوري شده از literature ،حلاليت ACDs در SC-CO2 در محدوده ي شرايط عملياتي وسيعي ( k308-348/2   و400 bar -80 ) مورد پيش بيني قرار گرفت. متغير هاي مستقل ورودي مدل دماو فشارعملياتي(T,P) ،جرم مولكولي   (MWACDs)و نقطه ي ذوب (MPACDs) ACDs انتخاب شدند. به منظور دستيابي به حداكثر برازندگي تابع هدف بر اساس حداقل نمودن خطا، پارامترهاي قابل تنظيم مدل GEP جهت بهينه شدند. پارامترهاي آماري ضريب تعيين، RMSE وMAE مدل بترتيب معادل با0/986 ،0/0178و0/0124 براي داده هاي Trainingو0/980 ،0/0176و 0/0127براي داده هاي   validaitionو Test حاصل شد. همچنين جهت بررسي ميزان تاثير هر كدام از متغيرهاي مستقل بر ميزان حلاليت آناليز حساسيت انجام شد. نتايج نشان داد جرم مولكولي و نقطه ذوب دارو به ترتيب بيشترين و كمترين تاثير را بر حلاليت داشتند. اثرات دما،فشار و MWACDs بر حلاليت ACDs در   C-CO2بررسي   شد. با افزايش دما به دليل غلبه ي فشار بخار ACDsحلاليت افزايش يافت. افزايش فشار با افزايش قدرت حلال پوشي و دانسيته ي SC-CO2   ميزان حلاليت را افزايش داد. با افزايش MWACDs به دليل افزايش تعداد اتم هاي كربن ACDs و تمايل به سمت غير قطبي بودن دارو، اثر افزايشي بر ميزان حلاليت داشت .نتايج نشان داد تكنيك   GEP مي تواند نتايج رضايت بخشي براي مدلسازي حلاليت ACDs درSC-CO2 نشان داد.   

 the aim of this study was to investigate liquid-liquid equilibria for 2-propanol+ trisodium citrate/ sodium acetate/ sodium potassium tartrate + water systems at room temperature and different pH values ( 5,6,7/6,8/6/9/30/10/25) . the binodal curves of these systems were measured and compared at the mentioned pHs. accordinglyU experimental binodal data were correlated using MerchukU Hu and Pirdashti equations. as a resultU for all three equations R2 value was greater than 0/99 which shows a good correlation of bindol data. Hu equation model with lower RMSE value had optimal condition for binodal data fitting. Tie-line compositions were correlated by Othmer-Tobias and Bancroft equations. R2 value was greater than 0/99 for both equations. In addition, the effect of pH, salt and alcohol type on phase separation ability was studied. According to the results, an increase in pH value, hydrophobicity of salt and alcohol carbon number at room temperature leads to an expansion of biphasic region and approaching the binodal curve to the origin. on the other handU it was observed that kosmotropic ions with higher surface charge density and lower solubility in water are able to form a wider biphasic region.

