Methodology: This research is applied in terms of purpose and is of a descriptive correlational type. The statistical population of this research includes 117 rural youth in Haft Ashian Rural District. These youth are active in various fields such as agriculture, handicrafts, rural tourism and local services. In this research, due to the limited statistical population (117 people), the whole count method was used to collect data. Information was collected in this research using two methods: library and field, and the research tools were lifestyle questionnaire; entrepreneurial capabilities; and entrepreneurship questionnaire, whose validity was determined in terms of content and reliability by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed in two parts: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, and in the inferential statistics section, correlation test, analysis were used using    software. Results: The findings of this research showed that the lifestyle of rural youth in Haft Ashian Rural District has a significant effect on the growth of their entrepreneurial capabilities. The lifestyle components of rural youth (such as materialistic, goal-oriented, and modern) have a significant effect on their entrepreneurial capabilities, but the traditional lifestyle does not have a significant effect on their entrepreneurial capabilities. There is a significant relationship between the entrepreneurial capabilities of rural youth (such as mastery of opportunities, tolerance of ambiguity, motivation for progress, leadership, risk-taking, and creativity) and their success in entrepreneurial activities. The obstacles and challenges faced by rural youth have a negative and significant effect on the growth of their entrepreneurial capabilities. It was also concluded that practical solutions can help improve the lifestyle and strengthen the entrepreneurial capabilities of rural youth.

   Abstract Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) has the largest cultivated area among legumes. It not only provides a cheap protein diet, but also can improve soil fertility due to its nitrogen fixation ability. Kermanshah province is one of the top provinces in the country in terms of chickpea cultivation area as this crop is considered the second crop of most rainfed farmers in the province. Therefore, conducting applied research in the field of chickpea cultivation is of great importance. This field experiment was conducted in Sarbekuh village, Homeyl district, West Eslamabad-e Gharb county, in split plots in a randomized complete block design. The land was divided into 4 blocks and each block had 28 plots. The main plots included the control (without zinc sulfate and humic acid), soil application of zinc sulfate at a rate of 20 kg/ha, soil application of humic acid at a rate of 5 kg/ha, and soil application of zinc sulfate +   humic acid at a rate of 20 and 5 kg/ha, respectively, and the subplots included the control (without foliar application), foliar application of zinc sulfate at a concentration of 2 kg in 1000 L at podding time and before and after flowering, foliar application of humic acid at a concentration of 2 kg in 1000 L at podding time and before and after flowering, and foliar application of zinc sulfate + humic acid at concentrations of 2 + 2 kg in 1000 L at podding time and before and after flowering. The results indicated that the highest 100-grain weight was related to the soil application of zinc sulfate + humic acid at a rate of 1.42 g, which was not significantly different from the zinc sulfate treatment. Comparison of the simple effects of soil treatments showed that the highest biological yield was obtained in the zinc sulfate + humic acid treatment with an amount of 3250 kg/ha. Comparison of the simple effects of soil treatments showed that the highest biological yield among foliar treatments was related to the zinc sulfate + humic acid before and after flowering with an average of 3364 kg/ha. The highest amount of grain nitrogen (3.3%) was related to the foliar application of humic acid before and after flowering without soil application of zinc sulfate and humic acid. In general, the results showed that the foliar application of zinc sulfate + humic acid before and after flowering had the greatest effect among the treatments on the yield and yield components of chickpea. The soil and foliar applications of zinc sulfate and humic acid significantly increased the amount of nitrogen and grain protein, while they had no significant effect on the amount of phosphorus, potassium and zinc in the grain. Keywords: Rainfed chickpea, Biological yield, Seed yield, Humic acid, Foliar application

