Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is a bacterium can colonize the vagina and induce spontaneous abortion, abscesses, and premature birth. Ag nanoparticles (Ag  ) can be used as an antibacterial agent to fight against E. faecalis. This material has a potent cytotoxic activity. L-carnitine (LC) was known as a protective and antioxidant agent. We aimed to evaluate the cyto-protective efficacy of LC against Ag   and their co-administration in the treatment of mice vaginitis caused by E. faecalis. Mouse vaginitis was induced by intra-vaginal inoculation of E. faecalis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) of Ag   were determined. The protective effect of LC against the toxic effects of Ag   was examined with an MTT assay. Animals were treated with the co-administration of LC and Ag  . The vaginal cytology was monitored in all the processes of the experiment. In the end, mice were sacrificed, and vaginal tissues and blood samples were collected for histological and hematological analyses. Ag   represented a strong antibacterial effect against the standard and pathogenic E. faecalis at 272.7 and 464.5 mg/ L, respectively. The MBIC-90% at 500 and 1000 mg/ L were determined for standard and pathogenic bacteria, respectively. The results of the MTT assay showed that LC had a protective effect on the cytotoxicity induced by Ag  . Cytological, hematological, and histological results showed that co-treatment with Ag   and LC eliminated vaginitis in infected mice. Our results highlighted the pharmacological properties of Ag   in combination with LC to treat vaginitis in NMRI mice.   

Background: Candidiasis is a common clinical problem, and its treatment has become increasingly difficult owing to rising drug resistance. Zinc oxide nanoparticles are considered a promising therapeutic option for fungal infections due to their potent antifungal properties. This study aimed to develop a mucoadhesive gel system containing ZnO-   for vaginal drug delivery. We investigated the efficacy and safety of this combination in an animal model of vaginitis, using L-carnitine as a protective agent. Methods: A mucoadhesive gel was prepared using appropriate polymers and subsequently loaded with ZnO-  . The inhibitory effect of the gel on Candida albicans was analyzed using MIC testing in combination with a biofilm formation evaluation. To evaluate safety, cytotoxicity assays were conducted on human dermal fibroblast cells. In a mouse model of estradiol-induced vaginitis, animals received intravaginal treatment with ZnO-NP gel and intramuscular administration of L-carnitine. Vaginal fungal burden, tissue histopathology, and inflammatory responses were evaluated in this study. Results: The formulated gel was stable, viscous, and mucoadhesive. In vitro results showed reduced MIC and inhibition of C. albicans biofilm formation by ZnO-  . In an animal model, ZnO-NP gel treatment significantly reduced fungal and tissue burdens. L-carnitine administration improves systemic immunity and reduces potential toxicity symptoms. Conclusion: Gel containing ZnO-   could be an effective and safe approach for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. The addition of L-carnitine can enhance the safety and tolerability of this treatment. These results support the advancement of nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery platforms for managing fungal diseases.

  Iran, due to its position at the intersection of three biogeographical realms—Palearctic, Oriental, and Ethiopian—is considered one of the key centers of reptilian biodiversity in southwestern Asia. Within this context, snakes of the genus Platyceps (family Colubridae) represent a group of non-venomous, fast-moving, and ecologically adaptable snakes that play a crucial role in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. This study aimed to investigate the systematics, geographical distribution, and patterns of sexual dimorphism in the species Platyceps najadum across Iran. Morphological data were collected from 29 museum specimens (18 males and 11 females), and nine key morphometric traits, including snout–vent length (SVL), tail length, head dimensions, and counts of ventral and subcaudal scales, were subjected to statistical analyses. Results from Welch’s t-test and Wilcoxon tests revealed that females are significantly larger than males in SVL, head length, head width, number of ventral scales, and head width-to-length ratio (p < 0.001). In contrast, males possess relatively longer tails. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) confirmed complete sexual segregation in multivariate space, with the first two principal components accounting for over 92% of the total variance. This dimorphic pattern, i.e. females being larger, is consistent with the "fecundity selection" hypothesis, as larger body and head size in females may confer greater reproductive capacity and potentially enable the consumption of larger prey. Distribution maps also showed remarkable congruence with previous reports, confirming the presence of four species, including P. najadum, P. rhodorachis, P. karelini (including the three subspecies karelini, chesnii, and mintonorum), and P. schmidtleri, in the mountainous belts of the Alborz and Zagros, central plains, and southern regions of Iran. Despite morphological consistency with global diagnostic characteristics of the genus Platyceps, the absence of molecular data and limited sampling in border regions—particularly in contact zones among P. karelini subspecies—continues to pose challenges for confirming taxonomic status and assessing potential hybridization. This study not only addresses critical knowledge gaps regarding the morphological diversity and biogeography of Platyceps in Iran but also lays the groundwork for future research in evolutionary, ecological, and conservation domains concerning this important group of reptiles.

