Abstract: In water resource management, irrigation and drainage network design, and hydraulic structures, estimating reference evapotra  iration (ETo) plays a critical role. Most methods for estimating ETo start with the prediction of the reference ETo value. Although lysimeters are recommended for accurate ETo measurement, their high cost and limitations prevent widespread use. Instead, weather stations use various climatic data, such as wind speed, solar radiation, temperature, and humidity, to calculate ETo. However, the quality of available data may be insufficient or not accessible in different parts of the world, and many weather stations lack long-term data necessary for accurate ETo estimation. Satellite data can serve as a suitable alternative to weather station data, offering broader spatial coverage over shorter time periods at lower costs. This study initially used weather station data to calculate ETo employing the FAO Penman-Monteith method. Subsequently, ETo was estimated using the FAO Penman-Monteith equation with climatic data from ERA5 and ERA5-Land. Additionally, ETo values from the WaPOR dataset were also utilized. The comparison of daily ETo estimates derived from ERA5 and ERA5-Land reanalysis data with those from synoptic weather station data revealed that, despite high R² values at all 13 stations in Kermanshah province, only the stations of Kangavar, Harsin, Kermanshah, Ravansar, Islamabad-e Gharb, Javanrud, and Gilan-e Gharb (for ERA5) and Kangavar, Gilan-e Gharb, and Javanrud (for ERA5-Land) had nRMSE values below 30%. Furthermore, the comparison of ETo from the WaPOR dataset with ETo from synoptic weather stations showed that, while high R² values were present at all 13 stations, stations such as Sonqor, Tazehabad, Sarpol-e Zahab, and Gilan-e Gharb had nRMSE values exceeding 30%, indicating that WaPOR performed better in terms of the number of stations with errors above 30% compared to the other datasets. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that the WaPOR, ERA5, and ERA5-Land datasets, in that order, provide suitable performance for calculating ETo at the examined stations and can be effectively utilized as alternatives for this purpose in the study area.

   Flumes with a special cross-section and different degrees of convergence and divergence are used to measure flow indirectly. In many of these flumes that have been investigated in the rectangular channel, the stage-discharge relationship in the trapezoidal constriction section has been obtained using dimensional analysis. In this research, using the energy relationship between the upstream section and the throat (trapezoidal) section, a relationship has been developed to calculate the discharge. The correctness and accuracy of the proposed relationship were checked using different laboratory data. For the flume proposed by Aali and Vatankhah (2023), the proposed relationship has an NRMSE of less than 5%. In the hydraulic laboratory of Razi University, a wedge-shaped structure was installed in the middle of the rectangular channel with a width of 37 cm. This structure was designed and built with two different side slope and four different throat width (8 different configurations). The total sections of this structure in the throat are trapezoidal. For the side slope of 0.4 and 0.5, the NRMSE value is 10.9 and 6.1 percent, respectively. For this structure, relationships have been developed using dimensional analysis. The relationship proposed in this thesis can be used for rectangular channels with trapezoidal throat cross section. There is no need for calibration with laboratory data to calculate the flow using this relationship. Comparison with laboratory data has shown that this relationship has high accuracy in discharge prediction.

 Underground water is one of the important sources of water supply in the world and in Iran. Due to the increase in population and the development of human activities, the quality of underground water is decreasing. This can cause problems for human health, environment and agriculture. Iran is located in an arid and semi-arid region with an average annual rainfall of less than a third of the global amount. The spatial and temporal distribution of regional rainfall is also not uniform, estimates indicate It is that by 2025, Iran will become one of the salt marshes that will face the crisis of water resources shortage, which shows the necessity of managing water resources and considering measures to reduce water consumption. Absence of water resources has been observed in the regions of the country. Underground water resources provide more than half of Iran's annual water needs. It is estimated that 50% of drinking water in the world and about 63% of drinking water in Iran are provided through underground water sources. The increase in agricultural activities and the development of urbanization in dry areas have faced a big challenge for sustainable development, and it has faced a shortage of surface water resources. and the amount of water demand has increased significantly, which is why these sources have been exposed to a high risk of pollution and have faced one of the main challenges for drinking water suppliers. Groundwater is the main source of water in arid and semi-arid regions. The importance of these sources should not be underestimated. In addition to supplying the water needed by a certain region for drinking and irrigation, it is also important for other surrounding regions. That's why its quality is also important. It has been seriously considered In this research, taking into account the important qualitative factors in the study area of Bijar plain of Kurdistan province during the years 1392 to 1401, it was conducted in more than ten wells of Bijar plain area and the results of the collected data are the average of the wells. Hasan Abad 1 and 2, Takht Bijar, Halvai 1 and 2, Qamishlo 1, 2 and 3, and Yasukand, Salavat Abad and Tashe Abad 1 and 2 from the samples taken, which include the physicochemical parameters of the water, such as the pH level, water temperature, color, and nitrate turbidity. and nitrite and ammonia, iron and magnesium, carbon dioxide, COD, and dissolved oxygen are included

