Flood is one of the most destructive and frequent natural disasters, causing extensive human and financial losses worldwide. This research aims to delineate floodplains and assess flood risk in the Qarah-Su River located in Kermanshah Province, Iran. In this study, the hydraulic model HEC-RAS was used in both Steady State and Unsteady (Unsteady) flow conditions to simulate floods with various return periods (2 to 1000 years). To estimate peak flood discharge in an ungauged area (Doab Qaranji), two methods, the Area-Discharge method and the SCS Unit Hydrograph method, were utilized. The geometric data required for the model were extracted from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) using the RAS Mapper module. Furthermore, satellite imagery from Sentinel-1 (radar data), Sentinel-2, and Landsat-8 on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, along with NDWI and MNDWI indices, were used to extract actual flood extents and compare them with the model results.   

Climate change or climate change means any distinct change in the expected patterns of average weather conditions, occurring over a long period of time in a specific region or for the global climate as a whole. Climate change refers to abnormal changes in the climate within the Earth's atmosphere and its consequences in different parts of the planet. Feedbacks from climate change are variable and may increase or decrease these internal factors. Many internal changes in climate systems occur with a delay. Because the Earth's climate system is so large and slow-moving, it responds to inputs with a lag. In the 1980s, the terms global warming and climate change became more common. Although the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably, scientifically, global warming refers only to the increase in the Earth's surface temperature, while climate change describes changes in the Earth's climate system as a whole. Scientists, politicians and the media now use terms like climate crisis or climate emergency to talk about climate change, and global warming instead of global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) says that the climate changes observed around the world are very likely caused by human-induced factors. The Synthesis Report of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) is a summary of the latest findings on climate change, its broad impacts and risks, and climate change mitigation and adaptation. The report is organized into three sections: 1. Current status and trends; 2. The future of climate change, risks and long-term responses; and 3. Short-term responses. It recognizes the interdependence of climate, ecosystems and biodiversity, and human societies; the value of different types of knowledge; and the close links between climate change adaptation, emission reduction, ecosystem health, human well-being, and sustainable development, reflecting the increasing diversity of stakeholders in climate action. In this study, according to the latest IPCC report, the sixth report of   2-4.5,   1-2.6,   5-8.5 and Historical reports will be studied at Kermanshah Synoptic Station for minimal, maximum temperature variables.    Key Words: Climate Change, Global Warming, Ecosystem, Synoptic    Climate change or climate change means any distinct change in the expected patterns of average weather conditions, occurring over a long period of time in a specific region or for the global climate as a whole. Climate change refers to abnormal changes in the climate within the Earth's atmosphere and its consequences in different parts of the planet.

December 2017, and the lowest chlorophyll a concentration in February 2017  

The Heshilan Wetland serves as a temporary resting place for migratory birds and plays a significant role in the growth of specific plant species, the nourishment of groundwater, and the climate of the province. The unique economic values of the wetland, such as the presence of small and large islands with recreational and tourism potential, the exploitation of reeds, pastures, and the promotion of agriculture and livestock farming, have attracted people to this natural environment. This study was conducted with the aim of calculating the environmental water needs of the Heshilan Wetland under various climatic conditions, based on a comprehensive method. In this study, all social, economic, ecological, and hydromorphological indicators were considered, and by valuing and selecting indicators for each section, the aquatic bird, the Eurasian coot, was chosen as the final ecological indicator due to its highest degree of importance. To estimate the area of the water surface and vegetation cover of the Heshilan Wetland from 2000 to 2024, Landsat satellite images and the software ENVI and ARC GIS were utilized. To calculate the environmental water needs of the wetland, the relationship between the area of the wetland's water surface and the number of Eurasian coots under targeted conditions was examined at three levels, resulting in the conclusion that the volume of water required to achieve optimal, acceptable, and minimum conditions is 1,240, 900, and 580 thousand cubic meters, respectively. The results indicated that to maintain the volume of the wetland under drought and normal conditions, in order to meet the minimum acceptable ecological conditions, approximately 5.40 and 0.3 million cubic meters of water per year will be needed in the first six months of the water year, while there will be no shortage during the first six months of the water year under wet conditions. Therefore, as a management strategy, by creating new water inflow sources to the wetland through the irrigation and drainage canal of the Gavshan Dam, the required water can be supplied without harming other consumers, bringing the water level of the wetland to the targeted ecological level. These results can assist policymakers and water resource managers in taking more effective actions to preserve and manage aquatic ecosystems in the Heshilan Wetland basin.   

      Determining changes in underground water reserves,especially in arid and semi-arid regions, is a vital issue for managing and planning underground water resources.GRACE sateiiite produces changes in water storage with a spatial resolution of 1degree by using the changes in the earth`s gravity field.In this research,it was tried in two cells of one square degree of Kurdistan province (Dehgolan and Qorveh plains and bijar plains), along the geography of 47 to 48 degrees east,which include a part of the total ares of the aquifer.Using the data of two   data processing centers of GRACE satellite named JPL and CSR ,the changes of monthly underground water level in the period of August 2002 to june 2022 have been evaluated.Using the values of ground water availability (TWS) produced from GRACE satellite data,snow equivalent water and water stored in the canopy of plants extracted from the GLDAS model , which has a spatial resolution of 1 resolutio   of   1 degree and Monthly statements are provided.to estimate the monthly changes in the underground water ievel.Also , an estimate of the monthly changes in the GLDA   model was obtained at a resolution of 0.25 degree in order to compare with the results of the GRACE satellite data.Monthly observation data from piezometric wells of the study area , which were used to validate the resultsThe results show that ,except for a few months, in most of the study period ,the estimation made by all the data of different GRACE processing centers is more than the values obtained from the observational piezometric weel data.It should be noted that values estimated by the GLDAS model show a more suitable estimate compared to the GRACE, data compared to the observational data.Also, based on the MAE and RMSE statistical indicators, it can be concluded that the data produced in the GLDAS model is a more accurate estimate and closer to the reality than the data of piezometric wells and the CSR processing center of the GRACE satellite.

 Underground water is one of the important sources of water supply in the world and in Iran. Due to the increase in population and the development of human activities, the quality of underground water is decreasing. This can cause problems for human health, environment and agriculture. Iran is located in an arid and semi-arid region with an average annual rainfall of less than a third of the global amount. The spatial and temporal distribution of regional rainfall is also not uniform, estimates indicate It is that by 2025, Iran will become one of the salt marshes that will face the crisis of water resources shortage, which shows the necessity of managing water resources and considering measures to reduce water consumption. Absence of water resources has been observed in the regions of the country. Underground water resources provide more than half of Iran's annual water needs. It is estimated that 50% of drinking water in the world and about 63% of drinking water in Iran are provided through underground water sources. The increase in agricultural activities and the development of urbanization in dry areas have faced a big challenge for sustainable development, and it has faced a shortage of surface water resources. and the amount of water demand has increased significantly, which is why these sources have been exposed to a high risk of pollution and have faced one of the main challenges for drinking water suppliers. Groundwater is the main source of water in arid and semi-arid regions. The importance of these sources should not be underestimated. In addition to supplying the water needed by a certain region for drinking and irrigation, it is also important for other surrounding regions. That's why its quality is also important. It has been seriously considered In this research, taking into account the important qualitative factors in the study area of Bijar plain of Kurdistan province during the years 1392 to 1401, it was conducted in more than ten wells of Bijar plain area and the results of the collected data are the average of the wells. Hasan Abad 1 and 2, Takht Bijar, Halvai 1 and 2, Qamishlo 1, 2 and 3, and Yasukand, Salavat Abad and Tashe Abad 1 and 2 from the samples taken, which include the physicochemical parameters of the water, such as the pH level, water temperature, color, and nitrate turbidity. and nitrite and ammonia, iron and magnesium, carbon dioxide, COD, and dissolved oxygen are included

The quantitative and qualitative limitations of water resources and the increase in population are among the cases that show the need to pay attention to how water is consumed and deal with the problems caused by water scarcity by planning water resources and providing methods for their optimal use. make; Therefore, one of the pillars of water resources management is the optimal use of the reservoirs of the country's dams as the main sources of surface water, and this issue has a special importance and place in the science of dam engineering. In this research, first, using the new K-means clustering method, the flow >  

The quantitative and qualitative limitations of water resources and the increase in population are among the cases that show the need to pay attention to how water is consumed and deal with the problems caused by water scarcity by planning water resources and providing methods for their optimal use. make; Therefore, one of the pillars of water resources management is the optimal use of the reservoirs of the country's dams as the main sources of surface water, and this issue has a special importance and place in the science of dam engineering. In this research, first, using the new K-means clustering method, the flow >  

   Abstract:

   Surface waters such as rivers are among the most important sources of water that play a crucial role in supplying water for various activities such as agriculture, industry, drinking, and electricity generation. The Gharasoo River, which is one of the key surface water sources in Kermanshah Province, has had a good water quality in the past, to the extent that it has been used as a water source for the city of Kermanshah for many years. Unfortunately, in recent years, due to the influx of pollution from urban and industrial wastewater, agricultural runoff, hazardous chemicals, microbe-contaminated sewage, and more, the water quality of the river has significantly deteriorated. This study examines the water quality and quality >  