The balance and interaction between microorganisms is essential for maintaining a healthy vaginal environment. Lactobacilli play a key role in this balance by producing lactic acid, bacteriocins, and hydrogen peroxide, and their reduction can lead to overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria. One relatively new disorder in this field is aerobic vaginitis (AV), in which aerobic bacteria such as E. coli and S. aureus replace the normal microbiota, leading to inflammation, abnormal discharge, and damage to the epithelium. This disease is often confused with bacterial vaginosis and can cause serious complications such as infertility and premature birth. Chronic and repeated use of antibacterial drugs has always been associated with consequences such as the emergence of antibiotic resistance and disruption of the normal symbiosis of the vaginal microflora. This disruption in microbial symbiosis not only reduces the effectiveness of treatment, but also paves the way for secondary infections. Therefore, the development and evaluation of therapeutic options that simultaneously affect the pathogen and inflammatory processes associated with (AV) are of great importance. Interventions that can both combat the microbial agent and control inflammation of the vaginal mucosa can increase the effectiveness and sustainability of treatment. While no standard and effective treatment has been defined for it so far. In the meantime, abscisic acid (ABA), which is known as a phytohormone in plants, has attracted attention in recent years due to its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties in mammalian animal models. Abscisic acid acts through receptors such as PPAR-? and LANCL-2 and plays an effective role in inhibiting tissue damage associated with inflammation by increasing the expression of anti-inflammatory factors and reducing inflammatory enzymes. For this reason, this compound could be considered a natural option for treating inflammatory diseases, including vaginal infections.

  Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different doses of fenugreek root extract on blood parameters and liver histology in hypercholesterolemic rats. Research methodology: 36 male rats were divided into 6 groups (n=6). 1- Control group: consumed regular food for 8 weeks. 2- Control group: They were fed a high cholesterol diet (containing 2% cholesterol) for 8 weeks from the beginning to the end of the experiment (8 weeks). 3- Group 3: They were fed a high cholesterol diet (food containing 2% cholesterol) for 4 weeks and after this period, they received 50 mg/kg of fenugreek extract along with the high cholesterol diet for another four weeks. 4- Group 4: They were fed a high cholesterol diet (food containing 2% cholesterol) for 4 weeks and after this period, they received 100 mg/kg of fenugreek extract along with the high cholesterol diet for another four weeks. 5- Group 5: They were fed a high cholesterol diet (food containing 2% cholesterol) for 4 weeks and then received 200 mg/kg of fenugreek extract along with the high cholesterol diet for another four weeks. 6- Group 6: They were fed a cholesterol diet for 4 weeks High (food containing 2% cholesterol) and after this period, for another four weeks, they were fed with high cholesterol diet at a rate of (400 mg/kg) of fenugreek extract. Fenugreek extract was administered to rats daily by gavage. The weight of the rats was evaluated at the beginning and end of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, after deep anesthesia, blood samples were taken from all rats and liver samples were separated and stored in a freezer at -20 °C for subsequent experiments. The values ??obtained in different groups were analyzed with    version 21 statistical software and the level of P < 0.05 was considered as a significant difference in the measurements in different groups. Findings: At the end of the experiment, no significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of body weight (P < 0.05). Total cholesterol and triglycerides in the groups receiving fenugreek extract decreased compared to the control group (P < 0.05). HDL increased in all groups receiving the extract of the sedge compared to the control group and even compared to the control group (P<0.05). However, the extract of the sedge had no significant effect on the plasma LDL of rats (P<0.05), but VLDL decreased in the groups treated with the extract of the sedge (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed in terms of glucose between the tested groups, although the group receiving 400 mg/kg of the extract of the sedge showed a high average glucose. The liver enzyme aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was the highest in the control group (222 u/l) and the use of different doses of the extract of the sedge in hypercholesterolemic rats caused a significant decrease in this liver enzyme (P<0.05). But alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was the highest in the control group and significantly decreased in the groups receiving 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of senna extract (P<0.05). Albumin and total protein did not differ significantly between the groups. Only group 3 (50 mg/kg extract dose) showed a significant increase in albumin levels compared to the other groups (P<0.05). Urea, uric acid and creatinine did not change significantly under the influence of high doses, but uric acid in group 6 was significantly higher than groups 2 and 3. Consumption of senna extract at all levels, especially at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, caused a decrease in MDA. The highest antioxidant capacity (TAC) was observed in group 6 with an average of 0.74 mmol/l (P<0.05). The control group (hypercholesterolemia without extract) had the lowest TAC value (0.45 mmol/l).

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrine diseases. Early complications, mortality, reduced life expectancy and financial costs of diabetes have made it a major public health condition. Increased blood sugar increases oxidative stress and, as a result, inflammation, activation of the polyol pathway and damage to various organs of the body, including the liver, which is the largest internal organ of the body. Therefore, liver disease is a common problem in these patients. Medicinal plants have numerous benefits, including their antioxidant properties, which are effective in reducing oxidative stress. In this study, 56 male rats will be used in eight groups of 7 to investigate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of hawthorn and fassa on the treatment of diabetes, as well as its effect on liver tissue structure and blood parameters, with the following groups: control without receiving medication and treatment, diabetic control group receiving streptozotocin, and healthy group receiving hawthorn leaf extract at a dose of 80 mg/kg. Healthy group receiving 60 mg/kg of phasera leaf extract, diabetic group receiving 80 mg/kg of hawthorn extract, diabetic group receiving 60 mg/kg of phasera leaf extract, diabetic group receiving 80 mg/kg of phasera leaf extract and 60 mg/kg of phasera leaf, diabetic group receiving insulin. Diabetic groups will become diabetic by injecting 55 mg/kg of streptozotocin, while non-diabetic groups will receive the same volume of saline. And they were gavage for 4 weeks and the blood glucose of the mice was measured every week with a glucometer. After the end of 4 weeks, the mice were euthanized and their blood and tissue samples were taken for the necessary tests. Then, the data obtained from various measurements were analyzed using Graph pad prism software and one-way analysis of variance statistical test. The results showed that the combined consumption of hawthorn and bryonia extracts was able to significantly reduce blood glucose levels, which indicates the positive effect of the plant in controlling blood sugar. Although an increase in insulin levels was observed in the extract-receiving group, this increase was not statistically significant, indicating that the mechanism of blood sugar reduction may occur through pathways independent of the increase in insulin. Also, the combined extract had a positive effect on liver function, causing a significant decrease in the liver enzymes ALT and AST compared to the diabetic group, indicating the protective role of the extract on liver tissue and reducing damage caused by diabetes. Changes in the ALP enzyme were not statistically significant, but its decreasing trend may become important in longer studies. The hematocrit parameter also increased numerically in the treatment group, but this change was not significant. Malondialdehyde assays also showed that consumption of this extract was able to significantly reduce malondialdehyde levels, indicating the positive effect of the combined extract of hawthorn and Bryonia. However, these preliminary results could pave the way for further research in this field.  