  Abstract In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen and sulfur levels on the growth characteristics and quantitative and qualitative yield of nigella, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications during 2021-22 cropping year at Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. The factors include the application of nitrogen at three levels (one-third, two-thirds and equivalent to the recommended amount from the source of urea fertilizer) as the main-factor and the application of sulfur at four levels (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg/ha from the source of Ammonium sulfate) were as sub-factor. The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of nitrogen on harvest index, number of capsules per plant, 1000 grain weight, number of lateral branches, stem diameter, number of leaves per plant, leaf area per plant, number of days from seedling emergence to flowering, grain filling duration, grain filling rate, grain protein, grain ash, and leaf nitrogen were significant at the 1% probability level, and the biological yield and plant height were significant at 5% level. The effect of sulfur fertilizer on harvest index, 1000 grain weight, grain filling rate and grain ash was significant at the 1% probability level, and on the number of days from seedling emergence to flowering, grain filling duration and leaf nitrogen at 5% level. The nitrogen × sulfur interaction effect on grain yield, number of grains per capsule, number of grains per plant, grain weight per plant, grain oil, grain fiber and stem nitrogen at the 5% probability level and on oil yield, oil harvest index and number of days from seedling emergence to physiological maturity was significant at the 1% probability level. Interaction treatment of the recommended amount of nitrogen fertilizer x 120 kg/ha sulfur fertilizer produced the highest values of biological yield (4788 kg/ha), grain yield (1941 kg/ha), oil yield (743 kg/ha), harvest index (38/9%), oil yield index (15.3%), number of capsules per plant (34.92), number of grains per capsule (78.8), number of grains per plant (2921), 1000-grain weight (2.32 g) , grain weight per plant (7.10 g), plant height (66.9 cm), number of lateral branches (12.31), stem diameter (7.31 mm), number of leaves per plant (101.4) ), leaf area per plant (186 cm2), number of days from seedling emergence to flowering (69.8 days), number of days from seedling emergence to physiological maturity (110.6 days), grain filling duration (39.1 days), grain filling rate (163 mg/day), grain protein (28.1%), grain fiber (9.05%), grain oil (38.78%), leaf nitrogen (2.80%) and stem nitrogen (15.1%). In general, the application of the recommended amount of nitrogen with 80-100 kg/ha of sulfur fertilizer can be recommended as a suitable treatment to improve the yield of nigella. Key words: Nigella, grain oil, leaf nitrogen, grain yield, harvest index.

  This experiment was conducted to investigate theeffect of planting arrangement and cover crop on weed control and the growth and yield of corn (cv. 704) in 2023. The arrangement of treatments was as factorial in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was the crop planting pattern (including single-row planting patern of corn) and the second factor was cover crop cultivation between the crop rows (clover, vetch, barley, clover + barley, vetch + barley). The results of this study showed that the pattern of planting and covering plants and their mutual effect had an effect on the wet weight of weeds. In the two-row planting pattern, the wet weight of the weeds was lower than in the single-row planting pattern. Also, the lowest fresh weight of weeds was related to vetch+barley and clover+barley. The highest wet weight of weeds was related to vetiver, clover + barley and barley alone treatment, which could not control weeds well. The number of leaves per plant was not affected by the investigated treatments, but the height of the plant was only affected by the interaction effect of planting pattern in cover crops. The highest fresh weight of the plant compared to the control with an average of 73% compared to the control was obtained from the vetiver treatment. It was also observed that the lowest fresh weight (16% compared to the control) was obtained from the vetch + barley treatment in the single-row planting patern (single/double-row planting patern). The results also showed that the diameter of the stem and cob was affected by cover crops and the reaction of cover crops in the planting pattern only at the level of 1%. The highest cob diameter (15% compared to the control) was obtained from barley treatment in single-row cultivation, followed by vetiver and barley treatment in double-row cultivation

   Cover crops contribute to nutrient cycling and may improve soil chemical properties and, consequently, increase crop yield. Potato is the fourth most valuable plant for human nutrition.  o there is a need to develop potato cropping systems with higher yields and crop quality. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of cover crops planted as pure and mixed on some soil properties and potato growth and   yield. Experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in Research Farm of the Campus of Agriculture and the Natural Resources، Razi University of Kermanshah. Experimental treatments include barley, vetch and clover cover crops in pure and mixed form at 10 levels, pure clover, pure barley, pure vetch, 50% barley + 50% clover, 50% barley + 50% vetch, 50% vetch + 50% clover, 30% barley + 70% clover, 30% vetch + 70% barley and 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley. The results showed that the height of cover plants was affected by the type of cover crops, so that the tallest barley plants (58 cm) in the treatment of 50% barley + 50% vetch and the shortest clover crops (25 cm) in planting density of 50% vetch + 50% clover was observed. In addition, the use of cover crops compared to the control treatment caused an increase in soil properties including pH, organic carbon, N, P and K in the stage before planting potatoes compared to the before starting experiment stage. In the post-harvest of potato, the use of cover crops decrease pH soil   and increases soil organic carbon, N, P and K compared to the control. On the other hand, the use of cover crops in both stages 20 and 40 days after potato cultivation reduced the density of weeds, and pure barley cover crops was more successful in controlling weeds than other treatments. Among the investigated cover crops, the planting density of 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley was more favorable than other treatments. So that the highest plant height, leaf area index, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight and the number of main stem in all stages of measurement were obtained from this treatment. In addition, the comparison of averages showed that the maximum number of tubers, fresh weight of tubers and dry weight of potato tubers were obtained by using the mentioned treatment. It was found that cover crops had a positive effect on the diameter grading of the tubers in the maturity stage, and in the treatment of 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley, the most small tubers (95 per m2), medium tubers (329 per m2) and large tubers (211 per m2) were seen. On the other hand, it was observed that this treatment increased the tuber yield by 7.98 tons/ha compared to the control treatment. In all four stages of vegetative growth, tuber formation, tuber bulking stage and potato tuber maturity, the treatment of 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley caused an increase of 43.35, 53.37, 42.17 and 50.43% respectively, RWC was compared to the control without cover crops. In general, the results of this research showed that the cultivation of cover crops can be used as a strategy to improve the growth traits, yield and yield components of potatoes.

