In petroleum production processes, stable emulsions are extracted along with crude oil. The stability of these emulsions, primarily due to the presence of naturally occurring surface-active compounds in crude oil, leads to various operational and environmental challenges. Therefore, the effective separation of these emulsions is considered one of the critical and essential challenges in the petroleum industry. To provide an effective solution to this challenge, a hyperbranched polymeric demulsifier based on a polyester structure was synthesized in this study via direct polycondensation between a trifunctional polyalkylene glycol as the branching agent and a difunctional isophthalic acid. The hyperbranched structure, with a higher density of end-groups, enables multi-point and faster adsorption at the interface. A series of characterization analyses were performed to confirm the structure and the successful synthesis of the demulsifier, and the results verified the effectiveness of the synthesis process. The performance of the synthesized demulsifier in water-in-oil emulsion separation was evaluated under various operational conditions, specifically demulsifier concentrations ranging from 50 to 100 mg/L, temperatures from 40 to 70°C, and settling times from 10 to 60 minutes. Under the optimal conditions, including concentration of 90 mg/L, temperature of 70°C, and settling time of 50 minutes, demulsification efficiency of approximately 85% was achieved. In addition to its amphiphilic nature, the hyperbranched polymeric demulsifier exhibits acceptable separation performance due to its hyperbranched structure and favorable properties, including an appropriate molecular weight, relatively uniform structure, and high flexibility of the polymer chains. Subsequently, in order to further enhance the performance of the hyperbranched polymeric demulsifier and investigate the effect of magnetic nanoparticles on this system, magnetic graphene oxide nanoparticles were synthesized and incorporated into the system as a modifying agent. Under the previously determined optimal conditions and at a concentration of 0.025wt%, these nanoparticles increased the demulsification efficiency to 95.6%. In addition, the magnetic properties of the nanoparticles enabled their efficient recovery from the system, which not only reduced material consumption and operational costs but also demonstrated the potential for their reuse. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that the synthesis of a hyperbranched polymeric demulsifier and its modification with magnetic graphene oxide nanoparticles provide a novel and innovative approach for the demulsification of water-in-oil emulsions. Furthermore, due to the high potential of this system in emulsion separation, the findings of this research can be utilized for industrial applications and further research studies in the petroleum industry.   

   Beams made of steel and concrete are called composite beams. steel beams have advantages and limitations. Some limitations of iron can be overcome with concrete, And such a thing has been done in the composite beam. The composite beam uses concrete to provide strength, proper mass, corrosion, and fire resistance and uses steel to provide ductility and tensile strength. Therefore, the importance of this research is to know more about the effective parameters in the bending behavior of prefabricated composite beams. On the other hand, considering that, for economic and technical reasons, the use of composite elements such as composite beams in prefabricated structures is expanding day by day, the need to know the bending behavior of prefabricated concrete-steel composite beams is felt more and more. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to numerically investigate the bending behavior of prefabricated concrete-steel composite beams. For this purpose, after validating the numerical modeling, the effect of various parameters on the bending behavior of prefabricated concrete-steel composite beams has been investigated.

   The present study, in order to improve the geotechnical behavior of clay soils of kaolinite, bentonite and sand/clay mixture (80% standard sand, 20% local clay), which are always known as problematic soils in civil and road construction projects due to their high swelling potential, high shrinkage and low shear strength, three types of stabilizers including lime, xanthan gum and sodium alginate (biopolymer) were used to improve quality, increase mechanical properties, increase shear strength and effective improvement parameters. The samples were made in different percentages of stabilizers, lime (2.5 to 7.5%), biopolymers (0.5 to 2%) and evaluated in 7 and 28-day curing periods. Laboratory tests including grading, determination of Atterberg limits, modified compaction test, uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) were performed. The findings showed that the addition of lime initiates short-term and long-term pozzolanic reactions, which in the short term increase the pH and ion exchange, in the long term cause the release of Si and Al ions from the clay plates and ultimately the formation of CSH and CAH cementitious materials. The mechanism of action of biopolymers is completely different from the chemical reactions of lime and cause strong gelation between soil particles. The compressive strength results showed that lime had the best performance for all three soils used in the range of 5 to 7.5%. Xanthan gum biopolymer had the best compressive strength for kaolinite soil at 2%, in bentonite and in sand/clay at 1%. Sodium alginate biopolymer had the best performance and resistance for both kaolinite and bentonite soils at 0.5%, but in sandy clay soil, sodium alginate did not have a positive effect and was accompanied by a decrease in soil basic resistance. In general, lime provided the most long-term improvement, while biopolymers provided short-term improvement and performed best at 0.5%, 1% and 2% due to lower consumption and environmental compatibility. Keywords: Soil stabilization, lime, kaolinite, biopolymer, pozzolanic reactions, bentonite, xanthan gum.

Lithium-ion batteries, as primary energy sources in electric vehicles, energy storage systems, and high-power electronic devices, face significant challenges related to temperature rise and thermal management. Increased internal battery temperature not only reduces efficiency and service life but also poses serious safety risks such as thermal runaway, fire, and electrode damage. Therefore, developing effective methods to control temperature, delay critical temperature rise, and homogenize heat distribution is a fundamental aspect of lithium-ion battery design and performance improvement. One advanced approach in thermal management is the use of phase change materials (PCM), which have the capacity to store and release latent heat and can prevent rapid temperature increases by absorbing the heat generated by the battery. This thesis investigates and analyzes the performance of various phase change materials including paraffin, vaseline, and their composites with conductive additives such as graphite, copper oxide, and alumina+CuSO?, evaluating their effects on the thermal behavior of lithium-ion batteries comprehensively. In this study, more than 23 different phase change material compositions with varying ratios of paraffin and vaseline and different amounts of conductive additives were examined. The experiments included recording the battery temperature rise time, heating rate, and heat distribution uniformity at different voltages, along with comparing thermal behavior with and without conductive additives. These data enabled precise analysis of the impact of different PCM compositions on battery thermal management and identification of optimal mixtures. The results showed that pure paraffin compounds, due to high latent heat capacity, extended the temperature rise time but exhibited non-uniform temperature distribution and hotspot formation on the battery surface because of low thermal conductivity. Pure vaseline, though structurally stable and reducing PCM leakage, had a higher heating rate and lower heat storage capacity. With the addition of graphite and other conductive additives, heat transfer improved and temperature distribution became more uniform. Compositions containing graphite and copper oxide or alumina+CuSO? showed the longest critical temperature time and lowest heating rates, providing optimized thermal performance along with suitable mechanical stability. Also, paraffin–vaseline mixtures with graphite achieved a good balance of thermal energy storage, structural stability, and temperature uniformity and were suitable for moderate charge-discharge cycles. Ranking analysis revealed that the best thermal performance was related to PCM base compositions with conductive additives, while pure vaseline and pure paraffin without additives showed the lowest efficiency in thermal management. Findings indicate that selecting the optimal PCM composition combined with conductive materials is crucial for achieving stable thermal management, enhancing safety, and prolonging the lifespan of lithium-ion batteries. This thesis serves as a scientific and practical guide for designing advanced thermal management systems in electric vehicles and industrial applications of lithium-ion batteries, highlighting the importance of intelligent PCM and conductive additive combinations in improving battery thermal performance.   