  The phenomenon of climate change can have many negative effects on various systems including water resources, environment, industry, health, agriculture and all systems that interact with the climate system, among which the resource system Water is one of the main ones. The phenomenon of climate change in recent years has led to a significant change in meteorological elements and as a result the condition of surface and underground resources in different places. On the other hand, the three sources of water, energy, and food are the three basic sources for human health, poverty reduction, and sustainable development, and they are among the most important sources in agriculture that both affect climate change and are affected by it, and are strongly dependent on each other. All three resources are very scarce and billions of people in the world do not have access to them, and the demand for all three resources is growing. Therefore, any action towards sustainability should consider the interaction and integration of these three sources in order to achieve sustainable development. According to these conditions, achieving sustainable management of available resources in agriculture in an effective and coordinated manner is a challenging issue. Therefore, if it is possible to increase the efficiency of water and energy to supply food, the emission of greenhouse gases and environmental pollution will also decrease, and after that, we can take steps towards sustainable development. In other words, if an approach towards the integrated management of three sources of water, energy and food is considered, both environmental pollution will be reduced and sustainable agriculture and sustainable development will happen. will follow; Because despite the interactions between these three sources and sustainability, focusing on one source without considering the relationship with other sources may cause unexpected acute and even unsustainable consequences. The aim of this research is to simulate and optimize the combined use of surface and underground water in the Kermanshah plain under the conditions of climate change based on the sixth report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-6). For this purpose, a coupled integrated model of surface and underground water will be prepared, in which the WEAP evaluation model is used to prepare the surface water model and the MODFLOW model is used to prepare the underground water model. Then the effect of climate change on surface and underground water modeling will be investigated in the integrated model. Finally, by connecting the gray wolf multi-objective algorithm (MOGWO) to the body of the coupled model based on objective functions based on the correlation of water, food and energy and social parameters and environmental factors, optimal solutions for the integrated management of water resources in the region under climate change scenarios will be investigated. And its effects on surface and underground water will be evaluated.

Fromthe past to the present, the need for water and its provision in different waysis one of the most important issues in human societies, and of course,atmospheric precipitation is of particular importance. In recent decades,satellite precipitation data has been considered by scientists and engineers ofhydrology.Consideringthat the data obtained using ground stations are point-by-point and also thereis not enough data in large areas and hard-to-reach areas, and due to globalwarming and decreasing rainfall, long-term rainfall forecasts are necessary forplanning and appropriate use of available water resources for the region.Inthis study, the accuracy of precipitation data of CHRIPS, ERA5, PERSIAN_CDR,GPM, GSM, TRMM, TERRA satellites obtained using Google Earth Engine cloudenvironment was obtained with data from 14 synoptic stations of Kermanshahprovince in three monthly, seasonal and annual scales in the period 2000 to2019.Then,precipitation prediction was performed using observational and satelliteprecipitation data in three modes of precipitation with one, two and three lagsin Orange software environment and using decision tree, support vector machineand random forest machine learning algorithems as well as delta downscalingwith canesm5 and KIOSTESM climate models, sixth report and scenario   5_8.5.Afterselecting the best prediction model, drought indices were calculated forobservational data, satellite, and prediction for Kermanshah province. Theresults showed that for Islamabad, Harsin, Gilan-e Gharb, Kermanshah, Kangavar,Ravansar and Sarpol-e-Zahab stations, TERRA satellite and for Sonqor, Sararoud,Sumar and Tazeh Abad stations, EAR5 satellite and for Qasre-shirin of TRMMsatellite has the best estimate.Accordingto observational data, prediction and reverse distance interpolation maps,precipitation in the north and northwest as well as southeast of the province,i.e. in Sar-e-Aroud, Javanrud and Ravansar stations, was more than other placesand in Harsin, Qasr-e-Shirin and Sumar stations had the lowest amount. Theresults of prediction showed that the decision tree model with appropriateerror criteria is better than the other two models and also according tointerpolation maps, the prediction with a delay has better estimated the lowrain and rainy areas in the observation period.This model has estimatedrainfall in most stations in October and November about 40% less thanobservations. The results of drought indices were calculated the   I, RAI and SPIindeces for different states and the results showed that 2015 estimated verysevere drought, severe drought and near normal drought, and for 2020, 2028 and2035, severe or moderate drought was estimated.  

    Thepurpose of this research is to investigate the use of progesterone-containingsponges for synchronizing and using different types of antibiotics(doxycycline, neomycin, trisol, oxy tetracycline) as local and systemictreatment in order to investigate the control of infections caused by the useof sponges or population reduction. Unwanted germs were Ile du France ewes. Forthis purpose, 200 Gilde France ewes were selected and randomly placed among 5experimental groups. The experimental groups were: 1) control treatment,sponges impregnated with doxycycline powder (in the amount of 200 mg) for 14days in the vagina 2) control treatment + oxytetracycline 500 mg oblet for 14days in the vagina 3 ) control treatment + neomycin 480 mg oblet for 14 days inthe vagina 4) control treatment + trisol 500 mg oblet for 14 days in the vagina5) sheep of this group received doxycycline-free sponges and an intramuscularinjection They had oxytetracycline LA in the amount of 500 mg.   Ewes in all groups received 400 internationalunits of eCG hormone at the time of sponge harvesting. Adhesion rate and rateof vaginal infections were recorded at the time of sponge removal. On the 40thday after ramming, ultrasound technique was used to check the state ofpregnancy. Reproduction indices were also calculated. There was no significantdifference in the adhesion percentage of the mattress in all groups (P <0.05). Vaginal infections at grade 0 in groups 1 and 2 showed a significantdifference compared to other groups (P<0.05). So that the lowest number ofewes without infection was related to these two groups. In grade 1, group 2,the lowest number of ewes with low infection and bad smell was in group 2. Ingrades 2 and 3, the lowest number of ewes with severe infection with bleedingand foul smell was related to groups 4, 3 and 5. Fertility percentage, twinbirth, stillbirth and abortion were not significant in any of the experimentaltreatments (p<0.05). Based on the findings of this research, it is concludedthat the use of antibiotics significantly reduced the rate of infections causedby using sponges or reducing the population of unwanted microbes.  Keywords:synchronization of estrus, antibiotics, vaginal infection, fertility  

    Water resources management planning is one ofthe most practical and necessary human measures to preserve and preserveavailable fresh water resources, since available freshwater resources arelimited, finding a balanced relationship between environmental needs and humanneeds is an important step in the sustainability of water resources. For properplanning for water resources management in the first place, having sufficientand reliable climatic parameters and hydrology based on which the mostappropriate planning can be necessary.In thisresearch, first, the existing data of the hydrometric stations under theGamasiab basin have been investigated by different methods and prepared forprediction, purification and reconstruction of the data, and differentdimensions of dependent variables, taking into account the spatial dimensions ortime dimensions of the parameters, have been created in two differentscenarios, in each scenario, 80% and 20% of the data have been used to trainand test the model, respectively. Also, using principal component reductionmethods, appropriate dimensions are selected and modeled by genetic algorithmin Python programming environment using known methods of machine learning andoptimization. Finally, according to the percentage of matching and validationof each of these methods, the most accurate option and prediction method havebeen selected.Theresults of prediction and data purification in the first scenario (by spatialmethod) showed that the results were more favorable in the conditions that thedata were standardized and also the results of the non-temporal approach werebetter than the time series in similar situations, so that the highestcoefficient obtained from NSE for the data of the training stage was 0.85 andfor the testing stage was 0.6. In general, the best result in this scenario isrelated to the non-temporal approach and by selecting the model feature by theSVR model optimized by genetic algorithm.Ingeneral, prediction and data purification are influenced by different factors,the results of this study showed that data processing, taking into account thetime sequence of data, reducing the input dimensions of the model and usinggenetic optimization algorithm have the greatest impact on obtaining thedesired result and with high accuracy for accurate prediction and purificationof data, respectively.

   in this study, using three electric nose devices to detect and estimate the amount of oil odor per 500 km of car operation, refractometer to determine the concentration of each sample of oil, calorimeter to measure the amount of paint after every 500 km of operation, engine oil operation We estimated. We used PCA, LDA and neural network to >Based on the scoring and loading diagrams of various data (olfactory data, color data and integrated color, odor and brix data in both standard and normal methods) in the PCA principal component analysis method to detect distance or kilometers traveled. The results showed that the variance of the color data of the first and second major components was 98% and 1%, respectively. The most changes were observed in the color data. All samples of oils were well separated and >According to the neural network perturbation matrix, the 0.7372, R2 = 0.8677 and R2 = 0.6045, respectively, which are the values of R2 for the PLS model. For color change, brix and mileage were higher, and in general the data predicted in the PCR model were closer to the actual data Arshak, K., Moore, E., Lyons, G. M., Harris, J., Clfford, S. 2004. A review of gas sensors employed in electronic nose applications. Sensor Review. 24(2): 181-198.    Adibzadeh, A.; Dizaji, H.Z.; Aghilinategh, N. (2020) "Feasibility of Detecting Sugarcane Varieties by Electronic Nose Technique in Sugarcane Syrup". Iranian Biosystems Engineering journal. 51(1), 1-10. (In Farsi).   Https://doi.org/10.22059/IJBSE.2019.287027.665209.    Scott, S.M., James, D., Zulfiqur, A. 2007. Data analysis for electronic nose systems. Microchimica Acta. 156(3-4):  