  Tribenuron methyl is widely used in Iran's grain cultivation systems under rainfed conditions. However, there is little information about its persistence in soil and transfer of this herbicide and its toxicity to subsequent crops in the rotation. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the sensitivity of different chickpea cultivars to tribenuron methyl and also to find alternative products. In a field experiment, chickpea fields located in Ravansar city, Kermanshah province, were monitored during the 1402-1401 crop season, and chickpea growth was evaluated in response to tribenuron methyl residues used in the previous wheat crop. Also, in a greenhouse experiment, the effect of different concentrations of tribenuron methyl on the growth of chickpeas, lentils, and vetiver was investigated. In all species examined in this study, the presence of tribenuron methyl decreased plant growth. In general, among the studied crop species, lentils were more tolerant to tribenuron methyl, followed by common vetch and chickpeas. Compared to other two cultivars, namely Mansour and Adel, Beonij chickpea variety was more sensitive to tribenuron methyl residues in the soil (30% decrease in grain yield). Based on the results of this study, tribenuron methyl residues used in wheat fields are the main factor in the reduction of chickpea height in rainfed cultivation systems in western Iran. It is recommended to replace common lentil and vetiver with chickpeas in rotation with wheat in soils that are heavily contaminated with TBN residues.

of 5% were strongly, positively and significantly  

2). One-way ANOVA was used to compare mean of soil properties for Tape-Gole, Sorkhak and their relevant control and T-test was used to compare soil properties for Gheshlagh and its relevant control. The results showed that there was no statistically significant changes of soil EC, PH, TNV in all the studied area. The amoughnt of OC%, P, K and BD in Sorkhak was significantly higher compare to its relevant control area. Among the measured soil microbial properties there was no significant changes in soil BR in all the studied area. However, soil carbon biomass (Cmic) and qCO2 was significantly higher in Sorkhak compared to control and Tape-Gole. The results showe that none of the measured soil properties was affected by the implementation of Sianat plans in Gheshlagh compared to its relevant control. It was concluded that the quality of the implementation of Sianat plans is very important issue to improve the soil properties.  

   This study was performed to evaluate the relative suitability of susceptible and resistant wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) biotypes to the herbicide terry benuron methyl (granstar) in Hamil and Markazi counties in Islamabad Gharb city, Kermanshah province during 2017-2017 crop in two greenhouse sections. And the laboratory was run. The results of this experiment showed that the resistance of different masses harvested from 9 altitudes (above sea level) did not show a statistically significant difference despite the increase in resistance at altitudes, and the recorded resistance index between 5.55 to 64 / 6 was obtained. The results of the effect of temperature on germination of susceptible and resistant masses of wild mustard showed that the response of susceptible and resistant masses was different at different temperatures and at 20 and 25 ° C sensitive masses had the highest percentage of germination and vigor. They were resistant to the mass. Germination rate also showed significant differences in different temperature treatments and at (5 and 20) ° C the germination rate of resistant masses was significantly higher than sensitive mass. At 25 ° C, the germination rate of the sensitive mass was significantly higher than that of the resistant mass. The results related to the effect of different osmotic potential also showed that in general wild mustard is sensitive to reducing the osmotic potential of soil and the percentage and speed of germination and vigor of sensitive masses at the osmotic potential of 0.1 and 0.2 MPa were the highest and In the osmotic potential of 1 and 1.2 reached zero. Acidity and resistant and sensitive masses of wild mustard have a significant effect on germination percentage and vigor, as well as different amounts of acidity have a significant effect on wild mustard seeds, so that resistant masses prefer acidic to neutral acidity. The results of dose-response experiment showed that the interaction of mass in the amount of trifenuron methyl on the germination percentage of wild mustard seeds was significant. The highest germination percentage occurred at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 in resistant masses, and in susceptible masses in control treatment and concentration of 0.25 and germination in both sensitive and resistant masses at concentrations of 8, 16 And 32 went to zero. Given the relative suitability of wild mustard sensitive stands in terms of germination, it seems that if no special management operations are carried out to reduce the germination of these stands, in the future the population of these stands will expand and in this case, the possibility of There are increasing problems by these masses. eywords: Stolactate synthase, Resistance, Relative suitability, Germination