  Considering thethermodynamic properties of natural gas during pressure reduction in naturalgas pressure reduction stations entering cities, its temperature alsodecreases. If this temperature drops to a certain level – dependent onoperational conditions and gas composition (approximately 7 degrees Celsius) –gaseous hydrates, which are substances similar to ice, will form. The formationof hydrates not only significantly increases the corrosion of equipment butalso, by accumulating in the regulator path, causes blockages and interruptsgas flow through the station.In CGS stations, theincoming gas pressure is increased to a temperature in heaters located withinthe station to ensure that during the pressure reduction process, thetemperature of the passing gas never drops to the hydrate formationtemperature. Generally, in such stations, atmospheric burners equipped withnatural draft systems using natural gas as fuel are employed to generate therequired heat. The heat produced during combustion is indirectly transferred tothe natural gas via a heat transfer fluid (distilled water), thereby increasingits temperature. Typically, in these heaters, additional air is supplied to theburner to reduce incomplete combustion. However, this results in a significantdecrease in burner efficiency and an increase in gas consumption.To address this issue, inthis thesis, the burner was simulated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)techniques. Subsequently, in the CFD environment, design modifications weremade to the burner, including the special design of the burner nozzle (toincrease gas velocity and natural draft) and the installation of swirlgenerators to enhance the mixing of the combustion process. This approachreduces the excess air required for complete fuel combustion inside thecombustion chamber, thereby increasing the burner's efficiency and reducingfuel consumption.

In recent years, people's use of digital products such as websites and mobile applications has increased significantly. On the other hand, the way users interact with the product is one of the important factors in its success. As a result, experts in this field are trying to improve methods and standards related to user experience design by analyzing and measuring criteria. One of the effective methods in user experience research is the use of a questionnaire so that the target users and their needs can be properly met so that the final product has the desired function for the users. There are different questionnaires, each of which has examined user feedback from a specific aspect such as aesthetics, usability, or emotions. However, the modular evaluation questionnaire of the key components of the user experience, or meCUE for short, tests different dimensions effective in the user experience in a simultaneous and standard way. This questionnaire, which has obtained good results in the German language in various tests, was then translated into English and Indonesian languages according to a reliable process in two other articles, and the quality of the questionnaire in the target language was evaluated with criteria such as reliability, Cronbach's alpha test, and measurement. Internal consistency has been evaluated. In this research, three translators first translated the meCUE questionnaire into Farsi based on the international principles of cross-cultural adaptation and evaluated it with various criteria including reliability, Cronbach's alpha test, and internal consistency. To evaluate the questionnaire, it has been used on a comprehensive Iranian application called Rubika with more than 30 million active installations. In this way, 30 application users answered the questionnaire first, and using the obtained results, the criteria mentioned above were calculated to ensure the accuracy of the translation. This questionnaire can be used as the first step in user experience research. In the next step, changes were made in the user interface of the application according to the answers of the users to the questionnaire and also by using the interview tool and Nielson's exploratory evaluation principles. Then the changes applied by 14 people were evaluated with the help of usability testing. To test usability, both people who have not used Rubik's and people who were users were used. In this way, the bias and familiarity of the participants towards the current state of the application are adjusted, the current and potential users of the application are equally considered and a more accurate evaluation of the applied changes is obtained. The results of the usability test showed that the changes applied to the Rubika user interface increased the usability score by 45% on average. In addition, the users who participated in the usability test answered a series of questions regarding the comparison of the current user interface and some proposed changes, as a result of which all the proposed changes were evaluated positively by the majority of users. Keywords: user experience evaluation, human-computer interaction, meCUE questionnaire, user experience improvement of Persian smartphone application, usability testing, Iranian mobile phone application   

In independent microgrids located in remote areas, the development of reliable and self-sufficient renewable energy systems is one of the major challenges of operating power systems due to the lack of connection with the national power grid. One of the best future options for increasing the use of renewable energies in grid-independent systems is the use of energy storage systems. In this thesis, an optimization model is proposed to determine the most cost-effective combination of renewable energy capacity using the war strategy optimization algorithm in a grid-independent microgrid supported by battery energy storage technology. The problem of energy management has been formulated using linear programming and the proposed algorithm has taken into account the limitations of exploitation, technical and land use. Also, the hourly effects of the region's weather and load demand, along with the installation price, have been evaluated. The simulation results for the diesel-based microgrid, which is a benchmark, and the renewable microgrid based on LCOE (levelized cost of electricity), have been compared and analyzed. In addition, sensitivity analysis is also presented to investigate the effect of variables on LCOE and PC (present cost) of the system. According to the tests and the obtained results, the lowest amount of PC is related to the scenario that has both a reduction in storage costs and a reduction in demand for consumption, which is 2113200 (€). Also, the results in this section show that the renewable microgrid has a higher LCOE (from 0.39 to 0.48 (€/kWh)) than the diesel-based approach (from 0.21 to 0.48 (€/kWh) is watt hours.   

Cooling of electronic equipment is a fundamental challenge in the electronics industry, so the development of new electronic systems depends on solving this challenge. In a Core I7 processor, more than 731 million transistors are accumulated in an area of 270 square millimeters, and their design thermal power reaches 140 watts. Removing this thermal load requires new methods. In recent years, the use of phase change materials in these systems has shown that these materials are effective in improving the thermal performance of heat sinks. Due to the increasing use of these materials, it is necessary to examine their thermal behavior in different conditions and to study the conditions where the presence of these materials leads to the improvement of the performance of heat sinks. These conditions depend on the geometry and materials of the heat sink components as well as its functional conditions. In this thesis, the thermal efficiency of a thermal heat sink equipped with a phase change material is investigated. The type of phase change material and its mass fraction in the presence of vanes and the arrangement of vanes are among the parameters that are studied. In addition, the efficiency of the heat sink may change over time depending on the amount and type of PCM, and therefore it is necessary to study this parameter over time. The results of this study can determine the conditions in which the presence of PCM leads to the improvement of the efficiency of the heat sink and introduce the appropriate limit for the use of PCMs. Also, in this study, it has been investigated that the presence of the valley in which wall of the heat sink has improved the performance of the heat sink in terms of cooling.  