جنگل‌هاي زاگرس كه به‌عنوان اكوسيستم­هاي جنگلي نيمه‌خشك تقسيم‌بندي مي­شوند وسيع‌ترين اكوسيستم جنگلي   ايران به شمار مي‌روند كه 44درصد جنگل‌هاي كشور را تشكيل داده و مهم­ترين رويشگاه گونه­هاي بلوط در ايران به شمار مي­روند. پژوهش   حاضر براي بررسي تنوع عملكرد ميكروبي خاك در ارتباط با جزاير حاصلخيزي در جنگل­هاي شاخه زاد بلوط زاگرس انجام شد. منطقه مورد مطالعه، در استان كرمانشاه، جنگل­هاي شهرستان گيلان غرب منطقه دار بادام قرار داشت. به‌منظور نمونه‌گيري، تعداد 4 ترانسكت در منطقه مورد مطالعه با فاصله‌هاي 50 متر در نظر گرفته شد. سپس، در راستاي ترانسك­ها، نمونه­برداري‌ از خاك با توجه تيمار­ها انجام گرديد. تيمارهاي مورد بررسي شامل محدوده تاج جست‌گروه‌ها (جست گروه­هاي با تعداد جست­هاي 1 تا 3، 3 تا10، 10 تا20 و بيشتر از 20) و فواصل مابين جست‌گروه­ها (تاج درختان به هم چسبيده (بدون فاصله)، فاصله تاج درختان 1 تا 3 متر و 3 تا 5 متر) بود. در هر كدام از تيمار­هاي فوق، قطعات نمونه با مشخصات ابعادي 25/0 ×25/0 متر و از عمق صفر تا 30 سانتي­متري و به‌طور كاملاً تصادفي برداشت شدند. هر يك از اين تيمار­ها، در هر ترانسكت با 4 تكرار در نظر گرفته و در مجموع تعداد 28 نمونه براي منطقه مورد مطالعه برداشت شد. نتايج نشان داد كه نتايج به دست آمده از مقايسه ميانگين ويژگي­هاي فيزيكي و شيميايي خاك درون تاج و بيرون تاج نشان داد كه ميانگين ويژگي­هاي كربن آلي، پتاسيم و شن در درون تاج درختان بلوط به‌طور معني­داري بيشتر از ميانگين آن­ها در فضا­هاي بيرون تاج درختان است. ولي ميانگين ساير ويژگي­ها از جمله واكنش شيميايي خاك، هدايت الكتريكي، فسفر، رس، سيلت و آهك در محدوده بيرون تاج بيشتر از درون تاج بود. همچنين ويژگي­هاي تنفس پايه و كسر متابوليك در زير تاج درختان بلوط به‌طور معني‌داري بيشتر از ميانگين آن­ها در فضا­هاي بيرون تاج درختان مشاهده شد، ولي ميانگين ساير ويژگي­ها از جمله تنفس برانگيخته، كربن زيست‌توده ميكروبي و بهره ميكروبي در محدوده بيرون تاج بيشتر از درون تاج به دست آمد. نتايج به دست آمده از مقايسه ميانگين آنزيم­هاي خاك درون تاج و بيرون تاج نشان داد كه ميانگين آنزيم­هاي فسفاتاز قليايي و ساكاراز در زير تاج درختان بلوط به‌طور معني‌داري بيشتر از ميانگين آن‌ها در فضاهاي بيرون تاج درختان است ولي ميانگين ساير آنزيم­ها از جمله فسفاتاز اسيدي و اوره آز در محدوده بيرون تاج بيشتر از درون تاج است.   

Zagros forests have been faced with many fires in recent years, so they can be aware of the effect of fire on trees and shrubs and their revitalization process can begiven to the vegetative response. After the fire, the forest was used to takeappropriate measures and operations to restore Zagros forests. Therefore, in this study, using Landstet satellite images, OLI sensor was examined during the period of 1399-1399 to investigate the recovery process of covering after fire. According to the date of fire in each of the areas studied, images were created before and after the fire, and the monitoring of the burnt areas was carried out at an annual interval with the image. April was considered to investigate the forest floor coverings and images of August and September to investigate the forest tree cover. NDVI and NBR indexes were used to investigate the recovery process of the vegetation and were determined by the results of the DNBR index. Due to the impact of rainfall on the masses of forest cover, rainfall data were used during the period 1396-1396. It is a vegetable cover and the increase in fuel and the risk of fire. Therefore, in the current research, the forest type and the intensity of fire were considered as factors affecting the process of forest recovery. It should be noted that in the Iranian oak type in the Jalalvand area and the Iranian-Mazodar oak in the Rijab area, the NBR and NDVI index recovery speed was higher than the Cormo-Renjen Brigade in the Qalajah area. In general, in forests where fires have been less severe, the process of repair is faster and in more severe fire floors, the repair is longer. The results of this study indicate that the NBR index is appropriate to investigate the timing of forest recovery in Zagros forests.

   Abstract It has long been customary to build dams and reservoirs to store water on the surface ground. Although dams are good structures for storing water, they are exposed to evaporation in dry areas, and sometimes due to lack of proper rainfall, the volume of the reservoir decreases. Underground or groundwater dams, unlike surface dams, are built underground and are used to store groundwater in areas where evaporation is high and surface water supply is low. These dams can recharge aquifers or raise the reservoir level in an aquifer with low flow to a level that can be easily exploited by pumping operations. Compared to conventional methods of surface water storage, underground dams have many advantages such as much lower construction cost, proximity to the place of consumption, being more hygienic, less loss due to evaporation, easier maintenance, less risk of pollution, durability and longer life, and non-occupancy the lands on the ground level are for the dam reservoir. Despite some disadvantages such as the small volume of the water volume, the impossibility of estimating the volume of the reservoir, and the lack of control of the conditions of the subsurface tank, the experience of using them in different regions of the world in arid and semi-arid climatic conditions has been very successful. In this research, using a multi-criteria decision-making system (analytical hierarchical analysis) and Boolean logic, 21 effective factors in locating an underground dam were investigated. These factors include 14 factors that prohibit the construction of an underground dam and 9 effective factors (geology, fault density, sediment thickness, permeability, water quality, slope, hydrographic network, distance from the village, and topography of areas with the ability to build a dam). A map of suitable places was prepared with 5 categories: completely unsuitable, unsuitable, assessable, suitable, and very suitable. The basis of classification was normalizing the obtained weights and converting them into percentages. For this purpose, the five categories 90 to 100, 75 to 90, 50 to 75, 35 to 50, and below 35% were selected. Based on the obtained results, nearly 1% of the lands in the western Kermanshah areas were classified as very suitable areas, 9% as suitable areas, 66% as intermediate and assessable areas, 22% as unsuitable areas, and 2% as completely unsuitable areas. The area under the curve in the ROC diagram was used to validate the model. For this purpose, 30 random points were selected in the GIS environment in non-prohibited areas obtained from the Boolean model, and the values of the five groups were transferred to these points. By field control of random points using Google Earth, the suitable areas were indicated with the number 1 and the unsuitable areas with the number 0, and then the ROC diagram was drawn. The results indicated about 60% conformity with the AHP model, which shows that the model is moderately valid. The reasons for this average adaptation are the lack of a layer of gorges and the lack of high-precision satellite images, which were among the limitations of this study.