   Abstract In order to evaluate the resistance of Avena ludoviciana wild oat biotypes to clodinafop propargil herbicide (Topic), also to evaluate the effect of managerial and agronomic factors on the incidence of resistance and to evaluate the relative suitability of susceptible and resistant wild oat biotypes in wheat fields located in Hamil and In the center of Islamabad city, west of Kermanshah province, an experiment was conducted in 97-99 at Razi University Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Experimental treatments included 314 wild oat biotypes suspected of resistance. After determining the sensitive and resistant biotypes of wild oats and their percentage of resistance in the greenhouse (using separation cycle), in the experimental stage in pot response with different concentrations of herbicides. The results showed that the amount of wild oat dry matter decreased with increasing in herbicide so that it reached zero in 4 to 16 times. Then, in order to evaluate the relative suitability of sensitive and resistant biotopes in terms of germination characteristics to different treatments of pH, drought, and temperature in Petri dish, it was performed as a factorial in a completely randomized design. It was observed that the susceptible wild biotypes at a temperature of 20° C had a higher temperature and germination percentage and vigor, in drought treatment the sensitive biotypes had a high velocity ratio and vigor percentage by applying drought stress than the control. In pH treatment, no difference was observed between biotypes, only in neutral to acidic pH, the highest germination percentage, observed germination resistance. In the Petri dish response test, they also maintained their germination resistant biotypes up to 2 times the recommended. Then, using a questionnaire that was previously given to farmers, the factors, including agricultural management of farms, showed resistance. 150 Arinophenoxy families were significant in the last 5 years. Also, farmers who had a land area of more than 10 hectares using the number of times and frequency of herbicide use of ACCase family herbicide had the greatest effect on the incidence of resistance, which increased with the increase of land area. At the end of preparing the wild oat dispersion map, it was shown that the wild oat dispersal of winter wild oat resistance is scattered in Hamil and Markazi and climatic and topographic factors had no effect on the occurrence of wild oat resistance.    Keywords: Wild oats, Resistance, Climate, Relative competence, Germination rate, Germination percentage, Potency, Crop management.

Abstract An experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications to study the effect of planting date, density and cultivar on yield and yield components of quinoa in Razi University of Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Farm. The main plots in this experiment are planting dates at three levels including; March 20, April 20 and May 20, and the factors were density (40 and 60 plants per square meter) and three cultivars of quinoa (Titicaca, Redcarina and Q29). The results showed that in all three planting dates, the highest number of days to reach different phenological stages was obtained in Q29 genotype, so that the day to maturity for this cultivar was 151.33 days in the planting date. The height of the plant in the culture treatment on April 10 was higher than other planting dates by 102.47 cm. On the date of sowing on April 10, the weight of 1000 seeds in quinoa was 2.19 grams, which was significantly less than the date of sowing in May 20 and higher than the date of sowing in March. Seed yield in Titicaca cultivar and on planting on April 10 had higher grain yield (2297 kg / ha) than the other two cultivars. Also, quinoa plant at 60 plants / m2 had higher grain yield (1962.22 kg / ha) than 40 plants / m2 (1884.7 kg / ha). The highest biological yield of 5498 kg / ha was obtained in Titicaca cultivar on April 20. The biological yield of quinoa plant at a density of 60 plants per square meter (4578.2 kg / ha) was higher than the density of 40 plants per square meter (4233.5 kg / ha). At a density of 40 plants per square meter and planting of quinoa on March 11, the highest harvest index was 48.28%. Based on the results of this study, it can be recommended for Kermanshah region to obtain maximum quinoa seed yield that Titicaca cultivar is planted at a density of 60 plants per square meter on April 20.   