Cities, as the most complex and comprehensive forms of human habitation, vividly reflect their prominent social, economic, historical, and resident conditions. They have always been influenced by various factors, including physical, economic, social, and cultural elements, evolving over time into cohesive entities. With the increasing urbanization and rapid changes in city structures, the urban landscape has become a significant challenge in design, management, and planning of public spaces. Urban spaces, especially squares and streets, serve as arenas for the free presence of individuals and their dynamic interactions. Improving the quality of the street facade can enhance the quality of these spaces and, consequently, improve the quality of life for citizens and shape their mental image of the city. Currently, continuous urban expansion and unchecked construction have subjected the physical identity of cities to sudden and unforeseen changes. On the other hand, individualism, self-centeredness, and the absence of coordinating rules in architecture have created irregularities and incongruities in the city's appearance. Therefore, the aim of this research is to identify principles and rules that can open the way for enhancing the quality of the urban street facade, making building facades an integral part of creating an attractive urban space. Madrese Street, one of the oldest streets in the historical fabric of Kermanshah, possesses valuable structures. Over time, it has lost its visually appealing characteristics and fallen into an unfavorable state. Additionally, many of its buildings have been constructed without regard to urban design standards and require reevaluation. Lack of identity, inconsistency, and visual disturbance, on one hand, and the lack of coordination between facade regulations in cultural heritage and municipal regulations, inconsistency between approved plans and implementation plans, and the imposition of personal and non-specialized tastes for financial purposes, on the other hand, are problems that have led to the loss of the city's visual charm. A regular and beautiful skyline is one of the most influential factors in organizing urban spaces. Therefore, the need for further studies in examining solutions to enhance the quality of the cityscape in urban design, introducing patterns and design solutions towards its realization in the studied axis, is emphasized. The aim of this thesis is to present a design pattern based on tangible and mental criteria of urban street facades to enhance the quality of the cityscape in the studied axis. Consequently, the formulation of components and indicators of high-quality urban facades at the desired level is a priority. Moreover, this research combines quantitative and qualitative methods, and based on the obtained results, it proposes a successful facade design pattern aligned with the values of the area under study. Thus, this research plays a crucial role in restoring the visual appeal of the cityscape and improving the quality of urban spaces.  

Despite the advantages of layered composites, due to low resistance to residual stresses and delamination under pressure High heat, their use is limited. Sandwich structures are suitable candidates for introducing composite materials They are advanced such as purpose graded materials (FGM) and composites reinforced with fibers. Therefore, in this research, Analytical investigation of sandwich beam reinforced by boron nitride nanotubes under thermal load to be For this purpose, in this research, for simulating the beam in MATLAB software, a single-headed Nimushenko beam was used in which the beam core is made of aluminum foam and the layers are made of 1161 aluminum plates with a purity of 99.2% in considered Also, Mori Tanaka's method was used to determine the properties of reinforced layers. and ultimate forces It is presented based on the Montanity model. According to the obtained results, the destruction force increases with the increase of core thickness but its increase rate is different according to the different conditions of the sandwich beam, so that in the thickness equal to the top At ambient temperature, the beam with reinforced top made of boron nitride nanotubes has more resistance. force of destruction It has very little dependence on the thickness of the top. Also, the destruction force increases with the increase in the thickness of the layers, but the rate Its increase is different for different conditions of sandwich beam. In such a way that in the same thickness in the ambient temperature, the beam With a reinforced top made of boron nitride nanotubes, it has less changes. Also with increasing temperature The difference between the forces of destruction should be reduced.

  The presence of colored pollutants in water causes irreparable damage to the environment and huma   Therefore, it is necessary to purify this pollutant from water. There are many methods for treating water containing colored pollution, including coagulation, advanced oxidation processes, membrane processes, and biological processes. In this study, the absorption method has been used due to its numerous advantages such as the availability of various raw materials, low cost, high efficiency, and reusability to remove the synthetic color pollution of methylene blue. In the absorption tests, two types of slag absorbent after oil extraction (absorbent A) and biochar extracted from it (absorbent B) have been used. In the absorption tests, the independent variables of methylene blue dye concentration, absorbent amount, contact time and temperature have been evaluated. The results showed that adsorbent A has a better performance than adsorbent B. For example, under the same conditions, the amount of adsorbent 0.01 g in 10 ml of methylene blue solution with a concentration of 40 mg/l adsorbent A and B can remove 97.5% and 55.5% of color, respectively. have been. The isotherm of the process has been investigated using the Langmuir and Freundlich experimental models, the kinetics of the process using the first and second pseudo-order models, and the thermodynamics of the process using the Van Hoof model. The results showed that the experimental data of adsorbent A has a better match with the Freundlich model R=98%, while the equilibrium data of adsorbent B is more accurately fitted with the Langmuir model R=99%. Adsorbent A with R=299% and Adsorbent B with R=2% have a good agreement with the pseudo-second order kinetic equation. Also, the thermodynamic study of the process showed that the absorption of methylene blue has an endothermic and spontaneous nature. Adsorbent recovery allows to reuse the adsorbent after two periods of recovery of adsorbents A and B in the condition of 0.01 g of adsorbent in 10 ml of methylene blue solution with a concentration of 100 mg/l, able to remove 53.30% and 41.56%, respectively. have been color

  Among different materials, polymers have found a special place in various engineering applications due to their lightness and other special properties. In order to overcome some of the weaknesses of polymers, they are made and used in the form of composites or nanocomposites. The expansion of polymer composite materials in industries requires the necessity of a detailed investigation of the properties of these materials under different loading conditions, including high speed impact resistance. One of the disadvantages of cured epoxy resin is its brittleness, which reduces its resistance to impact, to solve this problem. The problem is that curing agents are used in the resin. Common methods of curing polymers mainly reduce mechanical properties such as tensile strength. In this thesis, the effect of G-POSS nanostructure as a hardening agent and its effect on the mechanical properties of epoxy resin is investigated. , the effect of adding G-POSS nanoparticles on the mechanical and impact properties of pure epoxy and the combination of epoxy and carbon fibers is investigated experimentally, and the effect of adding different weight percentages of G-POSS nanoparticles on mechanical properties such as Young's modulus, yield stress and Tensile strength and elongation percentage and impact properties such as maximum contact force, contact time and dimensions of the damaged area of the crack in the laminated matrix are checked. Samples of these composite structures with different percentages of G-POSS nanoparticles with uniform distribution are made and tensile and impact tests are performed on the samples. . For this purpose, the mixing process is carried out in two stages, first for 12 hours at a temperature of 70 degrees Celsius using a magnetic stirrer and then for ten minutes the ultrasonic vibration method is used, then the composite samples reinforced with unidirectional carbon fibers are placed in the resin bed. Epoxy is prepared with GPOSS nanostructure added (0.5, 1 and 1.5% by weight of nanostructure was added to the resin). Tensile and low speed impact tests are performed on the samples. The results show that the best results of the impact test are obtained for the sample with 1.5% by weight of GPOSS, which indicates an increase of 26.7% in energy absorption, and the best results of the tensile test are obtained for the sample with 1% by weight of G-POSS, which is the result It is a 28% increase in tensile strength. Based on the results, it can be stated that G-POSS nanostructures are a suitable option for preparing nanocomposites with unique characteristics.

