Today, universities as a circle in the conversion chain are ideas to wealth, seeking knowledge and technology. The emergence of the phenomenon of universities incubator has led to the development of knowledge, entrepreneurship and economic progress, and has also had a tremendous impact on strengthening the interactions of government, university and industry. On the other hand, universities are committed to creating dialogue, communication and interactions between students, and universities incubator have the ability to create grounds for social interactions due to their participatory and communication activities; Because the rapid growth of universities and lack of attention to the category of social interactions in students has led to compensatory injuries in psychosocial and students’ desire for attending university. Therefore, the purpose of writing this dissertation is to design a university incubator at the Razi University, with an emphasis on increasing social interactions in students. In this regard, by identifying effective components on social interactions in universities incubator, seeing how to use these patterns in the design of the center to create a good platform for students’ interactions. This dissertation is based on the methodology, based on hybrid approach, which includes correlation strategy, qualitative content analysis and descriptive statistical analysis. In this thesis, the solidarity strategy of the effect of eleven component design components in the university incubator on social interactions of students who are in the form of resources and written sources through the distribution of Likert spectrum based questionnaire and anatomical questions among university students Razi is going to be. In this section, the importance of components is measured and is based on descriptive statistical analysis. In the next step, qualitative data collected through students’ response to the questions of the questionnaire were examined in accurate and systematic questionnaires. In the process of qualitative content analysis, the original concepts and categories of data are extracted and in the final stage, the effective design components in increasing interaction of students at the universitiy incubator, based on their importance from students’ point of view, are categorized along with design strategies. The results of this thesis indicate that Razi University students have the greatest importance for factors that affect their presence in the environment. Components such as space vitality, the presence of natural elements, equilibrium, space diversity, environmental comfort and facilities and spatial equipment have the most impact on motivation, durability and quality of social interactions. Also, social interactions in students in Razi University are in a variety of spaces, including official and informal spaces, and in open and semi spaces, in which the spaces and dinning spaces, workshops and open spaces of colleges and lush environments have the most repetitions. The study of the proposed spatial characteristics also shows that "the presence of furniture for sitting" and "optimal perspective" is the most important and most effective factor affecting the formation of social interactions from the viewpoint of students. These results emphasize that in the design of interactive academic spaces, including universities incubator, simultaneous attention to spatial equipment, environmental comfort, visual quality, and interactive capabilities, plays a key role in promoting the experience of attendance and social interactions of students.

   چكيده از بدو تولد، خانه نخستين محيط رشد كودك است؛ جايي كه تجربه‌هاي اوليه‌اش شكل مي‌گيرد و با افراد و محيط پيرامون آشنا مي‌شود. خانه به‌عنوان اولين گروه اجتماعي كودك، نقش مهمي در شكل‌گيري شخصيت و رفتارهاي او دارد و كودك از تعامل با اعضاي خانواده، اصول و رفتارهاي اجتماعي را مي‌آموزد. به‌طور معمول، نخستين و عميق‌ترين پيوند كودك در خانه با مادر شكل مي‌گيرد؛ زيرا بيشترين زمان را با او مي‌گذراند. اين ارتباط نقش مهمي در شكل‌گيري شخصيت و رفتارهاي كودك دارد. در سال‌هاي اخير با تغيير سبك ساخت‌وساز، حذف تدريجي حياط و كاهش حضور كودكان در فضاهاي بيروني، زمان بيشتري از روز كودك در خانه مي‌گذرد. در نتيجه، دامنه‌ي ارتباط او با مادر نيز افزايش يافته و اين رابطه تا سنين بالاتر اهميت خود را حفظ مي‌كند. بنابراين، اين شرايط نيازمند فراهم‌كردن شرايط كالبدي مناسب در جهت بهبود تعامل مطلوب ميان مادر و كودك در خانه است. در اين پايان‌نامه تلاش شد عوامل كالبدي مؤثر بر بهبود ارتباط مطلوب ميان مادر و كودك در خانه شناسايي شود. براي محدود كردن حوزه پژوهش، ارتباط مادر و كودك در طول روز و به‌طور خاص زماني بررسي شد كه مادر در آشپزخانه حضور دارد و كودك در فضاي جمعي خانه ــ نه در اتاق شخصي خود ــ قرار مي‌گيرد. منظور از كودك نيز افراد زير ?? سال در نظر گرفته شد. بيان مسئله : مسكن يكي از مهم‌ترين عوامل تأثيرگذار بر سلامت و كيفيت زندگي در جامعه است و تغييرات شهرنشيني و آپارتمان‌نشيني، دسترسي به فضاهاي باز بازي كودكان را محدود كرده است. كودكان به دليل نيازهاي زيستي و رواني خود، به فضاهاي مناسب براي بازي و تعامل نياز دارند و حضور طولاني‌تر در خانه باعث افزايش اهميت ارتباط با اعضاي خانواده به ويژه مادر مي‌شود. رابطه مادر و كودك نقش كليدي در رشد، شخصيت و سلامت روان كودك دارد. اين پايان‌نامه به شناسايي عوامل كالبدي مؤثر بر بهبود ارتباط مادر و كودك در خانه پرداخته و به‌ويژه بر تعامل زماني كه مادر در آشپزخانه و كودك در فضاي جمعي خانه است تمركز دارد. مطالعات ميداني شامل مصاحبه، مشاهده رفتار و ترسيم نقشه منازل نشان مي‌دهد طراحي مناسب فضاها مي‌تواند تجربه‌هاي مثبت و تعامل مؤثر ميان مادر و كودك را افزايش دهد. هدف نهايي پژوهش، ارائه راهكارهاي طراحي داخلي منازل براي بهبود كيفيت زندگي مادر و كودك است. اهداف: هدف اين پايان‌نامه بهره‌گيري از قابليت‌هاي فضاي داخلي خانه براي تقويت تعامل ميان مادر و كودك است. اهداف به دو بخش تقسيم شدند: هدف اصلي، شناسايي و ارائه الگوهاي طراحي داخلي خانه به‌گونه‌اي كه زمينه تعامل مطلوب ميان مادر و كودك و پاسخگويي به نيازهاي هر دو را فراهم كند؛ و هدف فرعي، طراحي الگوهاي فضايي كه ارتباط كلامي، چشمي و تعامل روزمره ميان مادر و كودك را تسهيل كند. در كليت، پژوهش با توجه به نظريه‌هاي موجود به اهميت خانه و نقش مادر در رشد و شكل‌گيري شخصيت كودك مي‌پردازد و عوامل كالبدي مؤثر بر تعامل مادر و كودك را به كار مي‌گيرد. پيشينه: بررسي پيشينه نظري نشان مي‌دهد كه مطالعات متعددي به كيفيت فضاهاي مسكوني، سلامت روان، تعاملات خانوادگي و رشد كودك پرداخته‌اند؛ با اين حال، تمركز مستقيم بر نقش كالبد فضاي داخلي خانه در تعامل مادر و كودك كمتر مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. پژوهش‌ها بر تأثير نور، مقياس، چيدمان، فضاهاي نيمه‌خصوصي و كيفيت محيطي بر روابط انساني و رشد هيجاني كودك تأكيد دارند، اما اين يافته‌ها غالباً به‌صورت پراكنده و غيرمتمركز ارائه شده‌اند. ازاين‌رو، ضرورت انجام پژوهشي كه اين مفاهيم را در قالبي منسجم و با تمركز بر رابطه مادر و كودك در فضاي خانه تحليل كند، احساس مي‌شود. روش: اين پايان‌نامه با رويكرد كيفي و از نوع كاربردي انجام شد. به‌منظور درك عميق تعامل ميان مادر و كودك در فضاي داخلي خانه، از روش تحليل محتواي كيفي استفاده گرديد. داده‌ها به‌صورت ميداني و از طريق مصاحبه‌هاي باز و نيمه‌ساختاريافته، مشاهده‌ي مستقيم رفتار مادر و كودك و ترسيم كروكي فضاهاي داخلي جمع‌آوري شد. جامعه‌ي مورد مطالعه شامل مادران خانه‌دار قشر متوسط شهر كرمانشاه با فرزندان ? تا ?? سال بود كه به‌صورت هدفمند انتخاب شدند. پس از پياده‌سازي داده‌ها، فرآيند كدگذاري باز و محوري انجام گرفت و مفاهيم و مقوله‌هاي اصلي استخراج شد. به‌منظور افزايش اعتبار يافته‌ها، از مثلث‌سازي داده‌ها و بازبيني مشاركت‌كنندگان استفاده گرديد.

گسترش ساخت‌وسازهاي آپارتماني در شهركرمانشاه، در بسياري از موارد با شكل‌گيري نماهايي همراه بوده است كه فاقد انسجام بصري، تناسبات مقياسي و ارتباط منطقي ميان اجزاي تشكيل‌دهنده خود هستند. چنين نماهايي، كه اغلب تحت تأثير سليقه‌هاي فردي، الگوهاي تقليدي و رويكردهاي غيرزمينه‌گرا طراحي مي‌شوند، مي‌توانند به بروز آشفتگي بصري، كاهش خوانايي سيماي شهري و تضعيف هويت كالبدي و فرهنگي شهر منجر شوند. از آنجا كه نماي ساختمان‌هاي مسكوني به‌عنوان بخشي از فضاي عمومي شهر، نقش تعيين‌كننده‌اي در كيفيت منظر شهري و تجربه ادراكي شهروندان دارد، توجه به اصول و نظريه‌هاي ساختارمند در طراحي نما امري ضروري به نظر مي‌رسد. پايان نامه حاضر با تأكيد بر اصل سلسله‌مراتب مقياس‌بندي به‌عنوان يكي از پانزده خصلت ساختارهاي زنده در نظريه‌ي كريستوفر الكساندر، در پي پاسخ به اين پرسش است كه چگونه مي‌توان با به‌كارگيري اين اصل، به طراحي نمايي انتظام‌يافته، خوشايند و متناسب با زمينه‌ي بومي در آپارتمان‌هاي مسكوني شهر كرمانشاه دست يافت. اصل سلسله‌مراتب مقياس، به ايجاد ارتباط معنادار ميان مقياس‌هاي مختلف از كلان تا خرد منجر شده و نقش مهمي در شكل‌گيري انسجام و خوانايي بصري بنا ايفا مي‌كند. اين پايان­نامه از نوع كاربردي بوده و با راهبرد همبستگي انجام مي‌شود. گردآوري داده‌ها از طريق مطالعات كتابخانه‌اي، تحليل نظري ديدگاه‌هاي كريستوفر الكساندر و نيكوس آ. سالينگروس، و بررسي تاثير سلسله مراتب مقياس بر مطلوبيت نما صورت مي‌گيرد. اين   پايان­نامه از نظر هدف، كاربردي و از نظر روش، با راهبرد همبستگي انجام شده است. گردآوري داده‌ها در دو بخش نظري و عملي صورت گرفته است. در بخش نظري، با استفاده از مطالعات كتابخانه‌اي، مفاهيم مرتبط با كيفيت بصري نما، مقياس انساني، اصل سلسله‌مراتب مقياس‌بندي، نظريه ساختارهاي زنده كريستوفر الكساندر و نظريه نظم ساختاري نيكوس سالينگروس مورد بررسي و تحليل قرار گرفته است. در بخش عملي، به‌ منظور بررسي تأثير رعايت اصل سلسله‌مراتب مقياس بر مطلوبيت بصري نما، سلسله مراتب مقياس   به‌عنوان متغير مستقل، مطلوبيت   به‌عنوان متغير وابسته، و ويژگي‌هاي فردي كاربران به‌عنوان متغيرهاي مداخله‌گر در نظر گرفته شده‌اند.در همين راستا سه نماي شبيه‌سازي‌شده از يك آپارتمان مسكوني با ارتفاع متوسط طراحي شد كه در آن‌ها ميزان استفاده از سلسله‌مراتب مقياس در اجزاي مختلف نما، از جمله بازشوها، پنجره‌ها، بالكن‌ها، تناسبات كلي و جزئيات معماري، متفاوت بود. جامعه آماري پژوهش پايان نامه شامل شهروندان غيرمتخصص در حوزه معماري و ساخت‌وساز و ساكن محله گلستان شهر كرمانشاه است. نمونه‌گيري به روش در دسترس انجام شد. ابزار گردآوري داده‌ها پرسشنامه‌اي تصويري بود كه در آن پاسخ‌دهندگان پس از ثبت اطلاعات جمعيت‌شناختي، تصاوير نماهاي شبيه‌سازي‌شده را به‌صورت تصادفي مشاهده كردند. سپس از آنان خواسته شد نماها را بر اساس ميزان مطلوبيت بصري اولويت‌بندي كنند؛ به‌گونه‌اي كه نماي داراي بيشترين مطلوبيت در اولويت اول، نماي با مطلوبيت متوسط در اولويت دوم و نماي با كمترين مطلوبيت در اولويت سوم قرار گيرد. علاوه بر اين، پاسخ‌دهندگان دلايل انتخاب نماي مطلوب‌تر را بيان كردند تا عوامل مؤثر بر ترجيحات بصري آنان به‌صورت كيفي تحليل شود. هدف نهايي پايان نامه، ارائه الگويي براي طراحي نماي آپارتمان مسكوني در شهر كرمانشاه است كه با رعايت سلسله‌مراتب مقياس در مقياس‌هاي كلان، مياني و خرد، موجب ارتقاي انسجام، خوانايي، كيفيت بصري و مطلوبيت ادراكي نما شود. در اين چارچوب، قاعده مقياس‌بندي مطرح‌شده توسط سالينگروس ـ كه در بسط و تأييد خصلت‌هاي بنيادين نظريه ساختارهاي زنده كريستوفر الكساندر ارائه شده است ـ به‌عنوان مبناي نظري طراحي نما به‌كار گرفته شده و تلاش شده است تا اين اصل به‌صورت عيني و كاربردي در فرآيند طراحي نهايي نما تحقق يابد.

   Abstract The rapid growth of the elderly population worldwide has reached such proportions that it is often referred to as a “silent revolution.” Architectural and urban spaces play a crucial role in enhancing the individual and social quality of life for older adults. Therefore, special attention must be given to the needs of vulnerable groups who possess full citizenship rights. Throughout life, human beings constantly seek interaction with their surrounding environment. The scope of this interaction extends across three spatial domains: the public (street), the semi-public or intermediary, and the private (home). Today, the intermediary realm—serving as a spatial link between the inside and the outside—has become ambiguous and largely neglected. Yet, this relationship between interior and exterior spaces is particularly significant for older adults who spend most of their daily lives at home. Due to the physical, psychological, and social changes experienced with age, this group requires spatial conditions that enable them to maintain independence while establishing a meaningful connection with the outside world. Such interaction not only affects their functional aspects of daily life but also plays a key role in improving their mental health and sense of belonging to their living environment. The aim of this research is to identify and formulate the physical indicators influencing the design of residential apartments in order to strengthen the desirable relationship between interior and exterior spaces from the perspective of the elderly. In line with this objective, the study seeks to answer the central question: “How can residential apartment design enhance the relationship between interior and exterior spaces from the viewpoint of older adults?” The research employs a qualitative approach based on inductive qualitative content analysis. The target group includes elderly women aged 65 to 75 living in residential apartments in Kermanshah. Data were collected through direct observation and in-depth semi-structured interviews, followed by open coding, thematic categorization, and organization of findings across three spatial scales: macro, meso, and micro. This approach enabled the researcher to gain an in-depth understanding of elderly women’s lived experiences and spatial needs and to extract meaningful patterns related to the interior–exterior relationship. The results indicate that establishing a desirable relationship between the interior and exterior spaces of the home for older women has physical, perceptual, and emotional dimensions. This group, who spend a large part of their time alone at home, seeks to connect with the outside environment to fill the daily void and experience the flow of life. Presence in frequently used indoor spaces, such as the kitchen, adjacency to active streets, quality of open views to natural and urban landscapes, the ability to observe and hear the flow of life, and access to semi-open spaces, makes this experience tangible and enjoyable. At the same time, maintaining privacy and control over visibility ensures their security and tranquility. Data analysis across macro, meso, and micro scales revealed that hierarchical continuity in design is a fundamental condition for establishing an effective connection between interior and exterior spaces. Therefore, the design of residential apartments should be planned from the macro to the micro scale to enable older women to have a safe and meaningful experience of interaction with the external environment.       Keywords: residential apartment, elderly, desirability, house, inside and outside, edge.   

Abstract With population growth and rising land values in urban areas, the construction of residential apartment buildings has significantly increased. These buildings constitute a substantial part of the urban fabric, are considered part of the public domain, and play a fundamental role in shaping the urban landscape. However, the monotony and dullness of residential facades, involvement of unqualified individuals, lack of structured studies, and absence of appropriate architectural design models-particularly in the metropolis of Kermanshah-highlight the need for innovative and scientific approaches to apartment facade design. As a result, the primary purpose of this study is to design a residential apartment building in Kermanshah based on an analysis of how professional Iranian architects approach residential facade design. The secondary objective is to identify the key factors influencing facade design and architectural strategies used by professional architects and to generalize these approaches to various urban facades. In the research phase, 50 selected residential apartment projects from the Memar Award competitions (2002–2023) were examined using qualitative content analysis. This analysis, employing both inductive and deductive approaches, identified and coded facade design strategies and factors influencing their selection. Results showed that professional architects utilize a diverse combination of strategies to create aesthetically pleasing, functional, and sustainable facades. These include creating depth and voids in the facade, employing secondary skins, breaking down and scaling volumes, rotating masses, creating transitional spaces between interior and exterior, and incorporating green architecture. Additionally, seven primary factors influencing the selection of these strategies were identified: project constraints, urban design principles, social components, historical architecture, climate considerations, environmental concerns, and construction methods. These factors play a crucial role in enhancing the visual quality and functionality of facades and contribute to harmonizing buildings with the urban context. In the second part of the thesis, a sample apartment design was developed for a site on 11th Alley, Fahmideh Boulevard, Kermanshah, applying the research findings. This design integrates the identified factors and demonstrates a practical application of professional architects' strategies, offering a replicable model for similar urban residential projects. Findings suggest that combining technical expertise, cultural understanding, creativity, and user-centered design can produce coherent, identity-driven, sustainable facades that align with the urban fabric, providing an effective solution to common facade design challenges in major Iranian cities.   

  In urban environments, people's initial encounter with a building is through its facade. Given the importance of the relationship between nature and human life, as well as the spread of apartment living in cities and the problems related to the lack or absence of green space in these houses, the gap in using nature and greenery in apartment houses and this part of architecture is palpable. The facade is not simply the outer shell or wall of the building, but rather an interstitial space that defines the connection between the inside and outside of the building and has a great impact on the formation of people's relationships with existing buildings in the city. Greenery in the facade is a living element that, if mixed with architecture, can affect people's perception of their surroundings as a biophilic feature. The feeling that a person has in the initial encounter with a residential apartment, in the identity of the building as a home and distinguishes the house from other uses, is a topic that has been addressed in this thesis; Therefore, this thesis sought to answer the question of how greenery in the facade affects the audience's perception of the building as a residential building (house). The main goal of this thesis is to design a residential apartment in Kermanshah city with an emphasis on the types of greenery in the facade on the audience's feeling of facing the house. One of the secondary goals of this thesis was to pay attention to nature and greenery, as a living element, in the facade of the house and the audience's understanding of one building being a house and the other being a place and how this greenery is placed on the facade and its effect on the encounter with the house in individuals. In this thesis, the necessity of this issue is raised and addressed, and it is addressed that nature enters the living space of individuals through the residential facade and improves the quality of life of the residents of apartment buildings and citizens, and also the effect of the presence of greenery in the residential facade as the initial encounter of individuals with a residential building on the audience's feeling of facing the house is examined. Most previous research in the field of green facades has addressed the issue of energy and its effects on the environment. In this thesis, an attempt has been made to consider the issue of green facades with a focus on greenery and its impact on human perception in residential and urban environments and to examine people's feelings in the feeling of facing the house. The research strategy in this thesis is relational correlation; in the correlation strategy, the relationship between two variables, namely greenery in the facade as an independent variable and the feeling of facing the house as a dependent variable, has been examined using interview tools and a visual questionnaire. The results obtained from the data analysis, which was carried out with    software, indicate the existence of a significant relationship between greenery in the facade and the feeling of facing the house in people. In response to the research questions, the results show that a high level of greenery in the facade creates a greater sense of home in people. Also, the best way to use greenery on the facade, according to the audience in residential apartments, was horizontal greenery (greenery on terraces, window sills, etc.), greenery in the yard and entrance to the house, vertical greenery (the body and walls of the building), and greenery on the roof edge, in order of priority.

  در سال‌هاي اخير، تغيير الگوي زندگي شهري و افزايش تراكم در بافت‌هاي مسكوني، منجر به كاهش حضور فضاهاي باز و نيمه‌باز در آپارتمان‌ها شده است. در حالي‌كه در معماري سنتي ايران، فضاهاي نيمه‌باز همچون ايوان، حياط و رواق، نقشي اساسي در شكل‌دهي به كيفيت زيست، تعاملات اجتماعي و آسايش حرارتي ايفا مي‌كردند، در معماري معاصر اين نقش به‌تدريج كمرنگ شده است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسي نقش تناسبات، نحوه‌ي دسترسي و همجواري فضاهاي داخلي در ميزان استفاده از فضاي نيمه‌باز در آپارتمان‌هاي مسكوني شهر خرم‌آباد انجام گرفته است.زندگي در ميان ساختمان¬هاي بلند نه تنها نياز به فضاهاي باز و نيمه¬باز را كم نكرده¬است، بلكه به علت كم شدن ارتباط انسان با طبيعت و محيط بيرون، بايد مورد توجه بيشتري قرار¬بگيرد. يكي از راه¬هاي انعطاف¬پذير كردن يك فضا، چند¬عملكردي بودن آن است. هدف از انجام اين پايان¬نامه طراحي آپارتمان مسكوني با تاكيد بر فضاي نيمه¬باز انعطاف¬پذير است، به گونه¬اي كه، استفاده كاربران از آن فضا افزايش يابد. پرسش اصلي مطرح شده اين است كه آيا قرارگيري تراس در جوار دو فضاي آشپزخانه و پذيرايي به صورت همزمان استفاده از آن را افزايش مي دهد؟ چگونه؟ اين تحقيق از نظر هدف، كاربردي و از نظر روش، تركيبي از تحليل محتواي كيفي با رويكرد همبستگي است. در مرحله‌ي نخست، مطالعات نظري و كتابخانه‌اي با هدف شناسايي مباني مفهومي و شاخص‌هاي مؤثر بر طراحي فضاهاي نيمه‌باز انجام شد. سپس در مرحله‌ي دوم، با استفاده از مصاحبه‌هاي هدفمند و پرسشنامه‌ي بسته، داده‌هاي ميداني از ساكنان محله‌ي كوي گلستان شهرستان خرم‌آباد گردآوري گرديد. جامعه‌ي آماري شامل ???? نفر از ساكنان اين محله بود كه بر اساس فرمول كوكران، حجم نمونه ??? نفر تعيين شد. داده‌هاي گردآوري‌شده با روش تحليل محتواي كيفي بررسي، كدگذاري و دسته‌بندي شدند تا عوامل مؤثر در نحوه‌ي استفاده‌ي كاربران از فضاهاي نيمه‌باز شناسايي گردد. يافته‌ها نشان دادند كه سه عامل اصلي شامل تناسبات تراس، نحوه‌ي دسترسي و نوع فضاهاي همجوار بيشترين تأثير را بر ميزان استفاده و رضايت ساكنان از فضاي نيمه‌باز دارند. تحليل پاسخ‌هاي پرسشنامه آشكار ساخت كه دسترسي مستقيم از آشپزخانه و پذيرايي به تراس، موجب افزايش دفعات استفاده، بهبود تهويه طبيعي، تسهيل فعاليت‌هاي روزمره (مانند پخت‌وپز، خشك‌كردن لباس يا دورهمي خانوادگي) و تقويت تعاملات خانوادگي مي‌شود. همچنين شكل تراس‌هاي تركيبي (تركيب مربع و مستطيل) با درصد بالاتري از آرا به‌عنوان تناسب مطلوب فضايي شناخته شد، زيرا امكان تفكيك عملكردي و در عين حال استفاده‌ي چندمنظوره از فضا را فراهم مي‌سازد. نتايج تحليل‌ها بيانگر آن است كه طراحي هوشمندانه‌ي فضاهاي نيمه‌باز، به‌ويژه در مجاورت فضاهاي پركاربردي همچون آشپزخانه و نشيمن، مي‌تواند كاركرد اين فضاها را از حالت تزئيني و غير‌فعال به عنصري پويا و مؤثر در كيفيت زيست آپارتمان تبديل كند. افزون بر آن، اين نتايج نشان مي‌دهد كه در بافت شهري خرم‌آباد، كاربران ترجيح مي‌دهند فضاي نيمه‌باز از نوع انعطاف‌پذير و قابل استفاده در تمام فصول سال باشد. داده-هاي حاصل از مطالعات و پژوهش¬هاي ميداني اين پايان¬نامه، پس از تحليل در طراحي آپارتمان مسكوني در شهرستان خرم¬آباد مورد استفاده قرار گرفته¬اند. از منظر كاربردي، يافته‌هاي تحقيق مي‌توانند مبنايي براي طراحي آپارتمان‌هاي مسكوني با فضاهاي نيمه‌باز انعطاف‌پذير در مناطق شهري مشابه فراهم كنند. نتايج اين پژوهش علاوه بر غني‌سازي مباني نظري طراحي فضاهاي نيمه‌باز در معماري معاصر ايران، راهنمايي عملي براي معماران و برنامه‌ريزان شهري محسوب مي‌شود تا بتوانند در قالب طرح‌هاي جديد يا بازآفريني بافت‌هاي موجود، كيفيت زندگي، تعاملات اجتماعي و آسايش محيطي ساكنان را ارتقا دهند. كليدواژه¬ها: طراحي، آپارتمان مسكوني، فضاي نيمه باز، انعطاف¬پذيري، خرم آباد

   With population growth and rising land values in urban areas, the construction of residential apartment buildings has significantly increased. These buildings constitute a substantial part of the urban fabric, are considered part of the public domain, and play a fundamental role in shaping the urban landscape. However, the monotony and dullness of residential facades, involvement of unqualified individuals, lack of structured studies, and absence of appropriate architectural design models-particularly in the metropolis of Kermanshah-highlight the need for innovative and scientific approaches to apartment facade design. As a result, the primary purpose of this study is to design a residential apartment building in Kermanshah based on an analysis of how professional Iranian architects approach residential facade design. The secondary objective is to identify the key factors influencing facade design and architectural strategies used by professional architects and to generalize these approaches to various urban facades. In the research phase, 50 selected residential apartment projects from the Memar Award competitions (2002–2023) were examined using qualitative content analysis. This analysis, employing both inductive and deductive approaches, identified and coded facade design strategies and factors influencing their selection. Results showed that professional architects utilize a diverse combination of strategies to create aesthetically pleasing, functional, and sustainable facades. These include creating depth and voids in the facade, employing secondary skins, breaking down and scaling volumes, rotating masses, creating transitional spaces between interior and exterior, and incorporating green architecture. Additionally, seven primary factors influencing the selection of these strategies were identified: project constraints, urban design principles, social components, historical architecture, climate considerations, environmental concerns, and construction methods. These factors play a crucial role in enhancing the visual quality and functionality of facades and contribute to harmonizing buildings with the urban context. In the second part of the thesis, a sample apartment design was developed for a site on 11th Alley, Fahmideh Boulevard, Kermanshah, applying the research findings. This design integrates the identified factors and demonstrates a practical application of professional architects' strategies, offering a replicable model for similar urban residential projects. Findings suggest that combining technical expertise, cultural understanding, creativity, and user-centered design can produce coherent, identity-driven, sustainable facades that align with the urban fabric, providing an effective solution to common facade design challenges in major Iranian cities.

  This thesis, titled Designing a Green School in Kermanshah City with a Sustainable Ecological Self-Sufficiency Approach and Reducing Carbon Emissions, examines solutions for designing educational spaces with an emphasis on the connection between humans, culture, and the environment. The necessity of conducting this research stems from the increasing need to reduce energy consumption, optimize environmental behaviors, and promote cultural awareness among the new generation. Schools, as one of the most important educational and social spaces, play a fundamental role in shaping environmental attitudes and can become a platform for scientific education of the concepts of sustainability and environmental responsibility. The main goal of this thesis is to present a local model for designing a sustainable school in the Kermanshah region that, while reducing energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, also leads to improving students' cultural and environmental awareness.The design was carried out in two parts: physical and social. In the physical part, the focus was on the use of passive technologies, especially the Trombe wall enhanced with layers of phase-change materials and new materials such as concrete and recycled aluminum. In the social part, relying on the concept of cultural ecology, an attempt was made to design the spaces in a way that would strengthen the students’ sense of belonging, responsibility and environmental awareness. A review of the background of studies shows that sustainability approaches in school design often focus on technical and energy aspects, and the connection between culture, behavior and architecture has received less attention. However, new research shows that combining cultural considerations with energy-saving solutions can have a significant impact on thermal sustainability, quality of life and environmental behaviors.Accordingly, this thesis seeks to answer the question of whether it is possible to achieve an efficient model for self-sufficient schools in terms of energy and environmental culture by combining the principles of cultural ecology and design based on reducing dependence on fossil fuels

   چكيده در جهان امروز، بخش قابل توجهي از ساعات شبانه‌روز انسان‌ها در محيط‌هاي كاري و فضاهاي صنعتي سپري مي‌شود. حضور مداوم در اين فضاها مي‌تواند موجب افزايش خستگي ذهني، استرس و كاهش تمركز كاركنان گردد. از ديرباز، معماران تلاش داشته‌اند با خلق فضاهاي مناسب و بهره‌گيري از ظرفيت‌هاي طبيعت، پاسخگوي نيازهاي انساني باشند. مطالعات نشان داده‌اند كه ادغام عناصر طبيعي با محيط‌هاي كاري مي‌تواند باعث بازيابي توجه، كاهش خستگي ذهني و كنترل استرس شود. هدف اين پايان‌نامه، بررسي اثرات طبيعت مجازي بر كاهش خستگي و استرس كاركنان كارخانه‌ي رايان نيك و ارائه چارچوبي براي طراحي محيط‌هاي كاري انسان‌محور است. اين پژوهش از نوع كاربردي بوده و با هدف حل يك نياز واقعي در محيط صنعتي طراحي شده است. از لحاظ روش‌شناسي، پژوهش حاضر رويكرد تركيبي (آميخته) دارد و شامل هر دو بعد كمي و كيفي است. داده‌هاي كمي از طريق پرسشنامه‌هاي استاندارد براي سنجش شاخص‌هايي نظير ميزان خستگي، رضايت شغلي و ادراك از محيط كار گردآوري شدند. داده‌هاي كيفي نيز از طريق مشاهده مستقيم و مصاحبه نيمه‌ساختاريافته جمع‌آوري شده‌اند تا تجربيات ذهني و رفتاري كاركنان به طور جامع مورد بررسي قرار گيرد. اين رويكرد تركيبي امكان تحليل اثرات طبيعت مجازي از دو منظر عيني و ذهني را فراهم مي‌سازد. مطابق با ساختار مصوب پايان‌نامه‌هاي معماري، پژوهش شامل بخش نظري و عملي (فرايند طراحي) نيز مي‌باشد. تحليل‌هاي زمينه‌اي و ارزيابي شاخص‌هاي طراحي انسان‌محور به پژوهشگر كمك مي‌كند تا راهكارهاي طراحي فضاهاي كاري مبتني بر طبيعت مجازي ارائه شود و تعامل كاركنان با اين محيط‌ها بهينه گردد. نتايج اين تحقيق مي‌تواند به عنوان راهنمايي براي طراحي محيط‌هاي صنعتي انسان‌محور مورد استفاده قرار گيرد و تأثير طبيعت مجازي بر رفاه، انگيزه و عملكرد كاركنان را نشان دهد. اين پژوهش، نقطه‌اي عملي براي بهبود كيفيت زندگي كاري در محيط‌هاي صنعتي ارائه مي‌دهد و زمينه‌اي براي مطالعات آتي در حوزه طراحي محيطي و سلامت رواني كاركنان فراهم مي‌سازد.

