Abstract This study investigates the impact of fluctuations in the national currency’s value on the level of happiness in Iran. Persistent depreciation of the national currency in recent years—through channels such as rising inflation, declining purchasing power, increasing income inequality, and weakening economic security—has the potential to significantly influence individuals’ subjective well?being and life satisfaction. At the same time, currency devaluation may generate limited positive effects through improved export competitiveness and potential gains in employment.   Using reliable national and international datasets on currency value, key macroeconomic indicators, and happiness measures, this research analyzes the relationship between these variables within a regression?based empirical framework. The findings indicate that currency depreciation has a statistically significant negative effect on happiness in Iran, primarily transmitted through inflationary pressures and the erosion of households’ purchasing power. Although some positive effects related to increased exports and employment appear in certain periods, these effects are insufficient to offset the broader negative consequences of currency devaluation on subjective well?being. Overall, the results highlight that economic stability, inflation control, and preservation of purchasing power play a vital role in enhancing social well?being and improving life satisfaction. Currency instability, therefore, emerges as a key factor contributing to declines in happiness among the Iranian population.   

Abstract          Social development, as one of the key dimensions of sustainable development, plays an important role in improving the quality of life, social justice, and increasing public participation. In Iran, despite the efforts made in the economic field, many social indicators such as poverty, inequality, unemployment, and weak governance remain challenging. The main objective of this study is to investigate and estimate the effect of selected economic factors on social development in Iran during the period 1382 to 1400. In this regard, the autoregressive distribution lag (ARDL) model has been used to analyze the short-term and long-term relationships between economic variables and the social development index. In this study, social development is defined as a composite index including life expectancy, social capital, and the Gini coefficient, and the independent variables including poverty, employment rate, life expectancy, quality of governance, business environment, and income inequality (Gini coefficient) have been considered.    The results of the ARDL model estimation showed that in the long run, variables such as life expectancy, business environment, quality of governance, and employment rate have a positive and significant effect on social development, while poverty has a negative and significant effect on it. The Gini coefficient also showed a positive effect, contrary to theoretical expectations, which could depend on the method of calculating the composite index and requires cautious interpretation. Short-term results were also observed in a similar direction, but with a different strength of effect. Accordingly, it is suggested that economic policymakers take steps to promote social development in the country by focusing on reducing poverty, improving public health, improving the quality of governance, facilitating the business environment, and increasing job opportunities. It is also recommended to review the indicators for measuring social development and use regional and multidimensional approaches in future studies.   

 Abstract: The increasing trend of income inequality, along with high inflation, unemployment, and social injustice in the Middle East, has made this region one of the most unequal regions in the world. These acute socio-economic conditions have made it more than ever clear that policymakers need to pay serious attention to the issue of reducing inequality and more equitable income distribution. In the meantime, corruption is recognized as one of the most important structural factors exacerbating inequality in the countries of this region. This study examines in-depth the mechanisms of the impact of corruption on income inequality in the Middle East. In this regard, to examine the relationship between corruption and other control variables such as the global governance index, gross domestic product, trade openness, and unemployment rate with income inequality, panel data econometric techniques are used with annual data over the period 2012-2022 for 12 Middle East countries based on the World Bank classification.

Financial development refers to a situation in which the provision of financial services by financial institutions expands and all members of society benefit from a wide range of services (Malekshahi, 2013). Financial development consists of two indicators: liquidity available in the capital market and liquidity available in the banking system (Ahmadian, 2010). Due to the higher capacity and influence of banks in the country, bank-based financial development has been more prevalent since the 1979 Revolution. Development is divided into two parts: economic development and financial development. In the financial development dimension, banks play a key role in mobilizing diverse resources, ensuring their appropriate, accurate, efficient, and tra  arent circulation in transactions, and providing financing (Yujue Wang, 2024). Smart banking, as one of the vital infrastructures of the banking industry, plays a crucial role in the distribution of banking services (Karimkhani, 2023). One of the important areas in making society smarter to exploit the capabilities of smart banking systems is that the structural system of banks defines and deploys smart tools, and the target audience uses these tools. Therefore, the share of financial transactions conducted through these financial tools out of total transactions can be considered a percentage of smart financial development tools. In this study, which aims to examine the effect of smart financial depth on inflation and unemployment indicators across the provinces of the country, the smart financial depth index is defined and calculated by multiplying two indices: financial depth and the smart depth coefficient. The smart depth coefficient is calculated and extracted based on the ratio of mobile banking transactions to total transactions, using the reported statistical data and information of the country’s banking sector. Inflation and economic growth indicators are extracted from the monthly reports of the Statistical Center of Iran as well as regional accounts data, and after ensuring their temporal consistency, they are utilized in the analysis. In this research, control and instrumental variables related to economic and social conditions are also included in the model to prevent bias in the results. Finally, by applying diagnostic tests such as the Sargan test and autocorrelation tests, the validity of the instruments and the correctness of the model are evaluated to ensure that the research findings are sufficiently reliable and can serve as an appropriate basis for policy decision-making. Ultimately, the results indicate that there is a significant relationship between smart financial depth and unemployment and inflation rates across the provinces of the country.  

   Fraud is a complex phenomenon that brings destructive effects on business units and society.‌Increase The amount of fraud leads to the bankruptcy of large companies and raises concerns about the quality of financial statements Recently, prominent cases of fraud have attracted the attention of media and legislators around the world i   Accurate assessments of the auditor and how he reacts to the risk of fraud, a key solution to reduce costs is fraud.   Hence, fraud risk assessment as a control mechanism due to the existence of fraudulent activities It is necessary.   Professional doubts of auditors and behavioral characteristics of managers, including narcissism Their behavior and decisions in the organization are governed by valuable concepts that affect the tra  arency of financial reporting and quality Auditing has a significant impact, so the purpose of the current research is to determine the impact of the auditor's professional skepticism And the narcissism of the board members is on the fraud risk assessment.   To examine this issue, a composite example Out of 326 auditors working in the audit organization and other audit institutions, members of the public accountants community Iran were randomly selected and analyzed.   To analyze data from the method of equations structural and    version 26 and 3PLS smart statistical software were used.   The research results showed that auditors Having a higher level of professional skepticism compared to auditors having a level of professional skepticism lower, they rate the fraud risk higher and the narcissism of the board members on the auditor's risk assessment It has had a significant impact on fraud risk

   Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), particularly cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, are among the most significant public health challenges in Iran. In addition to their negative impact on quality of life, they impose a substantial economic burden on patients, families, and the healthcare system. In Iran, especially in Kermanshah Province, the high prevalence of these diseases and the direct and indirect costs associated with them highlight the need to identify innovative, preventive approaches. This study aims to identify knowledge-based factors and strategies effective in preventing cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, with a focus on improving public health and reducing related economic costs. The research is applied and qualitative in nature, employing the Delphi method and a researcher-made questionnaire to collect the opinions of specialist physicians in the fields of cardiology and diabetes in Kermanshah Province. The data were collected through purposive sampling and analyzed using    software and appropriate statistical methods.

Political attention in developing countries means the ability and power to make decisions in the allocation of scarce resources of the country in regions where the country's economic managers and decision-makers are from that region or are influenced by parliamentarians, influential or pressure groups, or processes that redirect scarce resources that can be allocated in favor of some regions with more attention. This process will be formed in a hidden and hidden way in the numbers of economic indicators. But some constructed economic indicators can demonstrate part of this power and ability to apply more attention. In this study, the effect of the political attention coefficient through budget allocation, financial facilities, employment policies, and taxes on inflation and economic growth of provinces in 31 provinces of Iran during the period 1385-1402 was examined. Using the FMOLS model, the results showed that PFI, PBI, EPR enhance growth but increase inflation, while Total Tax reduces growth and inflation.   

   Today, unemployment is a major economic challenge in Iran, significantly impacting the country's economic performance and creating various economic difficulties. E-commerce, as a sector influenced by technological advancements, plays a substantial role in generating new employment opportunities for the economy. However, the development of this sector is not solely dependent on the level of a country's digitalization but is also related to the speed of technology adoption and its integration into business environments.E-commerce has led to the formation of new businesses and is characterized by the diminished role of distance, reduced transaction costs, facilitated information gathering, balanced supply and demand, decreased need for intermediaries, and reduced necessity for physical presence. As a symbol of the modern economy, e-commerce is considered one of the most critical drivers of societal progress and holds a significant share in global trade.The objective of this research is to examine the effect of e-commerce development on employment in Iran using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and the EViews software. For this purpose, monthly data from the years 2015 to 2023 (1394 to 1402 in the Persian calendar) has been utilized. This study is descriptive in nature and applied in terms of its purpose. The current research is based on the hypothesis that e-commerce development has a positive effect on employment. Therefore, considering the positive impact of e-commerce on Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the estimation results indicate that the development of e-commerce has had a positive effect on employment in Iran.

In the contemporary world, food security, as one of the main pillars of sustainable development and social welfare, plays a central role in the economic and social policies of countries. This concept, which, according to the definition of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), emphasizes universal access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food for an active and healthy life, is affected by several factors, including exchange rate fluctuations. Exchange rate, as a macroeconomic variable, can affect food access, supply stability, and nutritional quality through its impact on import costs, domestic inflation, and household purchasing power. In developing economies such as Iran, which have a significant dependence on food imports and agricultural inputs, exchange rate fluctuations have become a major challenge for maintaining food security. However, a comprehensive study of the impact of these fluctuations on various dimensions of food security has received less attention. This study aimed to analyze the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on food security in Iran during the period 2010-2013. Using the fully modified least squares (FMOLS) econometric method and time series data, this study seeks to identify the channels of exchange rate impact on the Food Security Index (FSI) and to provide policy solutions to reduce its negative effects. By providing a comprehensive framework, this study fills the gap in the research literature and offers a new perspective for policymaking in the field of food security.   