  Oxidative stress indicates an imbalance between the production and

   Abstract Introduction and purpose Studies strongly indicate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of methyl jasmonate. However, no study has been conducted on the anti-migraine effects of methyl jasmonate.   Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of methyl jasmonate on the behavioral appearances of migraine headaches as well as the changes of some factors involved in oxidative stress in the cerebral cortex and brainstem tissues of rats following in a rat model of nitroglycerin (NTG)-induced   migraine . Materials and methods: In this study, fourty two adult male Wistar rats were used. The rats were randomly divided into 7 groups (n=6) including the control, sham, NTG, and NTG+ methyl jasmonate pretreated and posttreated groups at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg. Five intraperitoneal injections (every other day) of NTG was used to induce migraine attacks like symptoms. Following NTG injection, the animals show behavioral indicators indicative of migraine headaches including cage climbing, freezing (immobility), resting and head and face rubbing(facial rubbing). Pain behaviors were recorded for 90 min. In order to accurately record pain behavior, in addition to manual recording of pain movements, it was recorded and re-evaluated with an automatic image recording system. After of the drugs injection and behavioral evaluation of migraine headache, rats were deeply anesthetized with intraperitoneal injection of ketamine and xylazine, and the cortical and brainstem tissues were isolated and used to measure factors related to oxidative stress, including catalase, malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione and ROS. Results: The grooming and climbing behaviors was decreased in NTG-treated rats as compared to control group, while these behaviors was increased in the groups of rats pre-treated and post-treated with   methyl jasmonate at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg compared to the NTG group. The time of freezing, resting and facial rubbing was increased in the migraine group compared to the control group, however, such behaviors was decreased in all the groups treated with methyl jasmonate compared to the NTG group. The activity of catalase and glutathione induction was   decreased in NTG group as compared to the control and sham groups.   However, the groups pre-treated and post-treated with methyl jasmonate (5 and 10 mg/kg) showed increase in catalase activity and production of glutathione as compared to NTG group. In addition, malondialdehyde and ROS levels was increased in   TG-treated rats as compared to the control and sham groups.   evertheless, treatment with methyl jasmonate at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg could decrease such activity in comparsion to the NTG group Conclusion: In general, the results of this research indicate that methyl jasmonate is able to reduce the severity of migraine headaches and oxidative stress in NTG-treated rats.   These effects might be partly mediated by its antioxidant potential. Keywords: Methyl jasmonate-Migraine-Nitroglycerin-Rats-Oxidative stress

   Although cholesterol is an essential and vital compound in the formation of cell membranes, its high amount in the blood can act as a high-risk factor in the body. The plant with the scientific name Prosopis farcta belongs to the Leguminosea family, which has many medicinal properties attributed to it in various sources. Olive, with the scientific name Olea Europaea L., belongs to the Oleacea family, in which many useful compounds have been identified. Another very useful and essential fatty acid for the body is omega-3 unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA ?-3). This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of mistletoe plant extract combined with olive oil and omega-3 on the serum level of lipids in hypercholesterolemic rats. Therefore, the number of 60 male rats was divided as follows.- Control group: They were kept with the usual diet.- Hypercholesterolemia group: High fat diet (containing 2% cholesterol) was given for 8 weeks.- Hypercholesterolemia + PF group: first for 4 weeks high-fat diet and then for 4 weeks together with high-fat diet, kohork plant extract was eaten at the rate of 100 mg/kg.- Hypercholesterolemia + olive oil group: first, for 4 weeks, high-fat diet was given, and then for 4 weeks, along with high-fat diet, olive oil was given at the rate of 5%.- Hypercholesterolemia + Omega-3 group: First, a high-fat diet was given for 4 weeks, and then, Omega-3 was given at the rate of 400 mg/kg for 4 weeks along with a high-fat diet.- Hypercholesterolemia + olive oil + omega-3 group: First, a high-fat diet was given for 4 weeks, and then for 4 weeks, together with a high-fat diet, olive oil and omega-3 were given in the above methods and amounts.- Hypercholesterolemia + PF + olive oil group: first for 4 weeks high-fat diet and then for 4 weeks together with high-fat diet, kahorak plant extract and olive oil were given in the above methods and amounts.- Hypercholesterolemia + PF + omega-3 group: first A high-fat diet was given for 4 weeks, and then for 4 weeks together with a high-fat diet, mesquite plant extract and omega-3 were given in the above methods and amounts.- Hypercholesterolemic + PF + olive oil + omega-3 group: first for 4 weeks, high-fat diet and then for 4 weeks together with high-fat diet, kahorak plant extract, olive oil and omega-3 were given in the above methods and amounts.- Hypercholesterolemia + atrostatin group: At first for 4 weeks high-fat diet and then for 4 weeks together with high-fat diet, the drug atrostatin was given in the amount of 20 mg/kg. and their tissue samples were separated. After centrifugation and plasma separation, the blood sample was used to measure lipid factors, glucose, oxidative stress indices and liver enzymes. From the liver tissue sample, after fixation in 10% formalin and tissue passage, tissue slides were prepared and subjected to histopathological study.