   Abstract Knowledge of phenology and ecology as well as weed germination characteristics play an essential role in designing effective policies for their management in agricultural fields. Musk weeds of Vicia genus are the predominant species in rainfed fields in Iran. In order to evaluate the plant growth phenology and germination ecology of Caspian vetch and broadleaf vetch as important and predominant weeds in dryland wheat and chickpea fields, an experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications during two cropping years 2019-2020 in rainfed farms located in Kozran section of Kermanshah province were implemented. The farm where the study was conducted had a history of high infestation with both species of vetch. Previous experiments have shown that the emergence of these two species began in early February and continues alternately until April in the fields. Three peaks of emergence of both species in the three months that were the window of emergence of these two species, namely February, March and April of each year were selected and in each peak 15 plants to measure morphological traits and different phenological stages until the end of the growing season in fallow. Crop and other weeds were kept away from competition. Also, the percentage of seed germination of both species and their response to various factors of dormancy breaking were investigated. The results of this study showed that seeds were dormant after harvest and dormancy required a after ripening, so that with increasing number of weeks after harvest, germination percentage reached 40%, but never increased in the fourteenth week after harvest. The results of differentseed dormancy-breaking treatments in both species showed that the germination percentage with mechanical scraping by sandpaper had the highest performance. The results obtained in the morphological section showed that the studied traits including 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod and ratio of pods to flowers in both species had almost the same trend and plants established in February compared to post-establishment They were always superior. Calendar onset and degree of day-cumulative growth of each phenological stage also differed between establishment dates and crop years and its effect on height, number of leaves, number of pods and lateral stems produced in both species was significant. The establishment of Februry in May indicated more power and competition with the crop, and as a result, more damage to it. In general, based on the results of this study, it can be suggested to control and manage earlier settlements of these two weeds, which have competitive power and consequently higher damage to crops in their field control management program and that later established plants can not compete. Hardiness in the rainfed fields of the region. From a practical point of view, it is better to plant the crop later so that we do not face stronger plants of these weeds to compete with the crop. Keywords: after-ripening, dormancy breaking, sub-Branch

   Tomato is one of the most important agricultural products with a production of about 159 million tons in the world in 2015. ‌ One of the major problems of tomato cultivation is weed damage that in the early stages of growth due to low growth rate and limited leaf development, strength Has less competition against weeds. Weed control in tomato is one of the most costly agricultural operations in this crop, which if not paid attention to weed control can cause a lot of damage to the crop. Various methods are used to control weeds, and the use of herbicides is very common. But today, due to environmental problems, high cost, resistance to weeds and threats to human health and the environment, frequent and excessive use of herbicides has been questioned. The use of cover crops is a good alternative to uncultivated tillage and the use of herbicides. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cover cluster vetch and Iranian clover as pure and combined cultivation on yield and control of tomato weeds as well as control of winter weeds in the field. This experiment was carried out in the cropping year of 2020-2021 in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Sciencess And Engineering of Razi University of Kermanshah. The experiment of cover plants by treating different percentages of cultivation of two cover plants of musk clover and clover musk, in the form of a randomized complete block design with four replications with the percentage of residues left from the treatment of cover plants has been done. The tomato experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Experimental treatments in cover crops include pure and combined cultivation (different percentages) of both clover and vetch plants (100% clover, 100% vetch, 50% vetch + 50% clover, 10% vetch + 90% clover, 90% vetch + 10. Clover, 80% vetch + 20% Clover, 20.% vetch + 80% Clover, ? 70 vetch + 30% Clover, 30% vetch + 70% Clover, ? 60 vetch + 40% Clover, ? 40 vetch + 60% Clover and 0. vetch + 0. clover (control)). Cover crops have been able to improve the physical properties and nutrients of the soil in this short period of time. Significant differences were observed between different percentages of cover crops in terms of weed control. The treatment of 50% vetch + 50% clover and 100% clover on average have been able to create suitable and good conditions for cover plants and weed control in different measured traits. In contrast, the treatments of 20% vetch + clover and 90% vetch + 10% clover did not create suitable conditions for weed control. In all measured traits, the control treatment did not create suitable conditions in the field compared to the cover plant treatments. Regarding the effect of cover crop residues on yield and weed control in tomatoes, 50% vetch + 50% clover residues and 100% clover residues were able to control both weeds and tomato yield compared to control and other treatments used. Perform better. In the control treatment, the lowest tomato yield and the lowest weed control were recorded. Yield was observed in treatments of 50% vetch + 50% clover and 100% clover residues, 67.25 and 66.51 ton / ha, respectively, while the yield in control treatment was 14.43 ton / ha. Weed density in 50% vetch + 50% clover and 100% clover residues was reported to be 9 and 8 plants /square meter, respectively, and in the control treatment was 30 plants /square meter. In general, the use of cover crops and their residues In the field can be a suitable environmental and economic method to control weeds and reduce the use of chemicals in the field.    Keywords: clover, vetch, weed management, sustainable agriculture, pure cover crops, combined cover crops, tomatoes.

  AbstractThe structure of forest stands changes over time due to human or natural disturbances.   Investigation of these changes in relation to environmental factors and turbulence plays an important role in the dynamics analysis and management ecosystems. In order to better understand the forest ecosystems and its dynamics, it is necessary to study the forest structure and its order in a quantitative manner. Zagros forests as one   of the most extensive vegetation habitants in the country and the second important forest ecosystem of Iran, although not very important in terms of industrial wood production. Due to its important role in regulating water and soil and ecological interaction of the region, the purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in the structure of Kermanshah Sorkh­ Dizeh forest after a thirteen year period. In order to this survey, in first   fifty circular plots in a 100m*100m network   with geoplaner software were denoted and then in this stand, the forest structure characteristics that measured in thirteen years ago, in circular plots were carried out. The results showed that dominant species (Quercus brantii ) and spatial pattern of stand (clumped distribution) have not been changed. The density of stand was decreased in thirteen years ago, 178.4 trees per hectare in 2005 decreased to 119.4 trees per hectare in 2018, but the canopy cover of   trees in this stand was increased from 1676.490 m2ha-1 in 2005 to 1767.09 m2ha-1 in 2018. In this period the percent of stand canopy cover changed from 16.77% to 17.67%.   The percent of stand canopy cover as canopy cover was not significant. In summary, the results showed that dominant species, spatial pattern of trees, canopy cover and percent of canopy cover of this forest were not changed but trees density of stand was decreased and statistical surveys improved this matter.   Keyword: Structure – density – canopy cover – circular sampling method – spatial pattern

  Hedge parsley (Torilis arvensis) is one of the important weeds of cereal and plants of the Apiaceae family, which produces two types of mericarps, spiny and hairy. In order to investigate the germination, phenology, and power (vigor) of weed competition, 3 experiments were carried out in the years 2016-2018. In the first experiment, the effects of environmental factors such as after-ripening, light and temperature, osmotic and salinity stress, acidity, seed burial depth, seed position and thermal shock on germination of Hedge parsley were investigated. The results of this part of the experiment showed that both seed types were dormant at harvesting, but the spiny type had a deeper dormancy level and required a more prolonged after-ripping period. So, after about eight weeks from harvesting, the germination percentage of spiny and hairy seeds is increased by 60% and 97%, respectively. Light did not affect seed germination. Germination was the highest at a temperature of 20°C (Germination percentage of spiny and hairy seeds was 58% and 96.9%, respectively.). T. arvensis was sensitive to osmotic stress induced by NaCl or PEG6000. The highest germination percentage was observed in pH 7. So that, he percentage of germination of spiny and hairy seeds reached 60% and 100%, respectively. No seedlings emerged when the seeds were buried at soil depth of 6 cm and deeper soil depths. The results of interaction of seed placement, temperature and seed shape showed that the temperature and seed shape had a significant effect on germination percentage. The depth of burial, the interaction between burial depth and thermal shock and the interaction between burial depth and seed shape had a significant effect on seed germination. The second experiment was to evaluate the phenology of this weed in the Kermanshah region. The results also showed that hedge parsley is a spring weed that its phonological stages completed in 141.6 days and to complete growth and development period need to 1847.38 degree day. In the third experiment, the effect of salinity and nitrogen on the competition between coriander and hedge parsley was investigated. Nitrogen and salinity affected on coriander growth characteristics. With the increasing salinity level, plant height, leaf number, fresh and dry weight of plant and leaf, yield and leaf area decreased. But nitrogen had a positive effect on morphological characteristics studied. The interaction between salinity and nitrogen showed that in all three levels of salinity with increasing nitrogen concentration increased coriander growth characteristics. Under salinity stress conditions, application of nitrogen 90 kg ha-1 could reduce the negative effects of salinity stress by increasing growth and finally improving the morphological characteristics of the plant.

