S.B, [06.02.25 11:04] In recent decades, microbial resistance has been recognized as one of the greatest challenges in public health. The emergence and spread of antibiotic- resistant bacteria have doubled the necessity for new research to discover effective antimicrobial compounds. In this context, medicinal plants, due to their bioactive compounds, have high potential for producing new drugs. Cannabis sativa L., known for its numerous medicinal properties, is the focus of this study. This research aims to investigate the antimicrobial effects of hydroalcoholic extracts and nanocapsules containing these extracts against two significant and pathogenic bacterial species, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus agalactiae. The methodology included preparing hydroalcoholic extracts from cannabis plants and synthesizing nanocapsules containing these extracts using advanced nanotechnology techniques. To assess the antimicrobial effects, standard laboratory methods such as determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were used. Additionally, the physical and chemical properties of the nanocapsules were evaluated to ensure their stability and efficacy. The results showed that the hydroalcoholic extract of the cannabis plant has significant antimicrobial effects against both target bacterial species. However, the nanocapsules containing the cannabis extract demonstrated far greater efficacy due to increased surface contact with the bacteria and improved bioavailability. These nanocapsules were able to inhibit the growth and survival of the bacteria at lower concentrations compared to the pure extract. This study highlights the importance of using nanotechnology to enhance the efficacy of herbal medicines and the development of a new generation of antimicrobial agents. This achievement can be seen as a novel step in combating microbial resistance and improving the treatment of infections caused by resistant bacteria. Keywords: Cannabis sativa, hydroalcoholic extract, nanocapsules, antimicrobial effects, microbial resistance, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus agalactiae  

  ackground: Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal and inflammatory disease caused by feline coronavirus, with no effective treatment available to date. This disease is associated with serum protein alterations and systemic inflammation, often leading to the death of affected cats. Considering the inhibitory effects of remdesivir on RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in other similar viral diseases, this study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of remdesivir on FIP and investigate the proteomic changes induced by treatment. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted on cats diagnosed with FIP, randomly selected and treated with remdesivir for four weeks. Serum samples were collected weekly, and protein alterations were analyzed using serum electrophoresis. The resulting data were statistically analyzed, focusing on changes in inflammation-related proteins. Results: The results demonstrated that treatment with remdesivir significantly reduced the levels of inflammation-related proteins, including globulins, and improved serum biochemical indices. Proteomic changes also indicated enhanced health status in treated cats. Furthermore, patterns of serum protein changes were identified as effective markers for predicting treatment success or failure. These markers could determine the appropriate time for discontinuing treatment and prevent unnecessary drug usage. Conclusion: Remdesivir may serve as an effective therapeutic option for reducing inflammation and improving the health of cats affected by FIP. The findings of this study contribute to better therapeutic management of the disease, reduction of side effects associated with prolonged drug use, and optimization of treatment duration. Keywords: Feline infectious peritonitis, remdesivir, coronavirus, proteomics, drug therapy, serum electrophoresis

Background:
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal and inflammatory disease caused by feline coronavirus, with no effective treatment available to date. This disease is associated with serum protein alterations and systemic inflammation, often leading to the death of affected cats. Considering the inhibitory effects of remdesivir on RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in other similar viral diseases, this study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of remdesivir on FIP and investigate the proteomic changes induced by treatment.

Materials and Methods:
This experimental study was conducted on cats diagnosed with FIP, randomly selected and treated with remdesivir for four weeks. Serum samples were collected weekly, and protein alterations were analyzed using serum electrophoresis. The resulting data were statistically analyzed, focusing on changes in inflammation-related proteins.

Results:
The results demonstrated that treatment with remdesivir significantly reduced the levels of inflammation-related proteins, including globulins, and improved serum biochemical indices. Proteomic changes also indicated enhanced health status in treated cats. Furthermore, patterns of serum protein changes were identified as effective markers for predicting treatment success or failure. These markers could determine the appropriate time for discontinuing treatment and prevent unnecessary drug usage.

Conclusion:
Remdesivir may serve as an effective therapeutic option for reducing inflammation and improving the health of cats affected by FIP. The findings of this study contribute to better therapeutic management of the disease, reduction of side effects associated with prolonged drug use, and optimization of treatment duration.