   This study investigates the bidirectional relationship between liquidity and the exchange rate in the Iranian economy over the period 1981–2021. Using the quantile regression method in EViews 12, the research aims to explore the mutual effects of these two key macroeconomic variables across different points of their distribution. Two separate models were estimated: the first examines the impact of liquidity growth on the exchange rate, while the second analyzes the effect of the exchange rate on liquidity growth. The results of the first model reveal that liquidity growth has a positive and significant effect on the exchange rate in the lower quantiles (0.125 to 0.375), indicating a higher sensitivity of the exchange rate to liquidity when the exchange rate level is relatively low. The second model shows that the exchange rate also has a positive and significant effect on liquidity in the lower quantiles of the liquidity distribution, confirming the existence of a bidirectional relationship between the two variables. Additionally, the significant effect of GDP on liquidity across all quantiles underscores the importance of real economic variables in monetary developments. However, variables such as trade openness and the government budget deficit did not show significant impacts on liquidity. Moreover, the variable representing the intensity of economic sanctions had a significant effect on the exchange rate only in a specific quantile and failed to demonstrate a consistent structural moderating role in the liquidity–exchange rate relationship. Ultimately, the findings point to the existence of a feedback loop between the monetary and foreign exchange markets in Iran, which, under conditions of inflation and currency instability, can pose serious challenges for economic policymaking. These results highlight the necessity of greater coordination between monetary and exchange rate policies to control fluctuations and enhance macroeconomic stability. This study investigates the bidirectional relationship between liquidity and the exchange rate in the Iranian economy over the period 1981–2021. Using the quantile regression method in EViews 12, the research aims to explore the mutual effects of these two key macroeconomic variables across different points of their distribution. Two separate models were estimated: the first examines the impact of liquidity growth on the exchange rate, while the second analyzes the effect of the exchange rate on liquidity growth. The results of the first model reveal that liquidity growth has a positive and significant effect on the exchange rate in the lower quantiles (0.125 to 0.375), indicating a higher sensitivity of the exchange rate to liquidity when the exchange rate level is relatively low. The second model shows that the exchange rate also has a positive and significant effect on liquidity in the lower quantiles of the liquidity distribution, confirming the existence of a bidirectional relationship between the two variables. Additionally, the significant effect of GDP on liquidity across all quantiles underscores the importance of real economic variables in monetary developments. However, variables such as trade openness and the government budget deficit did not show significant impacts on liquidity. Moreover, the variable representing the intensity of economic sanctions had a significant effect on the exchange rate only in a specific quantile and failed to demonstrate a consistent structural moderating role in the liquidity–exchange rate relationship. Ultimately, the findings point to the existence of a feedback loop between the monetary and foreign exchange markets in Iran, which, under conditions of inflation and currency instability, can pose serious challenges for economic policymaking. These results highlight the necessity of greater coordination between monetary and exchange rate policies to control fluctuations and enhance macroeconomic stability.

In the contemporary world, smart economy has become a key factor in the economic transformation of countries by expanding its effects on various economic sectors, including the development of research and development, technology-based employment, innovation, and entrepreneurship. This process, relying on needs such as reducing production costs, accurate and fast documentation, efficient financial transactions, and reducing human error, not only increases productivity, but also transforms government systems, banking, and competitive markets. However, the effects of smart economy on macroeconomic indicators such as inflation and growth, especially in emerging economies, have been less comprehensively studied. This study aimed to analyze the effect of smart economy on inflation and economic growth in the BRICS countries (including new members including Iran) during the period 2005-2023. The results showed that smart economy, while strengthening economic growth through increased productivity, can increase inflation in the short term due to initial infrastructure costs. By providing a dual framework and utilizing up-to-date data, this study fills the gap in the research literature and offers a new perspective in this field.

Abstract Oil is one of the most crucial energy resources in the global economy, and its price fluctuations have significant impacts on national economies. This study examines the effect of oil price shocks on inflation in the MENA region (Middle East and North Africa) during the period 2010–2023 using the Panel Vector Autoregression (Panel VAR) model. For a more comprehensive analysis, the impact of oil price shocks was first estimated for all MENA countries, followed by a separate evaluation for oil-exporting and oil-importing countries. The results indicate that the effect of oil prices on inflation in oil-exporting and oil-importing countries has been dynamic and variable over time. In the initial phase, an increase in oil prices led to a decline in inflation in oil-exporting countries, which could be attributed to government management of oil revenues and price controls. In oil-importing countries, this relationship was initially indirect, possibly due to regulatory policies aimed at preventing the rise in production and consumption costs. However, in the subsequent phase, as oil prices continued to rise, the relationship between oil prices and inflation became direct. In oil-exporting countries, increased oil revenues resulted in higher liquidity, boosted domestic demand, and consequently led to inflation, a phenomenon that can be linked to Dutch disease. In oil-importing countries, the rise in production, tra  ortation, and import costs contributed to higher inflation rates. By the end of the study period, the impact of oil price shocks on inflation had moderated, likely due to economic adjustments to oil price fluctuations and the implementation of appropriate fiscal and monetary policies. The findings of this study emphasize that oil shocks have a significant effect on inflation in the MENA region; however, these effects have evolved over time and depend on each country's economic policies and structural conditions. These results can assist policymakers in adopting appropriate measures to mitigate the adverse effects of oil price volatility on inflation.

  One of the variables of interest to economic decision-makers is achieving high economic growth. Various factors influence economic growth. One of these factors is the amount of credit provided by commercial banks for the purchase of equipment and working capital to businesses and consumers. Quantifying the impact of bank loans on economic growth is of particular importance. The growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in any economic system depends on the level of investment, with banks playing a major role in providing the necessary financial resources for investment. The efficient and optimal use of bank loans and credit can lead to increased investment, economic boom, job creation, and consequently, economic growth. In addition, budgetary credits, as fiscal policy, play a significant role in economic growth. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of bank loans on economic growth in 28 out of 31 Iranian provinces using panel data and the Generalized Least Squares (GLS) method with annual data from 2006 to 2020. The results of the hypothesis testing show that bank loans have a positive and significant relationship with economic growth in the country's provinces. Furthermore, the growth rate of capital, technology, and labor force also have a positive and significant relationship with economic growth in the provinces

The trend of global economic dependence of countries due to the growth of cross-border trade, capital transfers, and economic globalization has been one of the most important phenomena of the last decade. This phenomenon, along with the many opportunities it has created, has caused many concerns, including employment and unemployment. In this study, the effect of foreign trade on employment in two groups of developed and developing countries for a specific period of time was examined through the combined data regression method. Based on the findings of the study, for developed countries, exports have a positive effect and imports have a negative effect on unemployment, and for developing countries, both exports and imports have become meaningless.

Economic development is the aspiration of all nations, and a necessary (but not sufficient) condition for its realization is stable economic growth. Investment is also necessary for the realization of economic growth. Today, almost all development experts believe that the quality of governance plays a fundamental role in attracting capital, and on the other hand, the exchange rate is also one of the key variables affecting investment. Therefore, the present study seeks to examine the effect of the quality of governance and the exchange rate on investment in Iran during the period 1357 to 1401, considering the maximum available data and using the autoregression with extended lags (ARDL) method. The results of the study show that the quality of governance and the logarithm of GDP have a positive and significant effect on the logarithm of investment in the short and long term. However, the logarithm of the exchange rate and the nominal interest rate have a negative and significant effect on the logarithm of investment in the short and long term. Therefore, given the adverse effects of exchange rate fluctuations and uncertainty and good governance, in order to attract investment, it is necessary to avoid policies that exacerbate exchange rate fluctuations and to strive to improve governance.  

   One of the main problems of Iran's economy is the high inflation rate. Several factors are effective on the high inflation rate in Iran's economy, and their identification is of particular importance. In this research, the effect of commercial banks' debt and the government's budget deficit on inflation in Iran has been discussed. In this regard, the present study investigates the effect of commercial banks' debt and government budget deficit on the inflation rate in Iran's economy by using Iran's economic statistics during the period of 1385-1401 and applying the vector autoregression error correction method with distributional interval. The results of the estimates have shown that the debt of commercial banks to the central bank has a positive and significant effect on the inflation rate in the Iranian economy. This indicates the role and share of high-powered money on the high inflation rate of the Iranian economy. The results of the estimates have shown that the debt of commercial banks to the central bank has a positive and significant effect on the inflation rate in the Iranian economy. This indicates the role and share of high-powered money on the high inflation rate of the Iranian economy. Bank profitability variable also has a positive and significant effect on the inflation rate in Iran. Bank profitability variable also has a positive and significant effect on the inflation rate in Iran. Also, the estimation results show that non-current claims have a negative effect on the inflation rate in Iran. Also, the estimation results show that non-current claims have a negative effect on the inflation rate in Iran.

  Energy poverty refers to social and economic problems that are different from poverty in its traditional sense and originates from the need of households to allocate an inappropriate share of their income for energy services. In Iran's economy, the inefficiency of the houses without households becomes energy services, the use of dangerous fuels, the consumption of consumable fuels to provide the energy needed at home, for cooking and heating. In such cases, governments should present themselves to solve the problems of energy poverty along with other perspectives. However, little attention seems to have been paid to reveal the effects of government spending on energy poverty in developing countries, especially in Iran's economy, which is often criticized for inefficiency in public spending. In this regard, this study investigates the asymmetric effects of government spending on energy poverty in Iran using the NARDL approach during the period of 1380-1400. The results of the hypothesis test showed that public expenses, as an indicator of government performance, have a non-linear relationship with energy poverty. Also, the variables of economic growth rate, income distribution and good governance also have a non-linear relationship with energy poverty.

   Employment, as one of the most important determining factors in the economy, plays a key role in creating economic and political stability, for this reason, paying attention to labor force employment in all countries is of particular importance.   In Iran, considering that unemployment is one of the biggest economic challenges, the employment of the workforce has become one of the main concerns of policymakers and economists in this regard, among the sectors that can play a significant role in creating employment and economic prosperity.   is a cooperative sector.   Therefore, the current study was formed with the aim of investigating the effects of the development of the cooperative sector on employment in Iran.   For this purpose, the autoregressive econometric method with asymmetric extended breaks (NARDL) has been used in the period of 1380 to 1400.   The results of the first model indicate that in the short term, the variable decreasing effect of the ratio of construction expenditures to government expenditures has the greatest positive effect on employment in the cooperative sector, and the variable increasing effect of the ratio of construction expenditures to government expenditures has the greatest negative effect on employment in the cooperative sector.   In the long term, the variable decreasing effect of the ratio of construction expenditures to government expenditures has the most positive effect on employment in the cooperative sector, and the variable decreasing effect of the ratio of the added value of the cooperative sector to the entire economy has the largest negative effect on employment in the cooperative sector.   The results of the second model indicate that in the short term, the variable decreasing effect of the ratio of construction expenditures to government expenditures has the most positive effect on the per capita employment of active cooperatives, and the decreasing effect of the variable private investment has the largest negative effect on the per capita employment of active cooperatives in the long term.   Also, the variable increasing effect of the ratio of added value of the cooperative sector to the entire economy has the greatest positive effect on the per capita employment of active cooperatives, and the variable decreasing effect of the ratio of construction expenditures to government expenditures has the greatest negative effect on the per capita employment of active cooperatives.

  The role of energy poverty as one of the important factors in economic growth will provide the basis for economic development or lack of it. On the other hand, explaining the relationship between energy poverty and economic growth can play an important role in setting and formulating energy sector policies. From Therefore, the present study seeks to investigate the relationship between energy poverty and economic growth in MENA member countries in the period from 2010 to 2022. The analysis of patterns is FMOLS, PVAR.According to the results obtained from the research, energy poverty has a one-way relationship with economic growth, and in the long term, it has a negative and significant effect on the economic growth of 14 MENA member countries in the period of 2010 to 2022.

