The parasitoid wasp, Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hym., Braconidae), plays a crucial role in the biological control of lepidopteran larvae. However, producers face significant challenges in storing and maintaining the quality of this wasp during cold storage, as the production process for both the wasp and its host takes approximately two months. Optimal cold storage is essential not only for preventing a decline in the wasp's quality but also for ensuring a constant supply of sufficient and timely quantities. This study investigated the impact of feeding during a four-week cold storage period on the mortality rate and biological characteristics of H. hebetor. This study was conducted experimentally under laboratory conditions. The host, Mediterranean flour moth larvae (Ephestia kuhniella Zeller), was reared at a temperature of 27±2°C, with a relative humidity of 65±5%, in darkness. The parasitoid wasp, H. hebetor, was reared at a temperature of 25±2°C, with a relative humidity of 65±5%, and a photoperiod of 16L:8D hours. Adult wa   of the same age were kept in a refrigerator at 5±1°C under two conditions: without feeding and with feeding using a diluted water and honey solution (1:5 every 48 hours). In each condition, at least 20 pairs of adult male and female wa   of the same age were observed. After verifying the normality of the data, statistical comparisons were made using one-way ANOVA, and treatments were grouped using the Tukey HSD test. The results of this study demonstrate that feeding the parasitoid wasp H. hebetor during cold storage positively impacts the quality and efficiency of the wa  . Specifically, providing a diluted water and honey solution reduced mortality, increased oviposition, and improved parasitism, without affecting the sex ratio. Feeding during cold storage can prevent high mortality rates and reduce quality loss and inefficiency in H. hebetor. These findings can assist producers in optimizing storage methods and maintaining wasp quality, ensuring a consistent supply of high-quality wa   when needed for biological control. Keywords: Feeding, storage, parasitoid wa  , mediterranean flour moth, and biological control   

كنه(Trombidiformes: Iolinidae)   (McGregor, 1932) Pronematus ubiquitus كنه كوچكي است كه قادر است به‌طور چشم‌گيري، جمعيت تعدادي از آفات و بيماري را كنترل كند. اين شكارگر اندازه بسيار كوچك و سرعت تحرك فوق‌العاده‌اي دارد. روي سطح برگ برخي گياهان، تعداد زيادي پرزهاي غده‌اي وجود دارد كه وجود اين پرزها مانع از استقرار و حركت مناسب شكارگرهايي مانند كنه‌هاي Phytoseiidae مي‌شوند. ولي كنه P. ubiquitus به‌دليل ويژگي‌هاي فوق‌الذكر، قادر است به راحتي پشت و روي برگ گياهان ميزبان حركت كرده و از آفات و عوامل بيماري‌زاي سطح برگ تغذيه كند. كاربرد اين شكارگر به عنوان يك عامل كنترل بيولوژيك، مي‌تواند به ميزان قابل توجهي از مصرف آفت‌كش‌هاي شيميايي بكاهد. نوسانات جمعيت و الگوي توزيع فضايي كنه‌يP. ubiquitus   روي درختان توت و بوته‌هاي لوبيا سبز در فصول بهار، تابستان و پاييز سال ???? در شهرستان كرمانشاه مورد مطالعه و بررسي قرار گرفت. نمونه‌برداري‌ها به صورت فواصل منظم و هفتگي صورت گرفت. نمونه‌برداري اوليه با در نظر گرفتن خطاي نسبي ??/? با ?? نمونه آغاز شد. در اين بررسي براي تعيين الگوي توزيع فضايي كنه‌ي P. ubiquitus، دو روش قانون توان تيلور و شاخص‌ رگرسيوني آيوائو مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. در اين مطالعه الگوي توزيع فضايي روي گياهان مورد مطالعه براي هر دو شاخص از نوع تجمعي به دست آمد. اثر دما و رطوبت نسبي نيز مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. براساس رگرسيون خطي، نوسانات جمعيت كنه با دما براي لوبيا معني‌دار نبود ولي براي توت تفاوت معني‌دار و رابطه‌ي منفي مشاهده شد. همچنين رگرسيون خطي بين رطوبت نسبي و نوسانات جمعيت كنه براي لوبيا معني‌دار نبود، ولي براي توت رابطه‌‌ي مثبت و معني‌دار مشاهده شد. مطالعه‌ي نوسانات جمعيت و الگوي توزيع فضايي كنه‌ها مي‌تواند به تنظيم برنامه‌هاي نمونه‌برداري و تخمين جمعيت آن‌ها در مديريت تلفيقي محصولات مختلف كمك كند.   