  The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of Millard reaction on improving the antimicrobial properties of nisin against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Nisin alone is able to fight most gram-positive bacteria, but this is not the case This is not the case with gram-negative resistant bacteria because of the resistant structure of the cell wall These are bacteria that do not allow nisin to penetrate. To achieve the optimum temperature for the nisin-xanthan reaction in three ratios of 1: 1, 1: 2 and 1: 4 At 110 minutes, according to the studied articles, 4 temperature variables of 60, 75, 90, 105 ° C were selected to examine the effect of the performance of each during fluorescence spectroscopy. The result of comparing different temperatures showed that up to 90 ° C we see good performance and then we experience a decrease in performance, so 90 ° C was introduced as the optimal temperature. To achieve the optimal time, the spectra obtained from fluorescence as well as conjugate nisin and xanthan at 30, 45, 90, 110 minutes and 3-4-5 hours and in three ratios of 1-1 1-2 1-4 were examined and Also, the spectra obtained from nisin heated and unseen fluorescence at temperatures of 30, 45, 90, 110 minutes and 3-4-5 hours and in three ratios of 1 2 4 were studied to achieve the optimal temperature. The result of the study of fluorescence peaks indicated that up to 110 minutes we see the highest peak or maximum intensity of the peak and then we face a decrease in fluorescence intensity, so 110 minutes was introduced as the optimal reaction time. The ratio of nisin in kangougite is effective as a result of the fluorescence spectrum, and the higher the ratio of nisin to xanthan, the higher or higher the fluorescence intensity, and this is in perfect agreement with the results of antibacterial activity. 1-4 was declared as the optimal ratio. Observing the peak diagram around 420-440 in the spectra, we conclude that fluorescence is associated with the first stage of the Millard reaction and the development of fluorescent compounds formed in the reaction as precursors of brown pigments. Examination of the peaks obtained from spectroscopy of conjugate nisin and xanthan at times 30, 45, 90, 110 minutes and 3-4-5 hours and in three ratios 1-1 1-2 1-4 were examined by observing the peak of about 280-290 nm, which is related to the formation of the shift base, and confirms the formation of conjugate, and with increasing heating time in all three ratios 1-1 1-2 1-4 increase Has found. Examination of FT-IR peaks also indicates the formation of a conjugate and the formation of a conjugate, resulting in a Millard reaction. To express the result of bacterial contamination, it can be pointed out that the results of discoloration in each plate well after the addition of MTT are consistent with the table of bacterial contamination and the results of Alizarider. That each The more colorful the color inside each well in the image, the larger the results Absorption was reported higher in the ELISA reader as well as in contamination measurements Wells have been reported to have more colonies by bacteria. By examining the presence or absence of a colony in each well, comparing it with the numbers reported in Alizairder, we obtained the concentration required to inhibit or kill bacteria.

Exploration and production of crude oil is often associated with the formation of water-in-oil (W / O) emulsions, which can cause serious problems for downstream refinery industries. Chemical demulsification by adding demulsifiers is usually the main technique used to dominance the problems associated with the formation of W / O emulsions. In recent years, nanotechnology has been used to accelerate the demulsification process. Utilizing the appropriate nanoparticles significantly reduced the high process costs. Using library studies, in this study, Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles were selected and synthesized by electrolysis method and the structure of nanoparticles was investigated using XRD, FE-SEM, FTIR and VSM analyzes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding Fe3O4 nanoparticles along with commercial DDH 9855 demolifier to reduce the consumption of the demulsifier and improve the separation of water from Dehloran oil field oil. According to the results, the highest efficiency of water separation was obtained in optimal conditions when the temperature was 40 °C, the concentration of demulsifier was 300 ppm, pH was 6.4, water content was 7.5 ml and the amount of nanoparticles was 0.033 g, 97.83%. Eventually, the nanoparticles used in the demulsification process were reused, and after three times of use, the water separation efficiency dropped by about 15%, which is a very appropriate and negligible reduction, so that the nanoparticles can be reused up to three times and successfully. Also, the effect of settling time as another important parameter in the suspension process during 2 h of data recording was investigated, which increased the efficiency by 66.65%. On the other hand, by examining the effect of adding nanoparticles next to the demulsifier after 5 h of settling time, 14.82% of the isolated water has increased compared to the demulsifier only. On the other hand, the effect of adding nanoparticles next to the demulsifier increased by 15.38% with increasing the amount of nanoparticles compared to the demolifier mode alone, and the settling time decreased by 5 h. Therefore, the results showed that the required settling time is significantly less than the conventional demulsification process.   

   Abstract In resent years, FRP composites have broadly and successfully been used to improve seismic behavior of the structures. Great resistance of these materials against erosion together with the high ratio of strength to weight in these materials are the reasons why strengthening the structure by using these materials do not impose extra weight to the structure, unlike the traditional methods in which shotcrete or ferrocement are used. Beam-column connections in reinforced concrete moment frames are critical points in performance of reinforced concrete moment frame during the earthquake. Many studies have done on reinforcement of beam-column connections in reinforced concrete frames using FRP materials. Most of these studies are done in micro scale on shear strength and ductility of connection, and some solution are provided for its improvement, and little studies have done on seismic parameters such as behavior factor of reinforced concrete frame, the amount of energy absorption, and loading and displacement capacity of the frame reinforced with FRP in connection point in macro scale. In this thesis to numerically investigate the behavior of beam-column connection in reinforced concrete buildings in macro scale using finite element theorem, and some solutions are recommended for reinforcing and improving their seismic performance using FRP composites. In contrast of experimental samples which have many constrains for observing and obtaining results, in finite element modeling, these constrains are fewer, and it is easier to model a sample nearer to reality.   

