Introduction and Objective:Blastocystis is one of the common parasites of the gastrointestinal tract in humans as well as in domestic and wild animals, with a wide geographical distribution worldwide. Due to its high prevalence and its potential role in gastrointestinal disorders, this parasite has always attracted the attention of researchers. Studies have shown that Blastocystis is capable of infecting a variety of hosts, raising the possibility of transmission between humans and animals. Epidemiological investigations indicate that domestic animals may serve as potential reservoirs for this parasite, although their exact role in transmission to humans has not yet been fully clarified. Kermanshah Province, due to extensive livestock activities and close contact between humans and domestic animals, provides favorable conditions for the dissemination of intestinal parasites. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Blastocystis infection in domestic livestock in this province, aiming to provide baseline.    Materials and Methods: In this study, 410 fecal samples from four livestock species including horses (81 samples), cattle (125 samples), sheep (121 samples) and goats (83 samples) were randomly collected from livestock farms and livestock centers in different cities of Kermanshah province. The samples were obtained fresh and directly by rectal swab in cattle and horses and by anal stimulation in sheep and goats and placed in sterile containers containing an appropriate preservative solution (70% alcohol). After collection, the samples were stored at 4°C and tra  orted to the laboratory as soon as possible. In order to initially investigate the infection with Blastocystis parasite, all samples were subjected to microscopic examination using the wet spread method and Lugel staining and flotation by the Clayton Lane method. The samples were observed using a light microscope at ×100 and ×400 magnifications and the results were recorded accurately. DNA extraction from the studied samples was performed using a kit and in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Molecular identification of Blastocystis parasite was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and general primers specific to this parasite based on the SSU rRNA gene including RD5 and BhRDr. Finally, statistical analysis of the data was performed and a statistical significance level of less than 0.05 was considered.    Results: According to the results, the overall prevalence of infection in the microscopic method was reported as 38 cases (9.2%); the highest prevalence was observed in cattle (13.6%) and the lowest in horses (1.2%). The infection rate in sheep was 9% and in goats was 10.8%. By gender, the infection rate in males was 6.8% and in females was 11.3%. Based on age group, animals less than 2 years old were reported to be infected by 1.8% and over 2 years old by 10.3%. In the molecular method, a total of 38 samples (9.2%) were detected positive. The highest prevalence was observed in cattle (12.8%), followed by sheep (10.7%) and goats (10.8%), while no positive cases were detected in horses, which were not statistically significantly different from the microscopic method. By gender, the prevalence of parasites in males was 6.8% and females were 11.3%. Based on age group, the prevalence of parasites in animals under 2 years old was 7.6% and over 2 years old was 10.8%. There was no statistically significant difference between the two methods in terms of gender and age. Random examination of 20 negative morphological samples by molecular method led to the identification of 3 positive cases, indicating a higher sensitivity of the molecular method compared to the microscopic method.   