   Surface waters such as rivers are among the most important sources of water that play a crucial role in supplying water for various activities such as agriculture, industry, drinking, and electricity generation. The Gharasoo River, which is one of the key surface water sources in Kermanshah Province, has had a good water quality in the past, to the extent that it has been used as a water source for the city of Kermanshah for many years. Unfortunately, in recent years, due to the influx of pollution from urban and industrial wastewater, agricultural runoff, hazardous chemicals, microbe-contaminated sewage, and more, the water quality of the river has significantly deteriorated. This study examines the water quality and quality >  

   Tomato is one of the most important vegetable crops that is widely cultivated all over the world.   Among the things that make tomato production difficult, the parasitic weed broomrape is one of the main threats.   Although so far different strategies have been used to control broomrape, but; None of them have succeeded in completely curbing it. What is of interest today to control weeds, including the broomrape parasite, is the use of several management methods in the form of integrated control. In the present study, three types of manure and four species of endomycorrhizal fungi were used in three experiments in a completely randomized design to control the broomrapes. In the first two experiments, the role of animal manures and mycorrhizal species was investigated separately. In the first experiment, the species Funneliformis mosseae, significantly compared to other treatments, succeeded in reducing the number and dry weight of broomrape. Among the types of animal manure used in the second experiment, cow manure had a significant effect on the reduction of dry weight and the number of flowers. Finally, the results of the combination of cow manure at two different levels with F.mosseae in the third experiment showed the positive effect of combining the lower level of manure with mycorrhizae in the emergence of stalks, the number and dry weight of broomrapes on tomato plants.

   Abstract Plant coefficient is one of the important plant parameters in the calculation equation of plant evaporation and tra  iration, and the method of its calculation is very important. Due to the fact that the necessary information for calculating the plant factor by direct methods is not available in most of the country's lands, so collecting information to calculate the plant factor using direct methods requires a lot of time and money, today, we are looking for new methods to obtain Vegetation coefficient is one of these methods that is suitable for large areas is the use of satellite images and remote sensing. Using these methods, the required parameters can be obtained spatially on a large scale. In this research, the plant factor of potato was determined using the lysimetric method. For this purpose, data such as the amount of irrigation water, the amount of drained water, the amount of soil moisture before irrigation and the amount of rain water were measured. According to the measured values, evaporation and tra  iration of reference plant and potato plant were determined. Further, by dividing the evaporation and tra  iration of the potato plant by the evaporation and tra  iration of the reference plant, the plant coefficient was obtained for the initial, middle and final stages, respectively, 0.69, 1.02, and 0.86. Then, using Landsat 8 satellite images and Sebal algorithm, the value of potato vegetation coefficient was obtained for the initial, middle and final stages, respectively, 0.06, 0.75, 0.43. Finally, the vegetation coefficient obtained using these two methods were compared by RMSE, ME, MBE, NRMSE, MAE and R^2 statistical indices. The values of these indices were obtained as 0.14, 0.012, 0.22, 0.11, 0.08 and 0.76, respectively, which shows that the results obtained using the two methods are close to each other. Next, the relationship between vegetation coefficient and vegetation indices SAVI and NDVI was found using linear regression; The correlation coefficient (R^2) between SAVI and NDVI was 0.33 and 0.62, respectively. Also, a regression was performed between the potato vegetation index and the combination of SAVI and NDVI vegetation indices, and the correlation coefficient value was 0.90. According to the values of R^2, it can be concluded that the plant coefficient calculated using the combination of SAVI and NDVI indices will give a better result than using these indices alone. Keywords: evapotra  iration, potato, remote sensing, plant factor, Landsat 8, SAVI, NDVI

   Abstract    Due to limited water resources, its cost of supply, and proper management of it, the use of modern irrigation methods in the agricultural sector, especially gardening is essential. Among the new irrigation methods, we can name the drip irrigation system, which is used in high-efficiency water distribution for optimal use of water resources due to its potential. Evaluation of irrigation systems to improve and manage them is essential. In this study, 5 drip irrigation systems in the city of Salas Babajani were selected and evaluated. The assessments were performed according to the guidelines of the US Department of Soil Conservation (SCS) and the Merriam and Keller method. In this evaluation, in each of the systems, the operation methods and management, technical problems and issues (design and implementation), and chemical quality of water, have been analyzed. The results showed that in most of the systems, due to the lack of central control device and proper filtration system, most of the drippers were blocked, and also due to the inadequate pressure of the drippers, the uniformity of the drop in the studied systems was reduced. The wetting area varied from 14.89 to 33.49% of the total area, so that in all systems except one system, the wetting percentage was less than the minimum recommended design value (33%). The minimum and maximum uniformity of water distribution in the systems (EUs) was 29.49% and 62.56%, respectively, which indicated the low performance of the systems based on this index so that the uniformity of distribution of systems in all evaluated farms was in the weak range. Low-quarter potential application efficiency (PELQs) values ranged from 26.83% to 53.3%, indicating poor system performance on all farms. Low-quarter application efficiency systems (AELQs) ranged from 29.48 to 62.56%   according to this index, the performance of systems in all farms was assessed as poor. According to the values of Langelier saturation index (LSI) obtained from water sources in the studied farms, there was a tendency of calcium carbonate deposition in two farms, but in other farms, there was no risk of sedimentation. In general, the poor performance of systems was due to various reasons such as lack of central control station or proper filtration system in the systems, low wetting area, unsuitable type and the number of droplets, droplet clogging, pressure difference in systems, inadequate pressure and uneven distribution, improper distribution. The irrigation cycle and duration and ultimately poor management were exploitative.       Keywords: Drip irrigation, evaluation, Uniformly distribution, Potential efficiency, Actual Efficiency, Langer saturation index