شدرگ تعنص گ ير هك زا يكي نيرت رثؤم و نيرتروآ دوس اه يراذگ هيامرس لاغتشا داجيا بجوم ،تس و ييازدمآرد ، يگنهرف حطس ءاقترا و داصتقا ي .ددرگ يم روشك يتح و هلحم كي نارگشدرگ ينونك اب اه هزيگنا دننك يم رفس ينوگانوگ ي جت لابند هب و هبر يياه ون يحور يلاعت و يركف شمارآ هب نديسر يارب دنا ينامسج طاشن و . بلغا ه اب نارگشدرگ ثاريم نديد فد يگنهرف و يندنامداي هب هبرجت كي يارب درفب رصحنم دننك يم ترفاسم نارگشدرگ عون نيا يارب باذج دصاقم زا يكي . ، لته كيتوب تسا هك كي ناونعب يلاع ياضف نيب نارگشدرگ دناوت يم ?0 ات ?0 نيرتهب هك ار لاس تيعضو ار يدمآرد نيگنايم ،دنراد بذج ديامن اه لته نيا . رطاخ هب ،يرامعم كبس ،يهد سيورس هوحن لثم دوخ صاخ ياه يگژيو دنريگ يم رارق نارگشدرگ هجوت دروم ...و تيقلاخ و يروآون نتشاد اب ناريا . ياه تيفرظ ثاريم دايز و يگنهرف يخيرات ناوت لته نينچ داجيا ار يياه دراد . زا يشان ياه يناشيرپ و يحطس يرامعم ،يفرط زا د فلتخم ياه كبس ناشن ،دنواهن دننام راگدنام يخيرات و يدبلاك تيوه ياراد ياهرهش ياج ياج ر .دشاب يم يتّنس و نردم يرامعم يگنهامه مدع و يحارط لوصا زا يكي ناونع هب هنيمز هب هجوت مدع هدنهد يحارط رما رد يتايح رايسب لماوع زا هنيمز نتفرگ رظن رد دور يم رامش هب . دعتم ليلاد هب هك ينامز داجيا د دوجوم هنيمز اب ينوگمه رد تسياب يم اهنآ حرط ،دوش مزلا هدوسرف و يخيرات يتفاب رد ون ياه نامتخاس .دنشاب يحارط رد هب تافتلا ساسا رب هنيمز ، ياه صخاش تسياب يم يعامتجا- يدبلاك ،يناسنا يرهاظ و و ياه هفلؤم ار يميلقا ؛داد رارق هجوت دروم ت م هدوسرف تفاب ناوتب ا يلماعت و ينيرفآزاب ار يحارط لح نيا رد .دومن داجيا نينكاس و نارگشدرگ نايم هدنزاس همان ناياپ يا هراپ يروآدرگ ، زا تاعلاطا هويش هب- ي هناخباتك يا تسا هدوب هب . يتروص هنيمز فيرعت هب ادتبا هك سپس و دش هتخادرپ نآ ترورض و ييارگ يدنب ميسقت نايب اب يارب دوجوم ياه هنيمز ،ييارگ ور شيپ حرط اب هك يدنب ميسقت يرتشيب يكيدزن تشاد ، يارب تسا هدش هديزگرب همان ناياپ يحارط . نينچمه رب يدبلاك رصانع رد و تشادرب هنيمز زا زاين بسح .تسا هتفر راك هب يحارط هعلاطم نيا زا يرگيد تمسق زين يناديم تروص هب ماجنا ، يرادربسكع اب و اب يحطس هبحاصم .تفرگ تروص اهرازفا مرن زا هدافتسا و نينكاس نيا فده همان ناياپ هك تسا نآ ريثأت هنيمز يرامعم رد ارگ ينيرفآزاب شزرا تفر تسد زا ياه ي ه دنواهن بارت اقآ جاح هلحم ار يرامعم رد رهش نيا زورما دهد ناشن .دشاب يم لته كيتوب كي يحارط بلاق رد نآ دومن و   

Commercial complexes are considered important urban uses that, in addition to affecting the economic and social development of the city, can also be a unique design that gives the city its identity. Today, cities are faced with problems such as increased urbanization and, as a result, lack of space, traffic, and pollution due to the rapid advancement of technology and communications. Therefore, designers help the city and its users by creating multifunctional spaces in the optimal use of time and space and environmental protection. Creating a commercial and entertainment center creates a powerful urban core that can meet the needs of its users simultaneously. Using the biophilic approach, a reconnection between nature and humans is formed, and its positive psychological effects increase use and attract the audience. In addition to psychological and biological effects on individuals, biophilicity also has positive effects on the urban structure and, in addition to beauty, plays a fundamental role in preserving the environment. The purpose of this thesis is to design a commercial and recreational complex with a biophilic architectural approach, in the form of an urban German in the city of Kermanshah, creating a space not only for business but also for spending leisure and entertainment, where, while using the space appropriately, it is possible to take steps by recognizing the important foundations and principles in design and the stages of achieving effective design and describing and analyzing ecological and aesthetic factors to adapt the characteristics of the environment to architectural needs. In this research, the research method is the analytical-descriptive method and the data collection method is also based on library information, articles, written information, architectural magazines and other studies and methods previously carried out in the field of relevant research. In this research, an attempt has been made to form a place in combination with nature for shopping, recreation and creating joy and rest in order to fill the leisure time of citizens. Using a suitable site, easy access and proximity to nature has created a suitable environment for users to use. The results of this study show that multi-functional complexes can be effective in meeting the needs of space users and increase space utilization and user satisfaction. Using nature, along with easier access, reconnects humans and nature, and has a positive effect on people's morale and meeting their physical and mental needs. Considering the problems of human life today, creating a space for recreation and entertainment, meeting daily needs and shopping in the form of a space is also effective in easier access and increasing use and preventing traffic and air pollution because, in addition to meeting the needs of residents of those areas, it also reduces intracity travel. This green complex is a suitable space for communication and creates different cultural, social and economic experiences. This commercial and recreational complex is an area for the activities of various guilds, a place for interaction, leisure time, and is used by people of all ages, and causes people to be present in the space and enjoy the space and create psychological comfort, collective vitality and dynamism, and social growth of the city.  

   الگوهاي نوين تحصيلي و فعاليت‌هاي گروهي دانشجويي از مسائل مهم در حوزه آموزش دانشگاهي هستند. در سال‌هاي اخير سازگار نمودن محيط‌هاي يادگيري با نيازهاي گوناگون يادگيرندگان موردتوجه متخصصين آموزش قرار گرفته است. امروزه بسياري از فضاهاي آموزشي به ساختمان‌هاي بسته محدود شده‌اند و از پتانسيل فضاهاي باز كمتر بهره‌برداري مي‌شود. يكي از مسائل مهم در طراحي فضاهاي آموزشي، فراهم‌كردن زمينه‌هاي رشد خلاقيت و سرزندگي در فضاهاي باز جمعي است. فضاهاي باز دانشگاهي بخشي جدايي‌ناپذير از محيط‌هاي آموزشي هستند و نقشي اساسي در برآوردن نيازهاي اجتماعي و فردي دانشجويان دارند؛ اين امر به پيشبرد اهداف دانشگاه‌ها كمك مي­كنند. ازاين‌رو سؤال اصلي پايان­نامه اين است كه چگونه مي‌توان الگوهاي پاسخ­ده معماري ساير فضاهاي باز دانشگاهي مطلوب را در بازطراحي فضاهاي باز دانشكده هنر و معماري دانشگاه رازي به كاربرد؟ هدف از نگارش اين پايان­نامه باز طراحي فضاهاي باز دانشكده هنر و معماري دانشگاه رازي است به‌نحوي‌كه باعث ترغيب حضور كاربران در اين فضاها شوند. در اين راستا با شناسايي مؤلفه‌هاي مؤثر بر شكل‌گيري فضاهاي باز دانشگاهي اجتماع‌پذير و بررسي الگوهاي معماري به‌كاررفته در عرصه‌هاي باز مطلوب دانشگاهي، به دنبال پي‌بردن به چگونگي استفاده از اين الگوها در بازطراحي فضاهاي باز اين دانشكده بوده تا با عدم پرداخت هزينه­هاي هنگفت در همان محيط دانشگاهي، بستر هدفمندتري در اختيار دانشجويان قرار گيرد. در اين پايان‌نامه از راهبرد همبستگي استفاده شده است. براين­اساس باتوجه‌به فرضيه شكل­گرفته در ابتدا، الگوهاي فضايي موجود در يكي از فضاهاي باز دانشكده هنر و معماري دانشگاه رازي با فضاي باز محوطه ورودي دانشكده فني و مهندسي همان دانشگاه (به‌عنوان يك فضاي باز اجتماع­پذير) مقايسه شده است. داده‌ها از طريق مشاهده مستقيم و مصاحبه‌هاي عميق با دانشجويان كه از اين فضاها استفاده مي‌كنند، گردآوري شده و همچنين، تصاوير و نقشه‌هاي آن­ها به‌منظور تحليل دقيق‌تر و مستندكردن مشاهدات تهيه گرديده است. پس از گردآوري داده‌ها، تحليل محتواي كيفي انجام گرديده تا مؤلفه‌هاي مؤثر در شكل‌گيري فضاهاي اجتماع‌پذير شناسايي شوند. اين مؤلفه‌ها بر اساس يافته‌هاي پژوهش در قالب پنج مقوله اصلي دسته‌بندي شده­اند. در نهايت، بر اساس نتايج به‌دست‌آمده و الگوهاي شناسايي‌شده از كليه منابع اين پايان­نامه، مؤلفه‌هاي مؤثر در شكل‌گيري فضاهاي اجتماع‌پذير شناسايي و بازطراحي فضاي باز دانشكده هنر و معماري دانشگاه رازي صورت مي‌پذيرد. نتايج اين پايان­نامه حاكي از اهميت وجود لايه­بندي فضايي، اشراف كاربران به ساير فضاها و فعاليت­ها، تأمين آسايش حرارتي، وجود فضاهايي براي توفق و نشستن و وجود فضاهاي خدماتي بر اجتماع‌پذيري دانشجويان در فضاهاي باز دانشكده هنر و معماري دانشگاه رازي است. دانشجويان هم­چنين از عواملي همچون عدم وجود فضاهاي خدماتي، فقدان فضاهاي سبز منسجم، كمبود مبلمان و سكوها و عدم سايه­اندازي مناسب به‌عنوان نقاط ضعف فضاهاي باز دانشكده هنر و معماري كه باعث كاهش حضورپذيري افراد در اين فضاها گرديده، نام بردند.

مراكزي كه به نام‌هاي مختلفي چون پارك‌هاي فناوري و مراكز رشد شناخته مي‌شوند، هدفشان ايجاد ارتباط اثربخش ميان دانشگاهيان و فارغ‌التحصيلان در بسترهاي تجاري داخلي و بين‌المللي است. اين مراكز نيازمند فضاهايي هستند كه بتوانند فرهنگ نوآوري، خلاقيت، تعامل و همكاري را تقويت كرده و به نوآوران انگيزه و پشتيباني لازم را ارائه دهند. بحث اين پايان‌نامه حول محور طراحي چنين فضاهايي متمركزشده است. هدف اين پايان‌نامه طراحي يك مجتمع در دانشگاه رازي است كه به‌عنوان نماد فناوري و دانش ظاهر شود. اين مجتمع بايد با در نظر داشتن ويژگي‌هاي خاص سايت، هم‌جواري‌ها و كاربري‌هاي مجاور، فضايي مناسب براي افزايش تعاملات و يادگيري فراهم آورد تا افراد بتوانند نيازهاي خود را از محيط پاسخ گيرند. با توجه به موضوع و اهداف پايان‌نامه، روش پژوهش كيفي انتخاب‌شده است؛ زيرا براي دستيابي به يك محيط مناسب و خلاق كه بتواند عوامل مؤثر بر ارتقاي خلاقيت دانشجويان را شناسايي كند، نياز به انجام تحقيقات كتابخانه‌اي، بررسي پژوهش‌هاي پيشين و مصاحبه با معماران منتخب داريم. بر مبناي يافته‌هاي اين پايان‌نامه، مي‌توان به دسته‌بندي‌هايي در خصوص خلاقيت، محيط خلاق و مجتمع فناوري دست‌يافت. شواهد نشان مي‌دهد عوامل كليدي در طراحي مجتمع فناوري با رويكردي خلاق بايد به‌طورجدي موردتوجه قرار گيرند. طي پژوهش‌هاي انجام‌شده، بر طراحي با زواياي ?? درجه، چگونگي حجم‌بندي ساختمان، سادگي فضا و تحرك آزاد مخاطب، تركيب فضاي سبز با ساختمان، الهام از عناصر طبيعي و ايجاد فضاهاي باز و نيمه‌باز براي فراهم‌سازي چشم‌انداز تأكيد شده است. همچنين به طراحي داخلي پلان و نحوه تقسيم‌بندي فضايي نيز توجه خاصي شده است. عوامل ديگري نظير مكان‌يابي مناسب، تنوع فضايي، نحوه چيدمان و مبلمان، منظره‌هاي زيبا و طبيعي، نورپردازي دروني، انعطاف‌پذيري فضا و امكان تبادل‌نظر و ارتباط بنا با طبيعت نيز مطرح‌شده‌اند. پژوهش‌ها همچنين بر اهميت فضاهاي باز و نيمه‌باز، تعريف حياط‌ها و ارتباطات ميان آن‌ها، تسهيل گفتگو و تعامل اجتماعي اثر گذاشته‌اند كه درنهايت بر استفاده از طبيعت نيز تأكيددارند.   

  The construction industry is one of the most important industries in driving the economic cycle of countries. The significance of this industry is especially notable in developing countries where there is a greater need for new infrastructure development. On the other hand, the use of modern building methods and advanced technologies to improve quality, reduce time and costs, and increase productivity has always been a focus for stakeholders in this field. One of the most important mechanisms that have emerged in recent years is "Building Information Modeling/Management," or BIM for short, which specifically focuses on improving the construction industry in its initial stages. Building Information Modeling (BIM) reduces common engineering errors by creating a consolidated information structure through digital tools and providing a unified view of all information and managerial and engineering decisions. This process is currently being researched and used by leading companies, research groups, and governments worldwide. Implementing this process in our country requires relevant methods, guidelines, and infrastructure. Unfortunately, like in other countries, there are challenges to overcome. This thesis aims to facilitate the implementation of the Building Information Modeling (BIM) process by creating an EIR (Employer’s Information Requirements) worksheet as the first step in implementing the BIM protocol. It seeks to provide a clear understanding of BIM and its practical applications to senior managers and decision-makers. By reviewing library resources and designing a case study aligned with BIM process capabilities and compiling information, this thesis results in a proposed "Employer's Information Requirements" worksheet and provides solutions for completing such worksheets in accordance with higher-level documents.