چكيده سابقه و هدف: زخم به هرگونه آسيب و يا اختلال در ساختار طبيعي پوست گفته مي شود. مديريت و درمان زخم، يك موضوع جدي و مهم در پزشكي نوين است. يكي از رهيافت‌ها در زمينه‌ي مديريت زخم استفاده از سلول‌هاي بنيادي ميباشد. سلول‌هاي بنيادي هم به صورت موضعي و هم به صورت سيستميك براي درمان زخم‌هاي جلدي مورد استفاده قرار ميگيرند. سلول‌هاي بنيادي مزانشيمي مشتق شده از بند ناف جنين انسان(ژله وارتون) با داشتن پتانسيل تكثير و تمايز به عنوان يك كانديد مهم در مطالعات مربوط به مديريت زخم، بررسي شده‌اند. انتقال سلول‌هاي بنيادي مزانشيمي از طريق تزريق يا تجويز موضعي به طور مستقيم ميتواند باعث ايجاد مرگ سريع سلولي شود. از اين رو راهبردهاي متفاوتي بر اساس استفاده از مواد و داربست‌ها با هدف افزايش چسبندگي، پروليفراسيون و تمايز سلول‌ها به كار گرفته ميشود. يكي از انواع داربست‌هاي استفاده شده در مهندسي بافت، داربست‌هاي نانوفيبر الكتروريسي شده هستند.  اين مطالعه با هدف بررسي كارايي سلول‌هاي بنيادي مزانشيمي ژله وارتون بارگذاري شده بر داربست نانوفيبر ساخته شده از پلي لاكتيك اسيد / صمغ كتيرا و عصاره پوست انار با روش الكتروريسي ، در ترميم زخم تجربي در موش بزرگ آزمايشگاهي با كمك بافت شناسي و ايمونوهيستوشيمي انجام شد. مواد و روش‌كار: پس از تهيه پودر پوست انار، عصاره هيدروالكلي پوست آن به روش خيساندن آماده شد. داربست مورد نظر در اين مطالعه با كمك دستگاه الكتروريسي مستقر در آزمايشگاه بهداشت مواد غذايي دانشكده دامپزشكي دانشگاه رازي ساخته شد و عصاره پوست انار در تركيب داربست با نسبت 25/1% استفاده شد. جهت شناسايي داربست از آزمون FTIR وميكروسكوپ الكتروني نگاره استفاده شد. بند ناف جنين full term انسان از بيمارستان بيستون به آزمايشگاه كشت سلول منتقل شده و طبق پروتوكل آزمايشگاه مراحل جداسازي، كشت و پاساژ سلولي انجام شد. جهت سنجش سميت سلولي داربست از آزمون MTT استفاده شد. تعداد 20 سر موش آزمايشگاهي بزرگ نر نژاد ويستار با ميانگين سني دو ماه خريداري و در قفس مخصوص با شرايط محيطي دما 3±22 درجه سانتي‌گراد و سيكل روشنايي(12:12) در خانه حيوانات نگهداري شد و در طول مطالعه، به آب و غذا دسترسي آزاد داشتند. پس از تطابق با شرايط محيطي، موش‌ها با كمك كتامين/زايلازين (ketamine 80 mg/kg & xylazine 10mg/kg) بيهوش شدند. موي سطح پشتي هر موش در محل ايجاد زخم‌ها زده و ضد عفوني شد. در سطح پشتي هر موش، زخم دايرهاي به قطر 20 ميليمتر و با ضخامت كامل ايجاد شد و به طور تصادفي به پنج گروه تقسيم شدند. 1)گروه كنترل منفي 2) گروه تيمارشده با 105 سلول 3) گروه تيمارشده با داربست پلي‌لاكتيك‌اسيد/صمغ كتيرا 4) گروه تيمار شده با داربست پلي‌لاكتيك اسيد/صمغ كتيرا/عصاره انار 5) گروه تيمار شده با داربست پلي‌لاكتيك‌اسيد/كتيرا/عصاره انار بارگذاري شده با 105 سلول . طول مدت تيمار 14 روز بود.. درروزهاي 4، 7، 10 و 14 با كمك دوربين ديجيتال از محل زخم تصاويري اخذ شد و روند ترميم زخم از نظر ماكروسكوپي بررسي شد. پس از 2 هفته، موش‌ها آسان كشي شدند و نمونه‌هاي پوست از ناحيه مورد بررسي اخذ شدند و در محلول فيكساتيو قرار داده شدند. بعد از فيكس شدن بافت ، به روش معمول، مقاطع بافتي از پوست تهيه شد و پس از رنگ آميزي عمومي و اختصاصي با ميكروسكوپ نوري مطالعه و مقايسه شد. همچنين جهت مطالعه ايمونوهيستوشيميايي نمونه‌‌هاي بافتي به آزمايشگاه مربوط ارسال شدند و پروتئينهاي ويمنتين، CD31وki-67 مورد رنگ آميزي و مطالعه قرارگرفتند. يافته‌ها:

  .B, [08.03.25 13:59] One of the common dermatological issues is skin wounds and their healing process. The significance of wound healing arises from its high prevalence in both human and veterinary medicine. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of a bacterial nanocellulose (BNC)/esculin composite on skin wounds in a rat model. A total of 45 male Wistar rats were used and divided into three groups (15 rats per group): control group, bacterial nanocellulose group, and bacterial nanocellulose/esculin group. Bacterial nanocellulose and bacterial nanocellulose/esculin discs were applied to wounds created on the dorsal region of the rats. On days 7, 14, and 21 post-experiment initiation, digital photographs were taken for morphometric evaluation, and tissues were collected to analyze histopathological changes, hydroxyproline content, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) levels, oxidative/antioxidative parameters, and the gene expression levels of interleukin-1? (IL-1?), transforming growth factor-?1 (TGF-?1), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the wound area. The results revealed that bacterial nanocellulose/esculin significantly reduced wound area compared to both the control and bacterial nanocellulose groups throughout the study period. Furthermore, esculin treatment reduced lymphocyte count compared to the control group, decreased fibroblast count in the early phases, and increased fibrocyte count in the later stages of wound healing. Other parameters such as re-epithelialization, tissue organization, collagen fiber maturation, and larger-sized blood vessels showed significant improvements in the bacterial nanocellulose/esculin group compared to the other groups. In the bacterial nanocellulose/esculin-treated group, dry matter content, glycosaminoglycan levels, and hydroxyproline content were significantly increased during different wound healing stages compared to the control group. Evaluation of oxidative stress parameters also indicated improved antioxidant status in the wound tissue of the bacterial nanocellulose/esculin-treated group, as evidenced by increased glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity and decreased malondialdehyde concentration. Moreover, esculin treatment significantly modulated gene expression patterns at different stages of wound healing, which clinically contributed to accelerated recovery and reduced inflammatory complications. The findings of this study demonstrated that bacterial nanocellulose/esculin is effective in wound healing. The accelerated wound healing properties of this formulation could be attributed to its effects on vascularization, modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, enhanced antioxidant defense mechanisms, and increased collagen and glycosaminoglycan production. Keywords: Bacterial Cellulose, Esculin, Skin Wound, Rat.

چكيده مقدمه و هدف : فاض?ب دفعي بيمارستان از مهم‌ترين منابع انتشار عوامل عفونت‌زا در مح?ط است. وجود عواملانگلي متعدد و زئونوز در فاضلاب بيمارستاني و احتمال راه‌يابي اين فاضلاب به آبهاي آشاميدني يا محصولات كشاورزي، خطري بالقوه جهت انتقال بيماري‌هاي‌ انگلي به انسان و دام محسوب ميشود. فاضلاب‌ها به دليل دارا بودن مواد مغذي ميتواند براي اصلاح خاك استفاده شود و چنانچه به شكل صحيح سالم‌سازي نشود، عوامل مقاوم انگلي نظير تخم كرم‌ها و كيست تك‌ياختهها ممكن است وارد محصولات كشاورزي شود. هدف از ا?ن مطالعه تع??ن وضع?ت آلودگي‌انگل? فاض?ب خام بيمارستان امام رضا (ع) شهر كرمانشاه است. مواد و روش‌كار : اين مطالعه بر روي نمونه‌هاي اخذ شده از بيمارستان امام رضا(ع) شهرستان كرمانشاه صورت گرفته و نمونه‌گيري از فروردين ماه 1403 تا شهريور ماه 1403 به مدت 6 ماه و به صورت هفتگي انجام شد. نمونـه‌هاي اخذ شده بـراي انجـام آزمايشات انگل شناسي به آزمايشگاه انگل شناسي دانشكده دامپزشكي دانشگاه رازي منتقل شدند. آنـاليز انگلـي بـر اسـاس روش بيلنجـر بـا لام شـمارش مـك ‌مسـتر انجام شد. جهت تشخيص آلودگي نمونههاي اخذ شده به تك‌ياخته كريپتوسپوريديوم از هر نمونه 3 گسترش تهيه‌كرده و پس از ثابت كردن با اتانول به روش ذل-نيلسون اصلاح شده رنگ‌آميزي ميشود و زير ميكروسكوپ مشاهده شد و وجود آلودگي و شدت آلودگي براي هر نمونه ثبت گرديد. جهت مقايسه آلودگي در ماههاي مختلف نمونهگيري از آزمونهاي آماري در بستر نرم‌افزار    استفاده شد. در اين مطالعه مقادير p كمتر از 05/0 معنيدار در نظر گرفته شدند. نتايج : بر اساس نتايج به‌دست‌آمده، در روش