  Carpet is one of the Dari weaves that is popular in most areas of Kermanshah province. The most famous rugs of Kermanshah are woven in Harsin city. Harsin rugs are always famous and popular. The designs used in Harsin rugs are generally the mind of the weaver, which is the product of the weaver's taste, nature, and living environment. This research deals with the carpet production process in Hersin city. The theoretical approach of this research is based on Karl Marx. The research method is ethnography and data collection techniques are observation and interview. The findings of the research are: First part: This part deals with the history of Harsin rugs and Harsin rugs. Harsin rugs are one of the best types of rugs in Iran, which is different from products from other parts of the country. The weaving of this rug is done in a special way and high quality wool yarn and vegetable dyes are used. The second part introduces the geographical and economic location of Hersin. The third part of this research examines raw materials and tools for making rugs in Hersin city It was discussed that the findings show that the tools and raw materials of Hersin rugs are used traditionally with limited changes. In the fourth part, it examines the production of rugs in Hersin city, and the findings of the research indicate that the ownership of tools and raw materials in the workshops It is a centralized production, owned by the founders and owned by the weavers in the home workshops. The fifth section: In the fifth section, rugs were analyzed as a commodity. From their nature and beliefs, they weave mental and diverse images on rugs. The sixth part of the research also examines the importance of handicrafts, especially rug weaving in Hersin city. The results indicate that carpet production in Hersin city is done in two forms, consumption and gift, and currently, the purchase of carpets is done in retail and wholesale form by capitalists, brokers and individuals.

  On the one hand, economic growth increases welfare, and on the other hand, due to the use of fossil energy as one of the main production inputs, it plays an important role in the production of pollutants, for this reason, one of the main concerns of policymakers is to benefit more from the favorable effects of economic growth. Is. Since carbon dioxide emissions are created by the production sector, households and their consumption patterns, urban structures also play an important role in the production of pollutants, so the relatively high dependence between carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth despite favorable structures. Productivity means increasing benefit from the favorable effects of economic growth. In this regard, the current research aims to investigate the effect of renewable energy on carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth by using the statistical evidence of Iran's provinces for the period of 2010-2019 and applying the spatial econometric approach, the results Estimates show that renewable energy does not have a significant effect on economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions due to the limitation of investment in this type of energy, urbanization, gross domestic product, non-renewable and industrial energy have a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Also, non-renewable energy and urbanization have a positive effect on economic growth, and industrialization has reduced economic growth due to lack of endogeneity. Finally, there is a kind of negative spatial dependence in the emission of carbon dioxide between provinces, which indicates the limitation of growth resources in Iran's economy. Therefore, Iran's economic structure has not been able to benefit from the favorable effects of economic growth in recent years, and for this purpose, improving the technology of the industrial sector and increasing investment in renewable energy are the most important policies to improve Iran's economic situation. Keywords: renewable energy, economic growth, carbon dioxide emissions, spatial econometrics.

  The financial sector always plays a fundamental role in human development, on the other hand, the movement towards industrialization has increased the speed of human development. Therefore, the relationship between financial development and industrialization on human capital seems important and necessary. In this study, the impact of financial development and industrialization on human capital has been explained and considered by considering other variables affecting human development such as commercial freedom, government size and inflation. The time and place period used in this research is from 1357 to 1400 using the maximum available data for Iran. Based on this, the current research uses the autoregression method with extended breaks (ARDL) in time series to measure the effect of financial development and industrialization on human capital in Iran during the period (1357-1400). The research results show that financial development and industrialization have had a positive and significant effect on human development in Iran during the period (1357-1400). Economic growth and the size of the government have had a negative and significant effect on human development in Iran during the period (1357-1400) and commercial freedom has not had a significant effect.

   Abstract One of the most important challenges facing the global economy is the environmental, warm and climate changes of the earth. The role of energy in the global economy foreshadows the issue of energy. In this regard, the development and development of theories and applications of energy is to obtain methods of compatibility of issues related to energy and environment. More than the study of new energy, they have replaced fossil energy and consider it suitable for fossil fuels. Using selected data from developing countries (41 countries) and developed countries (26 countries), the role of renewable energy in the quality of the environment has been investigated in the period of 2000-2020. The results of the cross-sectional dependence test indicate the presence of cross-sectional dependence in developed and the absence of cross-sectional dependence in developing. In accordance with the unit root test, the cointegration test is used to check the long-term relationship between several studies. According to the results of heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation test, FGLS and PCSE evaluators are used for the model. Experimental findings show that in both groups of countries, the consumption of renewable energy has a positive and significant effect on the quality of the environment, and the absolute value of this effect is more in developed countries than in developing countries, while this result is for fossil energies. It is the opposite. The N-shaped Kuznets environmental curve is confirmed for both groups of countries. Therefore, it cannot be expected that pollution emissions will decrease in the long term with the increase in production. This study highlights the importance of promoting green energy in order to achieve sustainable development and combat global warming.    Keywords: renewable energy, fossil energy, environmental quality, developing and developed countries   

Inflation is one of the economic problems that has affected many countries, including Iran. Inflation causes many social and economic problems, and most economists and politicians are looking for a solution to curb inflation. Several factors affect inflation, including the increase in the price index of imported goods, increase in exchange rate, positive and negative shocks of oil income, uncertainty and volatility, increase in the population of the consumer age group, increase in liquidity, expansionary financial policies and budget deficit. Inflation expectations are one of the main causes of inflation in Iran. As mentioned, one of the variables that affects inflation in Iran is liquidity and monetary base. The country's bank balance sheet has been facing a widening imbalance for many years with the overdraft of the banks from the central bank and the government's budget deficit. Therefore, in this research, quantitative estimation of the effect of banks' mismatches on inflation in Iran has been done. In this research, the statistical data of 1370-1400 were used, and the models used are OLS method and quantile regression. The results of the research in the OLS method show that all variables have a significant effect on inflation and also the quantile regression method shows that with the increase in the growth rate of the banks' debt to the central bank, the growth rate of the government's debt to the central bank and the exchange rate in quantiles. high and low, inflation increases, and the growth rate of the production gap and the openness of the financial market have a negative and significant effect on inflation.   

   The inequality of economic growth is one of the main factors for the heterogeneous distribution of labor and capital and the cause of political and economic crises, because inequality implies the inability of policymakers to benefit from the capacities and potentials of many regions. In this regard, the present study, using the spatial econometric approach and the spatial tile index, examines the effect of financial development on the convergence of economic growth of the province and the analysis of growth inequality for the period of 2007-2020, the results of the study show that 88% of the difference in the economic growth of the provinces It is caused by productivity, which is caused by the financial development and the heterogeneous economic structures of the regions following the application of inputs, in addition to this, the convergence of economic growth with regard to the real and nominal GDP index has been confirmed in all models, and the spillover effects of economic growth The graph is negative, which indicates the limitation of resources and the lack of endogenous economic growth in Iran, finally, financial development plays an important role in the convergence of growth, but their spillover effects have caused the divergence of economic growth in limited cases, so paying attention to the potential of the regions And providing policies in order to benefit from the potential is the most important policy proposal for the present study.

   ·   چكيده : (با تاكيد بر طرح مسئله، روش تحقيق و اهداف)(حداكثر 250 كلمه) در اين پژوهش تلاش داريم تا با ارزيابي تاريخي، اجتماعي و كالبدي محله آقاجان به عنوان يكي از محلات آسيب­پذير و سكونتگاه­هاي غيررسمي كرمانشاه كه آسيب­هاي اجتماعي زيادي درون خود دارد، به مطالعه شيوه­هايي بپردازيم كه يك محله به عنوان حاشيه شكل گرفته و شيوه­هاي سكني گزيدن فقراي شهري در آن را مورد مطالعه قرار دهيم. همچنين در اين پژوهش اين موضوع مورد توجه است كه چه استراتژي­ها و فرآيندهايي در طول تاريخ شكل مي­گيرد كه موجب طرد و انگ­خوردگي جمعي ساكنان اين محلات مي­شود. اين فرآيندها منجر به نوعي سوژگي در ميان ساكنان اين محلات شده به صورتي كه هويت خود را به عنوان فردي حاشيه­اي، محروم و مستحق شرايط موجود شكل مي­دهد و افراد را به پذيرش وضعيت موجود وا داشته و شرايط موجود را به مثابه امري طبيعي جلوه مي­دهد. مساله اصلي فهم سازوكارهايي است كه در وهله اول منجر به شكل­گيري اين وضعيت شده و در وهله دوم پيامدهاي اجتماعي، فرهنگي و كالبدي اين سازوكارها است. از طرف ديگر تاكيد بر اين موضوع خواهد بود كه فرآيندهاي طرد و انگ صرفا امري عيني نيستند و علاوه بر پيامدهاي كالبدي، موضوعي گفتماني و ذهني است كه بر مبناي تعامل اين دو بعد، سوژه­هاي حاشيه­اي خود را توليد مي­كند.

   چكيده از ويژگي‌هاي زيست اقتصادي روستاهاي مرزي بخش نوسود قاچاق و كولبري است. قاچاق و كولبري فعاليتي موقتي، استرس‌زا و ريسك‌پذير است. هدف پژوهش بررسي نقش اقتصاد مرزي در تشديد عرفان عامه است. روش پژوهش كيفي با استفاده از نظريه‌ي زمينه‌اي و گردآوري اطلاعات با استفاده از مصاحبه عميق با فعالان قاچاق و كولبري در بخش نوسود بوده است. يافته‌ها نشان داد موقعيت مرزي، اقتصاد مرزي، وضعيت اقتصادي نامناسب، منعطف بودن شرايط كار قاچاق و كولبري از شرايط علي شكل‌گيري قاچاق و كولبري در نوسود بوده است. خطر و ريسك، عدم ثبات شغلي، حس رقابت، عدم اطمينان به اطرافيان، دسترسي آسان به عناصر عرفان عامه و شرايط محيطي به عنوان شرايط زمينه‌اي و مداخله‌گري هستند كه منجر به اتخاذ استراتژي عرفان عامه از سوي برخي افراد درگير در فعاليت قاچاق و كولبري شده است. پيامد چنين استراتژي، فرسايش اعتماد عمومي، مقبوليت عرفان عامه و ايجاد سوپاپ اطمينان براي ادامه مشاغل همراه با ريسك عنوان شده است.