   Abstract In this study, the performance of Solar Chimney   integrated with phase change material and the phase change process of these materials were simulated and analyzed using computational fluid dynamics technique and software   Ansys Fluent software through the two-dimensional geometry. In order to speed up the melting process of the phase change material for a uniform heat flux of 700w/m^2, the inlet and outlet vents of the chimney were closed. The schematic of the system and the dimensions of the geometry were considered similar to reference [26]. Comparison of the results of the present work with the mentioned reference shows that the performed simulations are capable of predicting the performance of solar chimney systems equipped with phase change materials. The results of the simulation showed that by increasing the conductive heat transfer coefficient by 2 and 3 times, the melting time decreases by 9 and 15%, respectively, and by increasing the thickness of the phase change material layer by 1.5 and 2 times, the melting time It becomes 1.62 and 2.3 times respectively. Also, by dividing the thickness of phase changing material layer into two or three equal layers with the same type of material , there was no change in the overall melting time. Finally, by dividing the thickness of the PCM layer into two equal parts and Changing the range of phase change temperature of the nearest layer   to the absorber from (311-316 K) to (307-311 K), the total melting time did not change But the system saves energy in this mode at a faster rate than the single-layer PCM mode.

  

As one of the architectural elements, the Yard has a long history in human settlement space and shows human adaptation to the sum of environmental conditions. In the past, the yards had a considerable level of home spaces and played various roles and features such as providing light, ventilation, communicating with nature, creating a safe environment for facing the family, security, confidentiality, dynamism, vitality, readability. Therefore, these spaces, as one of the most important flexible spaces in past houses, had a special place.   During different periods of architecture, the environment has changed a lot and today, due to various reasons such as quantitative and profitable view of housing, lack of attention to space and its quality and not considering the effect that the environment has on humans, the position of this space has been less than in the past. In this thesis, we try to collect and identify the physical factors that are important and effective in increasing the quality of the home and its resuscitation, for which two questions are raised in this thesis. "What physical factors are effective in strengthening the presence and stopping of people in the courtyard of the house? " And "How can physical factors reinforce the quality of the courtyard and transform it into the living space of the residents in the design of a residential apartment in Boroujerd?". Following answers to these questions, in-depth interviews have been conducted with people who have lived in houses with active and live courtyards in Boroujerd in the past or present. The research method of this dissertation is qualitative and its approach is grounded theory. This thesis is applied in terms of purpose. After analyzing the research data, physical factors affecting the quality of the yard as a space for living at home and increasing the quality of this space as well as the use of these factors in the design of residential apartments in Boroujerd have been obtained.    Keywords: Factors of Physical, Residential Apartments, Yard, Quality, Boroujerd City      

The importance of design quality of the educational spaces’ body, which used by children is one of the important factors in development of children. So that, numerous researches have been conducted in many countries in relation to the effective components of of the environment on promotion of chid development. Therefor, with the aim of improving the quality of educational spaces, the role of school yard in development and promotion of children’s learning has been investigated. In order to achieve this goal, a qualitative method along with the strategy of examining case samples have been used. The results of studies show that open and semi-open spaces have an effective role on children’s development and help to improve physical development, language skills, social interactions, expanding moral and emotional dimentions and cognitive and behavioral skills. All these components together, help children to improve their learnings. Optained results from psychological and development studies along with application of SEVEN Cs theory and Khakzand and Babaei’s research in company with examination of case samples have been expressed in form of design solutions. In following, as an example of using mentioned solutions, an elementary school in Kermanshah has been designed.   

  In this study, the effects of Janus, hydrophilic and hydrophobic hollow graphene oxide (HO) particles on the thermal conductivity of binary polymer blends were investigated. The HO Janus (HOJ) micro- and nanoparticles were synthesized via buoyancy-induced desymmetrization process. The characteristics of the produced HO and HOJ micro- and nanoparticles were investigated using FTIR, TGA, EDX, FE-SEM, centrifuge and contact angle tests. Different PS/PMMA micro- and nanocomposite samples were prepared via solution mixing and subjected to the thermal conduction test. The results revealed that the presence of HO micro- and nanoparticles in either phase could increase the conduction coefficient of the PS/PMMA blend (K) though their simultaneous presence in both phases had significantly more impact on K. On the other hand, comparing the results of the blend samples with and without HOJ micro- and nanoparticle defined an outstanding improvement in the thermal conductivity of the polymer/polymer interface due to the presence of Janus particles. Also, the thermal stability of the samples decreased with the increment of their thermal conductivity and this effect was more significant in the case of the samples containing both HO and HOJ micro- and nanoparticles.

2 ) نقش مهمي در استخراج و خالص سازي مواد دارويي به كمك اين متدولوژي قدرتمند و دوستدار محيط زيست را دارد. از طرفي زمانبر و هزينه بر بودن دستيابي به داده هاي تعادلي حلاليت و حساس بودن برخي مواد دارويي به حرارت، ضرورت مدلسازي حلاليت مواد دارويي در SC-CO2 را افزايش مي دهد. در اين مطالعه با استفاده از تكنيك برنامه نويسي بيان ژني (GEP) و 743مجموعه داده جمع آوري شده از literature ،حلاليت ACDs در SC-CO2 در محدوده ي شرايط عملياتي وسيعي ( k308-348/2   و400 bar -80 ) مورد پيش بيني قرار گرفت. متغير هاي مستقل ورودي مدل دماو فشارعملياتي(T,P) ،جرم مولكولي   (MWACDs)و نقطه ي ذوب (MPACDs) ACDs انتخاب شدند. به منظور دستيابي به حداكثر برازندگي تابع هدف بر اساس حداقل نمودن خطا، پارامترهاي قابل تنظيم مدل GEP جهت بهينه شدند. پارامترهاي آماري ضريب تعيين، RMSE وMAE مدل بترتيب معادل با0/986 ،0/0178و0/0124 براي داده هاي Trainingو0/980 ،0/0176و 0/0127براي داده هاي   validaitionو Test حاصل شد. همچنين جهت بررسي ميزان تاثير هر كدام از متغيرهاي مستقل بر ميزان حلاليت آناليز حساسيت انجام شد. نتايج نشان داد جرم مولكولي و نقطه ذوب دارو به ترتيب بيشترين و كمترين تاثير را بر حلاليت داشتند. اثرات دما،فشار و MWACDs بر حلاليت ACDs در   C-CO2بررسي   شد. با افزايش دما به دليل غلبه ي فشار بخار ACDsحلاليت افزايش يافت. افزايش فشار با افزايش قدرت حلال پوشي و دانسيته ي SC-CO2   ميزان حلاليت را افزايش داد. با افزايش MWACDs به دليل افزايش تعداد اتم هاي كربن ACDs و تمايل به سمت غير قطبي بودن دارو، اثر افزايشي بر ميزان حلاليت داشت .نتايج نشان داد تكنيك   GEP مي تواند نتايج رضايت بخشي براي مدلسازي حلاليت ACDs درSC-CO2 نشان داد.   

پارامتر بسيار حائز اهميت است.   

 the aim of this study was to investigate liquid-liquid equilibria for 2-propanol+ trisodium citrate/ sodium acetate/ sodium potassium tartrate + water systems at room temperature and different pH values ( 5,6,7/6,8/6/9/30/10/25) . the binodal curves of these systems were measured and compared at the mentioned pHs. accordinglyU experimental binodal data were correlated using MerchukU Hu and Pirdashti equations. as a resultU for all three equations R2 value was greater than 0/99 which shows a good correlation of bindol data. Hu equation model with lower RMSE value had optimal condition for binodal data fitting. Tie-line compositions were correlated by Othmer-Tobias and Bancroft equations. R2 value was greater than 0/99 for both equations. In addition, the effect of pH, salt and alcohol type on phase separation ability was studied. According to the results, an increase in pH value, hydrophobicity of salt and alcohol carbon number at room temperature leads to an expansion of biphasic region and approaching the binodal curve to the origin. on the other handU it was observed that kosmotropic ions with higher surface charge density and lower solubility in water are able to form a wider biphasic region.

Approximatecomputing   are a promising technique for reducingpower consumption or improving circuit delay, with the help of which a suitable trade-offcan be achieved between power consumption, delay, and accuracy in circuitoutput. In this work, we propose approximate multiplication circuits withdifferent bit widths and the effect of using 8-bit multiplication in imageprocessing algorithms such as: Gaussian filter smoothing algorithm, ContrastStretching algorithm, edge detection algorithm with sobel-filter, andmultiplication of images algorithm. The proposed approximate base multiplier isa 4-bit multiplier that divides the circuit into two parts to reduce circuitdelay, the lower part is free of carry, and the upper part has a 2-bit carrychain independent of the lower part. To expand the circuit and produce 8-, 16-,and 32-bit multiplier circuits, we use a 4-bit base multiplier, and we useseven techniques for final accumulation and summation. The adder used for thefinal summation is an accurate adder and an approximate adder available withdifferent configurations to have accuracy at different levels. The results of approximate multiplier implementation show that theproposed 4-bit multiplier has a maximum of 11.55%, 11.75%, 7.99%, 45.64%,53.21%, 68.57%, 82.91% and 94.63% improvement in parameters Mean Error Distance(MED), Mean Normalized Error Distance (NMED), Mean Relative Error Distance(MRED), Power Consumption, Area, Delay, Power-Delay Product (PDP), and Energy-DelayProduct (EDP), respectively, compared to existing 4-bitmultiplication. In the proposed 4-bit multiplier, 72.81%, 74.35%, 83.33%, 95.46%and 99.24% improvement in parameters Power Consumption,Area,Delay, Power-Delay Product (PDP), and Energy-Delay Product (EDP), respectively, compared to accurate wallacetree multiplier. The results of using 8-bit multipliersin the mentioned image processing algorithms also show the acceptable qualityof the processed images.

   سوخت­هاي بيوديزل به علت خاصيت تجديدپذيري و آلايندگي كمتر امروزه در معرض توجه بسياري از كشورهاي دنيا و علي الخصوص كشورهايي كه با بحران منابع سوختي درگير هستند مي­باشد. اين سوخت ها كه از منابع متنوعي همچون روغن­هاي گياهي، چربي­هاي حيواني و جلبك ها به دست مي­آيند، با ديزل معمولي تركيب شده و در موتور خودروها مورد استفاده قرار مي­گيرند. با توجه به تنوع تركيب ديزل/بيوديزل نيازمند توسعه مدل­هايي براي اندازه­گيري خواص اين مخلوط ضروري مي­نمايد كه اين مدل مستقل از نوع بيوديزل باشند. يكي از بهترين روش­هايي كه امروزه براي توصيف روابط رياضي پيچيده و يا پارامترهايي كه داراي رابطه رياضي خاصي نمي­باشند، استفاده از شبكه­هاي عصبي مي­باشد. عدد ستان و ويسكوزيته، دو مورد از خواص بسيار مهم بيوديزل هستند كه جز شاخصه‌هاي اصلي كيفيت سوخت به شمار مي‌روند؛ بطوريكه هر چه عدد ستان بيشتر باشد، كيفيت سوخت بيشتر بوده و هر چقدر مقدار ويسكوزيته آن كمتر باشد، سوخت به سهولت در موتور خودرو جابجا شده و بازدهي آن بالاتر خواهد بود. در اين پايان­نامه با استفاده از ساختارهاي متفاوتي از شبكه­هاي عصبي شامل الگوريتم­هاي آموزش مختلف (لونبرگ ماركوات، كاهش گراديان، BFGS، گراديان مزدوج)، توابع فعال ساز گوناگون (logsig، tansig، radbas، purelin) و تعداد نورون­هاي متغير از 1 تا 20 به محاسبه مقادير ويسكوزيته سينماتيك و عدد ستان مخلوط ديزل/بيوديزل پرداخته مي­شود. در اين پايان­نامه از 6 نوع بيوديزل مختلف استفاده شده است كه خواص درصد حجمي بيوديزل، عدد ستان بيوديزل ، دماي جوش، دماي تبخير، دماي فلش، دماي ريزش، گرماي احتراق، دماي ابري شدن، ويسكوزيته سينماتيك و وزن مخصوص آن­ها در دسترس مي­باشد. براي محاسبه ويسكوزيته سينماتيك و عدد ستان مخلوط، از تركيب­هاي متنوعي از ورودي­ها (دومتغيره و سه متغيره) استفاده شد تا بهترين آن­ها به دست آيد. نتايج نشان داد كه يك شبكه عصبي با الگوريتم لونبرگ ماركوات، تابع فعال ساز purelin، تعداد نورون 7 و با دو ورودي درصد حجمي بيوديزل خالص و ويسكوزيته سينماتيك بيوديزل خالص داراي مقادير ضريب همبستگي 9957/0 و ميانگين مربعات خطاي 0054/0 بيشترين برازش را با داده­هاي آزمايشگاهي ويسكوزيته سينماتيك مخلوط دارد. همچنين با در نظر گرفتن سه متغير ورودي درصد حجمي بيوديزل، ويسكوزيته سينماتيك و وزن مخصوص بيوديزل ميزان ضريب رگرسيون برابر 9947/0 و ميانگين مربعات خطا برابر 0063/0 به دست مي­آيد كه مدل مناسبي به شمار مي­رود. نتايج محاسبه عدد ستان مخلوط نيز نشان داد كه در حالت ورودي دو متغيره (درصد حجمي بيوديزل و عدد ستان بيوديزل)، يك شبكه عصبي با الگوريتم لونبرگ ماركوات، تابع فعال ساز tansig و تعداد 10 نورون و مقدار ضريب رگرسيون 9803/0 و ميانگين مربعات خطاي 4247/0 بيشترين سازگاري را با داده­هاي آزمايشگاهي دارد. با اين حال با فرض ورودي سه متغيره (درصد حجمي بيوديزل، عدد ستان و دماي ابري شدن) و با الگوريتم آموزش لونبرگ ماركوات، تابع فعال ساز tansig و تعداد 8 نورون و مقدار ضريب رگرسيون برابر 9903/0 و ميانگين مربعات خطا برابر با 2968/0 مي­باشد كه بيانگر مدل بهتري نسبت به حالت ورودي دو متغيره مي­باشد. نتايج ساير ورودي­ها در خلال پايان­نامه آورده شده است.    كليدواژه‌ها: شبكه عصبي، مخلوط ديزل/بيوديزل، مدل سازي، پيش‌بيني خواص.   

In this thesis, a new structure WPD with a combination of trapezoidal, circular and rectangular resonators is presented, which has small dimensions of about 11.66 mm× 13.9 mm (0.1 ?g × 0.08 ?g). It also rejects unwanted harmonics from 3.2 to 17 GHz, which means up to 10fo. The operation frequency is located at 1.67 GHz. Other benefits of proposed PD include good FBW (138%) and return losses (-28 dB). Also, the even and odd-mode analysis with LC equivalent circuit and ABCD matrix has been employed to assess the behaviour of the proposed WPD. There is a good agreement between measurements and simulation results. Thus, the proposed Wilkinson power divider can be utilized in various microwave circuits and systems.  

Exploration and production of crude oil is often associated with the formation of water-in-oil (W / O) emulsions, which can cause serious problems for downstream refinery industries. Chemical demulsification by adding demulsifiers is usually the main technique used to dominance the problems associated with the formation of W / O emulsions. In recent years, nanotechnology has been used to accelerate the demulsification process. Utilizing the appropriate nanoparticles significantly reduced the high process costs. Using library studies, in this study, Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles were selected and synthesized by electrolysis method and the structure of nanoparticles was investigated using XRD, FE-SEM, FTIR and VSM analyzes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding Fe3O4 nanoparticles along with commercial DDH 9855 demolifier to reduce the consumption of the demulsifier and improve the separation of water from Dehloran oil field oil. According to the results, the highest efficiency of water separation was obtained in optimal conditions when the temperature was 40 °C, the concentration of demulsifier was 300 ppm, pH was 6.4, water content was 7.5 ml and the amount of nanoparticles was 0.033 g, 97.83%. Eventually, the nanoparticles used in the demulsification process were reused, and after three times of use, the water separation efficiency dropped by about 15%, which is a very appropriate and negligible reduction, so that the nanoparticles can be reused up to three times and successfully. Also, the effect of settling time as another important parameter in the suspension process during 2 h of data recording was investigated, which increased the efficiency by 66.65%. On the other hand, by examining the effect of adding nanoparticles next to the demulsifier after 5 h of settling time, 14.82% of the isolated water has increased compared to the demulsifier only. On the other hand, the effect of adding nanoparticles next to the demulsifier increased by 15.38% with increasing the amount of nanoparticles compared to the demolifier mode alone, and the settling time decreased by 5 h. Therefore, the results showed that the required settling time is significantly less than the conventional demulsification process.   

Abstract Today, the use of solar collectors in the form of renewable energy has been considered due to limited fossil resources and high cost and environmental pollution. In the present study, the performance of the Evacuated Tube Collector was studied using computational fluid dynamics. Thus, and 0.5% as well as changing the position of the Evacuated Tube Collector in the effect of CuO, Al2O3, TiO2 and Ag nanofluids in volume percentages of 0.25 five angles between 10 , 80, equations are analyzed using the Simple algorithm and the Boussinesq are investigated. meshing was performed by Gambit software version 2.4.6 and fluid dynamic modeling was performed by Ansys Fluent 15 software. Fluid flow other places and in the upper half of the collector or the condenser pipe approximation. The results of velocity and temperature inside the collector showed that the flow velocity in the middle of the collector is higher than inside the tank is slightly weaker and in the lower half of the collector ortemperature is maximum and reaches about 370 K. The values ??of average the evaporator absorber pipe is very weak. In such a way that heat exchange is done through almost zero displacement and most of the heat transfer is done through thermal conduction. Also, in the lower half of the collector, theis below 0.1 m / s. The results of changing the angle of the collector on its temperature and velocity of flow inside the collector are a function of changes in radiation flux during the day, so that these values ??are maximum in the middle of the day and minimum during the morning and evening. The maximum speedtank in relation to increasing the angle of the vacuum tube solar collector are performance showed that the flow velocity inside the collector increased with increasing angle, so that the flow velocity at an angle of 80 degrees was twice that of an angle of 60 degrees. However, the temperature changes of the storagethe effect of CuO, Al2O3, TiO2 and Ag nanofluids on the collector performance first increasing and then decreasing, so that the increase of temperature in the angles of 10 and 80 degrees has the lowest values. It was observed that at an angle of 40 degrees between the increase in temperature is higher than the other angles and therefore this angle is the best possible. Investigation ofrespectively, TiO2 nanoparticles in volumetric percentages of 0.25 and 0.5 showed that nanoparticles have an increasing effect on tank temperature, so that for CuO nanoparticles in volume percentages of 0.25 and 0.5%, respectively, an increase of 0.43% and 0.59%, respectively. Al2O3 nanoparticles in volume percentages of 0.25 and 0.5 percent increased by 0.85 and 1.21 percent, percent increased by 0.03 and 0.07 percent, respectively, and Ag nanoparticlestherefore the best nanoparticles were selected. in Volume percentages of 0.25 and 0.5 percent increase of 1.11 and 1.52percent, respectively. The results showed that TiO2 nanoparticles had the leasteffect and Ag had the most effect on increasing the tank temperature and Keywords: Solar Collector, Numerical Method, Nanofluid,Collector Angle, Ansys Fluent   