باكاهش منابعآب قابل مصرف و تنش آبي رو به افزايش درساير نقاط جهان ، توسعه روش‌هاي مختلف  جهت مديريت كارآمد اين ماده حياتي، اهميت ويژه‌اي پيدا كرده است. كاهش حجم آب به حساب نيامده از مهمترين روش‌هاي مديريت مصرف آب محسوب مي‌شود. نشت كه به عنوان اصلي‌ترين موئلفه آب به حساب نيامده شناخته شده است،   نه تنها يك مساله اقتصادي، بلكه مساله‌اي زيست ‌محيطي و به طور بالقوه يك مساله بهداشتي و ايمني مي‌باشد كه كاهش ميزان آن در سيستم‌هاي آب‌رساني را مي‌توان يكي از اهداف عمده سازمانهاي تأمين و توزيع آب به‌ شمار آورد. در تحقيق حاظر از يك تكنيك هوش مصنوعي تحت عنوان ماشين يادگيري افراطي (ELM) جهت يافتن محل و ميزان نشت در شبكه توزيع آب استفاده شده كه با توسعه اين روش برخي از   محدوديت‌هاي استفاده از تكنيك‌هاي هوش مصنوعي منجمله تعداد خروجي مدل‌هاي‌ يادگيري ماشيني رفع شده و همچنين فرآيند اجرا كه در اكثر اين تكنيك‌ها در مواجه با داده‌هاي با ابعاد بزرگ امري نسبتا زمان‌بر است در مدل   ELM بكار رفته كاهش يافته است. در اين تحقيق همچنين از يك مدل شبكه عصبي پرسپترون چند لايه MLP جهت مقايسه نتايج و عملكرد آن با مدل ELM   استفاده شده است. روش‌ها بر روي يك شبكه توزيع   آب فرضي و كاملا حلقوي موسوم به شبكه توزيع آب پولاكيس اعمال شدند. نتايج بدست آمده نشان مي‌دهد روش بكار رفته كه در آن ماهيت وابسته به فشار نشت حفظ شده است، با حداقل برداشت اطلاعات هيدروليكي از نوع فشار گرهي، علاوه بر شناسايي موقعيت گره‌هاي نشت‌دار، محل و ميزان نشت گرهي كه نشت كمتري را دارد با دقت بالايي پيش‌بيني كند.  

Existence of high pressures in water distribution networks will increase leakage and drop in pipes and reduce pressure in some parts of the network. Distribution network pressure management is done to reduce high pressures by various methods such as the use of pressure relief valves, zoning, pumps with variable speed, etc. Reliability index is used to assess the network pressure status. Javanrood water distribution network has a rugged topography and faces the problem of high pressures.In this study, for Javanrood network, it was determined using multi-objective optimization algorithms in order to increase the reliability of the location and settings of pressure relief valves. For this purpose, various scenarios were designed and implemented. Among these scenarios, it is possible to increase the pressure reliability by 0.603 if adjusting pressure relief valves are used. Also, if the designer chose the diameter of the network pipes in order to maximize reliability, this index would increase to 0.6524.In the two-objective algorithm, with the aim of increasing the compressive reliability and reducing the cost of pipe preparation, the compressive reliability was increased by changing the diameter of the pipe and an adjustable pressure relief valve to 0.6259. However, the study of hydraulic parameters showed that in this case, the speed reliability is lower than the current situation. In other words, by reducing the diameter of the pipe, the speed increases and the pressure decreases.In general, the reliability indicators defined in any network will not be able to reach number one. The reason for this can be attributed to changes in water consumption during the day and night. As the consumption of nodes changes, the pressure in the node and the velocity in the pipes will change.Keywords:Reliability, pressure management, water distribution network, multi-objective algorithm, pressure relief valve

   Management of River surface water quality is very important. Qualitative indicators of pollution can show the trend of changes in water quality over time and place. This study was conducted to evaluate the water quality of Golin River using five quality indicators: IRWQIsc, NSFWQI, CWQI, WQI, Liou. For this purpose, the water of Golin River in Najjar village station was sampled twice every month in a one-year period from April 2019 to March 2020. Also, for statistical analysis, sampling frequency was considered as replication and the desired station was considered as treatment.Comparison between data was done by Duncan statistical method at the level of five and one percent. Studid Parameters was include Do, PH, BOD5, COD, TDS, No3, Po4, Ec, Fe, K, Ca, water temperature, air temperature, O2, salinity, No2, So4, Cu, total hardness, CaCo3, Co2, turbidity.   The results of the research using different indicators showed that the IRWQIsc quality index was classified in the index between (30.15-41.88) in relatively poor quality and from (26.70 - 27.85) in poor quality and According to the obtained results, Rural sewage disposal, agricultural wastewater and animal waste are the main causes of reduced river water quality in the studied station. The results of NSFWQI index showed that the river water quality during the study period in the summer is in the bad group and it's only suitable for irrigation of agricultural land also in spring, autumn and winter, it is exsist in the middle group, and if it is used to supply drinking water, it needs advanced purification. Also, according to the NSFWQI index, the Golin River water was suitable for breeding fisheries and water-resistant species and also drinking water for domestic animals. The values of CWQI index based on water quality standard for environmental protection of aquatic ecosystem of cold-water fish also showed that water quality status is in the bad category (0-44) and in terms of the standard of use of the agricultural industry is placed in the border category (45-64). The results of the WQI quality index also showed that the water quality index is in a good category with a limited (50-100) and is suitable for drinking water. In Liou index, the results showed that water quality is in the relatively polluted category between 3.1-6 and with increasing oxygen, the value of the index decreases.

      Abstract   In organic farming, organic fertilizers not only provide the nutrients needed by the plant but also improve the soil physical structure and its biological activity. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of vermicompost enriched with bacterial strains on the vegetative yield of basil (Ocimum basilicum) and physical and chemical properties of soil. Bacterial isolates were isolated from worm and vermicompost samples. Screening of the bacterial isolates was performed based on improving basil dry weight in greenhouse conditions. Finally, three bacterial isolates (28, 54 and 56) were selected and used in the main greenhouse experiments along with the two reference strains B. velezensis Fol and B. pumilus INR7. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design and the experimental treatments included mature animal manure, vermicompost without inoculation and vermicompost inoculated with each of the bacterial isolates. After two months, the basil plants were harvested and the factors related to plant growth, soil and plant nutrients and soil biological characteristics were evaluated. The results showed a significant advantage of vermicompost inoculated with bacterial isolate 56 compared to other treatments. The highest shoot and root growth and nutrient elements in plant leaves were observed in this treatment. The highest wet and dry weight with 30.7 g and 3.54 g, respectively, were achieved in the treatment with isolate 56 and the lowest values ??(13.2 g) and (1.48 g) were obtained in soil amended with mature animal manure. The effect of vermicompost enrichment was significant on plant iron, zinc, copper and manganese content at 1% level and on nitrogen content at 5% level. But there was no significant difference between the amounts of plant potassium and phosphorus between the treatments. The highest levels of elements take up by plant were observed in the treatment with isolate 56, so that the concentrations of iron, copper, manganese, zinc and nitrogen increased 38.3%, 27.7%, 25.8%, 41.6%, compared to treatment with mature animal manure, respectively. The effect of bacterial isolates on soil pH and soil micronutrients (copper, manganese and iron) was not significant, but was significant on soil potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus at 1% and zinc at 5% probability level. The highest amounts of soil elements were obtained in the treatment with isolate 56. The amount of potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc increased compared to the treatments of animal manure up to 39.46, 54.4, 69.3 and 45.4 %. In fact, the highest concentration of organic carbon and plant growth were recorded in soil treatment with vermicompost enriched with isolate 56. Therefore, it can be expected that more root exudates increased microbial activity in the soil, showing it effect on soil biological indices.   