Keywords:
Feline infectious peritonitis, remdesivir, coronavirus, proteomics, drug therapy, serum electrophoresis

  Canine parvoviral enteritis is a common and lethal viral disease in dogs, where rapid diagnosis and accurate prognosis are crucial for effective management and reducing mortality. This study investigates the use of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in the blood of dogs affected by parvoviral enteritis. cfDNA, which is naturally present in the bloodstream, originates from dead and damaged cells, and its levels are typically elevated in inflammatory and infectious diseases. This biomarker, especially in conditions with significant tissue damage and inflammation, can serve as a sensitive indicator for assessing disease severity and predicting complications. In addition to cfDNA, ferritin and C-reactive protein (CRP) are well-known inflammatory biomarkers. Ferritin, which functions as an iron storage protein, is elevated in response to severe inflammation and systemic infections. On the other hand, CRP is a plasma protein that increases in response to inflammation in the body and can be useful for identifying active infections and evaluating their severity. In this study, 20 dogs diagnosed with parvoviral enteritis and severe neutropenia, following initial diagnosis and informed consent from their owners, will be enrolled. Standardized treatment, based on body weight and dosage, will be administered to these patients for five days during which blood samples will be collected. Samples will be taken on the first day before treatment begins, and subsequently on each of the following five days, to assess the changes in the targeted biomarkers and their correlations in evaluating treatment response and prognosis. This study aims to compare the predictive ability of cfDNA, ferritin, and CRP for disease severity and clinical outcomes in dogs with parvoviral enteritis. The findings of this research could serve as an effective diagnostic and prognostic tool to improve therapeutic and care strategies for this life-threatening disease in dogs

  

Cyclosporine is a widely used immunosuppressant drug that helps the body accept a tra  lanted organ by reducing the activity of T lymphocytes. However, it can cause toxicity in various organs, including the kidneys. Alpha-pinene is a cyclic monoterpene with strong antioxidant effects. So the current study aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of alpha-pinene on cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity. 35 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 equal groups (n = 7). They were subjected to oral treatment for 21 consecutive days as follows: negative control (normal saline), positive control (normal saline), comparative control (vitamin C: 100 mg/kg), and two experimental groups (alpha-pinene with doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg). Additionally, cyclosporine was administered intraperitoneally (25 mg/kg) for 21 days in all groups except the negative control. After the end of the treatment period, on the 22nd day, blood was taken from the heart of the animals under anesthesia, and then by deepening the anesthesia, the animals were euthanized and their kidneys were removed to investigate the histopathology and immunohistochemistry as well as oxidative stress indices evaluation. The results indicated that treatment with alpha-pinene led to a reduction in serum urea and creatinine levels, as well as an improvement in the histopathological lesions caused by cyclosporine. Also, the finding showed that alpha-pinene decreased the apoptotic process by lowering the p53 protein and increasing Bcl2. It also significantly inhibited the oxidative stress caused by cyclosporine in the kidney tissue by reducing the levels of malondialdehyde and increasing superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity. This study demonstrated that treatment with alpha-pinene had a significant protective effect against cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity, comparable to that of vitamin C, possibly due to its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties.

Abstract
Molecular investigation of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) in raw milk of sheep and goat herds in Kermanshah province.
Introduction: Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) is one of the common pathogens between humans and animals that can cause a wide range of diseases in humans, including diarrhea and hemorrhagic colitis to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The main reservoir of these pathogenic strains are ruminants, especially cows, and raw milk is one of the main sources of infection. Currently, the resistance of these bacteria to common antibiotics, especially third-generation cephalosporin, is increasing due to the production of broad-spectrum beta-lactamase enzyme, and subsequently, it has caused many treatment problems in the world. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the prevalence of VTEC and their antibiotic resistance genes in raw milk of sheep and goat herds in Kermanshah province.

Methods: A total of 118 sheep and goat raw milk samples were collected. After DNA extraction, the samples were subjected to PCR reaction to identify UsPA, uidA, Stx1 and Stx2 genes. Samples containing uidA and UsPA genes are E. coli positive samples and samples containing Stx1 and/or Stx2 genes in addition to the two mentioned genes are considered to contain VTEC and in order to identify the antibiotic resistance genes belaTEM, belaSHV and belaCTX M by PCR. Were examined.
Results: In the results of this study, a total of 32 samples out of 118 milk samples (27.1%) contained uidA and UsPA genes and were considered as E.coli. All 32 E.coli positive samples also contained the Stx1 gene and were considered VTEC. No cases of Stx2 gene were found. The prevalence of belaSHV and belaCTX M antibiotic resistance genes among the positive E.coli samples was 90.6% and 56.2%, respectively. No samples containing the belaTEM gene were found.
Conclusion: The prevalence of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli in the present study was 27.1%. According to the findings of the present study, the prevalence of VTEC strain in raw milk, which is one of the important sources of food in our country and other regions, is high, which raises many concerns about the transmission of this bacterium and its associated diseases in humans. On the other hand, the amount of antibiotic resistance of these microorganisms is increasing, which is also one of the most serious problems in the field of public health all over the world. These results indicate the need to examine raw milk and its products in the country and to strictly control this food source in terms of hygiene and non-contamination of samples.
Key words: Escherichia coli, virulence genes, resistance genes