Among the various biopolymers, chitosan, besides having the highest absorption capacity, is of great importance because it is biodegradable, pH sensitive, natural, biocompatible and non-toxic. Has mucous membranes inside the body and delivering medicinal compounds to different parts of the body. It also has anti-fungal and antibacterial effects. There are different ways to prepare chitosan nanoparticles. Ionic crosslinking is one of these methods based on ion interactions between the positive charge of chitosan amine groups and the negative charge of the polyionic groups and forms a complex and the chitosan precipitates in the form of spherical particles. Advantages of this method include non-use of organic solvents, mild reaction conditions (ambient temperature), repeatability and high stability of nanoparticles.In this study, chitosan nanoparticles were produced by using a combination of atomizer and falling film based on ion bonding between chitosan amine groups with sodium tripolyphosphate anionic group. The purpose of the design of the falling film system was to increase the contact surface of the two solutions when synthesized to form suitable and highly stable nanoparticles. The order of the experiments was that first, the hydrodynamic study of the atomizer output droplets with different flow rates from the liquid and the gas was performed and the optimum flow rates for the liquid was determined and was considered constant in all tests. In the second experiment, the size, polydispersity index (PdI) and morphology of chitosan nanoparticles produced under different parametric conditions were investigated and the optimum conditions were determined. Parametric conditions included concentration of chitosan, concentration of sodium tripolyphosphate, atomizer distance to inclined plate, air flow rate and pH of chitosan solution. The inclined surface angle was also a parameter of the problem, but after some investigation, a constant value was considered. Finally, the results showed that the system is capable of producing nanoparticles in a spherical shape with appropriate size and uniform distribution.  

Numerical Study of Magnetic Field Effect on Convection Heat Transfer of Nanofluid Flow in a Microchannel  

  Epoxy vegetable oils have attracted much attention in recent years. On the other hand, the use of a waste material as a substrate of enzymatic epoxidation reaction and a source of fatty acids is a green and affordable technology. But disadvantages such as low biocatalyst stability and problems of its separation from the reaction led to the use of enzyme immobilization techniques. Among the various types of materials base, iron magnetic nanoparticles are considered due to the fast separation via magnetic decantation, dispersion and high specific surface area.In this work, lipase from Candida rugosa was bound with the multi-covalent bonds attachment to the amino-functionalized magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles by glutaraldehyde as a coupling agent. The protein assay showed the enzyme binding ef?ciency was 77.65% in the immobilization process. The catalytic activity of the immobilized lipase was compared with the free lipase in enzymatic epoxidation of free fatty acids. The results showed the immobilized enzyme had better stability than the free system during of the reaction in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, as an inactivator substrate, especially at extreme conditions of temperature and pH. The statistical study on effects of temperature and pH by response surface methodology specified that the highest epoxidation activity for the immobilized system was observed at temperature 52.2 °C and pH of 6.7. At the optimum condition, the immobilized lipase showed a good reusability, where 100% and 80.97% of origin catalytic epoxidation activity was respectively maintained after sixth and tenth cycle. Also, the storage stability of the immobilized lipase was investigated in room temperate and 4 °C. The experiments revealed the immobilized lipase had an excellent long-term storage stability after 152 and 203 days at 4 °C after being bound on to magnetic nanoparticles. The FTIR analysis was used to ensure the binding of lipase to Fe3O4 M   and the epoxy product quality was analyzed using HNMR.

  Abstract Early agricultural production of lignocellulose, available at a significant quantity and low cost, can be an additional source of income for farmers without adversely affecting the fertility of the soil for industrial applications. Wheat straw is one of the most abundant agricultural lignocellulosic biomass, partly Organic Wheat Plant. Wheat straw is used after harvest as a feed for livestock and in cattle-breeding buildings, as well as a large amount of it is burned, while it contains high amounts of cellulose and It can be used as an inexpensive early raw material for the production of valuable cellulose derivatives. In this research, the possibility of producing valuable carboxy methyl cellulose material was investigated using cellulose extracted from wheat straw. Wheat straw contains approximately 33-40% cellulose, which together with hemicellulose and lignin make up its main components. In this research, cellulose in wheat straw was first extracted by sodium hydroxide 10% w / w and sodium hypochloride in two stages. The extracted cellulose was converted to Carboxy methyl cellulose using the Williamson ether process, which the FTIR spectrophotometry used to identify the substituted carboxy methyl groups on the cellulose. The degree of substitution (DS) is the most important factor influencing the solubility and application of carboxy methyl cellulose, and its production efficiency is an important factor in the economic process of production, so the etherification process over operating factors, including: a weight ratio of monochloroacetic acid to cellulose, the concentration of sodium hydroxide, the temperature and reaction time were, at three levels (1, 1.4, 1.8), (20, 30, 40% w / w), (30, 50, 70 ° C) and (1, 3, 5 hours) were optimized with design expert software called MODDE by CCF method using response surface methodology in order to achieve the highest DS and an economical efficiency. The optimization results showed that at a weight ratio of monochloroacetic acid to cellulose 1.3 to 1, the concentration of sodium hydroxide was 20% w / w, temperature 70 ° C and reaction time 1 hour, obtained the highest degree of substitution   0.975 and the yield under these conditions was 1.37 g CMC / g cellulose. Keywords: Wheat straw, Cellulose, design expert software, Carboxy methyl cellulose, Degree of substitution   

  Iran has a large volume of bitumen mines, especially in Kermanshah province. The purpose of this study is to remove ash and sulfur pyrite from the bitumen by leaching with sulfuric acid (as pretreatment) followed by flotation. This process is performed to produce high-quality bitumen and use of more than 160 applications of this mineral in various industries. In order to determine the optimal conditions and evaluation of effective leaching parameters, 27 experiments were designed by using a central composite design by considering four factors including acid concentration, temperature, and time, and stirring rate at three levels as follows; atmospheric pressure, particle size of 200 mesh and solid- to -liquid ratio) S/L) of 0.2gml-1. The intervals considered for independent parameters were including acid concentration (10-30 v/v%), leaching temperature (30-90?), stirring rate (0-1000rpm), and leaching time (30-90 min). The obtained experimental data were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). In addition, the second-order regression model was estimated as the most suitable model with respect to the 99% confidence level for analyzing the responses. Based on statistical model, the maximum removal of ash and pyritic sulfur were obtained in acid concentration of 29.57 v/v %, temperature of 89.98°C, stirring speed of 977.10 rpm and the time 89.74min. Following confirmation tests, 63. 52% ash removal and 38.82% pyrite removal were obtained in these conditions. stirring speed and temperature were the most effective parameters for the ash removal process and removal of pyritic sulfur, respectively. All parameters had a positive effect on the removal process.  flotation test was subsequently carried out in two conditions, as follows: The first was conducted on primitive bitumen sample and the second state stage was performed on bitumen sample in optimal conditions (effect of leaching was considered as pretreatment). The flotation test was conducted under following operating conditio   the collector amount of 1kg / t bitumen, foaming amount of 50 g / tbitumen, pulp equal to 5% of solid, pH =7, the particle size of 200 mesh and the flotation time of 3min based on the ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure.   In the first state, 42.3% of ash and 48.1% of sulfur pyrite (33.6 % of total sulfur) were removed while 79.4% and 57.6% (42.15%) removal of ash and pyrite (removal of total sulfur) were achieved in the second state, respectively. With regards to previous papers and the correlation of experimental data, the removal of pyrite follows a second-order kinetic model. A second-order regression model is consistent with the experimental data, due to the high value of adjusted determination coefficient (0.9752) and its proximity to the determination coefficient (0.9828).

طراحي و ساخت ماشين نورد نامتقارن ورق هاي فلزي

Karoon Petrochemical Co. using toluene and nitric acid, and chlorine gases, carbon monoxide and hydrogen, is able to supply a variety of basic petrochemical products, including high value added isocyanates, with good quality and domestic and foreign markets. The company saw decrease in the quality of its products following the change in toluene from the toluene producers. The results of the studies show that the reason for this decline is the presence of impurities in the toluene feed of the Karoon Petrochemical Co. which impurities in the processes of producing petrochemical products have led to the production of undesirable compounds, which has led to a decrease in the quality of Karoon petrochemical products. One of the impurities in toluene is the phenol compounds that should be removed. Among the methods of eliminating the use of the adsorption process due to its inherent advantages as an efficient method in this research has been investigated. In this study, in the first step, experiments involving adsorption of phenol compounds from toluene solution by zeolite 4A, 5A, 13X, P, kaolin, Clinoptilolite (USA), Clinoptilolite (Iran) were 63%, 64%, 85% ,85% 83,% 84%, and 82%, respectively. These results show that the adsorbent used in the P-type zeolite adsorbent had the highest removal of phenol compounds from toluene. In the next step, taking into account the range of changes affecting the adsorption factors, for pH (5-9), contact time (90 to 270 minutes), adsorbent dosage (1 to 5 grams), activate carbon content (0.1 to 0.5 g) for 500 ml of toluene solution. The results of the adsorption experiments indicated by using the design of experiments and central composite design method show that if the factors are economically placed in their optimal amount, they can be considered in the range of consider conditions to 97% of the phenol compounds in toluene Removed.  

  Recently with respect to the environmental problem caused by synthetic polymer, more consideration was attentive on biopolymer. Among the biopolymers, polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) get more attentions due to their properties such as environmental friendly and biodegradability. Many microorganism are able to produce and accumulate PHA in their cells. In this research the bacteria was isolated from Roodbar olive and Dallahoo oak forest soils. Between the isolated bacteria, one of them which was able to produce and accumulate more PHA was selected. Glucose and glycerol used as carbon sources, while wheat straw extract used as an additive carbon source. FT-IR, HNMR and GC-mass analysis confirmed that produced biopolymer was polyhydroxybutyrate-co- hydroxylvalerate with 19.92% valarate. Experimental design with 5 factors (carbon source amount, C/N, pH, temperature and extract amount) at 3 levels were used to model and optimized the biopolymer production. The optimum condition was 25 g/l of carbon, ratio of C/N of 10, pH=9, T=34 °C, Extract = 300 ml/l.In this condition the produced biopolymer amount was 2620 mg/l. SEM Image confirm the nanosize of nanoparticles in polyhydroxyalkanoate-cellulose nanocomposite with average size of 80 nm.   

In recent years, widespread use of synthetic plastics has led to an increase in the volume of non-degradable waste and environmental pollution. To cope with this problem, researchers have sought to find a suitable alternative to these materials. Biopolymers are materials that come from renewable sources and are completely degraded in the environment, and thus can be a promising alternative to synthetic plastics. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is the most famous member of the family of polyhydroxyalkanates (PHA), which is produced in the context of nutrient restriction as a source of carbon and energy as granules in the cytoplasm of some bacteria.In this research, a biopolymer producing bacterium was isolated from rhizosphere soils of oak forests of norabad, located in Lorestan province. The use of various carbon sources such as glucose, glycyrrone and rice shell extract separately and in combination for the growth of microorganisms and PHB production was investigated. In order to optimize the production of biopolymer, the method of designing experiments CCD with five factors (temperature, carbon content, C/N ratio , Extract amount ) was used in three levels. To identify and validate the   PHB, the Fourier Transform Infrared   (FTIR), Gas Chromatography- Mass spectrometry(GC-MS)   and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR) were performed. The maximum efficiency of PH   production in this study was obtained at 35 ° C, pH = 5, 20 g / l of carbon source, C / N : 4 and the amount of rice shell extract of 150 ml per liter of medium. Maximum cell dry weight (CDW), PHB content and production efficiency were obtained in 3000 mg / l, 1870 mg / l and 63.5% respectively.