Separation of gas mixtures by membranes has reached from laboratory to industrial scale due to various applications and has replaced some traditional methods. Although achieving ideal membranes is still challenging, over time researchers have been able to continuously improve the performance of membranes. Ceramic-based graphene oxide membranes are of interest due to their reasonable price and ability to increase efficiency with various modifications. In this research, to modify graphene oxide membranes from the amino acid arginine due to the presence of polar carboxylic groups in amino acids that can intensify the dissolution mechanism of CO2 penetration through the quadrupole moment interaction and also that amino groups can reversibly interact with CO2 in Different amino acids have been used to react and facilitate their transfer, and ionic liquid was also used because it has cations and anions that can selectively react with CO2 molecules in order to create a synergistic effect. To complete the role of ionic liquid, the application of an external electric field was used during deposition. FTIR, XRD and FESEM analyzes were used to investigate the structural changes in graphene oxide. By examining the peaks of the FTIR test, the structural changes and the successful functionalization with arginine and ionic liquid were confirmed. And the XRD test results confirmed the increase in the distance between graphene oxide sheets after functionalization. By functionalizing graphene oxide with arginine, an increase of 5.96 times and 1.97 times in CO2 permeability and CO2/N2 selectivity was observed, respectively, compared to the boehmite base. Further, by adding ionic liquid and simultaneous functionalization with arginine and ionic liquid, a synergistic effect was created and caused CO2 permeability to gpu 10476 and CO2/N2 selectivity to 4.04, which showed an increase of 15 and 43% compared to graphene oxide functionalized with arginine. gave Finally, by changing the effective parameters (ionic liquid ratio - graphene oxide concentration) and applying an external electric field during layering and changing the operating conditions as well as humidifying the feed gas, the CO2 permeability reached 16211 gpu and the CO2/N2 selectivity reached 10.31, which It showed an increase of 11.41 times and 9.87 times compared to the base (bohemite) respectively.   

شناسايي، ارزيابي و اولويت دهي به تزيينات مطلوب در يك فضاي معماري مي تواند موجب بهبود كيفيت بصري و به تبع ارتقاي كيفي فضاي معماري گردد. تزيينات به عنوان يكي از مهم ترين مولفه هاي كيفيت بصري نقش مهمي در شكل‌گيري بار ادراكي ساكنان و تجربه آنان از فضاي معماري دارد و مي تواند موجب شكل گيري احساس رضايت از فضاي سكونت گردد. هدف پايان نامه حاضر، طراحي آپارتمان مسكوني با توجه به ميزان مطلوبيت تزيينات نزد ساكنان مي باشد. به همين منظور چندين مصداق از خانه هاي سنتي و ارزشمند كرمانشاه بر مبناي وجود تزيينات متنوع كالبدي انتخاب شده و به جمع آوري داده ها در دو بخش يافته هاي توصيفي شامل منابع اسنادي و‌كتابخانه اي و يافته هاي استنباطي به صورت تهيه و توزيع پرسشنامه‌ تصويري و محقق ساخت، پرداخته شد. پس از تجزيه و تحليل يافته ها به صورت توصيفي و استباطي مشخص شد تزييناتي كه ماهيت ايجاد ريتم، تاكيد و تناسب را در خود دارند احساس رضايت بيشتري در مخاطب ايجاد مي كنند. در نتيجه شش مورد از تزيينات‌‎كه به ترتيب اوليت شامل: تزيينات آجري تكرار شونده، شاخص نمودن بخش مياني، خطوط عمودي و تقسيمات فرد، ستون و سر‌ستون، طاق و طاق نما و تزيينات چوبي مي باشد؛ بيشترين مطلوبيت را نزد جامعه آماري كسب نموده اند. و در نهايت اين تزيينات در طراحي يك واحد آپارتمان مسكوني متوسط پنج طبقه   در شهر كرمانشاه بكار گرفته شد. كليد واژه: تزيينات، طراحي آپارتمان مسكوني، رضايت مندي، كيفيت فضايي، كرمانشاه  

   The importance and increasing energy crisis in the current world is increasing, so various methods have been used to reduce and optimize energy consumption. In the meantime, the importance of the construction industry, especially office buildings, in energy consumption is very significant and also has the largest share in the production of greenhouse gases. This indicates how important research is in the field of optimal building design and saving or reducing energy consumption during operation. So far, many methods and solutions have been presented to reduce and optimize energy consumption through the principled design of buildings. The flexibility and versatility of the interior spaces of buildings are among the solutions that have not been sufficiently considered while being effective. Office buildings are among the buildings that have a variable number of users at different times and according to the change in conditions at different times, and therefore the number of people using them cannot be considered a specific number when designing these buildings. The flexible design of the interior spaces of office buildings can be effective in responding to the change in the number of people at any given time. But the important issue in using this solution is that a number or parts of interior spaces are not used at different times and at the same time these spaces benefit from installation systems along with other spaces. However, such spaces can be separated from other spaces by movable internal walls and removed from the cycle of using installation systems, and as a result, less energy can be used to meet the heating and cooling needs of controlled spaces.This research has been formed with library methods and the use of simulator software with the aim of discussing the effect of flexibility of interior spaces of office buildings on energy consumption optimization and discusses this issue through the necessary simulations with the relevant software.

Abstract: The present research presents the loading protocol for the conventional bending frame steel structure under the accelerometers of the Sarpol-e-zahab earthquake, Kermanshah. The impact of various loading protocols in the ATC-24, SAC, and Fang regulations and their comparison with the 1396 earthquake accelerometer of Sarpol-e-zahab, Kermanshah province, by applying it to steel bending frame structures has been investigated to provide a loading protocol. In this research, numerical modeling is used. The moment-resistance frame was designed according to Iranian codes, and then it was analyzed under the Sarpol-e-zahab earthquake record using the dynamic method. Then, the cyclic loading protocols were applied. The results from applying the earthquake record and the cyclic protocol will be compared, and the accuracy of the proposed protocol will be evaluated. In this research, low-rise (3-story), medium-rise (7-story), and high-rise (12-story) residential structures located in Sarpol-e-zahab city with II soil type are considered. By comparing the results of nonlinear analysis, it has been observed that using the SAC loading protocol gives the best result in low-rise structures. The ATC-24 loading protocol has obtained a more suitable result in the medium-rise structures. The slightest difference was related to the ATC-24 loading protocol. In the investigated 3-story structure, it was observed that under the ATC 24 loading protocol, there is a 20% difference in the results compared to the results of the Sarpol-e-zahab earthquake record. It can also be seen that under the Fang loading protocol, there is a 27% difference in the results compared to the results of the Sarpol-e-zahab earthquake record. In the 7-story structure, it was observed that under the ATC-24 loading protocol, there is an 8% difference compared to the results of the Sarpol-e-zahab earthquake record. It can also be seen that under the Fang loading protocol, there is a 15% difference in the results compared to the results of the Sarpol-e-zahab earthquake record. In the 12-story structure under the the ATC-24 loading protocol, there is a 22% difference in the results compared to the results of nonlinear time history analysis under the effect of the Sarpol-e-zahab earthquake record. It can be seen that under the Fang loading protocol, there is a 25% difference in the results compared to the results of the Sarpol-e-zahab earthquake record. As a general conclusion, as the height and number of stories in the frame increase, the accuracy of the results of using the proposed protocols will decrease compared to the natural earthquake record.   

Abstract Due to population growth and the industrialization of today's societies, the global demand for energy is continuously increasing. Fossil fuel sources, including crude oil, coal, and natural gas, are among the most important sources of energy in Iran. In this regard, the extraction of natural resources and the excessive consumption of fossil fuels not only lead to the depletion of these natural gifts, but also cause irreparable impacts to the environment such as the destruction of the ozone layer, air pollution, and global warming. do In such a way that human environmental effects have caused the earth to warm by 2 degrees Fahrenheit as a result of the heating related to carbon dioxide caused by the burning of fossil fuels and natural gases. Since the industry sector has a significant contribution to the country's final energy consumption, reducing energy consumption in this sector is an effective step towards optimizing energy consumption and reducing greenhouse gas emissions and environmental pollution, because the world Today, it is facing an energy crisis and very dangerous environmental challenges. Therefore, this thesis aims to design a building model for industrial poultry farms in Hersin city so that it can reduce the amount of energy consumption in these units by using appropriate solutions. In this regard, by using a field research field, receiving information in the form of a library, reading books, theses, and receiving scientific and research articles via the internet, it has been compiled and studied. Therefore, using the obtained information, an industrial unit with the use of meat poultry has been designed and simulated by computer and DesignBuilder software. Based on this, by applying energy consumption optimization solutions and the results obtained from it, the energy consumption compared to the simulated building has been investigated and compared, so that the optimized building has been able to The rate of electricity consumption and the rate of gas consumption have been reduced. Keywords: energy, poultry farming, environmental pollution, industrial architecture  

  Architecture is a process of planning, designing and building. Considering that the roots of these constructions originate from human thoughts and human thoughts are influenced by culture and customs, it can be said that architecture is a symbol of its culture. is the area. The architecture of any society can represent and show the identity of the ruler of that society. With the emergence of modernists and relying on technology, in many cases, they fought against traditional and native architectures, and as a result, it caused a lack of identity in architecture. Now in Iran, the identity crisis is one of the controversial issues, especially in the housing sector and facades. It is a city. According to the conducted studies and the existence of identity crisis problems at the level of residential facades, returning to authentic Iranian architecture can be one of the appropriate solutions to solve this problem. Since dealing with the architectural structure and urban development of contemporary facades in order to reread the identity, it requires a critical thinking on the concepts and components that influence the formation of architectural elements and the characteristics of urban facades, by knowing the influential and structural concepts, it is possible to revive It provided visual identity in the form of architectural landscape of contemporary facades. Considering the emergence of this identityle  ess in Iran, now the main goal in this thesis is to investigate the residential house during the Safavid period and find the components of the identity of the part in the Safavid architecture, especially in the facade part, and use the mentioned components in the form of The design of a residential complex in Kermanshah city and Set street. The research method of this thesis is descriptive-analytical by means of library and field study.

Analysis of Four Electromagnetic Launcher and Calculated the Mutual Gradient Inductance using 2D-FEM

   Abstract In order to promote culture and knowledge, tourism, recognition and expansion of international relations, and the introduction of the ego of a society at the global level, as well as repairing or eliminating the gap between nations, we conduct research in relation to their culture. In this definition, culture is a selection of manners, customs, beliefs and behaviors that have occurred consistently on the part of a nation, and the majority of that society has secrets about their implementation and acceptance and directly accepted it. Since humanity is the only species that is based on the institutionalized and created system of thought throughout history, it is the main factor in the formation of any society, whether at the level of small colonies of the Stone Age or modern civilized people based on a series of ideas and beliefs. It has been common that it is called cultureIn this research, the researcher examines the concept of the sense of vitality and the factors that influence its creation, and after examining these issues, he tries to create a sense of vitality, dynamism, and a sense of place belonging in each and every space and use of the House of Culture and Art. For this purpose, the researcher should prevent the monotony and repetitiveness of the spaces and realize this importance with the help of diversity in architectural design, culture and color. Finally, with the help of these things, he can create a suitable platform for the dissemination of culture and art. And most importantly, by designing the house of culture and art with the approach that was mentioned, a deep connection between architecture and culture can be established so that both arts excel in their place. Also, to realize the chosen approach, surely the house of culture and art is infinite. They will be effective. Therefore, the main and final goal of this research is to design the house of culture and art with the approach of creating a sense of vitality in its audience..

Razi University is located in the vicinity of mostly low-income neighborhoods such as Bagh Abrisham and Taq Bostan. These neighborhoods do not have enough cultural, scientific, and sports facilities, while the university has the necessary facilities to meet these needs. Also, there are experienced, active and elite people among the local people who can be beneficial for the neighborhood and the university. But currently, despite the fencing and control, the possibility of non-students attending the university and mutually benefiting from each other is low, and it has caused the separation of these two strata and the feeling of rejection of the neighborhood people and the university's indifference to the problems of their neighbors. In this thesis, firstly, by studying books and articles in the library, the definitions of first- to fifth-generation universities, examples of successful cases, neighborhood, social interaction, spatial separation, social exclusion and interspace will be determined, then by analyzing the successful examples, the strengths and methods will be determined. It will be used in the space designer. In the field method, by visiting the site, observing and collecting information about the environment, as well as checking the maps, a detailed understanding of the site and the characteristics and needs of the space will be obtained, and the needs will be assessed by interviewing local people and experts, and the interview will be analyzed using the AHP method. The design will be paid. It will be tried To respond to the cultural, scientific, and sports needs of the neighborhood as much as possible, to identify elite and active people, to create jobs for the neighborhood people and students by creating local jobs, and to increase the communication between students and local people, which increases the sense of belonging. People go to the university and students to the neighborhood and create a constructive interaction between them.   

      The buildings located in the historical contexts of the city are impressive in terms of architectural features. The historical context of Isfahan is also a valuable area for design. Joibare is one of the historical neighborhoods of Isfahan city, with many landmark buildings. In some parts of this historical context, the presence of undefined space has weakened the continuity of its construction. One of the ways to define this visual integration in urban design and architecture is the construction of new buildings or intermediate buildings on existing land. Intermediate buildings are the result of the endogenous urban development attitude, the purpose of their construction is to create a solution for the problems arising from the scattered and chaotic growth of cities. Since the intermediate buildings are not at the same time as the surrounding buildings in terms of construction time, and there are many influences between the existing grains and new structures, as a result, the appropriate selection of intermediate architectural models causes more successful interventions. The new structure can restore the physical and functional continuity of a part of the neighborhood by adapting the physical patterns of the traditional texture and the principles of intermediate architecture with the historical texture of Joibare neighborhood and defining the required use.    In this thesis, we have tried to achieve this goal by proposing the construction of a low-rise residential complex with high density in the historical context of Isfahan (Joibare area). Therefore, in the form of theoretical research, it will seek to achieve principles that fully include physical patterns and intermediate architecture. By studying and examining the evolution of spatial patterns, the pattern of houses is defined according to the concepts of the past and today's needs. The method of this thesis is the study of examples in the library method. After knowing the site, by analyzing and examining ten valuable houses, the types of buildings in the Joibare area were identified and their characteristics were used as criteria for design.