تلمن تخم تنيا، لارو نماتود، تخم هيمنولپيس نانا، كيست ژيارديا، كيست كيلوماستيكس، كيست آميب، كيست بلاستوسيستيس هومينيس، كيست يوامبا بوتچلي مشاهده شد و فاضلاب تصفيه شده بيمارستان امام رضا ازنظر آلودگي با كريپتوسپوريديوم در مواردي بسيار كم مثبت بود. آزمون‌هاي آماري كه بر روي نتايج روش تلمن انجام شد، اختلاف معني‌دار بين آلودگي انگلي فاضلاب تصفيه شده ماه‌هاي نمونه‌گيري را نشان نداد. همين‌طور اختلاف معني‌دار بين آلودگي انگلي فصل بهار و تابستان فاضلاب تصفيه شده بيمارستان امام رضا ديده نشد. آلودگي به كريپتوسپوريديوم در ماههاي مختلف بيمارستان و در فصول بهار و تابستان اختلاف معني‌داري را نشان نداد. نتيجه‌گيري : آلودگي فاضلاب بيمارستان امام رضا(ع) كرمانشاه به انواع انگلهاي پاتوژن، نشاندهنده توانايي پسابها و كود ناشي از آن در آلوده سازي منابع آبي و محصولات كشاورزي مورداستفاده براي انسان و دامهاست. لذا سالم‌سازي صحيح فاضلاب قبل از ورود به محيط‌زيست از اهميت بالايي برخوردار است. كلمات كليدي : فاضلاب، فاضلاب بيمارستان، آلودگي انگلي، كرمانشاه، تك‌ياخته، كرم

Background: Given the projected increase in poultry meat consumption in the coming decades and advancements in genetic improvement processes and nutritional technologies for broiler chickens—leading to a shorter growth period—and due to the limited agricultural resources for poultry feed, the importance of the hatching phase has become more significant. In ovo injection is an innovative technology that has the potential to improve hatchability and subsequent growth performance in broiler chickens. Retinoic acid, an active metabolite of vitamin A, plays vital roles in embryonic development, cellular differentiation, and tissue formation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of in ovo injection of retinoic acid on hatchability, the expression of growth-related genes, hepatic enzyme status, and the early growth of internal organs post-hatching. Methods: In this study, 250 fertilized eggs were divided into five groups: the retinoic acid injection group, the    injection group, the DMSO injection group, the ethanol-disinfected group, and the control group. The injections were performed on day 14 of incubation, and the chicks were sacrificed on the first day of hatching for experimental analyses. The necessary samples were collected for further examinations. Results: The results indicated that in ovo injection of retinoic acid had no significant effect on the hatchability rate or chick weight. Regarding liver function, no significant changes were observed in hepatic enzyme levels, including GGT, LDH, and GOT. Gene expression analysis revealed a significant increase in GHR gene expression in the liver tissue of the retinoic acid-treated group. However, no significant changes were detected in GHR expression in intestinal tissue or in IGF-1 expression in both liver and intestinal tissues. Histomorphometric analysis of the duodenum and colon tissues showed slight changes in villus length and crypt depth, but these changes were not statistically significant .Additionally, no alterations were observed in the normal histological structure of the liver tissue. Conclusion: Overall, the results of this study demonstrated that on the first day of hatching, the expression of the GHR gene in liver tissue was significantly increased, which could potentially contribute to enhanced growth and improved growth performance later in life. Furthermore, retinoic acid at the administered concentration had no significant effects on hatchability, chick weight, liver function, IGF-1 gene expression, or the histomorphometric findings examined in this study. Keywords: In ovo injection, retinoic acid, hatchability, growth, gene expression, broiler chicken.      