  Crop management of weeds is one of the important strategies in sustainable agriculture. In this regard, identification of herbal traits affecting competitive ability and crop nutritional status is of particular importance. This experiment was conducted to identify the herbal properties affecting competitive ability of wheat cultivars with weeds at different levels of nitrogen in 1394 at the research farm of Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of Razi University of Kermanshah. The experiment was conducted as split plot in a completely randomized block design with three replications. The factors studied included the application of nitrogen at three levels (0, 50 and 100% recommended by soil test) as the main factor and wheat cultivars (Urum, Sirvan, Sivand, Parsi, Pishgam, Pishtaz and Mihan) as sub factors. . In order to investigate the effect of test factors on weed interference, each replication was split longitudinally from the middle to two halves, one of which weed control was controlled throughout the growing season, and in the other, no control was performed. The results showed that the highest and lowest nitrogen yields were 100 and 0%, respectively. Among the wheat cultivars, Pishgam cultivars were the highest and Orum and Mihan cultivars had the least yield. Also, with increasing nitrogen fertilizer application in terms of interference with weeds, the power index of competition tolerance of cultivars decreased and the density and dry weight of weeds increased, indicating more competitive weeds than wheat cultivars. The results showed that in competition with weeds Sivand, Pishtaz and Pishgam cultivars, due to the leaf area index, height, crop growth rate, seedling weights and number of spikes per square meter more, decreased the density and weeds biomass They had a higher competition index than other cultivars.  Key words: Interference, Competition, Variety, Wheat, Nitrogen, Plant Properties

To evaluate the relationship between weeds and with the lentil to predict yield using Artificial Neural Network approach and also showing spatial variability of weeds and yield using geostatistical method, an experiment was conducted on one of the lentil fields of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of Razi University in Kermanshah. Sampling was systematically carried out in two stages in a network of regular points that the geographic coordinates of each sampling point were recorded using a GPS device, once in the pre-flowering stage of lentil and the second time at the end of the growing season. In these two stages, traits including density, height, canopy percentage and dry weight of weed species, and also canopy percentage, grain yield and biomass of lentil was measured and recorded. In addition, weeds diversity and evenness indices were calculated based on their density. In total, 45 weed species in the first stage and 28 species in the second stage was observed that most of which were annual and broad leaves. The results showed that, among the studied factors, density, canopy and dry weights of weeds had a significant negative effect on lentil yields, which in some cases also positive effect of some weed species was observed. The results also showed the positive effect of increasing the weed species diversity and evenness on lentil yield. In addition, according to the results, crop yield variations affected by weeds at the each area of the field, was different and the geostatistical method was showed that very good. The results showed that artificial neural network method is acceptable for predicting yield and biomass of lentil using weed traits as input of model. The best network to predict the yield was PCAs neural network, made from standard data with Steps learning law, with correlation coefficient of 80% and root normalized mean square error of 5.85%. However, the accuracy of the neural network for biomass prediction was not as effective as yield, so that the correlation coefficient and normalized root mean square error in its best network were 78% and 11.36%, respectively. The results generally showed that the neural network approach could use in lentil yield prediction under weed interference conditions, assuming that other conditions are desirable (non-outbreak of pests and diseases and occurrence of non-biological stresses).  Keywords: Spatial interpolation, Multi-species competition, Regression, Canopy, Site-specific management