چكيده در مطالعه حاضر به بررسي عددي انتقال حرارت جابجايي طبيعي در حفره مربعيمتخلخل اشباع شده از نانوسيال آب اكسيد آلومينيوم پرداخته شده است. هندسه موردبررسي شامل يك حفره مربعي با دو دايره داخلي است . دماي دايره ­هاي داخلي ثابت،گرم و سرد مي­باشد. دماي ديواره هاي عمودي به صورت سينوسي تغيير مي­كند هاي افقي نيز عايق مي­باشند. نانوسيال به صورت تك فاز مدل سازي شده است. برايجريان سيال در محيط متخلخل نيز از مدل دارسي برينكمن فورچهيمر استفاده شده است. نتايجتحقيق شامل بررسي اثرات پارامترهاي عدد رايلي، عدد دارسي، درصد حجمي نانوذرات،عدد ناسلت ميانگين، عدد ناسلت محلي، پروفيل­هاي سرعت و دماي بي بعد و خطوط جريانفاصله بين مركزهاي دايره­هاي داخلي، و استفاده از نانوذرات مختلف و همچنين اختلاف فاز ديواره­ها بر رويجابحايي طبيعي   خطوط جريان و دماي بي بعد به سمت نيمه بالايي ديواره سرد و نيمه پاييني ديواره گرم متمايل مي­شود.مي­باشد. نتايج نشان داد افزايش عدد رايلي و دارسي سبب بهبود انتقال حرارت جابجايي و به تبع آن باعثافزايش عدد ناسلت و سرعت جريان در محفظه مي­شود. با افزايش عدد رايلي و بهبود افزايش كسر حجمي نانوذرات باعث افزايش لزجت نانوسيالو كاهش سرعت نانوسيال در محفظه مي­شود و افزايش نيروي شناوري مي­شود. افزايكسر حجمي نانوذرات در اعداد رايلي و دارسي تاثيرات متفاوتي بر روي عدد ناسلتميانگين دارد در اعداد رايلي كوچك و دارسي بالا افزايش كسر حجمي نانوذرات سببافزايش عدد ناسلت مي­شود اما با افزايش عدد رايلي از تاثير افزايش كسر حجمي نانوذرات كاسته شده و در برخي از اعداد رايلي و دارسي مختلف تاثير متفاوتي بر انتقال حرارت و عدد ناسلت دارد.افزايشو دارسي سبب كاهش عدد ناسلت مي­شود. افزايش فاصله بين دايره­هاي داخلي در اعداداختلاف فاز ديواره سرد سبب افزايش عدد ناسلت ديواره گرم مي­شود. از بين نانوذراتاستفاده شده نانوذرات مس به دليل داشت هدايت حرارتي بيشتر، عملكرد بهتري در بهبودانتقال حرارت دارند  

Toxicity reduction of silver nanoparticles by ozone gas.

Thermodynamic and Physical Properties Prediction of Natural Gas using AGA8 Standard- Gross Characterization Method and Modifying it with Artificial Intelligent-Based Techniques

Solar water splitting in the absence of sacrificial agent has been identified as a promising approach to produce green hydrogen. In this work, for the first time we report the photocatalytic activity of BiFeO3/g-C3N4 composite in hydrogen production. For this purpose we synthesized various BiFeO3/g-C3N4 composite samples with different mass ratio of g-C3N4 and investigated the as-prepared photocatalysts activity for hydrogen production during the overall water splitting reaction.The composite samples exhibits remarkably enhanced photocatalytic performance in comparison with the bare BiFeO3 and g-C3N4. The highest hydrogen production rate obtained is ? 160.75 µmol. h-1. g-1 under UV irradiation ( ? ? 250 nm) and ?23.31   µmol/h-1 g-1 under visible light irradiation ( ? ? 400 nm). This enhanced photocatalytic activity of BiFeO3/g-C3N4 heterojunction should be attributed to the synergistic effect of junction and the complementary advantages between BiFeO3 and g-C3N4, which can efficiently accelerate the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and also capability to perform water reduction and oxidation reaction simultaneously.  

  Iran has a large volume of bitumen mines, especially in Kermanshah province. The purpose of this study is to remove ash and sulfur pyrite from the bitumen by leaching with sulfuric acid (as pretreatment) followed by flotation. This process is performed to produce high-quality bitumen and use of more than 160 applications of this mineral in various industries. In order to determine the optimal conditions and evaluation of effective leaching parameters, 27 experiments were designed by using a central composite design by considering four factors including acid concentration, temperature, and time, and stirring rate at three levels as follows; atmospheric pressure, particle size of 200 mesh and solid- to -liquid ratio) S/L) of 0.2gml-1. The intervals considered for independent parameters were including acid concentration (10-30 v/v%), leaching temperature (30-90?), stirring rate (0-1000rpm), and leaching time (30-90 min). The obtained experimental data were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). In addition, the second-order regression model was estimated as the most suitable model with respect to the 99% confidence level for analyzing the responses. Based on statistical model, the maximum removal of ash and pyritic sulfur were obtained in acid concentration of 29.57 v/v %, temperature of 89.98°C, stirring speed of 977.10 rpm and the time 89.74min. Following confirmation tests, 63. 52% ash removal and 38.82% pyrite removal were obtained in these conditions. stirring speed and temperature were the most effective parameters for the ash removal process and removal of pyritic sulfur, respectively. All parameters had a positive effect on the removal process.  flotation test was subsequently carried out in two conditions, as follows: The first was conducted on primitive bitumen sample and the second state stage was performed on bitumen sample in optimal conditions (effect of leaching was considered as pretreatment). The flotation test was conducted under following operating conditio   the collector amount of 1kg / t bitumen, foaming amount of 50 g / tbitumen, pulp equal to 5% of solid, pH =7, the particle size of 200 mesh and the flotation time of 3min based on the ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure.   In the first state, 42.3% of ash and 48.1% of sulfur pyrite (33.6 % of total sulfur) were removed while 79.4% and 57.6% (42.15%) removal of ash and pyrite (removal of total sulfur) were achieved in the second state, respectively. With regards to previous papers and the correlation of experimental data, the removal of pyrite follows a second-order kinetic model. A second-order regression model is consistent with the experimental data, due to the high value of adjusted determination coefficient (0.9752) and its proximity to the determination coefficient (0.9828).

The density of the presence of small renewable resources, such as solar cells, fuel cells and small internal combustion engines, is increasing at day-to-day distribution levels. This increase in the presence of renewable energy sources in distribution systems has created a new structure called the micro-grid. A micro-grid is known as a small-size power system, consisting of distributed products, energy storage systems, and various types of electrical and thermal loads. For micro-grids, two major modes of operation are defined: network-connected mode and island mode. Micro-grids are normally operated as systems connected to the network, but can operate in island mode if network errors occur. The micro-grid control strategy includes PQ method in network-connected mode and v / f method in island mode. In this thesis, the aim of the project is to design the initial control consisting of droop controller in island mode and PQ controller in the network-connected grid, which consists of three distributed generation units, including solar cell, wind turbine and battery. After the design of the initial control to improve the performance and compensate the voltage drop caused by the control of the primary level, secondary control is used. In the designed controllers of secondary level, the optimal setting of compensating parameters is made. We use the PSO algorithm and robust control to adjust the compensator parameters. Finally, the results are analyzed and compared with each other.

development of hydrologic models for flow routing in multiple-branches systems

تثبيت خاك رس نرم با استفاده از پسماند صنعتي آهك و سيليكات سديم

  The natural gas contains many impurities, including water, carbon dioxide ( ), and so on. The presence of acid gases in natural gas will lead to a reduction in thermal value, which is why removing these gases from natural gas to a standard value will be important. Increasing permeability and selectivity are the most important goals of research in membrane field. One of the common ways to achieve these goals is to add inorganic particles to the polymeric matrix of membranes, which are called as mixed matrix membranes.In this work, we present simulation of the effective permeability of pure gas in mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) by CFD. For this, we use the finite element method to simulate gas effective permeability based on constructing three-dimensional MMM models for solving Fick's diffusion equation to obtain the concentration profiles.Our simulation also indicate effects of various structural parameters, including the filler volume fraction, interface solubility ratio, and diffusivity ratio and filler size. And also result of simulation for   effective permeability of MCM-41 fillers compared by effective medium theory (Maxwell model).Our approach shows improved predictions compared with the Maxwell model.    Key words: Mixed Matrix Membrane, Gas separation, Simulation, Finite-element, Comsol

امروزه يكي از دلايلي كه تحقيقات درباره مايعات يوني را مورد توجه قرار است، يافتن جايگزين مناسبي براي حلال­هاي خطرناك و فرار است كه دوست­دار محيط زيست باشند و در عين حال خواص حلال­هاي متداول را داشته باشند.در اين تحقيق، حذف فلز مس (II) به عنوان يك فلز سنگين از محلول آبي سنتزي با روش ريز استخراج تشكيل حلال در محل (ISFME) به صورت پيوسته در ميكروكانال و هم­چنين در سيستم ناپيوسته با استفاده از مايع يوني 1-هگزيل-3-متيل ايميدازوليوم كلريد انجام شده است. يك ميكروكانال با سه ورودي از جنس پلي­لاكتيك اسيد (PLA) ساخته شد. طول كانال­هاي ورودي 30 ميلي­متر و طول كانال اختلاط برابر230 ميلي­متر است. با توجه به دبي كم جريان هاي ورودي به ميكروكانال، از پمپ سرنگي براي وارد كردن فازهاي آبي و آلي استفاده شد. آناليز نمونه ها قبل و بعد از حذف با استفاده از دستگاه طيف جذب اتمي براي اندازه گيري غلظت مس انجام شد. تأثير پارامترهاي موثر شامل pH محلول در محدوده 9-5، غلظت ليگاند 08/0-02/0 مولار ، زمان ماند در محدوده 72/0-40/0 دقيقه و مقدار مايع يوني در محدوده 150-50 ميلي گرم بر ميزان استخراج مورد بررسي قرار گرفته است. طراحي آزمايش با استفاده از نرم افزار Design-Expert 7.0.0 انجام شد و تعداد كل آزمايش­ها براي چهار پارامتر فوق در سه سطح برابر 28 آزمايش در نظر گرفته شد. شرايط بهينه با استفاده از طراحي بر اساس مدل باكس-بنكن (BBD)   بدست آمد. با توجه به نتايج به دست آمده، بيشترين ميزان استخراج فلز مس(%02/95) در 7 = pH، غلظت ليگاند 05/0 مولار، زمان ماند 54/0 دقيقه و مقدار مايع يوني 110 ميلي­گرم بدست آمد. در شرايط بهينه، بازده سيستم پيوسته ميكروكانال با سيستم ناپيوسته مقايسه شد و ميزان بازده سيستم ناپيوسته (%36/98) فقط اندكي بيشتر از سيستم پيوسته (%02/95) بدست آمده در حاليكه زمان در نظر گرفته شده براي سيستم ناپيوسته برابر 7 دقيقه بوده كه بيش از 13 برابر زمان اقامت در سيستم پيوسته بوده است.  

  The photocatalytic CO2 reduction has attracted more attention owing to the increasing global energy crisis and environmental contamination. In this work, BaTiO3 nanoparticles decorated with Fe2O3 nanoparticles were successfully prepared by hydrothermal method for efficient visible-light photocatalytic CO2 reduction, and successfully characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), FT-IR spectroscopy, UV-visible and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) techniques. UV-visible and PL analyses showed the higher response of composites, in visible region and higher efficiency of charge separation, respectively. The FESEM illustrated the well crystalline particles of BaTiO3 and Fe2O3, and the BF31 (BaTiO3:Fe2O3 with 3:1 molar ratio) image shows a good dispersal of BaTiO3 and Fe2O3. Compared to bare BaTiO3, Fe2O3 and other different molar ratio composites, the BF31 composite photocatalysts exhibited strongest enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction activity under visible light irradiation. The photodegradation percentage of CO2 for BF31 composite could reach 22%, which was much higher than those of bare BaTiO3, Fe2O3 and other different molar ratio composite samples. The enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction activity could be attributed to the formation of heterojunction at the interface between BaTiO3 and Fe2O3 in the composite, which would facilitate the photo-generated electron-hole separation and thus improve the photocatalytic activity.

ارزيابي پتانسيل روانگرائي خاك با استفاده از آزمايش (اس پي تي)و دسته بندي داده هاي ناقص با استفاده از

Biodiesel is a clean and renewable energy, that using as a substitute for diesel fuel is growing worldwide. In this study, safflower seed as a convenient and cheap raw material for the direct production of biodiesel using contraction processes of extraction and transesterification in the presence of lime was chosen as a natural catalyst. For this purpose on a stage in process conditions similar to extract the maximum amount of oil from safflower seeds at different temperatures and times were investigated. Then, again given the choice of a suitable solvent, time and temperature optimum, biodiesel production was carried out with the catalyst of lime. In order to select a suitable solvent, at first the extraction by solvents such as methanol, hexane and acetone were evaluated and the results showed that the mixture of methanol - hexane (volume ratio 2:1) was the highest extraction efficiency. Then, for investigation of simultaneous transesterification, lime was used as a natural and economical catalyst for the transesterification process synthesis. During the experiment, the volume of solvent 300 ml and 60gr safflower seeds comminuted with 1.6% moisture selected also process time 8 hours and constant temperature 65°C and agitation 750 rpm was considered.