Abstract   Introduction and Objective: Wastewater from slaughterhouses is one of the most significant sources of the spread of infectious agents in the environment. The presence of various parasitic and zoonotic agents in slaughterhouse wastewater and the potential for this wastewater to enter drinking water or agricultural products poses a potential risk for the transmission of parasitic diseases to humans and livestock. Wastewater, due to its nutrient content, can be used for soil improvement, and if not properly treated, resistant parasitic agents such as worm eggs and protozoan cysts may contaminate agricultural products. The aim of this study is to determine the level of parasitic contamination in raw wastewater from slaughterhouses in Kermanshah County. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on samples taken from two slaughterhouses in Kermanshah County (Bistoon Slaughterhouse and Mahdasht Slaughterhouse), with sampling carried out weekly over a period of six months. Parasitological analysis was performed based on the Bilinger method using a counting chamber with a volume of 0.3 milliliters. Additionally, to identify the eggs and cysts of heavy parasites that could not be detected by the Bilinger method, the Telman method was employed. To diagnose contamination of the collected samples with protozoa, a modified Nelson staining method was used, and after examining the presence and intensity of contamination, results were recorded for each sample. To compare contamination levels across different months of sampling and between the two slaughterhouses, statistical tests were conducted using    software. In this study, p-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Based on the obtained results, Ascaris eggs, eggs of other nematodes, Moniezia eggs, nematode larvae, Giardia cysts, and Eimeria oocysts were observed using the Baermann method, while Trichuris, Fasciola, and Dicrocoelium eggs were detected using the Telman method. The raw wastewater from both slaughterhouses tested positive for Cryptosporidium contamination. Statistical tests conducted on the results from the Baermann method did not show a significant difference in parasitic contamination of the raw wastewater between the Bistoon and Mahidisht slaughterhouses during the sampling months. Similarly, no significant difference was observed in the total parasitic contamination of the raw wastewater from both slaughterhouses across different sampling months. In each slaughterhouse, there was also no significant difference in contamination intensity between the various sampling months. The contamination by Cryptosporidium did not show a significant difference between the two slaughterhouses, either in total or when separated by slaughterhouse, across the different months. Conclusion: The contamination of wastewater from slaughterhouses in Kermanshah with various pathogenic parasites indicates the potential of effluents and the resulting manure to pollute water resources and agricultural products used for humans and livestock. Therefore, proper treatment of wastewater before its release into the environment is of great importance. Keywords: Wastewater, Slaughterhouse, Parasitic pollution, Kermanshah, Protozoa, Worm  

raw meat products play a significant role in the transmission of different types of Sarcocystis terran. Hamburger is one of the meat products that may be produced in two industrial ways in licensed factories or hand-made and sold in shops. This product is usually made from beef and can carry important pathogens such as Sarcocystis protozoa. In this research, the contamination rate of hamburgers distributed in Kermanshah with Sarcocystis parasite was investigated using two methods of pepsin digestion and molecular (PCR).