The increase of population has led to increase the demand for housing, which in contrast to the insufficient and inappropriate supply of housing And due to the lack of economic power and the high share of housing costs in the household budget, the low-income sections of the society. Having a suitable house for the unemployed and with various conditions such as mortgage, rent and marginalization in the units They live in unfavorable housing. Designing a suitable housing that fits the needs of the target community and paying attention to the cultural conditions that govern those communities is one thing It is one of the solutions to meet the needs of low-income groups for housing. Therefore, in this thesis, try to It is that by determining the characteristics of the ideal housing and examining the basic human needs, the ideal residential complex designed for the low-income text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;mso-line-break-override:none;word-break:normal;punctuation-wrap:hanging">The society's income leads to solving the problem of housing poverty, security and public welfare and according to quantitative aspects And the quality of housing will increase the level of satisfaction of the residents. Considering that it is the core of the city of Kermanshah. It is a historical context, the aforementioned design idea is also an answer to the problem of low-income housingIt is on a local scale, it can help the issues and problems in the historical context of Kermanshah city is also In recent years, the concept of urban improvement has become one of the most important methods of organizing dilapidated urban tissues And areas with informal texture have become. These concepts are also considered in our country. Textures Worn out and informal has become one of the challenges of citizenship management in the past decades. From Also, the comparison of the potential of two worn-out and informal contexts for improvement is considered one of the important issues which has been less investigated. The present study aims to compare the capacity of urban regeneration in wealthy neighborhoods. The worn-out and informal urban texture has been done in Kermanshah city. This research is applied and descriptive. It is analytical. Its target population includes low and middle income groups who can afford quality housing. They are not desirable in suitable neighborhoods in the center of the city, as the residential context of Modares street in Kermanshah. It is worn out and selected for review and design. The results of this thesis show From the point of view of the residents of the target neighborhoods, the improvement of social conditions is the first indicator with potential in urban improvement. Economic prosperity is the second indicator with improvement capacity, physical improvement is the third indicator with potential Improving the environmental status of the fourth indicator has potential in urban improvement. Improved capacity A city in the micro-scales of socio-cultural conditions, economic prosperity, improvement of the environmental situation and so on Improving physical quality in worn tissue is high and high. Urban improvement capacity in this area Scales are also average in the informal context. In total indicators, the capacity of urban improvement in Worn-out texture is more than informal texture that should be considered by urban improvement managers.   

One of the most important and problematic challenges that the world is facing is the energy crisis. This issue has been around since two centuries ago, due to the society's adequate understanding of technology, industry and how to use it. The removal of energy has caused both negative and positive consequences, among which the most important one is the warming of the earth and the gradual depletion of energy resources. Researchers have come to this issue in construction that the biggest waste of energy is from buildings and especially its shell, considering that the construction process is increasing in Iran and the issue of energy waste is also in this issue. It has been less considered, therefore, this thesis has been written with the aim of designing Kermanshah Handicrafts Exhibition using a smart shell with climate adaptability, as well as reducing energy consumption and providing suitable environmental conditions, for this purpose, in this The thesis examines the stability of the shell and its place in the stability and intelligentization of the shell and its thermal behavior. The research method used in this thesis is modeling and simulation using design builder and engine software. Energy Plus has been done. The collected data of this thesis have been examined in the form of three categories of climatic, geometric and material data, a building was modeled as an example and the difference between using the shell and not using it was investigated. Finally, the information obtained from the software was compared with two other provinces that were modeled in the same way and placed in the software. Utilization of heating and cooling energy, the examination of these diagrams shows that the use of smart skin in the building leads to a reduction in energy consumption, so that the amount of heating is high and the amount of cooling is reduced, for example, in Kermanshah province, the amount of heating From 232.51 kW to 1525.37 kW, which includes a high amount of heating, one of the innovative features of this thesis is to examine the thermal performance of the building with two other provinces that have not been investigated so far.  

Abstract: Due to the limitations of mineral resources on the earth and the distant horizon for long-term life on this planet, preservation and maintenance of materials against damage and destruction becomes very important in industrial societies. On the other hand, the growing process of industrialization of human life has increased the share of industrial sectors in the financial portfolio of governments, and governments are forced to send a large amount of their financial resources to the industrial market every year in order to reach the desired level of industry. Abrasion is one of the main destructive events in the fluid transfer sector in industries. Especially when two-phase and multi-phase fluid flows are involved. Obviously, the countries where the transfer of refinery, power plant, oil and gas fluids is considered their vital artery are more involved in this phenomenon in their industries than others. Today, software simulations compete strongly with laboratory research. Because laboratory research, despite all its inherent advantages and advantages, has disadvantages such as high costs. On the other hand, the increasing power of computer systems for analysis and simulation is a powerful support. This research is a simulation with the help of numerical methods, in which a 90 degree elbow is considered as a sample piece (which is one of the most damaged industrial connections). To carry out the desired simulation, a computational fluid dynamic model has been used along with the discrete cell method. The continuous fluid and the particles injected into the flow at the elbow inlet were simulated in different geometries. The final simulation model includes McLaury's Erosion model based on the validation results. Particles are tracked by Lagrangian method along with random collisions of Grant-Tabakoff recursive model. To ensure the correctness of this choice, another validation has been used in this section. Considering that particle momentum plays an important role in Erosion, in this research, it has been tried to make the injected particles lose their momentum by rotating the water flow lines. Therefore, changes were made in the same direction in the knee geometry. The result of this research shows that changing the geometry of the elbow reduces the momentum of the particles when they collide with the internal surfaces to the extent that it increases the life of the elbow by about 8 times in the case of using internal spiral blades. Key word: Erosion, elbow, helical blades, computational fluid dynamics, Euler Lagrange, particle tracking   

As one of the architectural elements, the Yard has a long history in human settlement space and shows human adaptation to the sum of environmental conditions. In the past, the yards had a considerable level of home spaces and played various roles and features such as providing light, ventilation, communicating with nature, creating a safe environment for facing the family, security, confidentiality, dynamism, vitality, readability. Therefore, these spaces, as one of the most important flexible spaces in past houses, had a special place.   During different periods of architecture, the environment has changed a lot and today, due to various reasons such as quantitative and profitable view of housing, lack of attention to space and its quality and not considering the effect that the environment has on humans, the position of this space has been less than in the past. In this thesis, we try to collect and identify the physical factors that are important and effective in increasing the quality of the home and its resuscitation, for which two questions are raised in this thesis. "What physical factors are effective in strengthening the presence and stopping of people in the courtyard of the house? " And "How can physical factors reinforce the quality of the courtyard and transform it into the living space of the residents in the design of a residential apartment in Boroujerd?". Following answers to these questions, in-depth interviews have been conducted with people who have lived in houses with active and live courtyards in Boroujerd in the past or present. The research method of this dissertation is qualitative and its approach is grounded theory. This thesis is applied in terms of purpose. After analyzing the research data, physical factors affecting the quality of the yard as a space for living at home and increasing the quality of this space as well as the use of these factors in the design of residential apartments in Boroujerd have been obtained.    Keywords: Factors of Physical, Residential Apartments, Yard, Quality, Boroujerd City      

  Due to events such as the advancement of technology, consumerism of goods, attention to fleeting needs and such things, in the present era, the quality-oriented world has given way to an advanced and quantitative-oriented world. In such a way that the meaning of many issues has been forgotten and consigned to history. In fact, the house is not an exception to this rule; So that it has lost its meaning and nature to a large extent. The lack of a suitable home makes a person feel lost and homeless in this busy world. As a result, the concept of living in a beloved shelter has gradually become dim and meaningless. There are various factors that improve the quality of the house, one of which is the correct and rational use of materials in the architecture of the house. In this regard, the current thesis, assuming the center of human and his need to understand the meaning of his house, seeks to revive a part of the forgotten quality of the house by means of brick materials. In general, in order to achieve this important in the research process of this thesis, first, relying on the correlational research method, it was determined that there is a relationship between bricks and the meaning of the house, so that these two variables affect each other. . In the next stage, an open interview was conducted with those respondents who believed that there is a connection between bricks and the meaning of the house, and with the help of qualitative research method, primary codes were extracted from the interviews and then From the centralization of the codes, concepts such as: sensory perception, Iranian identity, revitalization of the sense of place, stability, personalization and atmosphere were created. The information obtained improves the quality of the house, and in general, these information are the characteristics attributed by the respondents to the brick materials used in the houses. Finally, the results obtained from the research part of this thesis show that a significant number of people in Kermanshah consider brick as one of the appropriate materials to create meaning and improve quality in the exterior and interior of the house.

  Considering the growing trend of the population of the cities and the need for new urban elements and space suitable for the daily needs of the society, having places to establish social and cultural interactions is felt more than ever. In order to achieve this goal of having public spaces, including cultural centers, which lead to environmental quality, it seems essential that different people can interact and spend leisure time with ease.In the city of Kermanshah, due to its historical and cultural background and native and local values, the lack of suitable cultural and artistic centers has caused the cultural identity and cultural and artistic activities of the citizens to fade; On the other hand, there are buildings and spaces with a cultural and historical background and with great potential for development, which are facing wear and tear due to the neglect of the relevant authorities.In order to improve the environmental and cultural qualities of the municipal garden, the present research investigated culture and cultural factors by using the principles of regeneration concept and looking at it in the form of applying culture-oriented regeneration strategies, including the creation of cultural centers and building restoration. which contain part of the history and personality of the city, presents the cultural regeneration plan of the municipal garden and turns it into one of the most successful centers in order to revive the culture, history and art of the city and improve the cultural status of the neighborhoods. It transforms around it.The current research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information is based on the examination of case samples, field observations, library studies, and the examination of documents, maps, and historical images. The main results that are expected to be extracted from this research are the revival of the cultural and historical identity of the municipal garden and its surrounding neighborhoods and the response to the cultural and social needs of the society, which is achieved through the design of a cultural center with an attractive and dynamic environment and also with benefits. Taking the city's specific cultural and artistic resources and changing the use of the municipal building (former British consulate) into a museum and highlighting this area as one of the strong cultural poles in the city is realized.

   چكيده:   بيان مسئله:معماري به عنوان بستري كه مخاطب آن انسان است بايد جنبه هاي متفاوت از نيازهاي روحي و رواني انسان را پوشش دهد.در اين ميان كالبد به عنوان عامل شكل دهنده به معماري نقش مهمي در پاسخگويي به اين نيازها دارد به ويژه در بناهاي مسكوني كه انسان در ارتباط دائمي با آن قرار دارد.كالبد به عنوان حد فاصل فضاي بيروني و دروني ماهيتي دوجانبه دارد   به اين معنا كه علاوه بر تاثيري كه بر فضاي هاي داخلي مي گذارد، نمايشي از چهره بنا در شهر است. نماي ساختمان نمود اين چهره در فضاي شهري است. اين عنصر به عنوان حد فاصلي ميان بيرون و درون بنا مي‌تواند موجب برقراري ارتباط ميان اين دو شود.اين ارتباط در صورت شناخت عوامل موثر در چگونگي برقراري آن ميتواند موجب طراحي صحيح و جانمايي درست فضاهاي داخلي شود و نيز تاثير مفيدي روي فضاهاي شهري داشته باشد .در نهايت مسئله اصلي پايان نامه حاضر دريافت چگونگي ارتباط ميان بيرون و درون،كشف الگوهايي در ارتباط با اين موضوع و طراحي آپارتمان مسكوني بر اساس اين الگوهاست.از اين رو سوال اصلي اين پايان نامه به اين صورت است:چگونه مي‌توان در طراحي جداره آپارتمان‌هاي مسكوني در كرمانشاه،ارتباط درون و بيرون را بهينه نمود؟ پيشينه پژوهش: اين پايان نامه با بررسي ضرورت مسئله در جهت كشف چگونگي ارتباط ميان بيرون و درون   از طريق منابع كتابخانه اي در حوزه معماري و طراحي شهري   به ارائه پيشينه موضوع پرداخته است به اين ترتيب كه در ابتدا با جستجو در منابع كتابخانه‌اي حول موضوع وكلمات كليدي،در بخش اول به مفاهيم مربوط به ويژگي هاي درون و بيرون و ارتباط ميان آنها و دربخش بعدي به مسائل مربوط به جداره و اهميت آن پرداخته شده است. روش پژوهش: روش پژوهش اين پايان نامه تركيبي از نمونه موردي و كيفي است.ابتدا با در نظر گرفتن معيار‌هاي استخراج شده از منابع مكتوب در جهت كشف چگونگي برقراري ارتباط ميان درون و بيرون از طريق جداره و شناسايي عوامل موثر بر اين ارتباط ،خانه هايي از بافت مياني كرمانشاه به عنوان نمونه موردي مورد بررسي قرارگرفته است و داده‌ها با استفاده از روش مصاحبه عميق با ساكنين و حضور در خانه به همراه مشاهده و برداشت كروكي از فضاها به دست آمده است. سپس به منظور   دستيابي به الگوهاي خاص در طراحي جداره،به تبيين روش پژوهش پايان نامه از طريق شناخت كالبد خانه وتحليل اتفاقات و رويدادهاي مرتبط با بيرون ازخانه پرداخته شده است و به كمك رويكرد نظريه‌ي زمينه ايي و روش استدلال منطقي معيار‌هاي كالبدي موثر درارتباط با بيرون شناسايي شده است. نتايج: نتايج در قالب جدولي به عنوان عوامل كمك‌كننده به ارتباط بيرون ودرون ارائه شده است. اين عوامل شامل فضاهاي همنشين با جداره،عناصر معماري و عوامل طبيعي است كه به صورت راهكارهايي در طراحي آپارتمان مسكوني مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است. اين راهكارهاي كالبدي مي‌تواند به منظور افزايش كيفيت فضايي در آپارتمان‌هاي مسكوني مورد توجه طراحان قرار بگيرد و نيز مي تواند در تدوين استانداردهاي طراحي جداره آپارتمان‌هاي مسكوني كاربردي باشد.    كليد واژه ها:بيرون،درون،نما، طراحي،آپارتمان مسكوني،

   چكيده سكونتگاه يا به تعبير بهتر خانه به عنوان مكاني كه كه وابستگي بي‌قيد و شرط با انسان‌ها دارد،مفهومي ماندگار و جاودانه است،كه از ابتدا تغييرات بسياري را متحمل شده است. اين تغييرات كه به واسطه‌ي تفكر انسان در جريان زندگي او بوجود آمده است،گاه ادامه‌ي شرايط پيشين و تداوم آن است و گاه حاصل دگرگوني مفاهيم پيشين است؛ اما در هرحال،چه تداوم و چه دگرگوني حاصل شود، بايد چرايي آنها را جويا شده و علت آن مشخص شود. به دنبال همين موضوع و به منظور روشن شدن مسئله‌ي اصلي،عنصر بام به عنوان فضاي مورد توجه پايان نامه پيش رو،در شرايط كنوني،در ساختمان‌هاي امروزي، و همچنين شرايط گذشته اين فضا،مورد بررسي و مقايسه قرار گرفته است تا در نهايت لزوم توجه به اين فضا به عنوان مسئله‌ي اين پايان نامه مشخص شود. در ادامه و با توجه به محوريت فضاي بام و مشخص شدن مسئله ي مورد نظر،هدفي كه در انجام پايان نامه دنبال مي‌شود، توجه به طراحي اين فضا در آپارتمان‌هاي مسكوني است كه به دنبال آن توجه به ساير موارد   نظير ورود طبيعت به فضاي معماري،توجه به طراحي فضاي باز و ساير موضوعات را نيز در نظر دارد؛ همچنين رفع بخشي از نيازهاي رواني انسان در طراحي اين فضا و در نظر گرفتن انسان به عنوان طرف ديگر اين موضوع در كنار توجه به شرايط متفاوت يك عنصر معماري در ادوار مختلف مي‌تواند از اهداف ديگر اين پايان نامه تلقي شود. راهبردي كه در خصوص جمع آوري اطلاعات در اين پايان نامه استفاده خواهد شد،استدلال منطقي است و داده‌ها از طريق جستجو در منابع مكتوب،مشاهده و تحليل نمونه‌هاي موردي در قالب تصاوير جمع‌آوري خواهد شد؛ به اين معنا كه به دنبال يافتن جواب سوالات از طريق منابع كتابخانه‌اي و دسته‌بندي اين اطلاعات درمراحل مختلف دركنار يافتن ويژگي‌هاي فضاي بام از طريق منابع مكتوب و نمونه‌هاي موردي و در ادامه مقايسه نتايج قسمت هاي مختلف اين پايان نامه با يكديگر،نتايج كلي تري به دست خواهد آمد. در نهايت نتايجي كه از اين پايان نامه به دست خواهد آمد،چون از جنس راهكارهاي طراحانه در فضاي بام و پاسخگوي به چهار دسته از نيازهاي رواني بدست آمده در بخش‌هاي ابتدايي اين پايان نامه است و در قالب نمودار‌هايي درانتهاي بخش‌هاي مربوطه قرار گرفته است،در قالب جزئيات در فضاهاي بام يا در ساير فضاهاي معماري قابل اجرا است. به طور كلي نتايج حاصل از پايان نامه پيش رو،قابليت اجرا در يك آپارتمان مسكوني در بستر مورد نظر كه شهر كرمانشاه است را داراست اما چون اين پايان نامه حول محور فضاي بام است و توجه به فضاهاي باز و حضور فضاي سبز در معماري را نيز به دنبال دارد مي‌تواند تا حدي در خصوص طراحي ساير بناها،با كاربري هاي مختلف،نيز مورد استفاده قرار گيرد. كليد واژه‌ها: آپارتمان مسكوني،طراحي بام، فضاي زندگي

   Gas refineries after sweetening and dehumidification processes, with the problem of presence of mercaptans in the gas stream. are facing considering the importance of separating mercaptans from natural gas flow due to the harmful environmental effects and Improving the quality of products of gas refineries, the mercaptan removal process of one of the most important refinery units. is counted The removal of mercaptans from gas streams is done by various methods that use Surface adsorption processes are among the most widely used methods. In this research, simulation of mercaptan removal unit Phase one of the South Pars gas company, which uses surface absorption technology, has been completed. In this unit, from The surface adsorption operation is done by alternating pressure-temperature method (PTSA) using 13X and 3A zeolite adsorbents. The importance of the mercaptans removal process is clear and any increase in separation efficiency will lead to improved unit performance. Therefore, in this research, a new process cycle, which includes two stages of temperature equalization to reduce temperature and pressure equalization to increase pressure, was presented in order to improve the performance of the process, and the effect of effective parameters on the quality of the output product was also investigated. . The simulation of the unit was done using Aspen Adsorption software. The values ??of the mole fraction of the components in the output flow of the simulated model were compared with the real data and the average relative error was 1.23%. The results of the simulation showed that in the studied operation, cyclic dynamic conditions occur after five consecutive cycles from the beginning of the process. The concentration of methylmercaptan and water decreases from the input values ??of 1100ppm and 30ppm to the final values ??of less than 9ppm in dynamic cyclic conditions (DCS). In addition, using the new proposed cycle reduces the power consumption of the unit. . so as to reduce the energy consumption of the existing unit by 35.43%. The effect of the effective parameters on the quality of the output product, including the flow rate of the input feed as well as the temperature of the second heating stage was investigated on both the existing and improved cycles and the results showed that by reducing the temperature of the second heating stage to 175°C and reducing the feed flow rate Input at the rate of 2.3 kmol/hr achieves the highest separation benefit for both cycles.         

با نگاهي به معماري سنتي ايران، نقش و جايگاه ويژه خانه به عنوان عنصري مهم در اينگونه معماري آشكار خواهد شد. خانه هاي سنتي ايران از جمله بناهايي مي‌باشند كه تزئينات در آنها به چشم مي خورد. بنابراين لازم است كه در طراحي هاي خويش در كنار استفاده از مصاديق تكنولوژي و مدرنيته از عنصر يا عناصري   از معماري ايراني اسلامي تحت عنوان تزئينات   بهره گرفت. ضمن آنكه در مسكن هاي امروزي حلقه‌ي اتصال به گذشته مفقود شده است و اكثر بناها توجه   كافي به فرهنگ و هويت اين مرز و بوم، داراي رنگ و بوي غربي گرديده كه متفاوت از سبك زندگي و خواسته هاي انسان ايراني است. در ضمن اين مطلب بايد به نداشتن كوچك‌ترين خاطره و ارجاع ذهني در ميان اين كارها به گذشته و نماد‌ها و مسكن ايراني نيز اشاره كرد. ساخت كارهايي فاقد هويت و ارزش فرهنگي كه به مراتب زندگي در آن ها منجر به تغيير سبك زندگي و تغيير ارزش‌ ها و از خاطر بردن هويت ملي نيز خواهد شد. لذا در اين پايان نامه هدف بررسي امكان سنجي به كار بردن تزئينات خانه هاي سنتي تاريخي در   خانه هاي امروزي و معماري معاصر مي باشد .براي انجام اين پژوهش پشتيبان طراحي، تزئينات در تعدادي از خانه هاي سنتي تاريخي شهر كرمانشاه، بررسي و تزئينات متداول در آنها برداشت شده است.سپس با استفاده از پرسشنامه تصويري ميزان علاقه مندي و تمايل ساكنين به هريك از اين تزئينات براي استفاده در خانه هاي امروزي مورد بررسي قرار گرفته است. با توجه به نتايج حاصل از پرسشنامه تزييناتي كه شهروندان ميزان تمايل بيشتري براي استفاده از آنها در خانه هاي معاصر داشته اند، آجركاري،گچ بري،رنگ و نقاشي، هره چيني و استفاده از تزئينات فلزي است. در نهايت نتايج مطالعات در قالب طراحي يك آپارتمان مسكوني 6 طبقه به كار برده شده است.   

   امروزه، رشد سريع شهرها و توسعه كالبدي آن، بحران‌هاي مختلفي در زندگي شهري، از جمله كمبود مسكن را به وجود آورده است. در ايران نيز باتوجه‌به مشكلاتي كه در زمينه كمبود مسكن و به‌ويژه گراني آن وجود داشته، طرح مسكن مهر به‌عنوان محوري‌ترين سياست شناخته مي‌شود. پروژه مسكن مهر، بزرگ‌ترين طرح ملي مسكن در ايران است كه به علت گستردگي طرح، نياز به بررسي نتايج حاصل از اين تجربه و ميزان رضايتمندي ساكنان از آن، احساس مي‌شود. شناسايي عوامل مؤثر در ميزان رضايت و نارضايتي سكونتي ساكنان، مي‌تواند در جهت تحليل وضع موجود سكونتي و تصميمات آتي به‌منظور ارتقاي سطح كيفي محدوده‌هاي سكونتي افراد و جلوگيري از تكرار نواقص در ساير پروژه‌ها مؤثر واقع گردد. بنابراين، هدف اين پژوهش، ارتقاي كيفيت زندگي و ايجاد رضايتمندي در مجتمع‌هاي مسكن ملي از طريق شناخت آسيب‌ها و مشكلات موجود در مجتمع مسكن مهرهاي شهر كرمانشاه وهمچنين ارائة راهكارهايي جهت اصلاح آسيب‌ها و جلوگيري از تكرار نواقص مسكن مهر در طراحي پروژة جديد مسكن ملي است. اين پژوهش ازنظر هدف كاربردي، ازنظر روش تحقيق، نمونه موردي و ازنظر گردآوري داده‌ها، اسنادي و پيمايشي است. ابزار گردآوري داده‌ها اطلاعات كتابخانه‌اي و پرسش‌نامه است. جامعه آماري شامل ???? نفر ساكن مجتمع مسكن مهر دولت آباد كرمانشاه است كه با استفاده از فرمول كوكران ??? نفر به‌عنوان نمونه انتخاب گرديد. پرسش‌نامه تحقيق شامل ? متغير اصلي از شاخص‌هاي مؤثر بر رضايتمندي ساكنان با ?6 گويه است. اطلاعات جمع‌آوري‌شده از طريق نرم‌افزارهاي    و smart pls مورد تجزيه‌وتحليل قرار گرفتند. يافته‌هاي تحقيق نشان مي‌دهد كه ارتباط معناداري بين شاخص‌هاي استخراج شده و رضايتمندي سكونتي وجود دارد. اين پژوهش نشان داد كه ميزان رضايت ساكنان مسكن مهر دولت‌آباد از اين مجتمع به ميزان متوسط هست. سپس همة معيارهاي رضايتمندي سكونتي را در ? مجتمع مسكن مهر دولت‌آباد، رازي ? و ?، تلاش، رازي، زيتون، سجاديه، اميريه و چشمه سفيد كرمانشاه بررسي كرده و به آسيب‌شناسي اين مجتمع‌ها پرداخته شده است.

The importance of design quality of the educational spaces’ body, which used by children is one of the important factors in development of children. So that, numerous researches have been conducted in many countries in relation to the effective components of of the environment on promotion of chid development. Therefor, with the aim of improving the quality of educational spaces, the role of school yard in development and promotion of children’s learning has been investigated. In order to achieve this goal, a qualitative method along with the strategy of examining case samples have been used. The results of studies show that open and semi-open spaces have an effective role on children’s development and help to improve physical development, language skills, social interactions, expanding moral and emotional dimentions and cognitive and behavioral skills. All these components together, help children to improve their learnings. Optained results from psychological and development studies along with application of SEVEN Cs theory and Khakzand and Babaei’s research in company with examination of case samples have been expressed in form of design solutions. In following, as an example of using mentioned solutions, an elementary school in Kermanshah has been designed.   

Abstract One of the big challenges in architecture schools is the type and manner of teaching architecture and how to form the body of its spaces. This issue is due to insufficient attention to the theories of architecture learning environment and not considering the difference between architecture classes and other disciplines. In addition, the research literature in the world in the last two decades reveals the close relationship between the constructivist educational theory and the type of design problems. University of Fine Arts Campus of Tehran is a latecomer in the city center, which decided to move to borrowed and unrelated buildings due to not having enough space to teach design to students. Therefore, this thesis has tried to deal with the design patterns for the spaces of the Faculty of Architecture by adapting the inherent characteristics of the verb design and construction so that it can meet the current needs of architecture students in the development plan site of Tehran University. Based on this, by organizing the features in the essence of design and construction and matching it with the existing constructivist architecture schools in the world with the help of logical reasoning method, the thesis has obtained a new and innovative system under the title of vocabulary for designing the physical environment of architecture. The findings obtained from logical arguments in the form of about 20 physical characteristics such as persuasiveness, inventiveness, exploration, group, etc. are presented on paper in the form of solutions for the design of architecture faculty spaces, through which it can be used as a source for improving the conditions. Currently, architecture schools across the country have benefited. Key words: design features - construction features - physical environment of the Faculty of Architecture - constructivist learning theorie  

      صرفه­جويي در مصرف انرژي و راحتي فضاي داخلي كه رفاه و رضايت كاربران را به همراه دارد، از اولويت­هاي اصلي در معماري فعلي محسوب مي­شود. پوسته­هاي هوشمند نماي ساختماني در مقايسه با نماهاي معمولي فرصت­هاي مناسب­تري را براي مقابله با اين­گونه چالش­ها فراهم مي‌كنند. استفاده از پوسته­هاي هوشمند اجازه مي­دهد تا رضايت­مندي كاربران افزايش يابد، درحالي‌كه هم­زمان نياز به تجهيزات آسايش محيطي را كاهش مي­دهند. يك پوسته ساختماني سازگار با اقليم، توانايي تغيير مكرر و برگشت‌پذير خود را دارد. ويژگي‌ها و عملكردهاي اين سيستم در پاسخ به الزامات و شرايط جوي به طور مداوم تغيير مي­كند كه اين شرايط علاوه­بر ايجاد آسايش محيطي، باعث بهبود عملكرد كلي ساختمان از نظر مصرف انرژي مي­شود. در اين پايان‌نامه سعي شده با مطالعه پژوهش‌هاي مرتبط با پوسته­هاي هوشمند، دلايل انتخاب پوسته تطبيق‌پذير اقليمي (CABS) به‌عنوان راه حلي براي ارتقاي عملكرد نماي ساختمان بيان شود، همچنين به كمك نرم­افزارهاي شبيه­ساز، مدل جديدي از پوسته تطبيق­پذير اقليمي مدل‌سازي شود و بر نماي مجتمع اداري - تجاري طراحي شده، قرار گيرد. سپس با استفاده از نرم‌افزارهاي بررسي اقليمي، مجموعه طراحي شده در شرايط سايت انتخابي قرار گيرد تا عملكرد و كارايي پوسته تطبيق­پذير اقليمي تحت مؤلفه‌هاي ايجاد آسايش محيطي و رضايت كاربران، ممانعت از ايجاد خيرگي نور در كنار تأمين نور كافي براي كاربري موردنظر، بهينه­سازي عملكرد اقتصادي با كاهش انرژي مصرفي جهت تأمين شرايط آسايش حرارتي و بصري، توليد انرژي از طريق منابع انرژي پايدار و انتقال پيام و مفاهيم از طريق الگوريتم حركتي پوسته بررسي شود. نتيجه‌گيري تحقيق و استخراج كليدواژه‌ها، مبتني بر اهداف پژوهش بيان شده­است.

  Examining

   abstract: A comfortable indoor environment plays an important role in improving the learning efficiency and health of students. How to optimize the design of primary and secondary education buildings to achieve a comfortable indoor environment, considering energy and cost, is a significant challenge. With the increase in energy consumption and world population, climate change is related to the heavy reliance of humans on fossil fuels to meet energy demand and produce greenhouse gases. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports strong evidence that rising greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are changing the world's climate. Climate change is predicted to have a negative impact on the world unless appropriate mitigation measures are implemented. Various international agreements have been made to help address climate change, including the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement. The final energy consumption in the buildings sector increased from 118 exajoules in 2010 to about 128 exajoules in 2019. The fastest growth in the end-use of the building – cooling systems, appliances and electrical loads – drives electricity in the buildings sector. According to the materials mentioned in relation to energy consumption and the critical situation of global warming and the impact of buildings in this crisis, as well as not addressing environmental issues and providing the required energy through environmentally friendly methods in the design and implementation phase of most of the existing school buildings, the purpose of this The thesis is to modify the thermal behavior of existing school buildings in the temperate and mountainous climate of Kermanshah - Iran in order to supply the building's energy needs through the use of renewable energy sources, the use of appropriate materials and implementation techniques. In the first stage of optimization, various insulations were used to reduce energy consumption, and 5 types of conventional insulation available in Iran, including extruded styrene, expanded polystyrene, glass wool, rock wool, and polyurethane insulation, were investigated. Also, its results showed that polyurethane insulation is the most suitable insulation in the list of insulations. In the second stage of the building test, the layering of the insulation was checked and the insulation was checked in 4 different layers and different types, and the results showed that the second layer is suitable for this insulation position. In the third stage, the thickness of the insulation was checked, and 6 different thicknesses were checked. And the results showed that insulation with a thickness of 30 mm is the most suitable scenario in this regard, both in terms of heating and cooling consumption. In the fourth step, the configuration of light-transmitting walls was checked in 9 scenarios, the results of which were the suitability of three-paned LoE windows. In the fifth stage, the window-to-wall ratio was checked in 60 different situations, and the results showed that in this climate and building, the window-to-wall ratio with 20% is the most appropriate option. In the sixth stage, the shading optimization of the analyzed building And it was investigated that the results showed that there was no need for a canopy in this building.    Keywords: energy architecture, energy optimization, school energy, active and passive systems, reducing energy consumption

  AbstractHousing from an architectural point of view is the most difficult subject to understand or design, and the most important reason for this difficulty is that there is a big difference between the two concepts of "house" and "house". Those indicators of the sense of belonging to the place are also reduced and lead to instability, early leaving or elimination of the user function in the housing. In the meantime, flexibility by changing and organizing the man-made space in order to meet new needs, situations and conditions can increase the level of satisfaction, quality and efficiency of the housing space and increase the sense of belonging to the place in it. This research aims to increase the sense of belonging to the place in the housing by using flexibility in it. This research has been carried out quantitatively in such a way that in the first part, to create a basic framework for flexibility and the sense of belonging to the place using the method Library studies were conducted from the literature review of the mentioned approaches and components were obtained in the two discussed fields. Then, in the next step, Delphi technique was used to prioritize the resulting components and questionnaires were prepared based on the Delphi technique in order to screen the components. were shared with 10 experts and experts in the field of housing, and    software was also used to analyze the data. Therefore, as a result of the Delphi technique, eight pairs of components were obtained, which in order of importance are: 1- the ability to separate the interior space-ownership, 2 - The ability to separate the interior space - physical quality and facilities, 3- reversible and permanent change of space-satisfaction, 4- the ability to separate the interior space--repair, change and maintenance of the body, 5- convertible furniture- spatial diversity, 6- changing the arrangement of furniture- diversity Spatial, 7- Changing the arrangement of furniture-comfortable, Ash Nai and Anas with space, 8- Development of residential unit-facilities and physical quality that these components had the highest effect on each other and their application in plan design, desirable and stable housing was achieved.Key words: housing, flexibility, sense of belonging, sense of belonging to place

One of the most important challenges of the current century is the issue of energy and environmental changes caused by the use of fossil fuels. Also, nowadays, due to the excessive growth of the population and the consequent lack of land, the issue of high-rise construction in architecture is raised more and more. However, high-rise construction, in addition to responding to the lack of land, is also a factor in reducing green space and environmental pollution.  Therefore, the advancement of technology has led to the use of clean and renewable energies such as solar energy. which is a suitable solution to reduce energy in the building sector. The geographical location of Iran has also made it possible to receive significant solar energy. Therefore, in this thesis, in order to design a residential commercial garden tower with the aim of benefiting from solar radiation in Isfahan, the two-stage descriptive, analytical and energy simulation research method has been used.  First, the climate of Isfahan is analyzed and the climate design solutions are identified. In the next step, five forms and concepts are designed based on the preliminary analysis and after modeling, the amount of their radiation energy in different months of the year is calculated and analyzed. Then, based on that, the best form in terms of receiving optimal radiation is selected and designed and presented in the next steps.  

abstract One of the problems of today's houses is the lack of quality of their spaces. By comparing today's housing with the houses that existed in the past of this country, this can be well seen. Variety in home spaces is one of the factors of this lost quality. Increasing the diversity of space in the home can make it a more dynamic and lively environment and play an effective role in bringing family members more together. In this regard, considering the importance of this issue as one of the important factors in increasing the quality of home spaces, this issue has been examined And to answer questions that, How is spatial diversity achieved in the design of houses in the middle urban texture of kermanshah? In the design of contemporary residential apartments, how can the desired spatial diversity be created?  Accordingly, concepts such as space, spatial diversity and home were introduced. According to the specific approach of this research, based on the nature of the case study with field observations, the effective factors in creating spatial diversity in the middle urban texture houses of Kermanshah have been analyzed and studied and diversification factors such as: shape of space, height of space, confinement, relationships between spaces, etc. were analyzed and design rules were extracted from these analyzes. Among the analyzes performed, the relationships between the spaces, more than other criteria, helped the project to achieve the goal of creating spatial diversity.  key words: Spatial diversity- apartment- house- middle texture  

   Abstract One of the important applications of identifying the dynamic Properties of earth dams is to determine the modi frequencies, Damping ratio and mode shapes, which eventually leads to a better understanding of the system. Seismic behavior of earth dams is usually studied in four ways Using recorded accelerograms of the dam's response to real earthquakes, laboratory methods on small-scale models, vibration experiments in situ, and finally numerical analysis. Because among the types of in-situ vibration experiments, the use of accelerograms recorded on earthen dams at the time of earthquake has a special place in the study of numerical model of dams.The existence of strongmotion located in Darian Dam and recording earthquake records (albeit weak) in recent years, has provided a special and privileged position to use the records to extract the dynamic characteristics of the dam and perform numerical analysis. Therefore, in the present study, using the recorded response of the dam to Sarpol-e-Zahab earthquake, which was weak in this construction, in the range of linear behavior, while investigating the numerical model in the range of small strains, to extract dynamic parameters, especially Gmax   , GGmax   , ?   with Shear strain was treated which matched very well with the actual results. recorded accelerograms processing, in addition to classical methods, one of the advanced methods in the time-frequency domain is to extract the dynamic characteristics of the dam (including frequencies, damping and modal shapes) and also to compare the answers obtained from numerical analysis and the answers recorded in different parts of the body.

در دهه­هاياخير، فرآيندآپارتمان­نشيني و ســرعت ســاخت مســكن امروزي موجب توجه كمتر به كيفيت فضاهاي زندگيو درنتيجه، نارضايتي ساكنين آن­ها شده­است. دراين ميان، يكي از عواملي كه در كاهش سطح كيفي مســكنامروزي نقش داشته،غفلت از فضاهاي نيمه­باز است. اين فضاها از ديرباز در معماري مسكوني ايران به­عنوانفضاي ارتباط دهنده­ي بيرون و درون، بستر مناسبي را براي بروز رفتارهاي جمعي فراهمكرده­اند كه در ايجاد احساس رضايت افراد از محيط مسكوني خود نقش داشته­­اند. مانندايوان، مهتابي، رواق، طارمي و ... . اما متأسفانه امروزه حضور آن­ها در محيط­هايمسكوني كمرنگ شده­است­، به طوريكه حتي در برخي از فضاهاي مسكوني، ما شاهد نبود آن­هاو يا حضور بدون استفاده از آن­ها هستيم. ازطرفي، تحليل پيشينه­ي نظري موضوع، نشان­دهنده­ينقش مؤثر فضاهاي نيمه­باز بر كيفيت محيط زندگي و رفتار ساكنين است. همچنين تحقيقاتنشان مي­دهد كه احياء عوامل مؤثر بر بهبود كيفيت فضاهاي نيمه­باز، سبب افزايش حضورساكنين در اين فضاها مي­گردد. بنابراين بررسي و تحليل فضاهاي نيمه­باز،جهت استخراج رفتارهاي متناظر در آن­ها درراستاي بهبود كيفيت زندگي، امري ضرورياست. درنتيجهبا توجه به ضرورت مسئله، پايان­نامه­ي حاضر به­دنبال يافتن پاسخ اين سؤال است كه "فضاهاي نيمه­باز خانه چه كيفيت­هاي زندگي را مي­توانندفراهم كنند و در مسكن امروزي چگونه مي­توان كيفيت­هاي ارائه­­شده در فضاهاي نيمه­بازخانه را دوباره احياء كرد؟" براي يافتن پاسخ اين سؤال، روش تحقيق كيفي كه در آن فرضيه­اي مشخص وجود ندارد و نتايج از درون خود پژوهش بدست مي­آيند، انتخاب شده­است­.بدين صورت­ كه وجوه مؤثر كالبدي فضاهاي نيمه­باز كه سبب بروز رويدادهاي مثبت زندگيدر اين فضا مي­شود، مشخص مي­گردد. اين وجوه برمبناي رويكرد نظريه­ي زمينه­اي ازطريق مصاحبه­­ي باز و عميق با افرادي كه زندگي در اين فضا را تجربه كرده­اند وخاطرات مثبتي از اين فضا در ذهنشان باقي مانده­است، استخراج مي­گردد. يعني مشخص مي­شود كه چه وجوهي از فضاهاي نيمه­باز روي اينكهرويدادهاي با كيفيت زندگي در اين فضاها نقش ببندند، تأثيرگذار است. درپايان با بهره­گيرياز نتايج بدست­آمده، مجموعه­ي مسكوني در شهر كرمانشاه در قالب گونه­ي آپارتمان­هايكوتاه­مرتبه (ارتفاع ? تا ? طبقه) و با تراكم متوسط (??_??واحد در هر هكتار) طراحي مي­گردد. به اين اميد كه با احيايكيفيت­هاي از دست­رفته­ي فضاهاي نيمه­باز در اين مجموعه، تا جايي كه ممكن است، سطحكيفي محيط مسكوني براي ساير مجموعه­هاي مشابه در شهر كرمانشاه افزايش يابد و سببايجاد حس رضايت براي ساكنين آن­ها شود.  

   Abstract Structure, structure and elements of the building. In other words, the needs of a building (including sustainability) are related to the structure. Vitruvius defines architecture as the three principles of sustainability, performance and beauty. The structure of current residential buildings is used only for sustainability, and the discussion of function and beauty is hidden in them. Since the structure can behave architecturally, and in addition to its main and primary role, which is to withstand forces, it has another level of aesthetic and functional richness to the building. It will increase the attractiveness and enjoyment of the building, improve its efficiency and improve the morale of users and users. Current residential buildings, of which the structure is the main elements, face a problem and potential. The problem with the dissertation is that current residential buildings are often unattractive and economically expensive. Another problem with residential buildings is that the structure is limited to its static role. In fact, other features of the structure, such as beauty and performance, have been neglected. Therefore, this dissertation tries to overcome the problem of beauty and expensiveness of residential buildings by designing a residential complex and using the aesthetic features of the structure. Based on this, the dissertation consists of three parts. The first part tries to identify the characteristics of structures that can be used in architecture and on a residential scale. The next section describes the requirements of residential spaces as well as the aesthetic parameters of the structure, including beams, columns and roofs. Finally, in the final part, solutions on how to take advantage of the identified structural features, to design a residential complex with emphasis on the aesthetic aspects of the structure and its connection with architecture. Aesthetic features such as rhythm, depth, scaling, pattern, scale of the structure, etc. can be achieved by showing the structure on the facade or ceiling. Keywords: architecture, structure, structure, housing, aesthetics

   Abstract Innovation in any field needs an environment that helps nurture it. The world today sees creativity as a growth factor. In fact, it is the basis of creative development, and development needs a context in which creativity is nurtured. Creativity is effective and influenced by the natural and artificial environment. Therefore, the characteristics of the environment are effective in the emergence of creativity, and on the other hand, human beings can change their environment for the emergence of creativity. This impact requires the existence of flexible spaces that help people to develop their ideas without any physical barriers from the environment. This research seeks to design a growth center in the city of Isfahan based on the characteristics affecting the flexibility of the space. In this regard, library studies on flexibility and growth centers were conducted, then the principles extracted from the studies were categorized by data >Keywords: Incubator, Flexibility, Diversity,Adaptability

   چكيده دانشكده و فضاهاي مرتبط با آن يكي از اقسام فضاهاي آموزشي است كه چگونگي فعاليت­هاي آموزشي با آن در ارتباط است. ازسوي­ديگر، آموزش و كارامدي آن در گرو اتخاذ و پياده­سازي روش­هاي آموزشي مناسب است. دروس فني من­جمله دروس ساختماني و سازه­اي يكي از بخش­هاي اصلي آموزش معماري در مقطع كارشناسي است. در دانشگاه رازي، پس از جابجايي گروه معماري از ساختمان قديمي آن به ساختمان جديد كه از آن با عنوان دانشكده هنر و معماري ياد مي­شود، گروه معماري با يك مسأله و يك پتانسيل مواجه شده است. مسأله آن است كه در شكل فعلي، فضايي براي دروس كارگاهي معماري ديده نشده است. اما پتانسيل آنكه، آتليه­هاي سابق معماري در ساختمان قديمي بلااستفاده است. علاوه­براين، ادبيات پژوهشي ايران در چندسال اخير به­دنبال كاوش و معرفي روش­هاي كارآمد آموزش سازه در معماري بوده است. لذا اين پايان­نامه سعي نموده با بازطراحي ساختمان قديمي و تبديل آن به مجموعه كارگاه­هاي دروس فني ساختماني و سازه­اي، بتواند از پتانسيل موجود درجهت حل مسأله اشاره­شده، استفاده كند. براين­مبنا، پايان­نامه از سه بخش تشكيل شده است. در بخش اول سعي شده روش­هاي آموزشي كارآمد در اين زمينه مشخص گردند. در بخش دوم در پي يافتن اقتضائات فضايي مناسب با آن شيوه­ها و در بخش سوم نيز درصدد بوده كه ساختمان مذكور را براساس اين الگوهاي آموزشي مناسب بازطراحي نمايد. نتايج بخش اول نشان داده كه مدل­سازي، روشي مناسب براي آموزش دروس فني ساختماني و سازه­اي است. لذا در بازطراحي ساختمان قديمي سعي شده، فضاهاي آموزشي مورد نياز با اين روش انطباق يابند.    كليد واژه­ها: آموزش، معماري، دروس فني، سازه، ساختمان، كارگاه

   In this study an experiment has been done for assessment of Mersad's park soil swelling and presenting a suitable method to settle it. According to the importance and profits of this project and external observations of the town's soil and reports related to crack, swelling during the absorption of humidity, soil shrinkage, created problems in access and substructural ways of this town we decided to recognize geotechnique specification of its soil by physical, mechanical, chemical and mineralogy experiments and quality predicting swelling methods (indirect such as chen,USBR and…)and standard method ASTM 04546 by A method with odometer machanism (direct method) to proceed swelling potential assessment, swelling pressure, settlement of soil. In this study in addition to the assessment of mentioned parameters, effects of humidity percent, special dry unit weight and disturbance of samples on swelling potential,swelling pressure and considering total settlements in samples have been a assessed. The following considering of different reclaim methods for this soil and propriety of lime and cement stabilization of these two matter in different pecents and their effect on quantitative parameters like; swelling potential, swelling pressure, settlement, atterberg limits and considering fabric of soil samples before and after the stabilization with electronic microscope(SEM) have been preceded. By using indirect methods, soil in death of 2 meters has the high and very high swelling intensity. Indirect assessment method, soil swelling intensity is affected by an initial humidity, dry unit weight and disturbance factor. By increasing initial humidity and decreasing dry unit weight the swelling potential and swelling pressure will decrease and so ever we have deduction of an initial humidity and accretion of dry unit weight in samples and soil get disturbanced we will have swelling potential intensity and swelling pressure. Disturbance in this soil causes double swelling potential stabilization with lime and cement was done on this soil (number 2 disturbanced sample,19% initial humidity,7.1gr/cm3 dry unit weight) with specifications Swelling potential and pressure potential respectively in number 2 disturbed sample have been 7/21 percent and 5/10kg/cm2 in which by adding 4 percent lime and 6 percent cement unit dry weight by 7 days maturing of swelling potential samples, swelling pressure and settlement about 98,98 and 95 percent.