Abstract    Separate exploitation and management of groundwater and surface water resources can cause serious damage to any of the resources and cause problems such as lowering the water level, increasing harvesting costs, damage to the environment and, etc. These problems and the effects of climate change on water resources can exacerbate the damage. For this reason, in this study, at the first, climate change was extracted based on the output of CMIP5 series models in Kermanshah plain and then the interaction of groundwater and surface water was simulated through dynamic connection of surface and groundwater resources and coupling with climate parameters. In this method, data and results are circulated any monthly time step between MODFLOW and WEAP models and the output of CMIP5 series models, so that in the basic period, the values ??of harvest, runoff, river level from WEAP model were entered MODFLOW model to calculate the level and volume of aquifer storage, etc. and returned to the WEAP model. In this shuttle between the two models, the output of climate change models (AR5) is added that the coupled model be simulate and predict surface and groundwater resources in the situation of climate change. The base period was selected from October 1991 to September 2018, then the first three periods (2018-2045), the second (2045-2072) and the third (2072-2099) under four release scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, RCP8.5 were simulated. The results in the base period show that the average groundwater level at the end of the period decreased by 4.3 meters and the final balance of the plain is negative 9.37 (MCM/Year). Rainfall changes at RCP2.6 scenario respectively in the first, second and third periods, the highest increase in precipitation in March, December and March by 7.79, 1.81 and 4.87 mm and the largest decrease in February, April and May will be 4.42, 8.74 and 13.37 millimeters. The simulation results of the model coupled with this scenario show that the Kermanshah aquifer increased by 19 cm in the first period and the positive balance that is 56,000 cubic meters per year, and in the second and third periods respectively decreased by 0.81 and 1.9 meters and the negative balance of 3.6 and 5.8 (MCM/Year), Will experience. In RCP4.5 the highest increase in precipitation in the first period and March by 5.1 mm and the highest decrease in the first, second and third periods in May, April and May will be 6.3, 12.1 and 16.9 mm, and in the simulation results, the reduction of the level, that forecast is respectively, 0.45, 2.82 and 2.62 meters, and negative balances of 1.73, 9.12 and 9 (MCM/Year). In RCP6.0, the highest increase of precipitation in the first period and March will be 6.39 mm and the highest decrease in the first, second and third periods in May, April and May will be 9.89, 12.25 and 16.07 mm. In the simulation results, the reduction of the level is respectively predicted to 1.02, 3.27 and 2.79 meters, and the negative balance is predicted that 3.2, 10.4 and 9.7 (MCM/Year). In RCP8.5, the highest increase of precipitation in the first period and March will be 3.31 mm and the highest decrease in the first, second and third periods in February, February and May will be 6.37, 14.28 and 18.9 mm. And in the simulation results, the level decrease is respectively predicted to be 1.12, 4.41 and 3.35 meters, and the negative balance is predicted of 3.37, 13.4 and 11.73 (MCM/Year). Keywords: Climate Change, Fifth Report (IPCC5), Conjunctive use, Surface and Groundwater Interaction, MODFLOW, WEAP, Balance      

   در اين تحقيق با توجه به وضعيت منابع آب در كشور و بخصوص جنوب و جنوب غرب كه منطقه مورد مطالعه در اين نواحي قرار دارد جهت رفع مشكلات كمبود منابع آب و تامين تمامي نيازها و در عين حال حفظ منابع آب موجود از روش كوپل مدل شبيه ساز_بهينه ساز استفاده شد. شبيه سازي با استفاده از مدل WEAP براي حوضه مارون كه شامل سد مارون و منابع آب زيرزميني(شمال بهبهان و جنئب بهبهات و جايزان فجر) انجام شد و با توجه به تناوب اهداف بهينه سازي از منابع آب زيرزميني و سطحي جهت بهينه سازي از الگوريتم فراكاوشي چند هدفه NSGAIII استفاده شد كه در آن سه هدف لحاظ شد،هدف اول حداكثر نمودن تامين نياز مصارف،هدف دوم حداكثر نمودن تامين نياز زيست محيطي و هدف سوم حداقل نمودن جريمه ناشي از تخطي از مخزن سد مي باشد.در ابتدا اطلاعات منابع و مصارف را به منظور واسنجي و صحت سنجي براي شبيه سازي آينده وارد مدل گرديد، ايم مدل در بازه 5 ساله(سه سال واسنجي و دو سال صحت سنجي) از مهرماه سال 1391 تا شهريور 1396 اجرا و مورد واسنجي و صحت سنجي قرار گرفت.پس از اطمينان از مطابقت مدل با شرايط واقعي، با فرض ادامه وضع موجود و تكرار دوره آماري 50 ساله جريان ورودي به مخزن سد در سال هاي آتي (از مهرماه سال 1399 تا شهريور 1449) نتايج حاصل از اجراي مدل در منطقه مورد مطالعه با عنوان سناريوي مرجع مورد بررسي قرار گرفت.در سناريوي مرجع تامين نياز   مصارف و نياز زيست محيطي و تغييرات حجم مخزن و همچنين مميزان برداشت ار آب زيرزميني هر يك از دشت هاي موجود مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. پس از انجام بهينه­سازي، با توجه به اندازه جمعيت 24 و اجراي الگوريتم NSGA-III براي 1000 تكرار، جواب­هاي نزديك به بهينه حاصل شد كه بين جواب هاي به دست آمده يك جواب به عنوان بهنرين جواب انتخاب شد.در اينجا دو سناريو لحاظ شد كه سناريوي اول سناريوي مرجع مي باشد و سناريوي دوم همان سناريوي بهينه است كه از مدل بهينه ساز حاصل گرديد.سپس بين اين دو سناريوي مقايسه صورت گرفت كه سناريوي بهينه ضمن تامين نيازهاي موجود با در نظر گرفتن سه تابع هدف نتيجه خوب و مطلوبي نسبت به سناريوي مرجع به همراه داشت.

از جمله مشكلاتي كهدر قرن حاضر وجود دارد، مسئله فرسايش خاك و اثرات زيست محيطي ناشي از آن است كه نهتنها باعث كاهش كربن آلي، تخريب ساختمان خاك و باروري خاك شده بلكه كشاورزي پايداررا نيز تهديد مي­كند.بر همين اساس اصلاح­كننده­هاي آلي خاك با تأثيري كه در نفوذآب به خاك، ضريب آبگذري و زهكشي خاك دارند، به عنوان يك راهكار مناسب در كاهشفرسايش خاك شناخته شده است. در اين راستا پلات­هايي با ابعاد2در1متر مربع در قالبطرح بلوك كاملاً تصادفي و با سه تكرار در دو كاربري(مرتع و كشاورزي) مستقر گرديد.مقايسه خصوصيات رواناب و رسوب بين كاربري زراعي و مرتع و تأثير دو اصلاح­كننده­ ­آليخاك (كودگوسفندي و كمپوست زباله شهري) به منظور كاهش ميزان توليد رواناب و رسوب بااستفاده از باران طبيعي در دو مقطع زماني مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت. همچنين مقايسهتأثير اصلاح كننده ها بر خصوصيات فيزيكي، شيميايي و بيولوژيك خاك و فعاليت سهآنزيم اوره آز، اينورتاز و فسفاتاز قليايي مورد بررسي قرار گفت. نتايج درسال اول(قبلاز اضافه نمودن مواد اصلاحي) طي 5 رخداد بارندگي نشان داد كه تغيير كاربري از مرتعبه زراعي منجر به افزايش رواناب و رسوب در كاربري زراعي شد. مقايسه كاربري مرتع وزراعي در 4 رخداد بارندگي سال دوم نيز همانند سال اول نشان دهنده افزايش حجم روانابو رسوب در كاربري زراعي بود. همچنين اصلاح كننده هاي آلي منجر به كاهش حجم روانابو رسوب در كرت هاي حاوي اين كودها شدند. تأثير اصلاح كننده هاي آلي بر تمامخصوصيات فيزيكي، شيميايي و بيولوژيك خاك در سال دوم نشان داد كه كود هاي آلي سبببهبود خصوصيات فيزيكي، شيميايي و بيولوژيك خاك و همچنين فعاليت آنزيم ها در خاكحاوي اين كودها مي شود. نتايج مقايسه بين كود گوسفندي و كمپوست حاكي از تأثير بيشتركود گوسفندي نسبت به كمپوست زباله شهري در بهبود خصوصيات خاك و كاهش حجم رواناب ورسوب بود.  