   The effects of co-administration of Doxorubicin and green synthesized ZnO    on the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells; in vitro and in silico assessment Abstract The chemotherapy drug Doxorubicin (DOXO) can inflict substantial bone damage on cancer patients. While the mechanisms behind DOXO-induced osteoporosis remain incompletely elucidated, evidence suggests that DOXO may hinder the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) through the Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2)/Drosophila mothers against decapentaplegics (SMAD) signaling pathway. Notably, Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO   ) have proven effective in promoting bone formation, mineralization, and osteoblastic cell proliferation. Recently, green-synthesized ZnO    exhibit immense potential for various biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. This study investigates the effects of co-administration of DOXO and green synthesized the ZnO    from hydroalcoholic extract of Cercis siliquastrum (C.S) on the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs; in vitro and in silico assessments. ZnO    were synthesized from hydroalcoholic extract of C.S and characterized both qualitatively and quantitatively. To determine their effect on osteogenic differentiation, BMSCs were cultured in media with and without ZnO    (10 µg/ml) and DOXO (10 nmol) for 14 days. The transcription of genes involved in osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs was analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The impact of ZnO    on osteoblast function and bone formation was assessed by ALP enzyme and intracellular calcium deposition assays. To investigate the ability of the ZnO    to target BMPRs, an in silico molecular docking simulation was conducted using the descriptive-analytical method. AutoDock 4.2.6 software was employed to examine the binding interaction between the ZnO    and the active site of BMPRs. The BMSCs groups treated with the ZnO    significantly increased the expression of osteogenic differentiation-related genes (BMP-2, runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), ALP and collagen type IA (COL1A). and intracellular calcium deposition. Also the most negative binding energy level (?G bind = -3.14 and -2.32 kcal/mol) demonstrated a propensity for binding to the active sites of both the type II receptor (BMPRII) and type I receptor (BMPRIa), Respectively. Our research sheds valuable light on the mechanism underlying the osteogenic differentiation-inducing effects of a combined treatment of DOXO and the ZnO   , both in vitro and in silico. This finding could potentially pave the way for exploring novel strategies to prevent chemotherapy-induced osteoporosis. Key words: Doxorubicin, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, zinc oxide nanoparticles, Cercis siliquastrum, molecular docking, BMP2 signaling pathway

  Abstract Habronemiasis in Horses is caused by species of Habronema nematode and transmitted by insect carriers, importantly the flies’ species including Muscae domestica and Stomoxys calcitrans. Due to importance of diseases spreading by arthropod carriers, alongside the fact that main horse training centers and farms disregarding this disease and specially its hygienic and economical aspects, this made us up to achieve supporting estimation of ocular Habronemiasis occurrence through certain diagnostic methods for this parasite via molecular tracking and also calculation of Habronema species prevalence at important horse breeding farms and horseracing centers in Kermanshah City. This study was taken place during a 14 month period by observing 41 centers (Horseracing Clubs, Breeding farms and personal stables) and population equal to 385 Horses. By considering clinical history of horses and clinical signs of Ocular Habronemiasis, 28 suspicious horses were detected and grouped in a lower society named “Targets” and they went undergone sampling from lesions of conjunctivae tissue in addition with their environmental disease carrier flies collected as second samples for proving Habronema parasitic presence and investigating Habronema species prevalence through Habronema Genome tracing via Real-time qPCR method. After molecular test procedure and statistically analyzing obtained data, 75% of the suspicious horses were reported Positive for being infected by Habronema, while the positive Targets consists of 61.9% male and 38.1% female. Although the relation of disease occurrence with factors like age of horses, season of disease occurrence, races and body colors was meaningful, indicating about 80.95% of positive targets were from Kurdish race and about 42.85% were Sorrel for their body color. Among the whole 385 horses under observation, horses with age range below 5 years old had the most infection rate and the disease prevalence was at highest peak at summer and after that, at fall. Carrier flies were sampled from suspicious Horses living places, were tested and indicate presence of Habronema Larvae in 92.85% of Targets’ environment. For environments of positive Target horses, all of places had Habronema Larvae detected in flies. As the matter of determination of Habronema species, in molecular investigation of whole positive target samples were reported 92.85% and 7.15% respectively for Habronema muscae and Habronema microstoma. Organized fundamental anti-parasitic treatment programs, sanitizing horsebox floor regularly, preventing from formation of insects attracting places from excrements all over the farm and ultimately medical management of conjunctivitis lesion treatment might be effective in reducing occurrence of ocular Habronemiasis