چكيدههمانطوركه در هرم آبراهام مازلو آمده است، امنيت و مسكن از نيازهاي اساسي بشر مي­باشند. با وجود اينكه چندين دهه از احداث مجموعه­هاي مسكوني كه به عنوان سرپناه و محل شكل­گيري شخصيت كودكان، از اهميت بالايي برخوردار است، مي­گذرد اما هنوز به دليل عدم تطابق با فرهنگ، خواسته­ها و غيره، كاستي­هايي در برآوردن نيازهاي اساسي ساكنين از جمله امنيت دارند.زنان نيز كه نيمي از جمعيت شهرها را تشكيل مي­دهند و به عنوان قشر تاثيرگذار و آينده­سازان جامعه هستند، بيشتر از مردان مورد بي­توجهي طراحان در جهت برآوردن نيازهايشان قرار­گرفته­اند. تحقيقات صورت گرفته در مورد نيازهاي زنان در طراحي معمولا در مرحله تئوري رها شده­اند و چارچوب و راهكار خاصي را ارائه نداده­اند. بنابراين اين پايان­نامه با هدف دستيابي به چارچوب­ها و راهكارهاي طراحي مجموعه مسكوني با ويژگي­هاي كالبدي افزايش­دهنده احساس امنيت زنان انجام شده­است.برآمده از مرور ادبيات سوال تحقيق « چگونه مي­توان به الگوهاي طراحي مجتمع مسكوني براي افزايش احساس امنيت زنان دست يافت؟» مي­باشد. پاسخ­گويي به سوال تحقيق از طريق راهبرد استدلال منطقي و تحليلي انجام مي­گيرد. با استدلال منطقي ابتدا عوامل كالبدي موثر بر امنيت زنان كه قابليت تعميم يافتن دارند، بدست آمده   و سپس با تحليل اين عوامل راهكارهاي كالبدي طراحي مجموعه مسكوني با استراتژي افزايش احساس امنيت در زنان ارائه مي­شود. معرفي الگوها و راهكارهاي كالبدي افزايش دهنده احساس امنيت در زنان، دستاورد اين پايان­نامه مي­باشد. راهكارهاي اين پايان­نامه مي­تواند در ساير طراحي­ها مورد استفاده طراحان قرار گيرد.واژگان كليدي: امنيت، احساس امنيت، مجموعه مسكوني، امنيت زنان

 Redesigning of ilam's paper recycling plantbased on Attention Restoration Theory Today, stress is one of the most common words we are all familiar with, and it has a negative impact on industrial spaces and their human resources in the face of occupational accidents. This study aimed to investigate Kaplan's theory of attention recovery in Ilam paper recycling plant and the impact of nature on its employees. Based on the assumptions and questions raised in this study, qualitative research method has been used. The statistical population is 100 employees of Ilam industrial town. In order to respond to the research hypotheses, data collection was done using observation and questionnaire to collect field information. Observation was done in two working and non-working days. The two questionnaires consisted of 10 questions, based on a Likert scale and ranged from very low to very high and 7 degrees. The results of this research based on the hypotheses show that: employees spend most of their time indoors and, on the other hand, reduce the fatigue nature of industrial workers, thus indoors in open and factory spaces. Ilam recycling can be used to reduce staff stress and fatigue.

   همخواني ميان شيوه زندگي ساكنين و شيوه سازماندهي فضا ها از ضرورت هاي طراحي خانه است. به اين معني كه سازمان فضايي خانه امكان رخ دادن طيف رويدادهاي زندگي را فراهم كند و براي نيازهاي انسان، در اين سازمان فضايي پاسخ فضايي وجود داشته باشد. به همين دليل زندگي بايد مبناي معماري قرار گيرد و به تبع آن شكل گيرد. اين در حالي است كه در شرايط امروز، تمركز مسئولين معطوف به توسعه ي كمي و انبوه مسكن است و از طرف ديگر معماري خانه بر پايه پاسخ هايي وارداتي و بدون توجه به شكل زندگي زمينه اي كه در ان شكل مي گيرد شكل مي گيرد. اين امر سبب مي شود فضاي زندگي امكان انجام فعاليت هاي بسياري را از ساكنان سلب كند. پاسخگو نبودن خانه به تمامي سطوح نيازهاي ادمي باعث مي شود كه افراد، جواب آن نيازها را در محل ديگري خارج از خانه بجويند كه خود مي تواند در درازمدت به زدگي از خانه و خانواده منجر شود. اين خود، تاثيرات رواني، خانوادگي و اجتماعي بسياري را به دنبال دارد. اين پايان نامه بر ان است كه با شناخت ويژگي هايي از كالبد خانه كه جريان زندگي را مي توانند تقويت كنند به ارائه گزينه هايي براي طراحي در اين جهت منتهي شود. در نهايت بر اساس اين ويژگي ها به طراحي يك مصداق ختم شود. بر اين مبنا نخست با كنكاش در ادبيات موضوع، مفاهيم كيفي مربوط به خانه و الگوهاي كالبدي فضاهاي خانه در منابع مكتوب حوزه معماري استخراج مي گردد. همچنين به تعريف خانواده سالم و رويدادهاي زندگي متناسب با آن در منابع مكتوب حوزه روان شناسي پرداخته مي شود. با در نظر داشتن معيارهاي استخراج شده از متون، در جهت كشف چگونگي ارتباط كالبد با زندگي، 10 خانه در بافت مياني كرمانشاه به عنوان نمونه موردي و به روش كيفي مورد بررسي قرار خواهد گرفت. به اين منظور، از روش مصاحبه ي عميق با ساكنين با حضور در خانه به همراه مشاهده و برداشت از فضاها استفاده مي شود. از طريق تحليل نمونه هاي موردي، تلاش مي شود با شناخت كالبد موجود و رويدادهاي خانواده، به كشف معيارهايي از فضاها كه در تحقق رويدادها موثر بوده پرداخته شود. اين معيارهاي كالبدي در قالب الگوهايي شكلي در مقياس هم نشيني فضاهاي خانه ارائه مي شود. در اين پايان نامه، با بررسي ضرورت مساله، در جهت كشف چگونگي ارتباط كالبد با زندگي، از طريق مطالعه ي منابع در حوزه هاي معماري و روان شناسي، به ارائه پيشينه ي موضوع با طي فرايندي از شناخت مفاهيم كيفي به ارائه الگوهاي كالبدي عام پرداخته مي شود. سپس در جهت شناسايي الگوهاي خاص، به تبيين روش پژوهش پايان نامه با طي فرايندي از شناخت كالبد خانه ها و رويدادهاي جاري در آن ها به شناسايي معيارهاي كالبدي موثر در تحقق رويدادها پرداخته مي شود. در نهايت تحليل داده ها و نتايج، بيان شده و طراحي منتج از آن ها ارائه مي گردد. نتايج حاصل شده، مي توانند به عنوان ابعاد كيفي خانه مورد توجه طراحان قرار گرفته و در تدوين استانداردهاي خانه كاربرد پيدا كنند. همچنين به عنوان ارا ئه ي روشي مناسب در آموزش معماري در جهت رسيدن از مباني به طراحي مورد رجوع باشند.

حفاظت و نگهداشت بافت پلكاني در سكونتگاه‌هاي مناطق كوهپايه‌اي به‌عنوان گونه‌اي خاص از معماري بومي ايران به لحاظ حفظ تنوع در شكل معماري مناطق مختلف با خاستگاه‌هاي فرهنگي و آداب‌ورسوم و خصوصيات طبيعي و اقليمي متفاوت بر دوش برنامه ريزان و مديران شهري وكشوري است و وظيفه پژوهشگر در اين زمينه كمك‌رساني به آنان از طريق توليد محتوي پژوهشي قابل اتكا براي تهيه طرح‌ها و تدوين ضوابط و استانداردها مي باشد. عليرغم وجود نمونه‌هاي بومي و موفق معماري و شهرسازي كوهپايه‌اي در مناطق كوهستاني ايران، به دليل فقدان مطالعات تخصصي بر روي آن و نبود ضوابط و مقررات متناسب با زمينه، توسعه در اين مناطق با بي‌توجهي به ويژگي‌هاي خاص طبيعي اين مناطق صورت گرفته و ساخت‌وساز بي رويه و بي برنامه، موجب تجاوز به سيماي معماري بومي اين مناطق گشته و به مرور زمان منظر طبيعي و هويت خاص معماري سكونتگاههاي كوهپايه‌اي در معرض نابودي قرار گرفته است. بايد به اهميت اين موضوع واقف بود كه توسعه سكونتگاه‌هاي كوهپايه‌اي بايد نسبت به حفظ ويژگي هاي محيط‌زيست طبيعي حساس باشد، ازلحاظ عملكردي متناسب با نيازهاي بهره‌برداران، ازلحاظ زيبايي‌شناسي دل‌انگيز و ازلحاظ اقتصادي امكان‌پذير باشد. از طرفي نيز بايد اين نكته را مد نظر قرار داد كه مناطق كوهپايه‌اي سخت ترين و در عين حال جالب ترين و چالش برانگيزترين مناطق در راستاي توسعه هستند، اجراي هر طرح توسعه در مناطق كوهپايه توسط عواملي چون عوارض زمين ناهموار، شيب هاي تند، ساختار زمين شناسي پيچيده و شرايط آب و هوايي سخت محدود مي‌شود. كليد توسعه در هر زمينه اي برنامه ريزي، تعيين چهارچوب و تدوين مقررات متناسب با هدف و زمينه است و اين ميسر نيست مگر با مطالعه دقيق و شناخت زمينه. ضوابط و مقررات، ابزار اجراي طرح‌ها و برنامه‌ها هستند. يكي از اسناد مهم طرح‌هاي جامع، ضوابط و مقررات هستند كه امكان اجرا و تحقق طرح را فراهم مي‌آورند. همكاري نزديك برنامه‌ريزان، طراحان شهري و معماران، نقش مهمي را در تدوين ضوابط و مقررات لازم براي ساماندهي كالبد شهر و هماهنگي بين بافت جديد و قديم شهر بازي مي‌كند. در ضمن توسعه پيشنهادي بايد با عناصر موجود سايت هماهنگ باشد، طرح توسعه بايد به گونه اي طراحي شده باشد تا حداقل ميزان اختلال در وضع موجود را سبب شود. هدف از تدوين مقررات و نظام مند كردن ساخت و ساز و ساير دخالت ها در مناطق شيب‌دار، حفاظت از سلامت، ايمني و رفاه عمومي ساكنان و پاسداشت سلامت و كيفيت عمومي محيط زيست و حفظ ويژگي هاي خاص طبيعي است؛ اما مشكل اينجاست كه بسياري از قوانين ساخت و ساز در حال اجرا در شهرهاي كوهپايه اي بر پايه مقررات ساختماني معمول در مراكز شهري واقع در دشت ها بوده و بدون بدون هيچ گونه اصلاحات و ملاحظه اي نسبت به ويژگي هاي متمايز محيط طبيعي كوهپايه‌ها به كار برده مي شوند؛ و اين مشكلي است كه بسياري از شهرهاي جهان سوم با آن دست به گريبان هستند و درنهايت منجر به توسعه نامناسب در شهرهاي كوهپايه اي زيبا گشته است. بي‌توجهي به تدوين ضوابط و مقررات كلي و مدون براي توسعه در اين مناطق مي‌تواند نتايج جبران‌ناپذيري را فراهم آورد؛ كه ضمن ايجاد محلات مسكوني بي‌هويت كه با مشكلات و معضلات عديده كالبدي، اجتماعي و... همراه هستند، به از بين رفتن هويت كوهپايه‌اي اين شهرها نيز منجر مي شود. در اين پژوهش در پي آن هستيم كه چرا ساختار پلكاني اين مناطق باتوجه به مزيت هاي اساسي آن چون دسترسي به نور با كيفيت خورشيد و تامين ديد و منظر عالي در حال نابودي است؟ مي توان به صورت اجمالي دلايل بروز اين مشكل را در چند نكته به شرح ذيل عنوان كرد:- نبود قوانين و آيين‌نامه‌هاي طراحي متناسب با شرايط خاص كوهپايه‌ها. - ضرورت پاسخگويي به نيازهاي زندگي ماشيني معاصر چون دسترسي آسان به معابر پياده و سواره و تامين پاركينگ. - نبود الگوهاي مناسب براي طراحي مجموعه‌ها يا محله‌هاي مسكوني، ويژه مناطق كوهپايه‌اي. اين الگوها بايد به گونه‌اي طراحي شوند كه در عين پاسخگويي به نيازهاي مردم از مزاياي نور و ديد و منظر بهره برده و در عين حال حافظ ساختار پلكاني بوده و مزاحمتي براي دريافت نور و ديد ومنظر خانه‌هاي همسايه ايجاد نكنند.

Iran is one of the 10 countries with the highest energy consumption of fossil fuels and about 40% of this energy is used in the building sector. This issue increases the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and increases environmental pollution. In order to reduce the adverse effects of fossil fuels in buildings, it is necessary to build constructions with efficient energy consumption. The first step to build a building with efficient energy consumption is to design a building envelope with proper thermal behavior. The previous studies revealed the necessity of determining the proper thermal resistance of the building envelope. Accordingly, this study aims to determine the appropriate thermal resistance for different components of residential building envelope with respect to the climate condition of the region and common construction materials in Rasht city to effectively reduce the heating and cooling loads of building. The current approach to this research is quantitative and the method adopted for research is descriptive-analytical, and simulation. The Data collected for performing simulations includes weather data of Rasht city and the coefficients related to thermal resistance and thermal conductivity of building materials. To conduct analysis, a residential building has been simulated in the design builder software 5.5.0.012. This software uses energy plus engine 8.6 for data analyzing. The building dimensions are 15*10*3.5 meters and it has east-west stretch. Window to wall ratio of the north and south walls of building is considered 30 percent, a door is located on east wall and there is no opening on west wall. Other building parameters affecting on results are considered same as software default information. External Wall, roof and window glass as components of building envelope have been investigated separately. To conduct analysis on wall, 16 walls were simulated with different materials and thermal resistance coefficient. Roof were studied in unoccupied pitched and flat cases. Pitched roofs are made up of two parts, one is sloping surfaces which in contact with surrounding air; and the other is the floor of attic space which is as a buffer between living space and attic space. For roof analyzing 9 sloping surfaces, 7 attic floors and 7 flat roofs were simulated with different thermal resistance coefficient. Also, to determine relation between thermal conductivity coefficient of multilayer window glasses and building energy consumption 18 different glasses were simulated. The results of analysis indicated that the increase in thermal resistance of the building envelope reduces the thermal load of the building over to the cooling load to a greater extent. It is also possible to offer the appropriate thermal resistance coefficient for various components of the building envelope. Proper R-value for walls, flat roof, sloping surfaces and attic floor are 2-3.5 m2.K/W, 3 m2.K/W, 1.5-2.5 m2.K/W and 1.5 m2.K/W respectively. It was also found that reducing thermal conductivity coefficient of multilayer window glasses have not satisfactory effect on reducing heating and cooling loads of building.   

  In this paper, an analytical modeling and numerical simulation of the behavior of composite sandwich panels under the effect of low velocity impact are presented and the method of deformation and development of damage caused by impact under different impact loading conditions is investigated.  Composite sandwich panels are multilayered and include a foam core and composite facesheets, are made of graphite-epoxy. In the first part, analytical modeling of low velocity impact load on composite sandwich panels was used to calculate contact force using two degrees of freedom mass spring model, and the contact force between the plate and the impactor according to the Hertz Contact Law is defined. The spring stiffness of the contact area, and the bending and shear stiffnesses of the sandwich panel are calculated. The stiffness of the spring is evaluated by dividing the laminate into two damaged and undamaged regions, and the amounts of these stiffnesses change over time. For solving the equations of motion, the exact solution method of FSDT has been used and by using energy equations, the damaged region radius is calculated.In the second part, analytical modeling of low velocity impact load on composite sandwich panels, regardless of damage, is investigated and compared with the state in which damage considered.  In the next section, the impact process on the laminate is simulated in Abaqus software for a condition where damage is not considered and In order to validate the modeling, the history of contact force and displacement of the center of the laminate derived from analytical modeling and Abaqus software, have been compared.In the next section, determination of the effects of the mass and velocity of impactor and the thickness of the core on the force and displacemant are discussed. At the end, for the analysis of the damage caused by the impact, the threshold force for matrix cracking, delamination, breaking the fibers, and debonding are calculated from the existing semi-experimental methods And to determine the damage, the contact force is calculated from the mass spring model.KeywordsLow velocity impact, Sandwich panels, Composite, Damage