  Assessing thephenomenon of climate change and its possible consequences on the hydrologicalprocesses of the basin will greatly contribute to the challenges of managersand planners of water resources in future periods. The effect of climate changeis investigated by simulating hydrological processes with a physical model ofrunoff precipitation. Hydrological models provide a framework for examining therelationship between meteorology and water resources. The purpose of this studyis to investigate surface runoff using climate change models and SWAT model. Inthis study, the runoff in Pol-e-Shah hydrometric station was first investigatedand using the swat cup software, the statistics of the relevant hydrometricstation and using the sufi2 optimization algorithm, the parameters affectingthe flow and flow rate were calibrated and extracted. Correlation andNash-Sutcliffe values 0.75 and 0.79 were extracted for calibration interval and0.71 and 0.61 for validation. Then, in order to study the statistical indicesof rainfall and temperature under the influence of climate change using larsWG6software and using hadgem and miroc5 climate models under diffusion scenariosof 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5, exponential microscale action and extraction ofprecipitation and temperature data for statistical length 2020 to 2080.Finally, in order to obtain the effect of climate change on runoff, swatsoftware was implemented under each of the scenarios of climate models inrelation to the statistical length of different periods and the diagramsobtained from model runoff changes to simulate runoff discharge on averagemonthly with Climate data were compared and showed a decrease and increase inrunoff in some months of the year.keywords: Runoff - SWAT - lars WG6- Climate change – Pol-ShahBasin- - Climate models - HADGEM2 and MIROC5

The average annual rainfall in Iran is less than one third of the average annual rainfall in the world. Therefore, in the coming years, it will face serious and risky problems in the field of water resources shortage. That is why the optimal use of these limited water resources is vital and important. One of the complexities in this field is the contradiction of goals in the issues of water resources Exploitation. In this research, for the optimal operation of Dez and Balaroud dams, the coupled simulator-optimizer method was used using the connection of WEAP simulator model and MOICA multi-objective optimizer algorithm. Also in this research, surface water resources in Dez river, from Dez regulatory dam to the end of the study area and near Bandaqir site were investigated quantitatively and qualitatively. exploratory algorithms have been considered by water resources planners due to their ability to solve complex and nonlinear problems. Data and information for two scenarios in a period of 30 years (1397-1367) were defined in the simulator model. In the first scenario, referred to as the reference scenario, without performing the process of optimizing the environmental flow downstream of the study area and near the site of Bandaqir, it was equated with the environmental flow by the Montana method. In the second scenario, called the optimal scenario, the simulator and optimizer models were connected with the aim of optimizing the amount of environmental requirements at the bitumen dam site. In this study, three goals were considered, The first goal is to maximize the total percentage of needs met throughout the system, The second goal is to minimize the amount of violation of the allowable values of quality parameters in the river route And the third goal is to minimize the penalties for violating the authorized capacity of the reservoirs. In the MOICA model with a population of 24 and 1000 replications, the optimal results were plotted on the Parato graph. The final results for each scenario were obtained and compared. The results obtained from the optimal scenario showed, That the supply of demand has increased And qualitative parameters in the river route have found a more favorable situation, Also, the status of reservoir volume changes has improved compared to the reference scenario. Therefore, applying the optimal scenario causes, That the condition of the tanks does not fail in the dry and watery months And do not cause much damage to the system. According to river water quality standards, The worst BOD pollutants are in the Haft Tappeh factory area And EC has been in the place of   Bandaqir and sugarcane Dehkhoda. The final results show The simulated-optimized coupled model has not only sought to increase the percentage of supply in the system It has also paid attention to the standard level of quality parameters in the river route and the status of reservoir reserves. Based on the reference scenario and the changes seen in the volume of the tanks, the volume of the tank has reached the minimum level of operation many times during the 30-year simulation period. However, during the optimization process, none of the tanks have reached the minimum level of operation. Using the simulated-optimized coupled model and using the WEAP model and MOICA  algorithm can be a suitable way to plan and manage water resources in the study area and taking into account all the demands in the area. In fact, in addition to providing acceptable needs, it also examines the trend of quality and pollution in rivers.

  چكيده مقدمه اصلاحات ارضي يكي از مهم ترين برنامه هايي بود كه در زمان محمدرضاه شاه به اجرا درآمد و به عنوان جامع ترين و جدي ترين اقدام حاكميتي در تاريخ كشاورزي ايران، آثار شگرفي بر مناسبات ارضي، ساختار زراعي و مورفولوژي روستايي داشت. در اين راستا پژوهش حاضر به واكاوي اثرات اصلاحات ارضي بر ساختار اجتماعي و مورفولوژي دهستان شيان پرداخته است. روش تحقيق تحقيق پيش رو از نظر هدف كاربردي است و روش تحقيق از نوع توصيفي- تحليلي و با رويكرد كيفي، به واكاوي اثرات اصلاحات ارضي بر ساختار اجتماعي و مورفولوژيكي در دهستان شيان پرداخته است. در اين پژوهش سه هدف دنبال شد. در هدف اول و دوم با استفاده از پارادايم كيفي و روش تحقيق توصيفي- تحليلي به واكاوي تأثيرات اصلاحات ارضي بر ساختار اجتماعي و مورفولوژي پرداخته شد. جامعه مورد مطالعه را مطلعين و افراد بالاي 50 سال، بخصوص كشاورزان كهنسال منطقه در بر مي گيرد كه شناخت كافي نسبت به اصلاحات ارضي داشتند. نمونه ها به صورت هدفمند انتخاب شدند و نمونه گيري تا زمان رسيدن به اشباع داده ها ادامه يافت. جمع آوري داده ها از طريق مصاحبه هاي عميق فردي و گفتگوهاي نيمه ساختارمند صورت گرفت. براي تجزيه و تحليل داده ها از مفاهيم استخراج شده از گرافها و متن مصاحبه ها، عكسها و تصاوير استفاده شد. در هدف سوم، بررسي پيامدهاي اجتماعي ايجاد شده در جريان اصلاحات ارضي در منطقه با استفاده از پارادايم كيفي و روش تحقيق توصيفي- تحليلي صورت گرفت. در اين هدف نيز جامعه مورد مطالعه را كشاورزان كهنسال منطقه، مطلعين و افراد بالاي 50 سال تشكيل دادند. نمونه گيري به صورت هدفمند انجام شد و جمع آوري دادها تا زماني كه داده هاي به دست آمده تكراري شدند انجام پذيرفت. براي تجزيه و تحليل داده ها از تكنيك تحليل محتواي ارتباطي با استفاده از روش مرسوم كدگذاري باز و محوري بهره گرفته شد. نتايج نتايج واكاوي اثرات اصلاحات ارضي بر ساختار اجتماعي در دهستان شيان نشان داد، كسب منزلت اجتماعي، استقلال، خوداتكايي و اعتماد به نفس، حذف روابط ارباب- رعيتي و رهايي از سلطه مالكان و زمينداران بزرگ از دستاوردهاي مثبت اصلاحات ارضي در منطقه بوده است كه همگي به دنبال مالكيت شخصي كشاورزان ايجاد شد. از سوي ديگر حذف قدرت مالكان و ايجاد خلاء مديريتي، از مهمترين پيامدهاي منفي اصلاحات ارضي است. در راستاي هدف دوم، نتايج اين تحقيق نشان داد كه اصلاحات ارضي، مورفولوژي روستا را هم به لحاظ مساكن و بافت روستا و هم به لحاظ مورفولوژي زراعي دگرگون ساخته است. استفاده از معماري شهري و مصالح غير بومي در بازسازي مساكن، باعث تغيير كاربري مساكن و از بين رفتن هويت اصيل سيماي روستا گرديد. به طوري كه بدون در نظر گرفتن شرايط محيطي روستا، كاركرد و ساختار مساكن كه بر اساس رويكرد توليدي بود دستخوش تغيير و تحول نمود. و روحيه مصرف گرايي و تجمل گرايي را در دهستان ترويج نمود. همچنين نتايج بررسي مورفولوژي زراعي در دهستان شيان نشان داد كه كوچك شدن واحدهاي كشت، از بين رفتن شيوه كشت تجاري تك محصولي و ايجاد تنوع كشت، باعث تغيير در الگوي كشت در اين دهستان گرديد. در هدف سوم، نتايج اين تحقيق نشان داد كه افزايش بيكاري، مهاجرت، خلاء مديريتي، تغيير در تنوع و گونه هاي كشت، ايجاد استقلال، افزايش امكانات رفاهي، كاهش بي سوادي، تشكيل شركت هاي تعاوني و افزايش سطح بهداشت از پيامدهاي اجتماعي اصلاحات ارضي در دهستان است كه هر كدام به نوبه خود تاثيرات مثبت و منفي زيادي در منطقه بر جاي گذاشته است. بحث مهم ترين علت عدم توفيق برنامه هاي اصلاحي و عمراني روستايي علاوه بر مديريت كارآمد، توجه نكردن به ظرفيتها و اسنعدادهاي هر منطقه و عدم تناسب برنامه ها با شرايط محيطي و اقليمي و بسترهاي فرهنگي هر روستاست. لذا در راستاي توسعه و عمران روستاها، توصيه مي شود برنامه ريزان و سياست گذاران برنامه هاي توسعه روستايي، قبل از طراحي و اجراي برنامه شرايط محيطي و ظرفيتهاي منطقه را مد نظر داشته و متناسب با آن برنامه هاي كاربردي و اختصاصي ارائه دهند و از پتانسيل هاي هر منطقه براي بهبود وضعيت روستاها بهره كافي گرفته شود. كلمات كليدي: اصلاحات ارضي، ساختار اجتماعي، مورفولوژي، دهستان شيان