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چكيدهدر اين پايان نامه از يك كاتاليست ناهمگن بازي برايتوليد بيوديزل استفاده شد و بهينه سازي صورت گرفت.براي تهيه كاتاليست   از   بوهميت به عنوان پايه استفاده شد و 10 فلز مختلف( كلسيم، منيزيم، روي، منگنز،كبالت،باريم،نيكل، استرانسيم، لانتانيوم، سريم) رويپايه قرارگرفت.10 كاتاليست سنتز شده تحت شرايط يكسان(6درصد وزني كاتاليست، نسبتمولي متانول به روغن 15:1، دماي 65 درجه سلسيوس و زمان 8 ساعت) تست شدند.از ميانآنها CaO/AlOOH داراي بالاترين بازده بود.براي بهينه كردن بازدهبيوديزل از روش سطح پاسخ با باكس بنكن استفاده شد.شرايط بهينه به دست آمده درواكنش تبادل استري شامل 75/3 درصد وزني كاتاليست،نسبت مولي متانول به روغن 33/8،102 دقيقه زمان انجام واكنش و دماي واكنش c°65   مي باشد.بازدهبيوديزل تحت شرايط بهينه % 2/99   به دستآمد.اين كاتاليست 4 بار قابليت بازيابي دارد و  بازده بيوديزل با كاتاليست بازيابي شده، بيشتر از 75 درصد است.واژه هاي كليدي :بيوديزل، تبادلاستري، بهينه سازي،كاتاليست ناهمگن بازي     

مدلسازي تحليلي بار ضربه اي سرعت پايين روي صفحات ساندويچي مدور گلار – فوم

  textile colors are among the most advanced compounds that are believed to be in industrial wastewater and will cause many environmental problems. so removing these pollutants from these wastewater is important The purpose of this study was to remove the methylene blue color using a packed bed reactor of the immobilized cells of the ralstonia-eutropha on the basis of kissiris To investigate the cometabolism kinetics of this color, we proposed a model to predict the dynamic trend of the removal of this material. To do this, initially, the immobilization   of the ralstonia eutropha cell in a bioreactor was performed using a culture medium containing glucose as a carbon source. Then, by using spectrophotometric method, the amount of cell growth in each stage of the sampling, the amount of glucose remaining, and also the methylene blue removal efficiency obtained. The results showed that the porosity and the high specific surface of kissiris produced the possibility of effective binding of Ralstonia iotropha bacteria in a packed bed reactor, and immobilized cells had high levels of high removal of methylene blue in a high concentration, in a concentration of 200 mg / L of methylene blue on the basis of mass transfer limitations As a result of reducing inhibition, Decolorization was observed at 65% interval. The Hendell model was used to determine the traditional color removal due to the decomposition rate at high concentrations, which indicated the role of methylene blue inhibition of cell degradation enzymes. The kinetics parameters were qmax = 1.250 mg / gh and K / m = 139.0 mg L-1 and K / I = 190.1 mg L-1, respectively. Then, using the kinetic parameters, dynamic color modeling was performed. The results indicated that the low concentration of the immobilized system to remove the color from the free cellular system was not justified, but with the increasing methylene blue concentration and the inhibitory effect, the use of immobilized system resulted in an effective reduction of the concentration On the surface and inside the biocatalyst and the resulting reduction of concentration to Due to the limits of external and internal mass transfer, the reduced methylene blue inhibition has a better performance than the free cellular system....