  ABSTRACT:Measuring the area of cultivated lands is important for management of problems related to these lands.   Measuring the area of cultivated lands based on traditional methods for large – scale studies is very difficult, time consuming and costly due to low accuracy. Nowadays, modern methods are used to estimate the area of cultivate lands, that use vegetation indices as their inputs.   In this study, three unregulated, supervised and hierarchical justify; MARGIN: 12pt 62.35pt 0pt" >Keywords:acreage cultivated, maize plant, Remote sensing, Sentinel 2, NDVI and SAVI vegetation index.  

Abstract Water is one of the challenges of the present century, that can be the source of many developments in the world . Regarding the importantance of these resources and considering this matter that our country is >Keywords: climate zones, water corrosion and scaling potential, orrosion indices, soil corrosion potential, speciation ion   

   Due to population growth, the shortage and severe constraints of water resources in the country, one of the main steps in the management and planning of water resources   and Climate change phenomenon is to optimize reservoirs and change the cultivation pattern. In this study, simulation of the Harsin dam reservoir for Kamish River discharge from (40 years period) has used in the WEAP model. First, considering the different cultivated patterns, the reliability of domestic, industrial, agricultural and environmental was simulated in WEAP, and the crop pattern with greater sustainability of the system was selected. Then by using the LINGO model, optimization was performed with the aim of minimizing the percentage of unmet demands. According to the results, the annual average of the environmental demands, garden drip lands, sprinkler’s land and wastewater waterline, were estimated 98.98, 87.51, 89.79 and 95.63, while these values in the optimization model were equal to 100, 99.99, 99.21 and 99.12, which indicates that the percentage of shortcomings has been reached to less than 1%. The average of overflow volume in simulation and optimization models was 7.31 and 4.09 million m3/year respectively, which indicates that optimization model has the lower rate of wasted water comparing to simulation model. Finally, by applying the climate RCP scenarios, the results showed a decrease in the input flow of the Harsin Dam reservoir And the output of both HADGEM2-ao and FGOALS-G2 climatic models resulted in a maximum increase of 5 and at least 3 ° C in future periods. Based on the RCP8.5 scenario, the estimated runoff in future periods 2020-2059 and 2060-2099 is lower than the predicted runoff under RCP2.6 scenarios, which corresponds to the definition of these scenarios. Output runoff applied by the rainfall-runoff model under the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios in the WEAP model reduced the reliability index of downstream dam requirements to below 80%. The highest reliability index for climate scenarios by HADGEM2-ao model under RCP2.6 scenario is related to industry needs, which is 77.08% in simulation mode, while this indicator in 88.42% is optimize. The lowest reliability index in the WEAP model was estimated to be 32.19%, compared to 52.71% in the LINGO model. Hence, with the appropriate planning and management, it is possible to deduct the amount of deficits significantly, especially in the field of agriculture.

  Research was conducted to determine the water requirement and different plant coefficients and of Ambarbo rice variety in Razi University of Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus. A series of Lysimetric experiments in the field and greenhouse were conducted during two years of 1396 to 1397. Experiment were conducted for two years. In the field condition three drainage lysimeters with diameter of 1.2 and height of 1.4 meters and in the glass room 6 lysimeter with diameter of 0.40 and height of 0.80m with 20*20 plant distance were used. Also, during both years of investigation and based on meteorological data, the total potential evapotra  iration in field conditions was calculated using the Penman-Monteith FAO method as 435.61 and 438.65 mm for both years of investigation respectively. The same parameter was estimated in greenhouse conditions by (pan dir=rtl align=right>    Keywords: Ambarbo Rice variety, Water requirements, Drainage Lysimeter, crop coefficients, Greenhouse and farm conditions  Research was conducted to determine the water requirement and different plant coefficients and of Ambarbo rice variety in Razi University of Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus. A series of Lysimetric experiments in the field and greenhouse were conducted during two years of 1396 to 1397. Experiment were conducted for two years. In the field condition three drainage lysimeters with diameter of 1.2 and height of 1.4 meters and in the glass room 6 lysimeter with diameter of 0.40 and height of 0.80m with 20*20 plant distance were used. Also, during both years of investigation and based on meteorological data, the total potential evapotra  iration in field conditions was calculated using the Penman-Monteith FAO method as 435.61 and 438.65 mm for both years of investigation respectively. The same parameter was estimated in greenhouse conditions by (pan dir=rtl align=right>    Keywords: Ambarbo Rice variety, Water requirements, Drainage Lysimeter, crop coefficients, Greenhouse and farm conditions  

  Zoning of physical and chemical characteristics of soil and water resources using geostatistical methods

     In this research, the effect of egg shell, rice shell, wheat straw and oak leaves on the removal of nitrate ions from aqueous solutions by continuous and discontinuous systems was investigated. In discontinuous experiments, the effects of factors such as pH, balance time, optimum adsorbent mass and initial concentrations of nitrate ions were studied, In addition, in order to evaluate the efficiency of the adsorbents studied and its use in discontinuous experiments, depletion tests were carried out. In continuous experiments, the effect of changes in the concentration of nitrate entering the column was evaluated in increasing the efficiency of the absorption column and the application of continuous absorption models was described in the description of the failure curves. By increasing the pH of the solution from 3 to 8, the efficiency of removal of nitrate ions by egg shell, rice shell, wheat straw and oak leaves (93.05-98.03), (81/53-92/51 , (86/23-89/15) and (90/76-94/22) percent and nitrate adsorption capacity were from (1/49-1/51), (1/32-1/49), (1/34-1/35) and (1/48-1/49) mg/g increased. According to the results, the optimum absorption pH for the adsorbents was 5. The equilibrium time for egg shell, rice shell and wheat straw was 30 minutes and 120 minutes for oak leaves Adsorbents. By increasing the adsorbent mass from 0/3 to 1/6 g, at the time of equilibrium and optimal pH, the adsorption efficiency of nitrate ion in mass of 0/5 g of egg shell, rice husk and wheat straw absorbents was maximum (97/24 ), (93/50) and (90/14) and in the mass of 0/7 gram of oak leaves absorbent reached the maximum value (93/82) percent. With increasing initial concentration of nitrogen ion from 5 to 120 mg/l, the efficiency of removal of nitrate ion by egg shell, rice shell, wheat straw and oak leaves were (99/42-87/38), (92/54-85/44), (89/49-73/60) and (94/41-89/35) percent respectively. The absorption process follows the Ho model and Freundlich isotherm. The results of continuous experiments showed that the total amount of nitrate absorbed and the column absorption capacity increased with the increase in the concentration of nitrate entering the column and the Thomas model was more consistent with experimental data. Based on the results of this study, egg shell, rice shell, wheat straw and oak leaves have high removal potential of ion nitrate.                Key word: Nitrate, egg shell, rice shell, wheat straw, oak leaves, aqueous solution, continuous system.