  To study the effects of weeds and some factors affecting the yield of rainfed chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), a field survey was conducted with sampling of 85 chickpea fields in three villages located in suburb of the city of Rawansar in the Kermanshah province at 2015. Data collection was done in two ways including: a) asking questionnaire from farmers and b) direct sampling of the fields. extracted data from included field area, crop rotation, farmer education level, time of plowing, fertilizer consumption, seed varieties cultivated, sowing date, weed management, date of harvest, harvesting method and the grain yield. Sampling was carried out in two stages: before flowering and pod formation randomly from six points of each field, using 1 x 1 m dimension quadrates. In this way, information such as weed species density and canopy percent , chickpea density and canopy percent , and grain yield were recorded. The results showed that the grain yield of chickpea depending on the type of crop management like time of plowing, sowing, sowing date, sowing method, weed management, date of harvest, and social factors such as farmer education level, age and experience of farmer and also studied village no significant differences were found.   Accordingly, performing twice plow before planting, using mechanized planting techniques, weed management and selection of appropriate planting and harvesting date significantly increased the yield of chickpea and decreased the weed population. In addition, increasing two factors of farmer education level and experience increased crop yield and reduce weeds. Also residing compared with non-residing in the village with an increased probability of more attention of farmers, increased crop yield and reduced weed population. A total of 28 weed species were recorded in the studied fields which most of them were mostly dominant annual and broadleaf weeds in chickpea fields in Kermanshah province. Meanwhile, the weed species of Cichorium intybus and Carthamus oxyacantha had the greatest impact on the grain yield.   ome weeds, like Glycyrrhiza glabra and Hordum glaucum   as a result of interactions with other weeds had a positive impact on the chickpea yield. In addition, increase in diversity and evenness of weed population has a positive impact on the yield of chickpea. It seems that increase the diversity of weed lead to increase competition between weeds and reduces weed competitiveness by themselves. This can reduce the negative impact of some weed species on arable crops. It was probably why the chickpea yield was affected by the positive effects of some weeds. In general it can be said that the factors affecting crop production in real conditions, can raise awareness about the effects of each of these factors, and thus is resulting in better management in the agricultural sector.

  Contribution to the pollen morphology and taxonomy in the Genus Tulipa  Tulipa is one of the most important genera of the family Liliaceae and the pollen morphology studied of its species is very significant. Pollens for this study were taken from the collections in the Main Botanical Garden Moscow (MHA), Russia; Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian, Academy of Science, St. Petersburg (LE); Biological Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University (MW), Russia; Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands (RIFR), Tehran, Iran; Razi University Herbarium (RUH), Kermanshah, Iran; Herbarium of Agriculture and natural resources Research center of Kermanshah, Iran. In this study, 30 species of pollen grains by light microscope (LM) and 13 species with scanning electron microscope (SEM) were studied. For Light microscopy was used to Erdtmans acetolysis technique and samples were prepared in glycerin and gelatin. For any 25 pollen grains were studied, in this study, the polar axis (P) and the diameter of the equatorial axis (E) and P / E ratio was determined. The measurements were performed using a calibrated eyepiece at 40x magnification. For SEM studies unacetolysed pollen grains were attached to aluminum stubs and sputter coated with Au and examined under scanning electronic microscope. These studied species were different form each other by size, shape, muri width, Lumina size. This research studied species showed a single, homogeneous, bisymmetrical, monosulcate, trisulcate, broad spherical to oval. Outline of pollen grains at equatorial position in all investigated species is oblate and polar view - oblate-spheroidal. Size of pollen grain T. hoogiana B.Fedtschenko from subg. Leiostemones is medium (33/2 ± 5/4 µm), but the size of pollen T.biebersteiniana Schult.f of sub genus Eriostemones (62/4 ± 6/8 µm) is large. Pollen grains of studied species in subgenus Eriostemoes have monosulcate and foveate-striate surface, the other ones from subgenus Leiostemones have three-apertures and foveate-tuberculate surface. The possible evolutionary trends include (1) monosulcate, (2) monosulcate with operculum, (3) trisulcate. In additional intermediate monosulcate – trisulcate (T. clusiana DC.), and intermediate trisulcate – inaperture (T. tschimganica Z.Botsch ). In shape is the oval (T. tarda Stapf. from sect. Biflores Hall ex Zonn) to nearly spherical (T. ulphylla Wendelbo from sect. Oculis-Solis Hall). Also the exine ornamentation from   microreticulate (T. tarda) to striate - foveate (T. biebersteiniana) was developed. Finally psilate ornamentation (T.systola Stap. from sect. Oculis-Solis Hall). are the most advanced states. Dendrogram ward cluster analysis using optical microscopy data for all of studied species, divided into four groups: The first group (A) which contains the majority of of the investigation species. The second group (B) and third (C) include the following species belonging to the subg. Eriostemones. The fourth group (D) pollen grains belong to the subg. Leiostemones with nearly spherical in shape, trisulcate and pollen are smaller in size than other groups (A, B, C). In cluster analysis, electron microscopy data Variety of T. montana Lindl. separated from each other. Cluster analysis of the data light and electron microscopic analysis of T. tarda and T. sylvestris L. belonging to the Subg. Eriostemones are together on a branch. Thus, the species studied by palynomorphological characteristic are easily separated.While the morphology of the various parts of their bodies show many similarities with each other.     Key word: Dendrogram, Ornamentation, Outline, Pollen grain, Tulipa