بارش از اجزاي اصلي چرخه آب­شناسي و ورودي مورد نياز بسياري از مدل­هاي آب و هوايي و آب­شناسي است. كمبود داده­هاي قابل اعتماد و كامل از مهم­ترين چالش­ها در واكاوي   بارش و پيش­بيني­هاي آب­شناسي در مديريت آب است. طي ساليان اخير تخمين بارش با استفاده از ماهواره­ها توانسته است به­عنوان يك راهكار نوآورانه مورد توجه قرار گيرد. داده­هاي ماهواره­اي با فراهم آوردن پوشش مكاني كامل، قادر به تخمين بارش براي كل جهان است. براي تبديل مقادير بارندگي مستخرج از تصاوير ماهواره­اي در ماههاي مختلف به سري مكاني-زماني مقادير بارندگي زميني، ابتدا دقت تصاوير ماهواره­اي TRMM و GPM نسبت به مقادير زميني ثبت شده مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. تصاوير GPM نسبت به TRMM همبستگي بيش­تري با داده­هاي زميني داشت. به­منظور شبيه­سازي مكاني- زماني بارش در كل دشت مدل­هاي مختلف شبكه عصبي مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت و در آخر خروجي مدل ORELM داراي بهترين برازش با داده­هاي مشاهداتي با مجذور ضريب همبستگي برابر با 96/0 بود، همچنين داراي بهترين و نزديك­ترين پراكندگي نقاط در اطراف خط 45 درجه بود و از اين نظر دقيق­ترين مدل محسوب مي­شود. براي اطمينان از انتخاب درست مدل برتر از دياگرام تيلور نيز استفاده شد، نتايج نشان داد نزديك­ترين نقطه به نقطه مرجع مربوط به روش ORELM مي­باشد، لذا براي تبديل بارندگي حاصل از تصاوير ماهواره­اي به بارش زميني از اين مدل استفاده شد. در تحقيق حاضر سعي بر آن شده است كه با دست يافتن به اطلاعات حاصل از تصاوير ماهواره­اي در منطقه مطالعاتي بتوان اطلاعات جديدي از نوسانات منابع آب زيرزميني منطقه و منابع محرك در تغذيه و تخليه منابع آب زيرزميني دشت ميان­دربند به­دست آورد. هم­چنين به پيش­بيني تراز آب زيرزميني دشت با استفاده از تصاوير ماهواره­اي بارش و مدل كوپل شده WEAP-MODFLOW با هدف مديريت صحيح منابع آب پرداخته شده است. در اين تحقيق براي اولين بار تصاوير ماهواره­اي در يك مدل تلفيقي-ديناميك استفاده شده است. در مدل كوپل شده WEAP-MODFLOW مقدار بارندگي روي دشت و تغذيه ناشي از بارندگي و آب آبياري در سطح كل دشت با استفاده از شبيه­سازي ناحيه غيراشباع خاك(مدل رطوبت خاك) و براساس تركيب مدل شبكه عصبي مصنوعي ORELM و تصاوير ماهواره­اي در هر يك از مناطق همگن(60 ناحيه مختلف) در طول دوره شبيه­سازي(اكتبر 2000 تا سپتامبر 2020) محاسبه شد. نقشه تراز آب زيرزميني براي تمام ماه­هاي دوره شبيه­سازي مورد محاسبه قرار گرفت و براساس آن­ها تغييرات در ماه­هاي خشك و تر و حتي تحت تأثير وقايع حدي و بارش­هاي سنگين مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. نتايج نشان داد ميزان متوسط افت تراز آب زيرزميني با در نظر گرفتن كل سطح آبخوان كرمانشاه در پايان دوره بهره­برداري 20 ساله(اكتبر 2000تا سپتامبر 2020) حدود 3 متر است.

Abstract In this research, the groundwater level was predicted using GRACE satellite pair and the time series model obtained by this satellite was used using GSGMDH neural network model. The study area of ??this research is the catchment area of ??Lake Urmia located in northwestern Iran. For this purpose, 163 months of GRACE satellite data were used during the years April 2002 to June 2017. To remove the hydrological parameters of GRACE data, the GLDAS hydrological model was used. The output of the satellites includes 6 points located in the selected basin, the results of which show a decreasing trend of groundwater equivalent thickness with a range of changes of -50 to +50 mm for six specific study points in the basin. The satellite results for six study points of Urmia Basin were compared by observing the information of piezometric wells in the area of ??each point. In order to accurately compare the water level, the observation wells were converted to water-equivalent thickness using a special discharge coefficient. Comparing the output of GRACE satellites with observational values ??showed that the value of correlation coefficient in six points is 0.48 on average, which is consistent with the results of similar studies. Also, the values ??of RMSE, MARE and RMSRE are equal to 8.8 on average. It is 1.4 and 1/3, which indicates the proper performance of GRACE satellites in estimating the equivalent thickness of groundwater in the study area. Then, using the GSGMDH model, the time series obtained by GRACE satellites were modeled for six study points. To do this, after removing the trend in the data using ACF diagrams, the delays with the highest autocorrelation were identified and used in the modeling process. Due to the uniformity of the data trend in the six points, the data were modeled together for all points. The results show the appropriate performance of the model so that the correlation coefficient in the training stage is equal to 0.96, which is 86 for the experimental stage. / 0 has been reached. The value of RMSE in the training and testing phase was very close to each other, but the value of MARE in the experimental phase gave better results. Keywords: GRACE satellites, Urmia catchment, GSGMDH model time series, GLDAS hydrological model, groundwater equivalent thickness, piezometric well information.   

   در اين تحقيق با توجه به وضعيت منابع آب در كشور و بخصوص جنوب و جنوب غرب كه منطقه مورد مطالعه در اين نواحي قرار دارد جهت رفع مشكلات كمبود منابع آب و تامين تمامي نيازها و در عين حال حفظ منابع آب موجود از روش كوپل مدل شبيه ساز_بهينه ساز استفاده شد. شبيه سازي با استفاده از مدل WEAP براي حوضه مارون كه شامل سد مارون و منابع آب زيرزميني(شمال بهبهان و جنئب بهبهات و جايزان فجر) انجام شد و با توجه به تناوب اهداف بهينه سازي از منابع آب زيرزميني و سطحي جهت بهينه سازي از الگوريتم فراكاوشي چند هدفه NSGAIII استفاده شد كه در آن سه هدف لحاظ شد،هدف اول حداكثر نمودن تامين نياز مصارف،هدف دوم حداكثر نمودن تامين نياز زيست محيطي و هدف سوم حداقل نمودن جريمه ناشي از تخطي از مخزن سد مي باشد.در ابتدا اطلاعات منابع و مصارف را به منظور واسنجي و صحت سنجي براي شبيه سازي آينده وارد مدل گرديد، ايم مدل در بازه 5 ساله(سه سال واسنجي و دو سال صحت سنجي) از مهرماه سال 1391 تا شهريور 1396 اجرا و مورد واسنجي و صحت سنجي قرار گرفت.پس از اطمينان از مطابقت مدل با شرايط واقعي، با فرض ادامه وضع موجود و تكرار دوره آماري 50 ساله جريان ورودي به مخزن سد در سال هاي آتي (از مهرماه سال 1399 تا شهريور 1449) نتايج حاصل از اجراي مدل در منطقه مورد مطالعه با عنوان سناريوي مرجع مورد بررسي قرار گرفت.در سناريوي مرجع تامين نياز   مصارف و نياز زيست محيطي و تغييرات حجم مخزن و همچنين مميزان برداشت ار آب زيرزميني هر يك از دشت هاي موجود مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. پس از انجام بهينه­سازي، با توجه به اندازه جمعيت 24 و اجراي الگوريتم NSGA-III براي 1000 تكرار، جواب­هاي نزديك به بهينه حاصل شد كه بين جواب هاي به دست آمده يك جواب به عنوان بهنرين جواب انتخاب شد.در اينجا دو سناريو لحاظ شد كه سناريوي اول سناريوي مرجع مي باشد و سناريوي دوم همان سناريوي بهينه است كه از مدل بهينه ساز حاصل گرديد.سپس بين اين دو سناريوي مقايسه صورت گرفت كه سناريوي بهينه ضمن تامين نيازهاي موجود با در نظر گرفتن سه تابع هدف نتيجه خوب و مطلوبي نسبت به سناريوي مرجع به همراه داشت.