  In the present study the effects of nanostructure wheat straw, rice husk, oak leaves and egg shells on the removal of sodium from water solution and soil columns by batch and Continuous adsorption experiments was investigated. In batch experiments, the effect of factors such as pH, equilibrium time, optimum adsorbent mass, initial concentration of sodium ion was studied. In order to study the practical usefulness of the adsorbents and their possible, use, desorption experiments were conducted, as well. The results of the study showed that with pH of the solution varying from 3 to 8, for straw, rice husk, oak leaves and egg shells, nanostructure adsorbents, the removal efficiency (%) of sodium ion (79.5-86), (84.2-87), (88-95.9) and (87-91), respectively and the sodium adsorption capacity for the adsorbents increased from 1.30 to 1.39, 1. 53 to 1.61, 1. 58 to 1.77 and 1. 57 to 1.65 mg/g, respectively. According to the results, the optimum absorption pH for the adsorbents was 5. The equilibrium time was determined for straw, rice husk and egg shells adsorbents, 30 min and for oak leaf adsorbents120 min. With increase in the initial concentration from 5 to 120 mg/L, the removal percentage of sodium for straw, rice husk, oak leaves and egg shells nanostructure adsorbents were obtained (85.49-68.08), (89.43-68.20), (94.72-73.49) and (89-68) respectively. Higher initial ions concentrations led to lower removal percentages and higher adsorption capacity. With an increase in the adsorbent dosage from 0.3 to 1.6g, at equilibrium time and pH, the R% of sodium was reached maximum 90.37%, 90.43% and 92.75% for 0.5g straw, rice husk and egg shells absorbents respectively, and 97.32% for 0.7g oak leaf adsorbents. According to the    analysis, for oak leaves, egg shells, rice husk and straw adsorbents had more removal efficiency, respectively. The desorption efficiency of sodium ion by straw, rice husk, oak leaves and egg shells adsorbents in 5 cycles of adsorption-desorption was investigated, the maximum value of which in the first cycle was obtained 37.16, 39.63, 83.36 and 87.92% respectively. The adsorption process for all adsorbents followed pseudo-second order kinetic model (R2=0.88-0.97 and RMSE=0.24-0.73) and Freundlich isotherm (R2=0.96-0.99 and RMSE=0.23-0.44). The results of continuous experiments showed that the total amount of sodium was adsorbed and the column adsorption capacity increased with increasing sodium concentration in the column, and the Bed Depth Service Time, Thomas and Yon-Nelson models were more consistent with experimental data. The results of the study showed that nanostructure adsorbents had higher ability for sodium ions adsorption from water solution.

    Any atmospheric phenomenon that causes the weakening and destruction of economic, social and physical capabilities, such as financial and psychological damage and the destruction of infrastructure and economic resources, is defined as Atmospheric disasters. Each of the atmospheric elements can only cause significant atmospheric hazards such as heat wave, dust storms, heavy rainfall, hail, frosty, and frostbit, but most of the mortal and financial losses are based on combined atmospheric phenomena and secondary dangers arising from them.The main objective of this paper is to identify atmospheric hazards in Kermanshah province. For this purpose, the data of the Meteorological Organization of Kermanshah province on a daily and monthly basis for 5 synoptic meteorological stations in the province of Kermanshah for a period of 30 years (1987-2016) were used which were investigated the thirteen significant of atmospheric hazards.In general, the phenomena were studied in two main ways: 1. the use of certain meteorological codes determined by the World Meteorological Organization for each of the phenomena. 2. For some the hazards were exploited by separate and special methods to adequately reflect the occurrence of the phenomenon. Taking into account the similarities and differences, the thirteen of atmospheric hazards were >Parts of the center and south of Kermanshah province are among the most vulnerable areas due to the frequency of occurrences, while the western parts have the lowest amount of risk. The Space patterns of hazardous represents increasing trends of risks related to visibility from the south and center towards the west and east of province and versus have a reverse pattern in terms of precipitation and temperature hazards. It is found that the rate of occurrence of precipitation and temperature hazardous decreases from south to east and west.In Kermanshah province, frosty, wind chill, days with dust and rainfall have showed the highest occurrence rate among of the thirteen of atmospheric hazards investigated. At the same time, the lowest frequency of occurrence of hazards is also related to a very severe drought, severe drought, and moderate dryness. According to the zoning map of atmospheric hazards, parts of the central and south province with regard to the frequency of occurrence of various types of hazards by placing on the Average rank are considered to be the most disaster area in Kermanshah province. Some parts of the western regions have the least risk of occurrence and is somehow the safest region and at the same time, parts of the north and east of the province experience little hazard in terms of occurrence.   And To estimate   Effective rain is used   Of the three methods Percentage , USDA and SCS. After preparing effective rain tables , Average monthly amount and Effective rain Average annual is Calculated To the three method     and for every 5 stations. The maximum average effective rainfall is calculated At each statio     is related The USDA   method . Effective precipitation values calculated Percentage method   is a lot . But The lowest average effective rainfall is calculated At each station is related to The SCS method.   After review And the comparison of the values obtained from each of the methods,   CS method Recognized An appropriate option for estimating effective rainfall in this basin. and In the ARCGIS environment,   Effective Rainfall Map is Done To contrasts In all three ways. And in the eastern and western parts of the province, the plants have More water requirements than northern parts and Using    software And conduct Student Distribution Test , Effective precipitation values by SCS method in 3 confidence intervals of 90, 95 and 99 percent   Was calculated.

چكيدهآب مهم ترين عامل محدود كننده توسعه كشاورزي در مناطق خشك و نيمه خشك است. از طرفي ايران جز مناطق خشك و نيمه خشك جهان مي باشد. بنابراين استفاده بهينه از منابع آب موجود و مديريت آنها با توجه به علم روز، امري بسيار حياتي مي باشد. استفاده از روش ها و تكنيك هاي جديد آبياري نيز   در همين راستا مي باشد. يكي از اين روش ها، تنش هاي آبياري است كه مطالعات متعددي در اين زمينه صورت گرفته است. اما علم نوين مطالعه اين روش ها را   در كنار مدل هاي شبيه ساز رشد آسان نموده است. لذا با توجه به اهميت موضوع در اين تحقيق اقدام به كشت آفتابگردان رقم روغني فرخ تحت رژيم هاي مختلف آبياري شامل: تيمارهاي 20 درصد بيش آبياري، 100 درصد آبياري(شاهد)، 20 درصد كم آبياري و 40 درصد كم آبياري كه اين تيمارها در كل دوره رشد اعمال شده و 20 درصد كم آبياري و 40   درصد كم آبياري در دوره رويشي اعمال شدند و 20 درصد و   40 درصد كم آبياري در دوره زايشي اعمال گرديد.سپس به آناليز صفات گياهي تيمارهاي آبياري و واسنجي و همچنين صحت سنجي مدل Aquacrop كه از مدل هاي مهم شبيه ساز رشد گياهي تحت رژيم هاي كم آبياري مي باشد، اقدام گرديد. مدل Aquacrop همانند بسياري از مدل هاي شبيه ساز رشد، نقطه اي مي باشد. بنابراين جهت پتانسيل يابي عملكرد در سطح منطقه سنقر كرمانشاه، از مدل Aquacrop-GIS استفاده شد.آناليز صفات زراعي، معني داري را تحت تنش هاي كم آبياري نشان داد. و   واسنجي مدل Aquacro   و همچنين صحت سنجي اين مدل در شبيه سازي بيوماس و كانوپي كاور با   دقت خوب انجام شد. اما مدل در شبيه سازي تيمارهاي دوره زايشي، نسبت به بقيه تيمارها ضعيف عمل نمود. سپس با استفاده از فايل گياهي واسنجي شده، تنش هاي آبياري در منطقه سنقر با استفاده از مدل Aquacrop-GIS بررسي   و نقشه هاي عملكرد، در سطح منطقه تهيه گرديد.    كلمات كليدي: كم آبياري، مدل Aquacrop-GIS، واسنجي،   مدل Aquacrop، آفتابگردان

The explorers consider the study of water flow in saturated and unsaturated soils to determine the seepage, pore pressure, uplift force and hydraulic gradient in the design of dams. Numerical simulation is a rapid method and low cost for the study of soil water flow, which in recent decades due to advances in computer science has been increased. Most numerical models for water movement in soil is based on finite element method or regular rectangle mesh. Therefore, in this study 2D unsteady flow in porous media is provided based on volume method and unstructured triangular mesh. If the range of simulation has complex geometries and irregular, using triangular mesh is suitable. In this model can be used Van Genuchten equation or other functions to calculate hydraulic conductivity in unsaturated soil for simulation of flow. The numerical model verified with the experimental data of other researchers in two parts: confined and unconfined flow. The average error of numerical model in calculating pressure in confined and unconfined flow respectively are: 1.1 and 1.5 percent, and the average error in calculating seepage in the unconfined flow is 5.6 percent, which is sufficient for the numerical model  

  In the present study the nanostructure Conocarpus erectus effect on the removal of Cadmium from aquous solution by batch and continuous system was investigated. In batch experiments, the effects of operating conditions such as pH, equilibrium time, adsorbent loading and the initial Cadmium ion concentration were examined. Also, competitive ions effect on the adsorption of cadmium in untreated industrial wastewater, the effect of sodium chloride on cadmium adsorption and desorption mechanism of cadmium ions in five consecutive cycles by nanostructure Conocarpus was investigated. In the continuous experiments, the effect of Cadmium concentration in increasing the efficiency of adsorption column were examined and application of continuous models to describing the breakthrough curves were investigated. The results of the   atch experiments showed that with pH of the solution varying from 3 to 7, the removal percentage of Cadmium ion was 67-76.9 percent and adsorption capacity from 0.4 to 0.46 mg.g-1 was increased. According to the results, the maximum removal was accorded at pH 6. The equilibrium time was determined to be 30 min for nanostructure adsorbent. With an increase in the adsorbent dosage from 0.1 to 2g, at equilibrium time and pH, the removal percentage of Cadmium was reached maximum 76.85% for 0.5g nanostructure Conocarpus erectus. With an increase in the initial concentration from 5 to 20 mg.L-1, the removal percentage of Cadmium was 80.9-70.4 percent. Adsorption kinetics of ions onto adsorbent could be most successfully described by the Ho kinetic model. The adsorption data of Cadmium ions onto adsorbent followed Langmuier isotherm. In investigation of effect of competitive ions in the uptake of Cadmium in untreated industrial wastewater removal efficiency of Cadmium, Copper, Iron, Zinc and Manganese ions by nanostructure Conocarpus   was 82.76, 83.33, 99.96, 89.62 and 9.09 percent, respectively. With an increase in sodium chloride concentration of solution from 0 to 1 M, removal percentage of Cadmium ions by nanostructure Conocarpus   77-80.9 percent was decreased. The desorption efficiency of cadmium ions by nanostructure Conocarpus in 5 sorption-desorption cycles was about 75 percent. The results of continuous experiments showed that the total amount of sorbed Cadmium and equilibrium Cadmium uptake increased with increasing inlet Cadmium concentration and Adams- Bohart   model was more consistent with experimental data. The results of the study showed that nanostructure Conocarpus adsorbent had high ability for Cadmium ion adsorption from aquous solution.