  

  

  Today, the tendency to use medicinal plants to heal digestive wounds has increased.   Heracleum persicum plant is traditionally used in the treatment of digestive problems. Different parts of the H. persicum plant contain many secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids,… and furanocoumarins. Due to its high antioxidant capacity, many effective components, and the use of this plant in traditional medicine to solve digestive problems, there is a possibility that this combination is effective in protecting stomach ulcers. Therefore, in this study, the effect of hydro-ethanolic extract of H. persicum plant on gastric ulcer caused by ethanol in rats was investigated. 49 rats were used in this study. The animals were randomly divided into 7 groups and were treated for 14 days as follows: negative control (physiological serum), positive control (physiological serum), comparative control (omeprazole), antioxidant control ( vitamin C) and treatment 1, 2 and 3 (extract of   H. persicum plant with doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg). In addition, all the groups, except the negative control, received absolute ethanol on the 15th day and were euthanized 4 hours later, and their stomachs were taken for histopathological and biochemical test   sampling was done. The results showed that the treatment with H. persicum extract caused a significant reduction in the development of gastric ulcers compared to the control group, which among the treated groups, the extract with a dose of 100 mg/kg had the highest inhibitory effect on gastric ulcers. In addition, reduction of the wound area, reduction of necrosis in the anterior third, reduction or absence of submucosal edema and infiltration of inflammatory cells and mild to moderate congestion or bleeding were observed in the treatment groups compared to the control group. In the investigation of oxidative stress factors, treatment with H. persicum extract increased the total antioxidant capacity, decreased the total oxidant status, and decreased the amount of malondialdehyde. The results of this study showed that the treatment with H. persicum extract, especially the extract with a dose of 100 mg/kg, has a significant protective effect against the development of stomach ulcers. The protective effect of H. persicum extract on gastric ulcer can be due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial and immune system modulating activity.

Keyword(s):   H. persicum extract, gastric ulcer, rat

  Abstract

  

Parvovirus in canids is one of the significant factors contributing to the mortality of puppies, especially from 6 weeks to 6 months of age, with a high prevalence. This virus is the most common cause of hemorrhagic gastroenteritis among the canine population. Since the initial appearance of Canine Parvovirus Type 2 (CPV-2) on a global scale in 1978, this virus has undergone rapid evolution and mutation over a short period of time. Consequently, the original CPV-2 strain was replaced in the early 1980s by newly emerging strains known as CPV-2a and CPV-2b. Recently, a third antigenic subtype, CPV-2c, has emerged in several countries, including Iran.

As molecular studies on common strains have not been conducted in Kermanshah city, this study aimed to identify prevalent virus strains among 60 referred dogs to veterinary clinics in Kermanshah city. Additionally, clinical signs and patient profiles were examined and compared based on the infecting strain. Pathological examinations were also conducted on deceased puppies to assess the pathogenicity of the strains and compare their severity. The ARMS-PCR method was utilized to determine the Canine Parvovirus strains in this study.

Based on the results obtained from the ARMS-PCR assay conducted on 60 sampled dogs, 56 samples tested positive for Canine Parvovirus. Among these, 2 samples (%3) were infected with CPV-2a, 29 samples (%52) with CPV-2b, and 25 samples (%45) with CPV-2c.

This study did not find a significant correlation between the infecting strain and the occurrence of specific clinical symptoms. However, a significant  association was observed between the lack of vaccination and an increase in mortality rates among Canine Parvovirus-infected individuals (P<0.05). Furthermore, cases of vaccine failure and dogs infection with this disease caused by the CPV-2c strain have been observed in dogs over one year old with complete vaccination

The microscopic findings demonstrated the presence of fibrinonecrotic enteritis and myocarditis in deceased animals, along with the existence of intranuclear inclusions indicating the presence of the virus in infected cells

Conclusion: Based on the results obtained from this study, the CPV-2b strain was identified as the predominant strain in circulation in Kermanshah city. Additionally, the observation of a significantly high rate of cases infected with the new CPV-2c strain is noteworthy. Therefore, continuous monitoring and molecular characterization of the CPV-2 virus are essential not only for identifying potential genetic and antigenic changes that may interfere with vaccine effectiveness but also for a better understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms of CPV-2 and protection of dogs against this deadly disease in Iran.

Introduction:

  

Method:

  

Result and Discussion: