Introduction:

S.B, [06.02.25 11:04] In recent decades, microbial resistance has been recognized as one of the greatest challenges in public health. The emergence and spread of antibiotic- resistant bacteria have doubled the necessity for new research to discover effective antimicrobial compounds. In this context, medicinal plants, due to their bioactive compounds, have high potential for producing new drugs. Cannabis sativa L., known for its numerous medicinal properties, is the focus of this study. This research aims to investigate the antimicrobial effects of hydroalcoholic extracts and nanocapsules containing these extracts against two significant and pathogenic bacterial species, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus agalactiae. The methodology included preparing hydroalcoholic extracts from cannabis plants and synthesizing nanocapsules containing these extracts using advanced nanotechnology techniques. To assess the antimicrobial effects, standard laboratory methods such as determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were used. Additionally, the physical and chemical properties of the nanocapsules were evaluated to ensure their stability and efficacy. The results showed that the hydroalcoholic extract of the cannabis plant has significant antimicrobial effects against both target bacterial species. However, the nanocapsules containing the cannabis extract demonstrated far greater efficacy due to increased surface contact with the bacteria and improved bioavailability. These nanocapsules were able to inhibit the growth and survival of the bacteria at lower concentrations compared to the pure extract. This study highlights the importance of using nanotechnology to enhance the efficacy of herbal medicines and the development of a new generation of antimicrobial agents. This achievement can be seen as a novel step in combating microbial resistance and improving the treatment of infections caused by resistant bacteria. Keywords: Cannabis sativa, hydroalcoholic extract, nanocapsules, antimicrobial effects, microbial resistance, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus agalactiae  

  ackground: Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal and inflammatory disease caused by feline coronavirus, with no effective treatment available to date. This disease is associated with serum protein alterations and systemic inflammation, often leading to the death of affected cats. Considering the inhibitory effects of remdesivir on RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in other similar viral diseases, this study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of remdesivir on FIP and investigate the proteomic changes induced by treatment. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted on cats diagnosed with FIP, randomly selected and treated with remdesivir for four weeks. Serum samples were collected weekly, and protein alterations were analyzed using serum electrophoresis. The resulting data were statistically analyzed, focusing on changes in inflammation-related proteins. Results: The results demonstrated that treatment with remdesivir significantly reduced the levels of inflammation-related proteins, including globulins, and improved serum biochemical indices. Proteomic changes also indicated enhanced health status in treated cats. Furthermore, patterns of serum protein changes were identified as effective markers for predicting treatment success or failure. These markers could determine the appropriate time for discontinuing treatment and prevent unnecessary drug usage. Conclusion: Remdesivir may serve as an effective therapeutic option for reducing inflammation and improving the health of cats affected by FIP. The findings of this study contribute to better therapeutic management of the disease, reduction of side effects associated with prolonged drug use, and optimization of treatment duration. Keywords: Feline infectious peritonitis, remdesivir, coronavirus, proteomics, drug therapy, serum electrophoresis Background: Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal and inflammatory disease caused by feline coronavirus, with no effective treatment available to date. This disease is associated with serum protein alterations and systemic inflammation, often leading to the death of affected cats. Considering the inhibitory effects of remdesivir on RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in other similar viral diseases, this study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of remdesivir on FIP and investigate the proteomic changes induced by treatment. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted on cats diagnosed with FIP, randomly selected and treated with remdesivir for four weeks. Serum samples were collected weekly, and protein alterations were analyzed using serum electrophoresis. The resulting data were statistically analyzed, focusing on changes in inflammation-related proteins. Results: The results demonstrated that treatment with remdesivir significantly reduced the levels of inflammation-related proteins, including globulins, and improved serum biochemical indices. Proteomic changes also indicated enhanced health status in treated cats. Furthermore, patterns of serum protein changes were identified as effective markers for predicting treatment success or failure. These markers could determine the appropriate time for discontinuing treatment and prevent unnecessary drug usage. Conclusion: Remdesivir may serve as an effective therapeutic option for reducing inflammation and improving the health of cats affected by FIP. The findings of this study contribute to better therapeutic management of the disease, reduction of side effects associated with prolonged drug use, and optimization of treatment duration. Keywords: Feline infectious peritonitis, remdesivir, coronavirus, proteomics, drug therapy, serum electrophoresis