چكيدهبراي تدوين برنامه آبياري مناسب و اعمال مديريت كارا و آگاهانه، تعيين ضرايب گياهي بر مبناي مراحل رشد و نيز تخمين تبخير- تعرق گياه ضروري است. پژوهش حاضر به‌منظور تعيين نياز آبي و ضريب گياهي و ساير پارامترهاي گياه كاملينا و كلزا با استفاده از لايسيمتر زهكش دار در مزرعه تحقيقاتي گروه مهندسي آب دانشكده كشاورزي دانشگاه رازي شهرستان كرمانشاه در طي دو سال 1393-1394 و 1394-1395 انجام شد. بدين منظور از شانزده لايسيمتر زهكش دار استفاده گرديد كه يك لايسيمتر به خاك بدون پوشش گياهي و سه لايسيمتر براي تبخير-تعرق گياه مرجع چمن اختصاص داده شد و همچنين در شش لايسيمتر گياه كاملينا در دو تيمار بدون پوشش و با پوشش (كاهش تبخير از سطح خاك با ورمي كمپوست) و در شش لايسيمتر ديگر گياه كلزا در دو تيمار با پوشش (كاهش تبخير از سطح خاك با ورمي كمپوست) و بدون پوشش كشت شدند. بر اساس نتايج به‌دست‌آمده ميانگين نياز آبي در سال 1393-1394 (كشت بهاره) در تيمار بدون پوشش و تيمار با پوشش براي گياه كاملينا به ترتيب (38/382 و 82/357) ميلي‌متر و در سال 1394-1395 (كشت پاييزه) به ترتيب (57/546 و 91/519) ميلي‌متر به دست آمد. از طرفي براي گياه كلزا كه در هر دو سال به‌صورت بهاره كشت شد متوسط نياز آبي در دو سال براي تيمار بدون پوشش و تيمار با پوشش به ترتيب (91/583 و 15/556) ميلي‌متر اندازه‌گيري شد. ضرايب گياهي يك جزئي و ضرايب گياهي پايه براي گياه كاملينا در سال 1393-1394 (كشت بهاره) در مرحله ابتدايي، توسعه، مياني و انتهايي در تيمار بدون پوشش به ترتيب (84/0، 13/1، 29/1 و 74/0) و (21/0، 65/0، 07/1 و 85/0) و در تيمار با پوشش به ترتيب (8/0، 08/1، 28/1 و 76/0) و (21/0، 66/0، 08/1 و 75/0) و در سال 1394-1395 (كشت پاييزه) نيز (94/0، 11/1، 31/1 و 67/0) و (24/0، 83/0، 15/1 و 83/0) و در تيمار با پوشش (91/0، 10/1، 33/1 و 50/0) و (25/0، 84/0، 16/1 و 83/0) به دست آمد. متوسط ضرايب گياهي يك جزئي و ضرايب گياهي پايه براي گياه كلزا در دو سال در مرحله ابتدايي، توسعه، مياني و انتهايي در تيمار بدون پوشش به ترتيب (85/0، 26/1، 34/1 و 79/0) و (21/0، 72/0، 17/1 و 88/0) و در تيمار با پوشش به ترتيب (83/0، 16/1، 27/1 و 84/0) و (21/0، 73/0، 17/1 و 88/0) به دست آمد. گياه كاملينا در سال 93-94 (كشت بهاره) با توجه به ميزان آب مصرفي، WUE بر اساس عملكرد ماده خشك و دانه و روغن براي تيمار بدون پوشش به ترتيب 83/0 و 115/0 و 09/0 و براي تيمار با پوشش به ترتيب 58/0، 16/0 و 12/0 و در سال 94-95 (كشت پاييزه) نيز براي تيمار بدون پوشش به ترتيب 37/2 و 41/0 و 08/0 و براي تيمار با پوشش به ترتيب 30/3، 47/0 و 10/0 دست آمد. همچنين براي گياه كلزا، ميانگين دوساله WUE بر اساس عملكرد ماده خشك و دانه و روغن براي تيمار بدون پوشش به ترتيب 50/2، 12/0 و 03/0 و براي تيمار با پوشش به ترتيب 7/2، 17/0 و 06/0 دست آمد.  كلمات كليدي: نياز آبي، ضريب گياهي، كاملينا، كلزا، كاهش تبخير از سطح خاك، لايسيمتر

  Abstract Today optimize designing of pressurized irrigation system so as the minimal total cost to be producted, has received considerable attention many years ago by the engineers who study hydraulic works. In this thesis, a computer model is provided which includes two sub-programs based on is genetic algorithm optimization and analysis of water hammer, which language is Visual Basic. The following is the link to the programs and in the form of a computer model that provides the optimize designing of pressurized irrigation system. Two models genetic algorithm and analysis water hammer were independently of calibration. The genetic algorithm using linear and nonlinear constrained optimization problems solved with analytical solutions have been assessed and it was shown that the results of the model is quite analytical results. To verify the model analysis, water hammer, pressure fluctuations in a pressurized irrigation system by closing the valve was tested at the end of a branch, in this case the output of all sprinklers set to zero and the model was run for a long time, so the stability of the system, the pressure remaining in the node that was calculated by the difference between the level of water reservoir at the start of the system and the level of location nodes were compared and results showed that the water hammer nodes as well as pressure values of the predict. After verification and of calibration model, the design of an irrigation system, drainage the main lines and the semi-main, real (Ismail abad network in Lorestan) was used. Analysis of the results showed a 11/39 percent cost reduction regardless of limitations water hammer and 10/63 percent cost reduction with respect to the limitations of its water hammer.

     Kermanshah, with about 475 mm of average annual precipitation, although it contains more average annual precipitation of than the average of country’s one, it still remains as a dry state. Present exploiting of groundwater and surface water resources leads to be forbidden more plains to emission new exploiting certification. Present documents and data show that according to population increase, more need of food, industry and hygiene development and public welfare promotion, renewable freshwater resources capitation will be decreased. The population increase surely needs more agricultural products, in so doing agricultural, gardening and livestock are considered as the most important food supplier resources. In the following research, exchange virtual water volume of main crops in Kermanshah province expect boundry cities is investigated to gain freshwater resources availability rate, food producing and the relationship between food producing and food exchanging rate. Data reveals that among the investigated crops tomato, sugar beet and garlic are classified as low consumption with high water productivity group, corn as fairly high consumption class,   alfalfa, wheat, barley and rape as high consumption with low water productivity group. It should be mentioned that according to the recent study, cultivation increasing of crops with high water requirement in Kermanshah province is not harmonized to present freshwater resources especially during some recent arid years. Since cultivating development and replacing of crops with high water requirement lead to create negative balance all over the plains of the province, a complete observation by technical cultivation committee on how to cultivate, cultivating limitation of crops with high water requirement in critical plains and increasing of agricultural crops importing considering virtual water must be so necessary.

النزلازلاز