  Abstract During the last three decades, the countries that are members of the Economic Cooperation and Development Organization have moved their production model towards the knowledge-based production model, especially the production of high-tech products, in order to increase the per capita income of their country. According to UNIDO data, in 2021, the largest share of Iran's industrial export structure is source-oriented, and the share of high-tech products is about half a percent, which has caused Iran's per capita income to be low compared to other countries in the region. The knowledge-based production method requires attention to the prerequisites for achieving this production model. South Korea is a successful example of the leading countries in the field of production and export of nanotechnology products. The set of actions of this country in its nanotechnology market includes the cultivation of human skills, the development of appropriate communication infrastructures, investment in research and development of high-tech products, attention to the importance of innovation, and the support of the South Korean government to small and medium-sized companies. In this research, following the introduction of the most important prerequisites for the realization of the knowledge-based production model, the most important variables affecting the growth of nanotechnology products in Iran, and also investigating the effect of each of the variables on the growth of nanotechnology products in Iran through the estimation of the GMM model over a period of time. 1390-1400 and introducing some policies for reforming production methods in Iran.According to the research findings, the cost of research and development, working manpower, capital stock and the degree of openness of the economy are the most important factors affecting the growth of nanotechnology products in Iran, as well as the importance of lifelong learning, the importance of innovation, information and communication infrastructures. Appropriate, change in management methods and government support are the most important prerequisites for the realization of this production method. In this regard, the most important strategic policies for increasing nanotechnology production, including science, technology, and innovation policies, as well as policies for direct support, indirect support, catalytic financial support, and policies for improving macro conditions and infrastructure development, have been introduced. Keywords: knowledge-based economy, nanotechnology, South Korea, strategic policies

   Background and objectives: With the advancement of digital technology, industries are increasingly utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to reduce human costs and enhance efficiency. In recent years, AI-powered customer services, such as smart robots, voice recognition, and other intelligent technologies, have been widely employed in the customer service industry. Furthermore, due to the significant increase in the number of users, continuous expansion of customer consultations, staff shortages, low work efficiency, repetitive manual errors in business, and other challenges, the importance of AI-powered customer services is growing day by day. Understanding the significance of innovation in services through AI technology is crucial because customer satisfaction is a significant outcome of service innovation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the factors influencing customer satisfaction with AI-powered customer services in online shopping. Research Methodology: This study is applied in terms of objective, descriptive-survey in terms of data collection method, and mixed-methods in terms of data type. The qualitative part of the study involved reviewing 90 articles and extracting dimensions and relevant codes through content analysis. In the quantitative part, a 31-item questionnaire using a 7-point Likert scale was distributed among a statistical population of 55 experts and specialists in the field of artificial intelligence. The questionnaire's validity was assessed using face validity and confirmatory factor analysis, and its reliability was evaluated through calculating McDonald's omega (0/703) and Cronbach's alpha coefficients. Additionally, the structural equation modeling (SEM) technique was employed using SmartPLS software version 4 to estimate, fit, and evaluate the research model. Findings: The research findings, based on a combination of three dimensions, nine concepts, and 50 codes, revealed that the components include perceived usefulness, user characteristics (optimism, innovativeness, discomfort, and insecurity), and system characteristics (response time, accuracy, and ease of use). The results of this study based on the hypotheses indicated a significant positive relationship between perceived usefulness and customer satisfaction. Additionally, optimism had a positive and significant effect on perceived usefulness, while user discomfort had a negative impact on perceived usefulness. The other components did not have a significant effect on perceived usefulness and customer satisfaction in this study. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that perceived usefulness enhances customer satisfaction with AI-powered online shopping services. Furthermore, user optimism increases perceived usefulness, ultimately leading to higher customer satisfaction. On the other hand, user discomfort diminishes perceived usefulness, resulting in decreased customer satisfaction with online shopping. Consequently, several recommendations were proposed to enhance customer satisfaction, perceived usefulness, and user optimism, as well as reduce user discomfort. These recommendations include providing training for users, offering practical examples of AI utilization, improving user interfaces, providing feedback to users, promoting a culture of AI service usage through advertisements in public media and social networks, implementing security measures, offering multiple options for interacting with AI systems, conducting surveys, and providing a contact option with operators, among others.

Small and medium-sized businesses play a significant role in the country's econ today. Considering their substantial capacity and their substantial contribution to tax payments, tax evasion in these businesses will have a considerable impact on tax revenues. Therefore, identifying the factors influencing tax evasion among this group of economic actors is essential for the country's tax system. Given the aforementioned points, the objective of this study is to identify the factors affecting tax evasion among the owners of small and family businesses in the western provinces of the country. This research is of applied nature and employs a correlational research design. The statistical population of the study consists of tax filers of small and family businesses in the western provinces of the country (Lorestan, Kermanshah, Hamadan, Kurdistan, Ilam) in the year 2023. The sampling method used is accessible random sampling from the statistical population. The necessary data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results of the structural equation modeling indicate that ethical commitment, tax knowledge, and tax fairness have a negative impact on taxevasion. On the other hand, taxpayers' attitudes and mental standards have a positive impact on tax evasion. The findings of the research suggest that identifying.the factors influencing tax evasion can help implement necessary reforms and measures to prevent and reduce its growth, and enhance the efficiency of the tax system.  

The current study is a survey-analytical study that aims to investigate the relationship between supply chain information management and information system infrastructures with production performance, taking into account the moderating role of supply chain integration. The statistical population of this research is made up of all the people familiar with the process of production, sampling method was also used. The reliability of the questionnaire wasoperation, maintenance and working of all small and medium businesses active in Kermanshah province, whose number is equal to 2928, which according to Cochran's formula, the sample size is equal to 339.71 people. Considering the possibility of some questionnaires being unusable, 350 questionnaires were distributed, of which 340 questionnaires were usable, and simple random confirmed by Cronbach's alpha, and its validity was confirmed by the validity technique of content validity ratio and content validity index. The structural equation modeling technique (SmartPLS software) was used to test the research hypotheses. The research findings showed that supply chain information management has a significant effect on supply chain integrity. Supply chain information management has a significant effect on production performance. The infrastructure of the supply chain information system had a significant impact on the integrity of the supply chain. The effect of supply chain information system infrastructure on production performance was significant. The integration of the supply chain had a significant effect on the production performance of the company. The mediation of supply chain integration between supply chain information management and production performance of the company had a significant effect, and finally, supply chain integration had a significant effect between supply chain information system infrastructure and production performance, which mediates.

The automotive industry is currently one of the largest active industries in the country. In developing countries such as Iran, the economic growth of large industries is of great importance in order to achieve economic growth and achieve development. In this study, we examine the convergence or divergence of economic growth of the automotive industry and economic growth of the country during the period 2001 to 2021   within the framework of econometric model. Meanwhile, the main purpose of this study is to answer the question whether there is convergence between the economic growth of the country and the growth of the automotive industry or not? Also, is there a possibility of the country’s economic recession during the boom of large industries such as the automotive industry? And conversely According to the obtained results, the economic growth of the automotive industry and the economic growth of the country are not only convergent, but also divergent in the long term; But in the meantime, the results indicate the mutual relationship and convergence of a number of variables of the automobile industry and their corresponding variables in the country's economy, such as investment, profit and income.   

   Abstract Mental models and beliefs that result from the human cognitive system and learning lead to the formation of institutions. Institutions determine the scope of choices and decision-making of individuals and societies and the fate of the development of societies. Therefore, it is necessary to modify them to realize development. Since people are born in a world full of institutions, their mental models get used to common institutions from the birth moment, and consequently, they do not recognize the problems of ineffective institutions to resolve them. This is the main obstacle to the development of developing countries. Hence, this paper attempts to find a solution to empower and increase people's cognition and knowledge. The data were collected by the library-documentary method, and descriptive-analytical method and content analysis method were used to analyze the data. According to the findings of the paper, critical thinking can lead to institutional modifications by empowering rational thinking, evaluating inferences and beliefs, and providing a ground for changing mental models and beliefs, which ultimately help provide necessary prerequisites for development. Also, considering the three reasons of the importance of critical thinking, the formation of personality in the first years of life, the permanence and better consolidation of what is learned in the mind, if the education starts from childhood, the best time for teaching evaluative thinking is the elementary education stage. In order to examine the current status of teaching critical thinking in elementary school, in this treatise, the first to sixth science books of this stage and the sixth book of thinking and research are. were subject to content analysis in terms of training this content. In the science books of this stage, low-level skills of critical thinking such as analysis and inference have been given, but little attention has been paid to other skills. In the book of thinking and research, good attention has been paid to some high-level elements of critical thinking such as evaluation. More attention should be paid to other important skills such as identifying assumptions.

  Paying attention to economic growth as one of the goals of countries, especially developing countries, is of significant importance. One of the factors affecting sustainable economic growth is energy consumption. But on the other hand, sustainable economic growth can be a determining factor in energy consumption. The price of energy and the shock resulting from its fluctuations have always been interesting topics in macroeconomics, and there is considerable theoretical and empirical literature in this field. The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between oil and gas prices and sustainable economic growth in Iran. The data used in this research was collected seasonally and at the base price of 2010 in the period of 2000-2020 and analyzed through Excel and Eviews 9 software. The base model is the VAR model, which was used to investigate the causal relationship between two variables using the Granger causality and Toda-Yamumoto tests. The results showed that at the confidence level of 95%, it can be said that the first hypothesis of the research is accepted and there is a significant and positive relationship between oil price and economic growth in Iran. Also, at the confidence level of 95%, it can be said that the hypothesis of the research that sustainable economic growth is attractive to the price of oil and gas is accepted, and the amount of this elasticity is equal to 1.159.

 SummaryThe effectiveness of theory of mind training on emotion regulation, executive functions and social competence in elementary school boys in district 19 of Tehran city.This research was applied in terms of purpose and semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this research was male students of the fifth and sixth grade of elementary school in district 19 of Tehran. The sample was selected in such a way that after selecting 30 students who were low in terms of academic level, they were randomly replaced in two groups of 15 people (experimental and control). For the experimental group, in the pre-test stage, theory of mind training based on the Hall and Tager-Flasberg model was provided in 8 sessions, and in order to collect the required data, an emotion regulation questionnaire, an executive functions questionnaire and a social competence questionnaire were used. The data was processed and analyzed using SPSS-24 software, and multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA) was used to analyze the hypotheses.The findings showed that theory of mind training has a significant effect on children's emotion regulation, children's executive functions and children's social competence (P<0.01), so that theory of mind training increases emotion regulation, executive functions and social competence in students with poor performance. It becomes academic.Strengthening the theory of mind, which is of particular importance in giving meaning and improving emotion regulation, social behavior, should be considered as an effective intervention in educational programs by educators and education and psychology specialists.Keywords: theory of mind, emotion regulation, executive functions, social competence, male students

Abundance of natural resources is one of the important characteristics of oil countrie  

   Today, entrepreneurship is one of the most important components of the development and excellence of organizations, economic development, fostering creativity and tools to eliminate unemployment, and it has been given serious attention these years. Organizational entrepreneurship as a branch of entrepreneurship is of interest to organizations to create value and develop and improve themselves. The insurance industry, as one of the most important economic sectors of the society, should focus on organizational entrepreneurship and organizational creativity for its development, value creation, impact on the unemployment rate, and in one word, the economic development of the society. Something that has not been given serious attention so far and seems to be facing obstacles. Understanding the importance of organizational entrepreneurship, this research seeks to identify its obstacles in the country's insurance industry. The current research, which is a qualitative research, was conducted with the method of qualitative content analysis and with the snowball data collection method until theoretical saturation. It should be mentioned that the statistical population of this research is the managers and activists of the country's insurance industry.