  Fusarium wilt of chickpea is the most common disease of this plant in Iran and around the world. Kermanshah province has the first rank in areaunder cultivation and yield of this crop in Iran. The main cause of Fusarium stem rot andleaf yellowing of chickpeas in Kermanshah province is Fusarium. redolens. This soil- borne fungus has widehost range and it control is difficult by chemical methods. The use of plant probiotics is also a promising way to control disease and increase plant growth. In this study, 13 plant probiotics isolates were studied to control Fusarium wilt disease andits effect on chickpea plant growth in soil and Peat mosses beds undergreenhouse condition. The effect of isolates were investigated on freshand dry weight of roots and aerial parts and suppression of disease severity. GBO3 had the highest effect onroot weight (32.27g) and FOL with a weight of (24.23g) had the highest effectin Peat mosses bed and INR7 isolate (29.36 g) had the highest aerial partson aerial parts weight in the soil substrate. Isolate 19 (44.41 g) had the highest root weightmost effective isolates. Also in soil bed 21 with 41 g root dry weight andweight. In Peat mosses bed and the presence of pathogen, isolate 29 with 1.29 groot dry weight and isolate 19 with 1.29 g aerial parts dry weight were the GBO3 with 68.75% in Peat mosses bed and isolate 19 with 50%, P2 with 37.5% andisolate 19 with 1.15 g aerial parts dry weight were the most effectiveisolates. In biocontrol, isolates 19, 13, 29, B124, VELZ, P2 with 75% and isolates 21 andthe highest effect on Biocontrol.isolates GBO3, INR7 and B124 with 31.35% in the soil substrate inhibited thedisease, significantly. Indigenous isolates 21 and 19 in both substrates had    Keywords: Fusarium wilt of chickpea, plant probiotics, Biocontrol

      Abstract: Integrated exploitation of surface and groundwater resources is one of the most important challenges facing water researchers. Integrated use is the exploitation of surface and groundwater resources in order to increase the amount of available water and the sustainable use of available water resources. Therefore, proper planning in this field requires knowledge of how surface and groundwater interact in the region and the estimation and calculation of surface and groundwater parameters and factors affecting it. Therefore, one of the main objectives of the current study is to simulate the interaction of surface and groundwater by creating a dynamic connection between surface and groundwater resources in the mid-Darband and Bilehvar plains so that the data and results are monthly between the WEAP surface water model and the water model. MODFLOW underground is in circulation. In this research used combination of simulation and optimization models. WEAP model has been used for simulation two reservoir systems consist of Gavoshan and Shohada dams which are stated in Gavehrood basin .In this regard, reservoir operation modeling has been done according to current situation in operation area for 72 months in during 2007 to 2013 years. Hence afterData collection, formed the WEAP model input files and model has been calibrated . In this chapter, the results of simulation of river and aquifer interaction in the case of simultaneous exploitation of surface and groundwater resources based on a coupled WEAP-MODFLOW model are presented. The results of simulation of surface and groundwater using WEAP and MODFLOW models are presented and the current conditions of exploitation of water resources in the region will be examined if the existing policies continue. In the following, the results of the interaction of the river and the aquifer and the share of the mysterious river in feeding or draining the aquifer or groundwater in a statistical period are discussed. Finally, while examining the percentage of meeting the needs and related reliability, the balance of water resources in the region and the components of the balance in terms of integrated operation and Exchange of the mysterious river with the plain of Miandarband and Bilevar have been evaluated. So that the simulation results showed that one of the most important achievements of this research is the creation of simulation of saturated and unsaturated soil area using complete hydroclimatology balance components as a coupled model of surface and groundwater. Also, during the period of 6 years, the highest amount of aquifer feeding in the plain is in the months of November to February, and because of the high rainfall on the plain in these months. In these months, in addition to rainfall, there is some nutrition from the infiltration of irrigation water. But in the warm months of the year, irrigation is done only through the infiltration of irrigation water.

   Nowadays water resources are one of the great treasures of human beings, for which proper operation requires effective rules and management regarding the different demands, lacks and limitations in using the resources. Dams are applied for different purposes. Optimal operation of dam reservoirs is one of the important issues in water management. In this study, optimal operation of dam has been examined in order to supply maximum dam tailwater needs, in deterministic and probabilistic system. The case study is Qeshlaq dam constructed on Maryamnegar River, 15 Kilometer northwest of Sahneh in Kermanshah province. The aim of Qeshlaq reservoir dam construction is supplying drinking water demand in Sahneh, providing environmental and agricultural demands of Chemchemal valley and establishment of irrigation network in Sahneh city. Water management simulation and planning of this area was done by WEAP simulator software. Regarding the precipitation being indecisive and its direct effect on the inflow, probabilistic flow is more certainly. Therefore, the system probabilistic conditions were studied by making the inflow probabilistic and examining the effect of probabilistic cumulative distribution function (CDF) on demand supply. This probabilistic approach was codded in Lingo software based on definite optimization by linear planning under probabilistic limitations. In this approach, the inflow to reservoir was compared using two different ways including CDF calculation by Weibull distribution and the best fitness distribution. The results of simulation and optimization by deterministic approach shows that supplies in agricultural, drinking, and environmental demands are, respectively, 92%, 95% and 95%. Due to reservoir inflow decrease in probabilistic than deterministic approach, the reservoir optimal volume was, first, estimated considering the inflows and deterministic demands. It was 27.6 Million cubic meter which shows the high estimation in designing the reservoir of Qeshlaq dam than the reservoir designing volume (47.6 Million cubic meter). In addition, all demands are fully supplied in this condition.

   Municipal solid waste compost is a rich source of organic matter, macro and micro elements, but increasing the concentration of   trace elements in soil and plant is one of the possible side effects of long term using of compost in agricultural soils.Then this research was done with the purpose of evaluating the residence health risk arising from trace elements in Kermanshah municipal solid waste compost that is used in agricultural lands in Kermanshah. 64 soil samples, 30wheat samples, 14onion samples, 16corn samples, 10potato samples, 16sugar beet samples, 10 leek samples, 15cress samples, 32 samples of water and livestock fertilizers applied in the studied agricultural lands were collected   from different areas of the province. the concentration of chromium, cobalt, cadmium, lead and nickel in the composted soil increased significantly at 1% level. Also the   Arsenic concentration increased significantly in composted wheat, cress, onion, potato, leek and corn. Concentration of lead in   the composted Onion, cress, sugar beet and corn increased significantly compared to the control. The results also showed that the effect of compost on the chromium concentration in onion, potato, cress, and sugar beet was significantly higher than the control at 1% level. The increase of cadmium concentration in the composted leek, onion and potato was significant compared to control. Concentrations of cadmium in   control corn and sugar beet was higher than composted samples. Concentration of cobalt increased not significantly, in the composted leek and wheat. nickel concentration in composted potato, leek, cress, corn and sugar beet Increased significantly at 1% level , . Non-cancerous HQ was calculated more than one for arsenic, lead and cobalt. The most important pathway for intake of arsenic was drinking water, while the highest risk for lead and cobalt was observed via ingeation   of wheat. Non-cancerous HQ in children was more than adults. Cancerous HQ was within the acceptable range for all the studied elements. The cancerous HQ for middle-aged men and women was higher than for other receptor groups. Keywords: trace elements, soil, risk assessment, municipal solid waste compost

  Considering severe water scarcity in current century, integrated water resources management is urgent need to sustain water resources and economic development. The objective of this study was to introduce the optimal planning method of water resources distribution in Bisotun dam (out of river bed) for agriculture, industry and environmental sectors. Biseton reservoir dam is capable for water transformation from Gamasiab river through still pipe with 3500 lit/s capacity during 6 months (late October to April) considering water supply for agriculture, industry and environment needs in East Kermanshah. However, simulation and optimal scenarios were selected using (LINGO) and Water Evaluation and Planning System Programming (WEAP) models considering two scenario; with built dam and its upstream and without   them for agriculture, industry and environmental needs. The results revealed that in both scenarios, the transformed water to dam was constant for industry and agriculture 37 and 14 million m3, respectively. In contrast considering, the Biston dam, there is about 2 million m3 surplus water for environmental needs. Thus, the reserved upper stream through Biston dam cause reduction in down discharge flow of Gamasiab river in rainfall season and consequently can be allocated about 42 million m3 water for environment sector. This situation related to water storage in reservoir dams that are built in upper stream during rainfall seasons. Adversely, during dry months, the reserved water from these dams flowed down stream for environment needs. It is concluded that environmental water needs can be supplied during dry months.

The time series is a time-dependent hydrologic variable finding its future forecasting is the most important goal of time series analysis. Considering of trend term, period term, and generally stationary in hydrologic time series can be affected to improve the performance of modeling algorithms and results interpretation. Using historical information of variables enables prediction of its future values, which is a key factor in planning, policy making and management of water resources systems. Evolutionary GEP is one of the algorithms that has high efficiency in time series modeling which has been interested by researchers due to its high accuracy in modeling. The effect of data properties in comparison of different effective parameters of the gene expression model has not assessed simultaneously on time series forecasting accuracy in previous studies. Therefore, the aim of this research is assessment of time series properties and important parameters of GEP for time series forecasting with high accuracy in Calibration and validation periods. Several time series in different climate are used in this research as monthly time series Temperature of Alaska, Florida, New York and Boston with a period of 50 years, monthly time series Temperature of Ireland, Portugal, Indonesia and India with a period of 50 years, time series groundwater depth of Chamchamal Plain station and songhor, and monthly time series Water flow in Langat and Semeniyh areas and Pirsalman are used.   Genexprotools5.0 software has been used to model of those time series by GEP. 70% of the data is used for model training and the rest for model validation. Head Size, Embedding Dimension, and Number of chromosomes are used to assess the effects of different GEP parameters and generated some scenarios base on them which are solved by Genexprotools5.0 software. The RMSE, R and NASH statistical criteria are used to evaluate the model's performance in scenarios. effective parameters. By more assessment of data properties and effective parameters in GEP model, the results indicate that periodic term in data properties of temperature time series caused to find R with more than 90% in calibration and validation period as effective parameters in GEP model has affected less than 10% in results. In other words, the data properties has more effects on time series forecasting. So, by the elimination of periodic term, the results in all cases would be significantly reduced. The periodicity of the time series is sinusoidally for the excellent performance of the model in predicting the variation process, which is a prerequisite for obtaining the results, and it is sufficient that the maximum volatility values in the correlation function in the ACF diagram are close to one. In this case, the modeling results will have acceptable statistical metrics. Also, the results showed that alternating a series when it does not have a periodic ACF diagram would improve the performance of the model and produce acceptable results in modeling. Keywords:TimeSeries, Gene Expression, forecasting, Periodicity,ACF curve, Genexprotools5.0

  Today, with the increase in population and the expansion of industrial activities, as a result of which the untapped use of water resources, the comprehensive and sustainable management of these resources is very important. The purpose of this research is to predict episodic series using ANFIS model in different climates. For this purpose, 14 series with different parameters in 7 different climates are considered for prediction with Genfis1,2,3 generators in the ANFIS model. In each modeling of the series, it is used to determine the time delays of its correlation graph.In the results of each time series in each climate, the parameter, and the different states of each of the three generators, its correlation curve is alternately cwd with ?Max=0.9. If the time delay is chosen, the correlation coefficient of the instability is Rmax>0.95. This is while reducing its pre-processing and converting its chart down to Rmax=0.75. In this series, if the time delay is chosen for the stability of the correlation graph, the prediction results are very poor and have a value of Rmax=0.2. In the parameter of precipitation this diagram in the series with ?Max=0.6 is the highest Rmax=0.62 in the series with ?Max=0.4. RMax=0.53 and in series with ?Max=0.2 the maximum is RMax=0.75.The maximum level of depth and depth of the groundwater with ?Max=0.79 is also the most maximum instabilities with R max=0.79. In the case of the Parameter Flood Parameters of the river ?Max=0.39, in the mode of the choice of time delays based on the maximum volatility, R max=0.15 occurs. And in this same series of parameters with a different climate with a maximum value of ?Max=0.62 in the case of the choice of time delays based on the maximum volatility with Rmax=0.75 occurs. Based on the results, So that the highest accuracy in a series with an alternating crossover diagram with a maximum amount of instability of close to 1 in a temperature series that is independent of the parameter occurs, and the least accurate accuracy of the series is associated with a stable graph which occurs in some indirect parameters

  Pigments are important components in attracting customers in food products, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, and therefore the global demand for their production is increasing. Qualitative studies on chemical pigments show the harmful effects of these colored compounds on their consumers. Caratonoids are among the most important categories of natural pigments that are produced in plants and microorganisms. Since extraction of carotenoid pigments from plant sources is associated with long time, low yields and high production costs, using the microbiological approach while addressing these problems allows the use of industrial waste as a microorganism substrate in production. In this research, corn steep liquer extract as the only source of carbon was used for the cultiration of Rhodotorula toruloides cell. Early culture results in erlmann showed that yeast cells have the ability to grow on corn steep liquer. So kinetic modeling of growth using haldin`s equation shows the maximum growth rate (?max) , 0.056h-1 , the substrate half saturation contant (KS) ,1.54% and the (KI) contant 58.58% for this substrate was. The extraction of pigment produced in cells showed that although yeast cells have the ability to grow in a large concentration of corn extract, but when the initial concentration of corn extract was only 5%, the highest yield of color produced by 160.8 mggcell-1 after 72 h. the study of pigment production was continued in a bubble column bioreactor. Initially, discriminant culture experiments were used to determine the effect of primary population in amounts of 71.7, 232.2, 388.3 and 451.0 mgL-1 and the results showed that after 12 houres of batch operation with an initial mass loss of 451.0 mgL-1, 89% of the substrate will be consumed and the cells will enter into a phase of stationary. Due to fact that carotenoid pigments are produced as a secondary product, the effect of operating parameters was studied by considering the three parameters of fed-batch, temperature and initial pH using the design of experiments by a central compound in the bubble column bioreactor. The results showed that the specific rate of pigment production in the cell was 65.3% under the influence of fed- batch, 20.8% under the influence of temperature and 13.9% under the influence of the initial pH of the medium. By optimizing the statistical conditions of the operating conditions of the bubble column the highest rate of production of carotenoid pigmentation was obtained in 8.475 mgg-1h-1 under the following conditions, fed- batch 30 h, temperature 14?C and initial pH equal to 6.Key words: carotenoids pigmentation, Rhodotorula toruloides, corn steep liquer, bubble column bioreactors, Response surface method, optimization of operating conditions.  

  Following an ever-increasing population water demand has increased in drinking industrial and agricultural sectors as well.The allocation of limited water resources the quality of water used environmental impacts and policies for sustainable water use are issues of growing concern. Quantitative-qualitative utilization of surface water is a desirable approach in water resource management. In the present research the system of surface water resources of the river Daz at the boundary between the dam dam to Bandakhir was studied quantitatively and qualitatively at the same time. First the utilization of surface water resources of the study area was simulated using the WEAP model and its qualitative desirability was also simulated with QUAL2K quality model and then the two models were connected to each other. Finally the output information was entered into the MOPSO optimization model and tested according to the criteria and objectives. Before starting the optimization process, two management scenarios were considered and the results were compared with each other.In all implemented scenarios, due to the time limit for implementing the linked model the optimization period was 6 years and from the blue year of 2018-19 to 2023-24.Also all the needs of the plain and the regions cultivation pattern with the exception of the need for drinking increased due to increasing population was considered constant.From the scenarios reviewed the first scenario under the reference scenario was assumed with the assumption that the quantitative and qualitative utilization of water resources systems was in accordance with the existing conditions for the 6 year period. In this scenario, the system, while meeting the requirements, is required to meet the requirements of the requirements The ecological location is at the site of the bamdge hydrometric station.In the second scenario with the difference in priority of providing the environmental need for the end of the river Dez (Mt. Ghir) calculated by the Montana method was implemented.The third scenario or optimal scenario, was aimed at optimizing the environmental requirements of bitumen.The validation results of the qualitative model are in good agreement with the reality and the calibration coefficients of the model are also acceptable. In the reference scenario agricultural lands that have been located before the site of the ecosystem are encountered in shortage in some months of the year which is due to the priority of providing the environmental need to the agricultural needs of the plain.Also the worst of the rivers qualitative status is the BOD pollinization before the harvest and in terms of emissions of EC and NO3 at the end of the river.In the second scenario taking into account the Montana method environmental demand in the bitumen section the reliability of meeting all the needs increased compared to the first scenario and other significant improvements in BOD at the site of harvesting the other parameters of quality and contamination improved.In the optimal scenario the provision of needs increased compared to the previous two scenarios and none of the quality and pollution parameters along the river did not exceed the standard limits. Keywords:Coupling Model-Quantitative, MOPSO, Simulation-Optimization, Dez River

  AbstractIn this research, we study the effects of climate change on climatic variables of precipitation and temperature in the upcoming period and the effect of predicted changes on Chaghchmal plain groundwater levels in the next two 20-year periods. For this purpose and in order to simulate the aquifer, the GMS subterranean water model has been used. During the calibration period for the 18 month period (March 2009 to September 2008), the error rates for the two Mangram and non-stable models are MEX and MAE respectively. Also, verification The model was also carried out during the 18 month period (September 2011- April 2010) and the amount of RMSE and MAE indicators were obtained respectively. Also, to study the effect of climate change on the fluctuations of groundwater level of the region in the upcoming period, six AOGCM models under three scenarios A2, A1B and B1 and two probability levels of 90 and 50%, and with regard to the uncertainty of the general circulation models, prediction of climatic variables And temperature were paid. The LARS_WG model and the proportional method were used for mapping and localization of climate parameters. The predicted climatic variables for scenarios A2, A1B and B1 and two probabilities of 90% and 50% respectively, changes for the mean long-term temperature of 0.65 +, 0.653 +, 0.653 +, -0.04 and +0.6 ° C, and the long-term average changes The precipitation was -0.15.2.06 -, + 2.25, -30.2 and -0.095 percent during the period of 2011-2030, and the same for long-term changes in temperature +2, + 2.2.1.55 +, + 0.98 and +2.3 ° C, and average long-term variations of rainfall -17, -23.7, -18.3, -46 and -13.8% during the statistical period of 2065-2046. Ultimately, fluctuations due to climate change on aquifer levels were identified under scenarios. Based on the results, groundwater level under the scenarios A2, A1B and B1 and two probabilistic levels of 90 and 50 percent for the periods 2011-2030 and 2046-2046 compared to the period 1996-2015 averaged between -1.55 to -1.83 meters Drop showed In view of these changes in order to adapt and reduce the negative effects of climate change on the region, using the proper management of water resources and taking into account all aspects of agriculture, drinking, industrial and environmental uses, the effects of climate change on the water resources of the region Castells, in order to keep these resources as good aspossible.   Key word: Groundwater balance, Climate change, AOGCM general circulation model, Climate scenarios, Uncertainty, GMS model, LARS_WG model.

Using efficient policies in the operation of reservoirs has become very important due to the occurrence of periodic droughts and also limitation of water resources in Iran. The management of reservoirs is one of the most effective non-structural ways to overcome of these limitations such as water resources scarcity, water demands increasing and finally occurrence of drought. Using optimization techniques in optimal operation of water resource systems are one of the solutions that can reduce the effects of water shortages. In this study, optimal operation of Jamishan reservoir with the aim of optimal water allocation from reservoir is considered to supply the agriculture water demands of Dinavar and Chamchmal plains using stochastic and deterministic dynamic programing approaches. Applying of the water allocation priorities between release and storage targets to supply water demands in drought conditions is considered. In this study a 41-year hydrological period (from 1971 - 1972 to 2011-2012 years) has been used. Different interval of reservoir storage (3, 5, 7 and 10) and reservoir inflow (3, 5, and 7) were used for dynamic discretization of stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) model. The best reservoir and inflow and I=3 respectively. Stochastic dynamic programming was applied to Jamishan reservoir with these classes in seasonal and monthly period by several objective functions. Water allocation results and reservoir rule curve have been presented for each period. In case, 7 interval classes for reservoir storage and average monthly and seasonal reservoir inflow in each period were applied in dynamic programming (DP) model with several objective functions. The water allocation results were compared with SDP model. The results confirm that the SDP model had the better performance rather than the DP model in water allocation and reservoir rule curve with the least objective function.

سوزاندن بقاياي گياهي از شيوه‌هاي رايج مديريت بقاياي گياهي بوده كه از ديرباز كشاورزان با انگيزه‌هاي مختلف به آن اقدام نموده‌اند. سوزاندن بقاياي گياهي يكي از عوامل تاثيرگذار بر تصاعد گازهاي گلخانه‌اي مانند CO2، N2O، CH4 و همچنين انتشار آلاينده‌هايي مانند   NH3، SO2، NMHC، تركيبات آلي فرار و نيمه‌فرار و غيره... است. از اينرو توجه به اين مسئله و انجام تحقيقات مختلف در اين زمينه مي‌تواند در افزايش آگاهي و جلوگيري از افزايش مضرات آن حائز اهميت باشد. اين تحقيق در سال زراعي 96-95 در استان كرمانشاه شهرستان سرپل­ذهاب انجام شد. ابتدا با مصاحبه با افراد آشنا به منطقه و همچنين كارشناسان اداره جهاد كشاورزي مختصات نقاط سوخته شده تعيين و عمليات نمونه­برداري صحرايي انجام شد. سپس جهت شناسايي نواحي سوخته شده زراعي از تصاوير ماهواره­اي8 LANDSAT سنجنده OIL/TIR   استفاده شد. پس از  انجام اصلاحات به روش FLAASH، در ادامه جهت انتخاب بهترين تفكيك پذيري از روش­هاي تركيب باندي شاخص مطلوبيت (OIF)، PCA و MNF   استفاده شد. طبقه بندي تصاوير با استفاده از روش حداكثر مشابهت صورت گرفت. نتايج نشان داد كه طبقه­بندي تصاوير به نقاط سوخته و نسوخته همبستگي بالا و معني­داري با نمونه­برداري صحرايي داشت كه در اين ميان روش تركيب باندي بر اساس شاخص مطلوبيت از بيشترين دقت (787/0) برخوردار بود. بر اين اساس مساحت زمين هاي زراعي جار سوزي شده 7380 هكتار برآورد شد. نتايج نشان داد كه در اراضي جارسوزي شده شهرستان سرپل ذهاب ميزان كل توليد بقاياي گندم معادل 83025 تن، ميزان بقاياي گندم پس از برداشت 8302 تن و ميزان بقاياي سوزانده شده گندم 6466 تن بود. ميزان انتشار گازهاي گلخانه­اي و آلاينده­هاي متصاعد شده به جو محاسبه و در نهايت نيز مقدار عناصر كربن، نيتروژن و گوگرد هدر رفته در نتيجه سوزاندن بقاياي گندم در سطح شهرستان برآورد گرديد. محاسبات صورت گرفته نشان داد كه سوزاندن بقاياي گندم مي تواند منجر به تصاعد مقادير 8690، 376، 22، 45/0، 39/2، 26/4، 15/18، 36/61، 17/24، 36/3 و 37/48 تن به ترتيب براي آلاينده­هاي CO2، CO، CH4،   2O، NH3، SO2،   OX، PM2.5، OC، BC و NMVOCS شود. ميزان اتلاف عناصر كربن، نيتروژن و گوگرد در نتيجه سوزاندن بقايا نيز به ترتيب 17/2575، 58/10 و 13/2 تن برآورد شد. كلمات كليدي: آلاينده­هاي جوي، جارسوزي، گازهاي گلخانه­اي، تصاوير ماهواره­اي، ArcMap

  Without a doubt, today the issue of preserving water resources exploitation and maintenance of the necessary economic efficiency, especially in the arid and semi-arid LIFE. This planet is like Iran has a double importance. One of the solutions proposed in recent decades in the management of water resources, surface and groundwater conjunctive use of water resourceses. he main objectives of this study, the simulation interaction between groundwater and surface water using dynamic connection between surface water and groundwater in the plain is cantilevered, So that the data and results on a monthly basis between the surface water and the groundwaterش MODFLOW WEAP is in circulation. Therefore, at each time step of monthly values, influence the balance of rivers, runoff, etc. WEAP model to model MODFLOW groundwater level values, the flow between the aquifer and so calculation and simulation models, WEAP back and this process will continue until the end. Another key goal is to optimize the amount of monthly withdrawals of groundwater and surface water is to fund the planning period.so To perform system optimization, multi-objective model NSGA-II. was used . So that in its first objective maximization of the needs of the project in the second goal of minimizing groundwater level decline during the period was utilized. The decision variables in this model, including the percentage of withdrawals from surface and underground water resources, which were defined as seasonal. The simulation results showed the biggest drop in the region of West and Southeast parts of the northwest and the Lower Plains. That due to the density of operational wells and water in these areas is approximately 11 meters. The northern and north eastern plains, due to lack of exploitation wells and agricultural lands is more fed. And thus a drop in groundwater level in these areas is not high.and Most edema related to a part of the northern part of the study area is approximately 25 meters. This is due to the high rise part of the study area is extremely fed. Also with the three scenarios defined for this study, results showed that if the current pattern and the reference scenario without optimization on average 16.82% of the surface water and groundwater funded by 83.18 percent. After optimization percent of the groundwater in the study area picked up about 5 percent and   the average percentage of optimal supply from surface water and groundwater, respectively, 78.84 and 21.16%, respectively. The optimal scenario the reliability needs of land Pshmynhzar 26% ش 3.2 and 2.6 meters.It means that by construction balarood dam and application scenarios System Optimization average groundwater level to 2.3 meters would improve. Keywords: conjunctive use, dynamic binding of surface water and groundwater, WEAP, MODFLOW, NSGA II

     The reservoirs are operated and designed in several aims such as, water demand supply, hydropower energy generation and flood control reduction. Optimization of reservoir operation is one of the most important issues in water basin. In this study, optimization of reservoir operation to obtain the maximum agriculture water supply and hydropower energy production are considered. As the rainfall is the stochastic phenomenon and has the positive effect on reservoir inflow, hydropower optimization is applied by using chance constrained linear programming (CCLP). Maroon Reservoir is located on east western of Khozestan province and the aims of this reservoir are agriculture water supply of Jayazan, Behbahan,Shadegan and Khalafabad, flood controlling and hydropower generation about 150 Megawatt(MW). Monthly inflow of 52 years (1953-2004) is used to modeling of experimental Weibul probability distribution for each month. Annual energy production of Maroon reservoir is obtained by Lingo 16.0 software for a known agriculture water supply (P) and installed capacity 150 MW. Then, the best probability distribution of reservoir inflow is obtained by Easyfit software 6.0 for each month. The results showed that the maximum P are calculated 86% and 88% and also the annual hydropower energy are 114.86 and 111.55 Giga watt-hour(GWh) using experimental Weibul probability distribution and the best probability distribution of reservoir inflow, respectively. Thus, obtaining the best Inflow probability distribution does have insignificant effect on optimization results since in this study it’s less than 2% on agriculture water supply and hydropower generation. So, considering only the experimental Weibul probability distribution of reservoir inflow is sufficient in CCLP approach.

  Abstract Today optimize designing of pressurized irrigation system so as the minimal total cost to be producted, has received considerable attention many years ago by the engineers who study hydraulic works. In this thesis, a computer model is provided which includes two sub-programs based on is genetic algorithm optimization and analysis of water hammer, which language is Visual Basic. The following is the link to the programs and in the form of a computer model that provides the optimize designing of pressurized irrigation system. Two models genetic algorithm and analysis water hammer were independently of calibration. The genetic algorithm using linear and nonlinear constrained optimization problems solved with analytical solutions have been assessed and it was shown that the results of the model is quite analytical results. To verify the model analysis, water hammer, pressure fluctuations in a pressurized irrigation system by closing the valve was tested at the end of a branch, in this case the output of all sprinklers set to zero and the model was run for a long time, so the stability of the system, the pressure remaining in the node that was calculated by the difference between the level of water reservoir at the start of the system and the level of location nodes were compared and results showed that the water hammer nodes as well as pressure values of the predict. After verification and of calibration model, the design of an irrigation system, drainage the main lines and the semi-main, real (Ismail abad network in Lorestan) was used. Analysis of the results showed a 11/39 percent cost reduction regardless of limitations water hammer and 10/63 percent cost reduction with respect to the limitations of its water hammer.