  The aim of this study was to prepare an anatomical atlas of anterior and posterior fetlock joints in sheep using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography scan (CT) as well as to investigate the morphometric features of this joint. This study was performed on 40 forelimbs and 40 hindlimbs of 20 adult sheep. Imaging of the samples was performed by CT scan and MRI at transverse, middle and coronal plans. Then, using an electric bandsaw, the corresponding anatomical sections were prepared at the desired levels. Different anatomical structures were then identified and labeled in CT scan, MRI, and anatomical sections. Also, bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) method and morphometric features included distance between metacarpal and metatarsal condyles, width of metacarpal and metatarsal condyles, length, width and the height of the proximal sesamoids and the thickness of the cortical bone of the first phanalx were measured. The results showed that in the T1-MRI images, compact bones, ligaments, and tendons showed less signal intensity (hypointense) and were seen black. The spongy bone and bone marrow with more signal intensity (Hyperintense) were seen white, but articular cartilage and synovial fluid with moderate signal intensity were seen as gray areas. Manica flexoria was detectable in cross-sections, and was seen with high signal intensity (white) in MRI images, but was not detectable on CT scan images. The suspensory ligament was seen in cross-sections and low signal intensity in MRI images (dark gray). But was not detectable on CT scan images. Articular pouches were clearly visible with high signal intensityin both forelimb and hindlimb fetlocks. The bone mineral density in the left hindlimb was significantly higher than the left forelimb (P <0.05). The difference between the right and left hindlimbs was also significant. The width of the medial condyle in the forelimbs was significantly greater than the hindlimbs (P <0.05. Atlas presented in the present study as a basic reference for CT and MRI evaluation of the forelimb and hindlimb fetlocks in sheep can help veterinarians for interpreting pathological lesions of this joint. The left forelimb and hindlimb probably have higher bone density than the anterior limbs due to more weight bearing.Also the upper sesame bones in the right forelimb and hindlimb due to more weigh bearing. And, being more voluminous of forelimbs sesamoid bones and their wider medial condyles compared to the hindlimbs in the studied sheep, can indicate that the center of gravity of the body is closer to the forelimbs.Keywords: Synovial joints, diagnostinc imaging, Small ruminant, Bone mineral density

Abstract Objective: Strongyles are a common parasite in the horse industry and cause great economic losses to this industry annually. Antiparasitic drugs and chemical disinfectant have good effects on these parasites, but, due to their drug resistance and side effects, edible mushroom can be a suitable natural alternative to these drugs. Method: For this purpose, aqueous-alcoholic extracts of Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus bisporus, Inonotus hispidus and also a cultured sample of P. eryngii were prepared and its effect on the third-stage larvae of horse Strongyles was measured. For this experiment, larvae were isolated from horse feces culture by Baermann technique. The extracts at concentrations of 10, 25, 50 and 100 mg/ml were adjacent with the larvae in the microplate and incubated at 25°C. Also, distilled water was used as a negative control and Ivermectin with a concentration of 3 ng/ml and 95% ethanol were used as a positive control. Also, distilled water was used as a negative control and Ivermectin 3 ng/ml and 95% ethanol were used as positive control. Larval mortality was examined under microscope daily. Results: Extracts of all mushroom had significant lethal effects on third-stage larvae of horse. They performed better than Ivermectin in many concentrations and had significant differences or They acted similarly and had no significant difference. In some cases, they even acted like alcohol and had no significant difference. In this study, 100% of larvae were killed at all concentrations of different mushroom in a maximum of 96 hours. In this study, it was shown that in most extracts, with increasing concentration, we saw that more larvae were killed and also, extracts showed more lethal effects with increasing time. Conclusion: The results of the this study showed that the extracts of P. eryngii, P. ostreatus, A. bisporus, I. hispidus and also the cultured sample of   P. eryngii have the larval killing properties of the third-stage larvae of horse Strongyles and may be a good alternative to chemical disinfectants. Keywords: mushroom , P. eryngii, P. ostreatus, A. bisporus, I. hispidus, strongyle, horse, antiparasitic.

AbstractBackground and Objective:  Depression, as a highly prevalent and major neuropsychiatric disorder, has physical and emotional symptoms. Postpartum depression (PPD) appears to be a harmful condition affecting mothers and their offspring negatively. Considering the impact of zinc on mood and its important role in the pathophysiology and therapy of depression, the present study was designed to evaluate the antidepressant-like effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO   ) and possible mechanisms of action in the model of PPD in female mice.Material and Methods:  Adult female mice were divided into groups of control, untreated depressed, depressed recipient of ZnO    (5, 10, 20 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (20 mg/kg). Model of postpartum depression was induced by intraperitoneal injection of progesterone (5 mg/kg, once daily for five consecutive days) and 3 days after stopping administration.  Then, depressive-like behavior was assessed 30 min following of  D by forced swimming test (FST). In another set of experiments, the possible involvement of the nitrergic, serotonergic, adenosinergic and glutamatergic systems in antidepressant-like effect of ZnO    were evaluated by pharmacological agents.Results:  Induction of PPD model significantly increased immobility time in the FST (P<0.05). Administration of ZnO    (10 and 20 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) significantly improved depression and decreased immobility time in the FST (P<0.05), whereas lower dose of ZnO    (5 mg/kg) had no effect (P?0.05). There was no difference between groups in the number of crossings in the open-field test (OFT) (P?0.05). Moreover, antidepressant-like effect of effective dose of ZnO    (20 mg/kg) in the FST was significantly blocked by pretreatment of mice with L-arginine (750 mg/kg, a nitric oxide precursor), WAY100635 (0.1 mg/kg, a selective 5?HT1A  receptor antagonist), caffeine (3 mg/kg, a non-selective adenosine receptors antagonist), and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) (75 mg/kg, NMDA receptor agonist) (P<0.05). In addition, the treatment of mice with L-NAME (10 mg/kg, a non-specific NOS inhibitor), adenosine (0.1 mg/kg, a non-selective adenosine receptors agonist), and MK-801 (0.05 mg/kg, NMDA receptor antagonist) significantly potentiated the action of sub-effective dose of ZnO    (5 mg/kg) and reduced immobility time in the FST (P<0.05).Conclusion:  It is suggested that the antidepressant-like effect of ZnO    may be mediated by interaction with the nitrergic, serotoninergic, adenosinergic, and glutamatergic systems.Keywords:  ostpartum depression, Zinc oxide nanoparticles, Forced swimming test, Mice.

بررسي سميت حاد و تحت مزمن عصاره ي هيدرو الكلي اندام هوايي گياه غازياقي (falcaria vulgaris) درموش صحرايي نژاد ويستار: رويكرد توكسيكوپاتولوژيك  

Background: We aimed to investigate the prevalence of fasciolosis and to perform a climatological analysis of different regions of Iran based on the current situation of the parasite and its intermediate host using Geographical Information System (GIS). Methods: Meteorological data were obtained from Iran Meteorological Organization. Further, the number of fasciolosis cases from 31 provinces reported to the Iran Veterinary Organization were collected. Using ArcGIS 10.3 software, the prevalence maps of the disease was studied and the risk map was prepared based on the climatic and meteorological conditions]  . Results: The main risk hotspots were found in Northern provinces like Golestan, Mazandaran and Gilan as well as some Southern provinces such as Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari and Fars, which have ideal conditions for completion of the parasite life cycle. Moreover, Gilan Province with 10.83% had the highest rate of fasciolosis infection in slaughtered animal. Conclusion: Iran is one of the most important foci of fasciolosis globally. Several provinces of Iran have appropriate conditions for evolution of parasite life cycle and presence of its intermediate host. These regions require special attention and serious determination in order to control fasciolosis in human and animals.