   The banking industry plays an important role in the economy. Banks perform their primary function of collecting and disbursing public funds, which aim to support the implementation of national development to promote equitable development, economic growth and national stability. This very important role of banking requires banks to always add value to the company and the stability of their business, and at the same time to play their role as one of the factors of development. Social responsibility is one of the tools that can help banks and is a commitment beyond legal and economic requirements in which banks address ethical issues and participation in economic development while improving the quality of labor, on a larger scale, ie society and process. Manages his business in a way that has positive effects on society. Social responsibility is an obligation beyond legal and economic requirements in which banks consider ethical issues and participation in economic development while improving the quality of labor, on a larger scale, ie society, and their business process in a way that manage to have positive effects on society. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of social responsibility on financial performance, financial stability and financial inclusion of banks. The study sample includes 18 banks listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2015-2020 and the statistical method used is the composite data regression model. The results of the study indicate that social responsibility has a positive and significant effect on the financial performance of banks. The results also indicate that social responsibility has no significant effect on financial stability and financial inclusion of banks. The study of control variables also shows that Tangibility of assets has a negative and significant effect on the financial stability and financial inclusion of banks and bank age has a positive and significant effect on the financial inclusion of banks.

چكيده بروز آسيب‌هاي اجتماعي گوناگون و فقدان برنامه‌ريزي‌هاي كلان در كشورها امكان ادام? روند رشد طبيعي و زندگي بهنجاري را براي برخي از كودكان مختل مي‌كند. در كشور عزيزمان هم كودكان و نوجواناني وجود دارند كه به دلايل‌ گوناگوني با آسيب‌ها و مشكلات زيادي مواجه هستند. كودكاني كه دستخوش معضلات و آسيب‌ها قرار دارند و جامعه را با پديد? نوظهوري به نام كودكان كار روبرو ساخته است كه بيشتر به دلايل مشكلات اقتصادي و فقراز نيازهاي اولي? خود مانند: تحصيلات بهداشت   و ... بي‌نصيب‌اند و بـا مشكلات زيادي روبرو هستند. عدم توجّه   به آنها مي‌تواند در آيندة نه‌چندان دور سلامت بخش وسيعي از جامعه را تهديد كند. يكي از اقدام‌هايي كه مؤثر براي ازبين‌بردن مشكلات اجتماعي كه كودكان كار يكي از آنهاست؛ استفاده از تلاش‌هاي كارآفرينان? اجتماعي در جامعه است. كارآفريني اجتماعي مسائل اجتماعي را نشان مي‌دهد و براي توانگر سازي جامعه‌هاي بشري مورداستفاده قرار مي‌گيرد. براي اين كه بتوان زمين? كارآفريني اجتماعي را گسترش داد و پس از آن بر اساس اين راهكار به حل مسئل? كودكان كار پرداخت. نياز به شناخت ظرفيت كارآفريني اجتماعي در اين زمينه است. در همين راستا مقصود و هدف اين پژوهش كه كاربردي و با رويكردي آميخته (كيفي - كمي) انجام شده است. شناسايي ظرفيت كارآفريني اجتماعي در بهبود شرايط كودكان كار در شهر كرمانشاه است. در قسمت نخست اين پژوهش با روش كيفي صورت پذيرفته است با 20 نفر از مديران و كارشناسان فعال در حيط? كارآفريني اجتماعي و حوز? كودكان كار در كرمانشاه كه به شيوة هدفمند برگزيده شدند كه شامل: مديران و كارشناسان   مراكز و مؤسسات غيردولتي و سازمان‌هاي مردم‌نهاد در كرمانشاه، كارآفرينان اجتماعي فعال در حوز? كودكان كار در كرمانشاه،   مديران و كارشناسان اداره بهزيستي كرمانشاه، مديران و كارشناسان   كميته امداد امام (ره) كرمانشاه   و مديران وكارشناسان شهرداري كرمانشاه بودند مصاحبه عميق و نيمه ساختارمند صورت گرفت و پس از آن كه اشباع نظري به دست آمد؛ به روش داده‌بنياد (GT) در سه‌مرحله‌اي كه در روش داده‌بنياد صورت مي‌گيرد (كدگذاري باز كدگذاري محوري كدگذاري انتخابي) مورد تجزيه‌وتحليل قرار گرفت كه نتايج بخش كيفي شامل: 3 عامل علّي 8 عامل زمينه‌اي 4 عامل مداخله‌گر 4 عامل راهبردي و در نهايت 3 پيامد (دستاورد ) با زير مقوله‌هايشان هستند كه دراين‌خصوص مؤلفه‌هاي "ايجاد شغل براي والدين كودكان كار و حمايت" و "هدايت شغلي والدين كودكان كار" از بين مؤلفه‌هاي عوامل علّي مورد بررسي بالاترين رتبه را   به خود اختصاص دادند و مؤثرترين مؤلفه‌ها بر بهبود شرايط كودكان كار شناخته شدند همچنين مؤلفه‌هاي "ضعيف بودن مسئوليت اجتماعي مردم و مسئولين و "فقر فرهنگي" و "پايين بودن سطح تحصيلات اجتماعي" از بين مؤلفه‌هاي عوامل زمينه‌اي مورد بررسي و "وزارت كشور و استانداري" از بين مؤلفه‌هاي عوامل مداخله‌گر مورد بررسي و مؤلفه‌هاي" آموزش مهارت‌هاي فردي و اجتماعي" و "آموزش مهارت والدين كودكان كار" از بين مؤلفه‌هاي عوامل راهبردي مورد بررسي و درنهايت مؤلفه‌هاي "مشاركت اجتماعي" و "اشتغال‌زايي و كاهش بيكاري" از بين مؤلفه‌هاي پيامد (دستاوردها) مورد بررسي ظرفيت كارآفريني اجتماعي بالاترين رتبه را به خود اختصاص دادند. و در ادامه در قسمت كمي پژوهش براي صحه‌گذاري نتيجه‌هاي به‌دست‌آمده بخش كيفي و عموميت دادن به داده‌ها و فراگيري‌اش 22 فرضيه گردآوري و سؤال‌هاي پرسش‌نامه بر مبناي آن تنظيم شد. براي تأييد دادهاي حاصل از بخش كيفي، نمون? آماري در قسمت كمي   پژوهش 100 نفر به صورت هدفمند و در دسترس انتخاب شدند و به‌وسيلة پرسش‌نامه‌اي با ضريب پايايي 92/0 داده‌هايي كه موردنياز بودند؛ جمع‌آوري و فرضيه‌ها در دو مرحله با استفاده از روش‌هاي آماري و در نرم‌افزارهاي    و LIESERL آزمون شدند. در مرحل? نخست داده‌هاي به‌دست‌آمده از طريق پرسش‌نامه را بوسيل? نرم‌افزار      به شيو? «آزمونt   (استيودنت) و آزمون فريدمن تجزيه‌وتحليل و در مرحل? دوم داده‌هاي به‌دست‌آمده از طريق پرسش‌نامه، بوسيل?   آزمون تحليل عاملي اكتشافي و تأييدي با نرم‌افزار    و LISREL تحليل شدند.    كليد واژگان: كارآفريني، كارآفريني اجتماعي، كارآفرين اجتماعي، كودكان كار، رويكرد آميخته   

  Knowledge-based economy is one of the most attractive economic topics in the last two decades due to its rapid transformation, rapid return on investment and tremendous impact on growth. The importance of this issue is the position that knowledge-based economy has in the growth, development and dynamism of the country's economy, because in the current competitive environment, product growth and stabilization of economic fluctuations, is one of the most important macroeconomic goals of any country.More specifically, the purpose of this study is to "examine the role of democracy and democracy in achieving the growth and development of knowledge-based." Due to the nature of the subject, the type of this research is developmental and applied and in terms of scope is case and in terms of method is among the descriptive-analytical researches. In the model studied in this research, following the framework of Eric and Levy, the relationship between the institutional variable of democracy and the growth of knowledge-based development is examined using the endogenous growth model. In this study, in addition to the democracy index (average 4-year trend of electoral parties), civil free ideas and the degree of openness of the economy and sanctions are also used as control variables in the model, because they can be a factor influencing export growth and development. Recognize High Tech (alternative variable) knowledge-based.The statistical population of the study is selected countries of Mena (oil and gas producing countries in the Middle East and North Africa).Data collection tools: In compiling this research, first the concepts and theoretical foundations related to library resources, specialized journals of Internet scientific databases, articles and reputable Internet journals will be extracted. Then, using time series panel data (dynamic panel) during the period (2019-2000), the desired information will be extracted and obtained from the WDI World Database (2019) for the countries of the Mena region.Analysis tools: In this study, the data obtained using Minitab statistical software were classified and the dimensions and channels of influence of democracy and democracy; Knowledge-based economic growth and development will be extracted using the dynamic panel model in Eviews software version 9. In this study, the results obtained from the model parameters in the countries of the Mena region are as expected. Therefore, حاكي of تاييد پژ پژ and ست نشاn gives the meaning of بين موكر س س ي ي ي ي ي ي ي ي ي ش.. ابق ابق نت ايج ايج از از از از.......................... در.......... در در در در در در در در در در در در در در در در در By reviewing the policies and laws related to the 4-year trend of electoral parties with the development of exports of knowledge-based products and services, it can be seen that there are different policies and laws in most of the subject areas related to the development of exports in this sector. Therefore, it seems that most of the existing challenges are due to the non-implementation of 4-year-old party laws.

Natural disasters are a series of harmful and unpredictable events such as floods, earthquakes, storms, etc. that have no human origin. In this research, economic feasibility of different methods of energy supply after natural disasters is considered. The potential and production capacity of various rural energy supply methods in Dalahou County were evaluated and using AHP method, different energy supply options for different areas of energy needs such as lighting for debris removal and outdoor space, canopy power supply, cooking, heating, spa supply. Consumption, power supply of agricultural pumps and rural energy supply in the long run were compared by experts through questionnaires and pairwise comparisons, and finally, for each type of energy field, the preferred option was introduced. The results of this study showed that the preferred option for providing lighting to remove debris from the mobile hybrid optical tower is to supply electricity to the rural network canopy, which is the preferred option in case of natural disasters to the photovoltaic system to provide spa, solar water heater It is preferable to cook wood stoves, to provide wood stove heating and to supply electricity to agricultural pumps, solar pumps, as well as to provide rural energy in the long run, solar energy and biogas.   

  Calamities and natural disasters have been an integral part of human life throughout history. Natural hazards Due to the growth of economies and the development of global infrastructure, the global economy suffers wider financial losses than in previous years. In Iran, as one of the 10 accident hotspots in the world, evaluation of financing methods before and during natural disasters seems important and necessary. In this study, the methods of financing natural disasters in order to provide appropriate solutions for Iran with emphasis on the Kermanshah earthquake in Sarpol-e Zahab in 1396 have been discussed. This study was performed using multi-criteria decision making method and hierarchical analysis method with more than five opinions. Therefore, it is a descriptive-survey research. In the sample selection process of this study, the opinions of 6 economists and managers with experience in financing natural disasters have been used to analyze the information and complete the questionnaire. According to the results, despite the fact that in Kermanshah earthquake, compared to similar cases of previous earthquakes in the country in terms of timing, method of work and reconstruction, there are improvements compared to previous experiences, but still natural crisis management In Iran, it focuses on the post-crisis period and less attention is paid to pre-crisis cases and new financing methods. To improve the current situation, and to get out of the current trend, the use of global trade such as joint reinsurance and crisis management funds seems important and necessary. The results of statistical analysis indicate that the combined method with the highest weight has the first priority in Kermanshah province. The results show that the methods are 1- Government general budget 2- Personal funds and loans from dependents 3- Use of foreign facilities 4- Domestic bank loans 5- Natural disaster fund 6- Natural disaster insurance 7- Crowdfunding 8- Combined methods for providing There are financial crises caused by natural disasters and according to the conditions of Kermanshah earthquake, the mentioned methods are the best or the most useful and available methods.

   Abstract    Today's organizations need managers who want to challenge existing norms, so the presence of managers with high entrepreneurial skills as a new strategy in organizations to achieve innovation is of particular importance. The issue of innovation duality is exploiting existing opportunities and innovations and exploring new opportunities and innovations, and since innovation and entrepreneurship in small and medium-sized businesses enable these businesses to compete competitively and profitably Gain in the market through the continuous adaptation of new products and ideas, are considered as the main mechanism of economic growth in these industries. The aim of this researcher in this study is to investigate the effect of managers' entrepreneurial skills on the innovation ambidexterity   in small and medium industries in Kermanshah with the mediating role of knowledge management. The present research is applied in terms of descriptive-survey method. In order to collect data, the Smith (2008) Standard Entrepreneurial Skills Questionnaire, the Innovative   Innovation ambidexterity Questionnaire, and the Jashpara Knowledge Management Questionnaire (2004) were cited. The statistical population is managers and activists in the field of small and medium industries in Kermanshah and the sample using Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table is equal to 280 people. The research hypotheses were analyzed using    and PLS software and all research hypotheses have been confirmed. The results show that entrepreneurial skills have a positive and significant effect on the duality of innovation and entrepreneurial skills through knowledge management have an effect on the duality of innovation.    Keywords: Entrepreneurial skills, innovation ambidexterity, Knowledge management, Small and medium industries.      

   Today,­start-ups have a­significant impact on economic growth and job creation,and the success of ­start-ups ­such as Tapsi, Snape and Cafe Bazaar in creating employment indicates this issue. But these businesses face many obstacles and challenges in their development path,which are the main­reasons for the high rate of failure of these businesses,so in the present study, the aim is to determine the­­ indicators for identifying the space of new knowledge-based businesses­(start-ups)­­­that these indicators are ­used ­to continuously monitor the business environment.­This research is­applied in terms of exploratory purpose, in terms of applied results and in terms of type of qualitative research­ category.In order to achieve the research objectives, firstly, through the transcendental method,the initial­­indicators were extracted.In the next step, with 12 owners, managers and experts in this field who were selected by judgmental method, face interview In this stage, the aimwas to identify new indicators and appropriate to the ecosystem of­ Kermanshah province, analysisand coding of­interviews transcriptswas performed by MAXQDA content analysis technique and MAXQDA software version 2020.Validity and reliability of the coding process was also confirmed.­­Finally, by aggregating and combining the results of the previous two stages,final indicators­(the same challengesand barriers to­business space) including two categories­ of survey and statistical ­components­were determined.­

Education is the axis of change in society and an important instrument for achieving economic and social development of countries. The capability approach (CA), that sees human as means and ends of development, considers the value of education in all of its dimensions and believes that the education system of countries - by providing the opportunity of educating required capabilities - enable citizens to participate effectively in the process of development. Therefore, the present study intends to use the CA to analyze and evaluate the capability gap in the basic education system of Afghanistan. In the first step, to determine the current situation of the basic education system in terms of attention to the capabilities required for realization of development, the content of the textbooks of this level is analyzed. The findings of this section showed that in the content of the studied textbooks, the most attention was paid to the capabilities of “Literacy and Numeracy” (29.38%), “Voice and Assertiveness” (18.99%) and “Values and Etiquette” (15.7%); but to the other capabilities, has not been paid sufficient and balanced attention or has not been provided systematic and appropriate content that be able to educate and institutionalize those capabilities in the personality of students. In the second step, in order to draw the desired situation of the basic education system in Afghanistan, by using a comprehensive literature review, a list of capabilities required for the basic education system was identified and then, to localize and adapt it to the specific needs and conditions of Afghanistan, this list has been reviewed by experts in a Delphi survey. The capabilities agreed upon by the experts in the final list include: “Communication and Collaboration”, “Tolerance and Global citizenship”, “Regularity and The rule of law”, “Critical thinking and Problem-solving”, “Scientism”, “Values and Etiquette”,“Curiosity and Learning”, “Voice and Assertiveness”, “Ability to choose and Autonomy”,“Self-awareness and Anticipation”, “Respect and Recognition”, “Creativity and Innovation”, “Science and Technology”, “Literacy and Numeracy”, “Bodily health and Physical activities”, “Adaptability and Grit”, “Other species” and “Senses and Emotional integrity”. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that in terms of the capabilities required for realization of development, there is a significant gap between the current situation and the desired status of the basic education system in Afghanistan. Therefor, without paying attention to this problem and continuing to neglect the priority of the basic public education system in educational orientations and development policies, achieving inclusive and human development in Afghanistan will face serious challenges. Keywords: Development, Basic Education, Capability Approach, Afghanistan, Content Analysis, Delphi Technique.

امروزه مخاطرات زيست محيطي ناشي از سوخت­هاي فسيلي و همچنيندستيابي به منابع انرژي لازم و كافي براي توسعه به يكي از مهم­ترين دغدغه­­هايكشورها و دولت­مردان تبديل شده است؛ تا جايي­كه هر تحولي در حوزه انرژي تاثيراتبسزايي بر مناسبات بين­المللي مي­گذارد. در اين پژوهش، با تاكيد بر اثر شدتانرژي به­عنوان معيار كارايي انرژي به بررسي ارتباط بين رشد اقتصادي و مصرف انرژي دركشورهاي اوپك در فاصله زماني 2014-1980 پرداخته مي­شود. اين تحقيق با هدف بررسي اينكهآيا تأثير رشد اقتصادي بر مصرف انرژي با توجه به ميزان شدت انرژي متفاوت است يا خير،انجام شده است. اين مطالعه در ابتدا به بررسي رابطه علّي ميان رشد اقتصادي و مصرفانرژي مي­پردازد؛ نتايج وجود يك رابطه علّي يك­طرفه از رشد اقتصادي به مصرف انرژيرا در كشورهاي اوپك نشان مي­دهد. سپس با استفاده از يك مدل رگرسيون پانل آستانه­ايپويا، نقش و تأثير شدت انرژي بر رابطه بين مصرف انرژي و رشد اقتصادي كشورهاي عضواوپك بررسي مي­شود. مطابق با برآورد مدل رگرسيون پانل آستانه­اي پويا، سطح آستانه­ايشدت انرژي 27/7 برآورد شده است. در سطوح بالاتر از سطح آستانه­اي رشد اقتصادي تأثير مثبتو معني­داري برمصرف انرژي دارد. با اين حال ، در سطوح پايين­تر از سطح آستانه­اي رشد اقتصادي تأثيرمثبت و بي­معنايي بر مصرف انرژي داشته است. بدون در نظرگرفتن متغيرهاي كنترل، سطح آستانه­ايشدت انرژي 6/9 برآورد شده است.در سطوح بالاتر از سطح آستانه­اي رشد اقتصادي تأثير مثبت و معني­دارو در سطوح پايين­تر از سطح آستانه­اي، رشد اقتصادي تاثير منفي و بي­معني بر مصرفانرژي دارد.نتايج اين پژوهش براي سياست­گذاران انرژي و محيط زيست قابل توجه و اهميت است.

يكي از مهم­ترين عوامل اثرگذار بر درآمد افراد، رشد اقتصادي است. ارتباط بين رشد اقتصادي و شهرنشيني از موضوعات مهم اقتصاد شهري است. كه توجه اقتصاددانان به ويژه اقتصاددانان توسعه را به خود جلب كرده است و در ميان سرمايه انساني به عنوان كانال ارتباطي نقش مهمي در اين مي­تواند داشته باشد. هدف اين پژوهش اثر شهرنشيني بر رشد اقتصادي از كانال سرمايه انساني در استان­هاي ايران براي بازه زماني 1395-1385 است. مدل تخمين زده با استفاده از نرم­افزار استاتا، مدل پانل و داراي اثرات تصادفي بوده، و با روش   سيستمي تخمين زده شده است، نتايج بيانگر اين است كه شهرنشيني بر سرمايه انساني داري اثر مثبت است و همچنين توليد ناخالص داخلي سرانه واقعي تابعي از توليد دوره گذشته است، و همچنين با افزايش نرخ شهرنشيني، توليد ناخالص داخلي سرانه افزايش مي­يابد.

The need of the society for food supply is increasing due to the high population growth, with the main share being the agricultural sector, especially the livestock sector. But given that the protein industry, especially in the poultry sector, is still being traditionally managed, it has not been able to keep pace with community needs. And it seems to be one of the important factors in the fabrication part of the industry, so this article, taken from a similar research, looks at this from the point of view of industry experts and after The issue is addressed in the production and supply chain in the poultry sector, while referring to a complete, independent, upstream and downstream supply chain of financing methods including consortiums, bank credentials, Crowd Funding and banks.

باتوجه بهاولويت تأمين غذاي سالم براي جامعه، برطرف ساختن هر نوع محروميت در زمينه تغذيه كهدر سند   چشم­انداز جمهوري اسلامي ايران در افق1404 هجري شمسي، آورده شده است و عبارتند از؛تعهد سياسي و عزم كلي دولت در سياست­گذاري­هاي سطح ملي براي كاهش گرسنگي و سوء تغذيهو دستيابي به امنيت غذايي پايدار اعلام شده است. تجاري­سازيمحصولات پاك (ارگانيك) بخش كشاورزي از اولويت­هاي مهم محسوب مي­شود. هدف پژوهشحاضر طراحي مدلي براي تجاري­سازي محصولات پاك (ارگانيك) بخش كشاورزي استانكرمانشاه بوده است. پژوهش حاضر از   نوعپژوهش­هاي كيفي است با رويكرد نظرية داده بنياد انجام گرفته است. ميدان پژوهش ،اساتيد فعال در زمينه محصولات ارگانيك در دانشكده كشاورزي دانشگاه رازي و همچنينفروشگاه­هاي محصولات ارگانيك سطح شهر و كارشناسان سازمان­هاي مرتبط با موضوع پژوهش(معاونت سلامت غذا سازمان جهاد كشاورزي و انجمن ارگانيك كرمانشاه) بوده­انند. دراين راستا، از نمونه گيري هدفمند در ابندا و در ادامه از روش گلوله برفي استفادهشد. شمار مشاركت­كنندگان در پژئهش با استفاده از شاخص اشباع نظري به 19 نفر رسيد. داده­هابه روش مصاحبه عميق، مشاهده مستقيم و اسناد كتابخانه­اي و اينترني گردآوري شد.نتايج پژوهش نشان­دهندة 27 مقوله اصلي است كه به صورتپارادايمي ترسيم شده است. در هسته مدل پارادايمي توليد و تجاري­سازي محصولاتارگانيك قرار دارد.

AbstractOne of the main obstacles in the development process is the disturbance of regional equilibrium and balance. The unbalance in the spatial structure is the main phenomena in most of the countries especially in the developing countries are faced with it. Irrational and unfair allocation of resources and facilities, regardless of the capabilities and limitations of each region has created the regional inequalities. Eliminating or reducing regional inequalities requires identifying the position, capabilities of each of these areas in comparison to each other and ultimately making accurate planning based on the knowledge available for each of these areas. For this purpose in this study, 19 different indicators have been used to determine the level of development of the provinces of Iran and identify the factors affecting regional inequalities as well. These indicators are >Keywords: Development, Regional Inequalities, Iranian Provinces, Euclidean Topsis, Panel Data Model.

  AbstractThe Investigation of Relationship between Financial Corruption Index and Unemployment in European and Asian Selected Countries, including iran: a System GMM ApproachUnemployment and corruption are too close in most countries especially in developing countries. Government corruption has been seen as increasing unemployment and poverty in countries which are already struggling with economic growth. In addition, chronic poor countries, caused by uneven social inequality and incomes and economic incentives, create natural growth areas for corruption. The main goal of this study is to investigate the relationship between the index of financial corruption and unemployment in selected European and Asian countries including iran in the time period over 2003-2016 by using the dynamic panel data approach and the system generalized method moments (System GMM). Empirical results from model estimation indicated a positive and bilateral relationship between financial corruption and unemployment in these countries. Therefore, with the increase in the index of financial corruption (reducing the index of corruption control) in these two groups of countries, it provides a boost to unemployment. Moreover, the increase in unemployment could also lead to an increase in the index of financial corruption (reducing the index of corruption control) in the countries under investigation.Keywords: Unemployment, Financial Corruption, dynamic panel data, System GMM

The role of Knowledge-based Economy in controlling inflation and improving productivity in Iran

  At the some time with the formation of Arab political- social movement in the contries of middle East and arabian middle East wich is called Arab spiring. Syirian crisis began in 2011. In this crisis political- ideological currents were born with the support of regional players. And the main players and directors of this crisis are include the Salafi-Takfiri currents. Given this important.The reaserch analyzie why diversity the variety of Salafi-Takfiri currants in Syrian crisis. It is in about to answer this question that what are the reasons of growth variety of   Salafi-Takfiri currants in Syrian crisis? The present reaserch hypothesizes is the causes of variation of currents   i   Syrian crisis is powerfull willing. To reach this goal, present reaserch withuse of discourse analysis method why this issue is being examined. By using this method, this reaserch method has a genealogy the role of power in realization of historical and human turts. Of salafi- takfiri discourse and try to examin. The relation between knowledge/power in on episteme. With the poleontlogys genology of Salafi-Takfiris discourse formation and the proposition of this discourse and it is breakdown and unravels it form other Islamic discourse. According to the realtion between knowledge/power in on episteme of Salafi-Takfiris discourse the reason for the variety of these flowe in Syrian crisis is to earn and seize power. The approach in this study is discourse analyzie and style of data collecting is of librarium.

  One of the economic realities for each country is the existence of business cycles in GDP, as the fluctuation in the economy decreases, confidence toward future will increase, and the number of policy changes will decrease. Allocation of credits to different economic sectors is one of the factors influencing changes in real variables in the economy; the study examine the effect of credit on business cycle by using the data in macro-level over 1991-2015 and applying the vector autoregressive and ARDL bound. Evidence suggests that changes in business cycle is in same direction with credit, as well as the results of Granger causality, suggesting there is a two-way relationship between the credits and the business cycle. Also, the result of ARDL bound indicate that credits exacerbate the business cycle in the economy, analysis of variance analysis also shows that the share of credits in explaining the variation of business cycle is 45 percent. But the share of business cycle in explaining the variance of the forecast credit error is 25%. reducing volatility in the markets without value added such as the foreign exchange market and the desirable direction of financial resources towards high-growth economic sectors is one of the optimal policies for the Iranian economy.    

  Employment in the modern society of Iran plays an important role in the development of the country and the achievement of the desired level of employment has always been one of the main goals of the government. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of banking facilities on the employment level of the major economic sectors in the provinces. The time interval used in this study was from 1380 to 1393, and for analyzing the data, the GMM generalized moments method was used. The results show that during the study period, for the total state of the provinces, the effect of the bank lending variable on the employment of agricultural sectors and services is negative, but in the industrial sector this effect is positive. The effect of the value added variable on employment in the agricultural sector is negative, but it is positive in the sectors of industry and services. Also, the results for the division show that the effect of the variable of banking facilities on employment in both groups is high and low unemployment in the agricultural sector is negative and equal. This effect in the industry sector is positive for both groups, but this effect is higher in the group with higher unemployment than in the lower unemployment group. In the services sector, the results also showed that the effect of the bank lending variables on employment in the group was higher with the unemployment rate and was lower in the unemployed group

  Employment and economic growth are among the key macroeconomic variables in which policymakers consider their changes in order to achieve stability and economic development. Undoubtedly, the relationship between these two variables and how they affect them has a great influence on planning, policy making and coherent and efficient policies. Therefore, the relationship between economic growth and employment is of great importance.   The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of economic growth on employment of the major economic sectors of the countrys provinces. The timeframe used in this thesis is from 1380 to 1393. Generalized Torque (GMM) method was used for data analysis. The results of model estimation indicate that during the studied period, the effect of economic growth on the long-term effects of economic growth on employment of all three major economic sectors of the countrys provinces (agriculture, industry, services) has been positive. That is, increasing the value added will lead to increased employment of the major economic sectors of the countrys provinces. The investment variable in two parts of the agricultural and industrial sectors of the provinces has a positive effect and in the service sector there is a negative impact on employment. Also, the wage variable in the agricultural and manufacturing sectors has a negative effect on the service sector and has a positive effect on employment in the provinces. The results of the division of the provinces showed that the increase of the value added of the industrial sector in all three groups of provinces increased the employment of this sector than the other two.

اقتصاد دانش محور مي­تواند بستر لازم براي جبران عقب­ماندگي­هاي تاريخي ايران را فراهم كند. براي دست­يابي به توسعه، تلاش­هاي بسياري از لحاظ علمي و سياست­گذاري صورت گرفته­است. نظريه­پردازان همواره در تلاش بودند تا الگوي معتبري براي تبيين عوامل توسعه كشف و عرضه نمايند. الگوهاي توسعه، ابتدا به انباشت سرمايه فيزيكي توجه داشتند. اما امروزه سرمايه­گذاري انساني و توانمندسازي مردم به عنوان اولويت اصلي در نظر گرفته مي­شود. در اقتصاد دانش­محور، سرمايه انساني اهميت بالايي دارد، زيرا توليدكننده دانش، همين سرمايه انساني و مردم هستند. از طرفي اين سرمايه انساني توجه را به سمت آموزش جلب مي­كند. زيرا سرمايه انساني بايد كارآمد و داراي مهارت بالا باشند. بنابراين آموزش نقش بسيار مهمي در دانش محور شدن جامعه ايفا مي­كند. آموزش بايد دائمي و فراگير باشد به گونه­اي كه موجب توليد دانش و نوآوري شود. توسعه پايدار نيز كه امروزه به موضوعي مهم براي جوامع تبديل شده، تنها رشد اقتصادي را نمي­پذيرد بلكه بر رشد اقتصادي پايدار در كنار حفاظت از محيط زيست، پايداري اجتماعي، توزيع عادلانه فرصت­ها، برقراري عدالت و كاهش فقر تأكيد دارد. براي تحقق توسعه پايدار بر مواردي هم­چون آموزش نيروي انساني، افزايش دانش و آگاهي مردم در جهت رشد در همه جنبه­هاي زندگي بخصوص رشد بهداشت و حفاظت از محيط زيست، افزايش دانش و پيشرفت تكنولوژي در جهت بهبود كارايي انرژي و كاهش مصرف سوخت­هاي فسيلي تأكيد مي­كند.  روش تحقيق در اين پايان­نامه به صورت توصيفي-تحليلي مي­باشد و مدل مفهومي پانل ديتا نيز به كار مي­رود. روش سنجي پانل ديتا براي كشورهاي در حال توسعه(ايران، كويت، پاكستان، اردن، سري­لانكا و لبنان) و كشورهاي توسعه يافته (كانادا، اسپانيا، ايالت متحده امريكا، فنلاند و دانمارك) در بازه زماني 1980-2015   با توجه به متغيرهاي patent (ثبت اختراع)، GDP سرانه، نرخ ثبت نام در آموزش دانشگاهي و متغيرهاي وابسته شدت انرژي و انتشار دي­اكسيد كربن سرانه انجام مي­شود كه نتيجه گرفته مي­شود كه ظرفيت­هاي اقتصاد دانش بنيان   بر تحقق توسعه پايدار اثر مي­گذارد.

  Commercialization of research outcomes is an important step in innovation system which ensures the resistance and continuation of research and according to this issue , in addition to providing prominent economical values for organizations ,it accelerates knowledge based economy in society. Universities are faced with increasing amount of new research commercialization and decreasing in older activities such as teaching and researches. Development in university research commercialization has opened a new way to privatization of scientific shares and scientific development. Razi university is one of the most authorized universities in Iran, which publishes many articles in different fields in scientific journals in a year. Mechanic engineering group in technical engineering collage is one of the active group in this field in university. So it is essential to do more efforts about commercialization of research outcomes in this group. The purpose of this research is designing a model for commercialization of research outcomes in chemistry engineering group.This research has qualitative approach and has used grounded theory method for model extraction. Sample data were extracted by studying documents, literature and interview with 13 universities professors. Data analysis was done in 3 steps including: open coding step, axial coding step and selective coding step. Model elements include, background factors, interloper factors, axial phenomenon guidelines and commercialization outcome that were extracted. According to   result for commercializatio   of research outcomes in mechanic engineering group some bases should be provided such as: mechanic engineering group awareness about industrial units needs and problems, industrial units awareness about professors ,s research and education background, providing financial infrastructure, revising in professor evaluation system, team working sprit and risk taking and privatization , keeping moral ownership, providing scientific lessons and practical discussions and accordance with industry requirement in mechanic engineering group and supervision in research budget allocation. Commercialization constraints in this group include: the difference between professor attitude and view point and workmen, lack of clarifying in industrial units problems and needs definitions, week background of professors in workmen view, financial problems and lack of experimental facilities in university, the lack of purposeful scientific visits of students and professors, and neglecting training units and lack of group work. So, demand based research and market analysis, university management positive view in commercialization, encouraging and work group and group cooperation with chemistry engineering group, mediator between industrial units and mechanic engineering group, changing in problem and needs of industrial units to research preferences in units according to industry are among cases that facilitate commercialization way in chemistry engineering group. Finally we propose a practical suggestion for improving commercialization in university especially in chemistry engineering group.

  Tourism is as a multi-disciplinary, multi-issue, multi-sector and multi-form activity. The tourist is only main sector of services in developing countries is constantly compared to the rest of the world has recorded a trade surplus. According to the World Tourism Organization, about half of the least developed countries in world, the tourism sector in terms of rank is the highest exports in between three section. On the other hand, business cycle fluctuations are an integral part of any economy. And study these fluctuations and their effects on the tourism industry as one of the important economic sectors is necessary. This study aimed to "investigate the relationship between trade fluctuations with tourism demand", for the four selected countries of Iran, Turkey, Malaysia and Egypt has been done which have high capability in the field of tourism. The studied period this research was from 1980 to 2014. Variables are logarithmic and are studied to panel data and after examining stationary variables and prove the existence of co-integration relationship between variables, using FMOLS and DOLS panel cointegration tests, long-term relationship between variables was estimated. The results of these tests indicates the negative effect of recession and positive effect of economic boom with tourism demand logarithm. Also by using panel causality test (VECM) studies causality relationship between business cycles and tourism demand. That its results have proved existence long-term bilateral causality relationship between business cycles and tourism demand.

It is obvious that interest rate challenge as an important economic phenomenon has divided economists into different cam   and also answer to question that, what are interest rate nature and its formation and determination, has known as an important subject. In one view , interest rate is a monetary phenomenon that could be determine by money demand and supply, and in other view, it is a real phenomenon that could be determine by average prefer to saving and capital marginal productivity. Interest rate has retribution rule in economic growth promotion and there is an abundant struggle to regulate it into desirable level as a suitable policy in last decades.I  hy  hy; this research,to examine the relationship betwee  the interest rate and  macro  variable  ,  the impact of  these variable  o  economic growth to  a selection of  high - income  countrie  and low - income  hasexpressed  . For this purpose, we use SYS-GMM method during 2000-2014 periods.   The results shows that in low-income countries, there is a significant and positive relationship between real interest rate, inflation and investment with economic growth, and also openness, saving and economic participation rate has negative effects on economic growth. The results for high-income countries shows that inflation, investment, saving and economic participation rates has positive relationship with economic growth but real interest rate and economic openness has negative effect on economic growth.     

  With regard to the existence of adverse effects of increase in the price of imported goods on domestic price index and thus its impact on inflation, it is necessity to consider the internal and external determining factors in the economic policy.Considering the relationship betweeninflation and trade exchanges, economists believe that global communication reduces the role of external factors in the process of increasing inflation and the role of the internal factors. In this article, we investigate the transfer of international inflation among the countries, including Iran, the United Arab Emirates, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Turkey with the use of VAR models and the specified data.In this regard, the reliability of the variables is examined using Dickey Fuller test, and then reaction functions and shocks effects were examined using vector auto-regression (VAR) model. Based on immediate functions in the VAR model for the years 1194-2015, we found that unexpected changes in inflation of China had negative effects on inflation in other countries, but as China changes effects are short-term and related to consumed goods, its effects are less evident. Similarly, the shock to other countries has statistically significant economic impact. The results show the internal inflation is affected by variable of imported inflation. We concluded that among the countries surveyed, the UAE imposed the highest imported inflation on Iran. It is due the fact UAE acts as commercial broker between Iran and other countries.

  Nowadays, labor productivity, as one of the most important factors affecting economic growth and development, especially in developing countries, has been emphasized by many economists. Due to the relative abundance of labor compared to other factors of production in developing countries like the Islamic Republic of Iran, investigating the factors influencing it is considered as one of the most important research priorities in such countries. The term of contracts signed with the labor can affect the quality of his work and ultimately affect labor productivity. Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to examine the impact of type of labor contracts on labor productivity. Therefore, to investigate this issue, the model was introduced firstly. Then, Auto-regression with distributed lag (ARDL) method was used to estimate this model during 1986-2014. The results show that labor temporary contracts have negative effect on labor productivity both in the short-term and long-term and permanent contracts have positive effect on labor productivity both in the short-term and long-term. Human development variables, capital intensity, trade openness and governance indicators have positive effect on labor productivity in the long-term, but the variable of proportion of higher education employees to total employees has negative effect on labor productivity in the long-term.

Electrical energy is one of the major carriers in the country’s economic growth and development, so it is necessary, as well as other sources of energy used properly. The household sector in Iran for a significan proportion of the power consumption, hence the comprehensive planning and effective policies in order to save electricity consumption, improve life   indicator   households and increasing public welfare is very important. In this study carried out by the description of government policies in the field of optimization domestic consumption of electricity, analysis and administrative problems identified the reasons for the deficiency of the policies. Timeframe research executive years second program until the middle of the fifth development program (1995-2013). The study also in order to collect data   and   information required to use the technique documentary studies and benefiting from quality content analysis method of bottlenecks and problems of the executed policies and analysis. The investigation of used shows that some problems such as lack of domestic electricity tariff reform with an increase in the cost of all, the lack of systematic oversight on how the standardization of household electrical equipment and lack of attention to standards and criteria industrialized countries in this context, the failure of the concept of building national regulations, numerous shortcomings in the system of building engineering and orientation of wrong policy system for stable culture caused despite numerous policy and planning, significant success in the field of domestic electricity consumption is not achieved. The final results of the study also showed that in order to adopt effective policies in future plans, special emphasis policy-makers on employing requirements such as the gradual elimination of the subsidies paid to the high consumption subscribers and attention to incremental-cascade system in electricity tariff reform, supporting the creation of reference laboratories in order to compulsory standards of energy consumption and investment and technological communications with developed countries and pioneer in standardization, the transfer up to date information and expertise from the engineering system organization to electricity engineers with holding training courses on a regular basis and periodically, and reform norms and electricity consumption patterns in the framework of cultural engineering will be very important.  

AbstractThis research was done for strategic analysis in Razi University’s incubator using SWOT Model in 2016. This Research was conducted Exploratory mixed method, from goal is applied and for gathering data are divided into two methods of qualitative content analysis and Survey. Studied society is employees, officer and located business unites in Razi University’s incubator, Sampling in qualitative of research is Purposive sampling and In the quantitative of research is Census. In research study with 10 persons of society have been studied who are expert and have high level of information in the field of strategic Managment and incubator conditions to receive theoretical saturation were interview and then based on the results of interviews and questionnaires were prepared. The validity and reliability of qualitative research based on input from respondents, professionals and the way how to record and decode the interview was confirmed by technical experts. Also the content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and its reliability by using Cronbach Alpha’s method. Data analysis on two inductive qualitative content analysis and descriptive statistics were performed using      _win19. In the qualitative analysis of 11 strengths and 11 weaknesses, 14 opportunities and 12 threats were obtained were the incubator of Razi University is facing. In the section of quantitative analysis also priority of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats were discussed. Finally, with regard to the factors affecting the incubator of Razi University facing and put them in the SWOT matrix, 24 strategies for its further development was suggested.  Key words: incubator, strength point, weakness point, opportunity, threat  

  This study examines barriers to economic growth on a growth pattern called Chasmas tripartite model and time series data from 1350 to 1390 is used.Dickey-Fuller test, Dickey Fuller and Phillips Perron stationary variable and also test for parasites integration and Granger [1] for the long-term relationship between variables is used.The OLS method for estimating equations were used.The results will be analyzed gradually.

  One of the most important policies that can be used to control fuel consumption in country, is improving efficiency of petroleum products consumption. Improving of fuel consumption efficiency associated with rebound effect issue. Rebound effects are a case whereby expected decline in fuel consumption (looking to improving efficiency) will be partially neutralized, due to reducing of energy services price. It is obvious that ignoring rebound effects neutralizes considered results to improving efficiency.In this study, using GMM and calculate the price elasticity of demand for fuel, we have examined direct rebound effects from improving efficiency fuel consumption in road tra  ortation of Iran provinces during the period of 2004 to 2014. The results show that direct rebound effects from improving of Gasoline and Diesel fuel consumption efficiency, is 6 and 2 percent, respectively. In other words, 6 and 2 percent of potential savings re-used, and 94 and 98 percent of the remainder is stored. The result implies on fuel demand inelasticity with respect to price, and attention to the price policies in side non-price policies. In addition to, with increasing population and the number of Gasoline- Fueled and Diesel-Fueled vehicles, fuel consumption also increased. On the other hand, the relationship between GDP per capita Diesel Fuel consumption, is positive and significant. While this relationship for gasoline consumption was contrary to expectations. So that with increasing per capita income, decreased gasoline consumption.

  Poverty is one of the problems of human society and efforts to reduce it has been always the most important objectives of government policy. In order to achieve this goal, inclusive growth have critical. But income inequality also affects the pace which economic growth is translated into poverty reduction. The most important challenge for policy makers in creating pro-poor policies is linking micro and macro-economic field. Lack of coordination between these both can prevent the impact of the pro-poor policies.In this study, has been tried by using information household budget to create coordination and cointegration between macro analyses of economic growth and the micro analyses of economic actors behavior. So how economic growth reduces poverty is a key question that discussed in this study, in addition to the impact of changes in average income and income distribution on poverty is studied and by calculating pro-poor growth index for the services, industry and agriculture sectors in urban and rural areas of Azarbaijan Gharbi, Isfahan, Tehran, Khorasan Razavi, Khuzestan, Sistan & Baluchestan, Fars, Kermanshah, Mazandaran and Markazi provinces during the period 2005-2014, economic sectors determined that have been had pro-poor growth. Also, using the results, Gini coefficient has been investigated as an index of inequality.Research results indicates that economic growth is negative in the majority of cases that has been increase poverty through income effect. But income distribution has improved and has led to poverty reduction. According to the balance of these two effects on poverty with the exception of Sistan & Baluchistan where poverty has increased in all sectors, Urban services sector in Tehran, urban agricultural sector in Isfahan and rural services sector in other provinces had best situation in pro-poor. Compare Gini coefficient with model results indicates that the Gini coefficient did not report inequality correctly.