   Cyclosporine is a widely used immunosuppressant drug that helps the body accept a tra  lanted organ by reducing the activity of T lymphocytes. However, it can cause toxicity in various organs, including the kidneys. Alpha-pinene is a cyclic monoterpene with strong antioxidant effects. So the current study aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of alpha-pinene on cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity. 35 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 equal groups (n = 7). They were subjected to oral treatment for 21 consecutive days as follows: negative control (normal saline), positive control (normal saline), comparative control (vitamin C: 100 mg/kg), and two experimental groups (alpha-pinene with doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg). Additionally, cyclosporine was administered intraperitoneally (25 mg/kg) for 21 days in all groups except the negative control. After the end of the treatment period, on the 22nd day, blood was taken from the heart of the animals under anesthesia, and then by deepening the anesthesia, the animals were euthanized and their kidneys were removed to investigate the histopathology and immunohistochemistry as well as oxidative stress indices evaluation. The results indicated that treatment with alpha-pinene led to a reduction in serum urea and creatinine levels, as well as an improvement in the histopathological lesions caused by cyclosporine. Also, the finding showed that alpha-pinene decreased the apoptotic process by lowering the p53 protein and increasing Bcl2. It also significantly inhibited the oxidative stress caused by cyclosporine in the kidney tissue by reducing the levels of malondialdehyde and increasing superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity. This study demonstrated that treatment with alpha-pinene had a significant protective effect against cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity, comparable to that of vitamin C, possibly due to its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties.

AbstractMolecular investigation of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) in raw milk of sheep and goat herds in Kermanshah province. Introduction: Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) is one of the common pathogens between humans and animals that can cause a wide range of diseases in humans, including diarrhea and hemorrhagic colitis to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The main reservoir of these pathogenic strains are ruminants, especially cows, and raw milk is one of the main sources of infection. Currently, the resistance of these bacteria to common antibiotics, especially third-generation cephalosporin, is increasing due to the production of broad-spectrum beta-lactamase enzyme, and subsequently, it has caused many treatment problems in the world. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the prevalence of VTEC and their antibiotic resistance genes in raw milk of sheep and goat herds in Kermanshah province. Methods: A total of 118 sheep and goat raw milk samples were collected. After DNA extraction, the samples were subjected to PCR reaction to identify UsPA, uidA, Stx1 and Stx2 genes. Samples containing uidA and UsPA genes are E. coli positive samples and samples containing Stx1 and/or Stx2 genes in addition to the two mentioned genes are considered to contain VTEC and in order to identify the antibiotic resistance genes belaTEM, belaSHV and belaCTX M by PCR. Were examined. Results: In the results of this study, a total of 32 samples out of 118 milk samples (27.1%) contained uidA and UsPA genes and were considered as E.coli. All 32 E.coli positive samples also contained the Stx1 gene and were considered VTEC. No cases of Stx2 gene were found. The prevalence of belaSHV and belaCTX M antibiotic resistance genes among the positive E.coli samples was 90.6% and 56.2%, respectively. No samples containing the belaTEM gene were found. Conclusion: The prevalence of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli in the present study was 27.1%. According to the findings of the present study, the prevalence of VTEC strain in raw milk, which is one of the important sources of food in our country and other regions, is high, which raises many concerns about the transmission of this bacterium and its associated diseases in humans. On the other hand, the amount of antibiotic resistance of these microorganisms is increasing, which is also one of the most serious problems in the field of public health all over the world. These results indicate the need to examine raw milk and its products in the country and to strictly control this food source in terms of hygiene and non-contamination of samples. Key words: Escherichia coli, virulence genes, resistance genes   