  Growing consumption of petroleum hydrocarbons increased the potential of contamination of soil at extraction, tra  ortation, refining and utilization stages. Most of hydrocarbons such as poly aromatic compounds are toxic for living cells, and with kill of natural microscopic organisms remain for long time in the soil without alteration.In situ treatment methods are time consuming and expensive. So, application of trickle phase bioreactor is suggested for treatment of contaminated soil. However, the main drawback in the bioreactor is high power requirement for mixing of soil-water-air mixture. In this study and in respect to decrease of energy requirement, the process is performed at two stages. First, extraction of hydrocarbon from contaminated soil was performed by a biosurfactant solution, and then biodegradation of hydrocarbons were carried out by packed bed bioreactor. Application of biological surface active agent or biosurfactant for enhancement of hydrocarbon extraction form soil is prefer than the organic solvent or alkali solution treatments in biodegradability and non-toxicity. In this study, a sophorolipid produced by Candida catenulata yeast was used to extract hydrocarbons from a polluted soil collected from Naft Shahr oil-field.   The effects of operational parameters consisted concentration of biosurfactant, temperature and agitation speed were investigated on extraction yield in a rotatable central composite design (RCCD, = 1.618). Data analysis and mathematical modeling were then performed using surface response methodology (RSM). The results showed that the extraction yield was respectively affected by agitation speed (55%), temperature (35/7%) and concentration of the biosurfactant (9.3%). By optimizing the operating conditions of the process, the maximum removal of petroleum with 95.2% yield was achieved under the following conditions: concentration of biosurfactant 220 mg ??L-1, temperature 55 °C and agitation speed of 400 rpm. In the next stage, biodegradation of crude oil hydrocarbons as a sole source of carbon by loofah-immobilized cell of C. Catenulata was studied in a packed bed bioreactor. With using RSM, the effects of aeration rate and initial COD value on the biodegradation yield were studied. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test showed the biodegradation yield was effected by initial COD value and aeration rate by 62.1% and 37.9%, respectively. The optimum biodegradation condition was observed at an aeration rate of 0.8 vvm and initial COD value of 196 mg L-1 where the biodegradation yield was 95.6%.     

  AbstractIn this study, it was investigated the use of nano-silica heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production from canola oil. This catalyst was synthesized from wheat bran during acidic processing under controlled conditions. Wheat bran is an agriculture by-product which its burning is accompanied by environmental pollutants. This by-product contains high much amorph silica. Acidic processing of wheat bran and then thermal treating under controlled conditions in 700 C caused to nano-silica production with high area and with amorph structure. Nano-silica had high amount acidic sites. XRD analysis approved the synthesized nano-silica structure. The results for SEM showed that particles had spherical structure, regular and homogenous. The effects of four parameters including reaction temperature, catalyst concentration, molar ratio of methanol/oil and reaction time on biodiesel conversion was evaluated by response surface method. Molar ratio of methanol/oil was 99.01% under optimum conditions including 70 C, 3% catalyst weight and for 5 hours. The data for catalyst recovery showed that the prepared catalyst has renewability for 5 times which can be used as sustainable and economical catalyst for biodiesel production. Key words: wheat bran, nanosilica, biodiesel, canola oil, RSM optimization       

  Purification of Xanthan biopolymer for pharmaceutical use  Abstract  The use of biopolymers to achieve a biocompatible material with appropriate properties has attracted many researchers. Polysaccharides are one of the most important family of natural polymers, xanthan gum is a microorganism exopolysaccharide produced by Xanthanamus Campestris the bacterium. This heteropolysaccharide is composed of two molecules of glucose, mannose and a unit of glucuronic acid with subsequent pentasaccharide units. Xanthan gum has various industrial applications due to its solubility in cold and hot water and the production of high viscosity, even at low concentrations, compatibility with acids, bases and salts, resistance to ambient temperature and rheological pseudoplastic behavior.In this study, two factors were investigated: xanthan biopolymer purification was performed using three solvents: acetone, ethanol, isopropanol, and the degree of purity of the biopolymer, acetone, ethanol and isopropanol, respectively, had the greatest effect on the purification of the biopolymer, respectively. In another study, the effects of bio-polymer concentration, solvent type and nanoparticle were used to determine the sediment using a pilot design . The results show that nanoparticle, solvent and xanthan concentrations have the greatest effect on sedimentation rate, respectively.Keywords: Xanthomonas campestris, purified, Nanoparticles، organic solvents

  1022/5000The purpose of this research is to use a response procedure to optimize the biological production of xanthan gum using agricultural waste. In this study, Xantamonas   . PTCC 1473 was used to produce xanthan gum. For growth of cell mass, YMA and YMB [2] were used. In this study, different concentrations of date palm as carbon source, soybean meal as a source of nitrogen and potassium dihydrogen phosphate as a source of phosphorus were investigated for optimal production of xanthan gum. Palm sauce was studied at concentrations of 40, 50 and 60 g / l. So that the best concentration of carbon source was 40 gr / lit. The maximum amount of xanthan gum produced in this method was 6.76 gr / lit. At concentrations above the carbon source (50 and 60 grams per liter), due to the inhibitory effect of the substrate, the amount of xanthan gum production decreases. The optimum concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus sources in this experiment was obtained at 20 gr / lit and 15 gr / lit respectively for soybean meal and potassium dihydrogen phosphate respectively. Which reduces or decreases the concentration of nitrogen and phosphate sources.

  Investingation of the effect of thermodynamic and diffusion models on prediction accurately accurately of pervaporation separation performance

This tehsis reports the results of study on micromixing performance of three basic types of spatial shaped micromixers. New configurations of Y-T and ?- spatial shaped microchannels were designed with change in the angles of the confluence and the outlet channel to achieve the efficient micromixing. Such the micromixers offer advantages that are not attainable with the typical types of these mixers. Experimental tests were carried out in the laminar flow regime and the mixing efficiency was evaluated using Villermaux/Dushman test reaction. The geometry of the channels was cylindrical with a length of 30 mm and a diameter of 800mm. The experimental results show that the angle of outlet channel has a significant effect on the pressure drop and segregation index. In general, the results reveal that at various feed flow rates the spatial shape of channels can lead to considerable improvement in micromixing performance. In all Y-T and ?- spatial shaped microchannels, significant enhancement by increasing theconfluence angle was also seen because the fluid elements were stretched and folded in the two inlet fluid interfaces. Furthermore, the micromixing time for the more efficient geometry of three shapes of microchannels was determined based on the incorporation model, which it was in the range of 0.001–0.1s.

  Global warming and excessive greenhouse gas of concern for todays world has become a dangerous consequences such as drought, diseases, fire and leads. One of these gases is carbon dioxide, which for the separation there of the different ways. One of these methods is using photocatalyst, especially MOFs as a new class. In this study, Prvfyryn- based on metal-organic framework (Co / PMOF) is Using Tetrakis ((4- carboxy phenyl Prvfyryn (TCPP)is built as a ligand, And is analysis by spectrum FESEM and EDX. Photocatalytic experiments around (Co / PMOF) as a photocatalyst is done in the presence of water as a sacrificial electron donor under irradiation with visible / UV.   Results from the reaction shows that mol10 . 96µmol methane is produced in about 4 hours response, which indicates is the high level of production. In addition to measuring the UV-vis and FTIR spectra show that there is no sign of change in the structure of photocatalyst. As well as the reaction mechanism has been studied.

High-value chemical production using nanostructure catalysts

Mercaptans, sulfides and disulfides are compounds that exist in fossil fuels, which creates disadvantages such as odor, corrosion and reduce the fuel heating value. In the present study, adsorptive Demercaptanization of condensate via modified activated carbon by concentrated nitric acid and then loaded with silver and copper metal ions and also, silver metal ions loaded copper-benzene three carboxylate (Cu-BTC) metal-organic framework were examined. Condensate with mercaptan content of 188 ppm was purchased from Fajr Jam Gas Refinery. The mercaptan content of samples was measured by titration method. After adsorption experiments, adsorption isotherms correlation parameters for Langmuir and Freundlich models and kinetic parameters for pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were studied. In this study, Cu-BTC adsorbent shows a good absorption performance in adsorption of mercaptan compounds from gas condensates. The maximum adsorption capacity for Ag loaded Cu-BTC and treated and then Ag and Cu loaded activated carbon were obtained 49.416 mg/g and 4.824 mg/g respectively. Also, the SEM, XRD, EDX and FT-IR tests were used to approve the structure of Cu-BTC MOF, metal loading confirmation, absorbent surface morphology, crystal structure of absorbent and the adsorbent structure stability.

  In this thesis two new compact size high selective microstrip bandpass filters for X- and Ku-band are proposed. The presented structure uses T-shaped resonators with direct connected orthogonal feed lines. The T-shaped resonator provides high selectivity for the proposed filter and reduces the overall size of the filter, compared with conventional uniform stub. Due to its symmetrical structures, it can be analysed with the odd and even mode. Two filters at X- and Ku-band, respectively with fractional bandwidth of 30.3 % and 37 % were realized on a Roger 5880 substrate with dielectric constant of 2.2 and 15mil thickness. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate good agreement.