     Today, the tendency to use medicinal plants to heal digestive wounds has increased.   Heracleum persicum plant is traditionally used in the treatment of digestive problems. Different parts of the H. persicum plant contain many secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids,… and furanocoumarins. Due to its high antioxidant capacity, many effective components, and the use of this plant in traditional medicine to solve digestive problems, there is a possibility that this combination is effective in protecting stomach ulcers. Therefore, in this study, the effect of hydro-ethanolic extract of H. persicum plant on gastric ulcer caused by ethanol in rats was investigated. 49 rats were used in this study. The animals were randomly divided into 7 groups and were treated for 14 days as follows: negative control (physiological serum), positive control (physiological serum), comparative control (omeprazole), antioxidant control ( vitamin C) and treatment 1, 2 and 3 (extract of   H. persicum plant with doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg). In addition, all the groups, except the negative control, received absolute ethanol on the 15th day and were euthanized 4 hours later, and their stomachs were taken for histopathological and biochemical test   sampling was done. The results showed that the treatment with H. persicum extract caused a significant reduction in the development of gastric ulcers compared to the control group, which among the treated groups, the extract with a dose of 100 mg/kg had the highest inhibitory effect on gastric ulcers. In addition, reduction of the wound area, reduction of necrosis in the anterior third, reduction or absence of submucosal edema and infiltration of inflammatory cells and mild to moderate congestion or bleeding were observed in the treatment groups compared to the control group. In the investigation of oxidative stress factors, treatment with H. persicum extract increased the total antioxidant capacity, decreased the total oxidant status, and decreased the amount of malondialdehyde. The results of this study showed that the treatment with H. persicum extract, especially the extract with a dose of 100 mg/kg, has a significant protective effect against the development of stomach ulcers. The protective effect of H. persicum extract on gastric ulcer can be due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial and immune system modulating activity. Keyword(s):   H. persicum extract, gastric ulcer, rat

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of administering GnRH or hCG at artificial insemination on the ovulation and pregnancy rates in lactating dairy cows synchronized with the Ovsynch protocol together with progesterone. Forty sevenreproductively normal multiparous lactating dairy cows (parity 2 to 5) and 55 ± 1 days in milk received a controlled internal drug releasing (CIDR) device intravaginally and 25 ?g GnRH (Alarelin acetate) intramuscularly (i.m.) at day 0. At day 7, The CIDR removed and all cows were immediately administered 500 ?g PGF2? (d-cloprostenol sodium) i.m. At day 9, all animals were administered another dose of GnRH i.m. and inseminated (TAI) with fozen-thawed semen 16-18 h later. Then the animals allocated randomly to the following groups: 1) hCG1650 (n=12): the animals received 1650 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) i.m. at TAI. 2) hCG3300 (n=12): the animals received 3300 IU hCG i.m. at TAI. 3) GnRH (n=11): the animals received 25 GnRH i.m. at TAI, and 4) CON(n=12): the animals received 5 mL sterile normal saline i.m. The ovaries of all animals scanned by ultrasound at days 9, 10 and 11 after the beginning of the protocol (day 0) to identify and record follicle(s) ?8 mm in diameter and the occurence of ovulation. Ovulation was defined as the disappearance (from one scanning session to the next) of a previously identified follicle ?8 mm in diameter. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by transrectal ultrasonography at 30 ± 1 and 60 ± 1 d post-TAI to determine conception and pregnancy rates, respectively. In order to assay serum progesterone concentrations, blood samples were collected from the jugular veins of all animals into 8-mL evacuated collection tubes without anticoagulant materials at days 0, 6 and 12 after TAI, and tra  orted to the laboratory. The results demonstrated no significant difference in the mean progesterone concentrations at days 0, 6 and 12 after TAI, and also in ovulation, conception and pregnancy rates to the first insemination among the groups, although administration of gonadotropins resulted in numerical improvement of conception and pregnancy rates by 16.7-41% compared to saline. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that administering GnRH or hCG, regardless of being low or high dose, at TAI resuled in a non-significant and acceptable improvement of conception and preg