   The Mesquites shrub is the dominant forest cover in the south of Sistan and Baluchestan province. This shrub has many uses for the indigenous people of these regions by producing animal fodder, wood production, green space and medical uses. The fauna of mites associated with Mesquites shrub has not been studied in Iran so far and there is no knowledge of the existence of beneficial or harmful species of mites in this region. During a study from 1401 to 1403, samples were taken from the branches and leaves of trees and also the soil under the shade of Mesquites shrubs in the Konarak region of Sistan and Baluchestan province to collect the fauna of mites associated withMesquites, then the samples were transferred to the laboratory for slide preparation and microscopic identification, in the laboratory the samples were separated and cured with lactic acid and microscopic slides were prepared from them by Hoyer. The obtained samples were separated according to the family and identified using a valid internal and external key. Also, some samples were sent to the relevant specialist for confirmation. In this study, a total of 15 species belonging to 12 families and seven superfamilies were collected and identified, with species new to the world marked with (*), species new to Iran marked with (**), and species new to Sistan and Baluchestan marked with (***) as follows: Superfamily Trtranychoidea Donnadieu, 1857: Family Tetranychidae Donnadieu, 1875: Magdalena   .**, Superfamily Raphignathoidea Kramer, 1877: Family Eupalopselidae Willmann, 1952: Exothoris sp.***, Family Caligonelidae Grangjean, 1944: Neognayhus eupalopus Meyer & Ueckerman, 1989,*** Molothrognathus mehrnejadi Liang & Zhang, 1977, Family Camerobiidae Southcott, 1957: Neophyllobius sp., Family Raphignathidae Kramer, 1877: Raphignathus zhaoi Hu, Jian & Liang, 1995, Raphignathus sp., Superfamily Tydeoidea Kramer, 1877: Family Tydeidae Kramer, 1877: Neolorryia pandana Baker, 1968,** Lorryia sp.*, Family Iolinidae Pritchard, 1956, Pronematus ubiquitous McGregor, 1932,*** Superfamily Bdelloidea: Family Bdellidae Duge?s, 1834, Spinibdella cronini Baker & Blocker, 1944, Family Cunaxidae Thor, 1902: Cunaxa capreolus Berlese, 1889, Superfamily Erythraeoidea: Family Erythraeidae Oudemans, 1902: Andrevella sp.Superfamily Caeculoidea: Family Caeculidae: Allocaeculus sp. Superfamily Phytoseioidea: Family Phytoseiidae Berlese, 1916: Neoseiulus marginatus.

  اينتحقيق به بررسي ميزان آلودگي درختان نارون در شهر كرمانشاه به سوسك برگ‌خوار نارون، Xanthogaleruca luteol

   One of the most important pests that attack agricultural and greenhouse plants and in case of severe damage causes changes in the shape of the fruit and leaves of the plant, is onion trips Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). In the current research, population fluctuations and spatial distribution of this pest were investigated in the field conditions of the Canyon variety beans in Sanandaj city (Kurdistan province) in the years 1401 and 1402. Bean leaf was selected as sampling unit. Sampling was done on a weekly basis, and for this purpose, 52 bean plants were selected in each turn, and three lower, middle and upper leaves were selected from each bean plant, and the leaves were shaken on a white tray, and then the thrips inside the tray was transferred into Eppendorf containing 75% ethyl alcohol by a soft brush. The results of this study showed that the population of onion thrips was active in the field from July and gradually increased their activity and density so that the highest population of onion thrips in 1401, in the first week of August with Average (11.65±0.14) and in 1402 at the end of August with an average (11.29±0.23) thrips was observed in the sampling unit. Also, the highest mean number of onion thrips was observed with a significant difference in the lower leaves compared to the middle and upper leaves of beans. The results of the spatial distribution of the pest showed that according to both Taylor and Iowa methods, the spatial distribution of onion thrips was uniform. In general, the results of this study showed that onion thrips population reaches its peak in August in both years studied. Also, the Iowa method was evaluated as more suitable than the Taylor method for estimating the spatial distribution of the pest.

   Judas thrips, Thrips vulgatissimus Haliday is one of the species living on Judas trees and shrubs. In this study, in addition to the faunistic investigation of thrips associated with Judas trees, population fluctuation and spatial distribution of this species were studied in the Arghavan Strait located in Ilam city during the years 2022-2023. Four branches of 20 cm on each tree in different geographical directions were selected as the sampling unit. Sampling was done every three days, the branches of Judas trees were shaken on a white plastic tray, and then the thrips were transferred with a soft brush into an Eppendorf tube containing 75% ethyl alcohol. Totally, 10 thrips species belonging to six genera from four different families were collected and identified from the flowers of the Judas trees located in the Arghavan Strait. The results showed that the Judas thrips population has two population peaks. The first population of Judas thrips was observed on the first day of April 2023. The highest population density of Judas thrips was obtained in the first peak with an average of 30.60 ± 6.23 and the highest density in the second peak with an average of 73.75 ± 7.64 thrips per sampling unit. The results of spatial distribution based on Taylor’s power law methods showed that the spatial distribution was aggregated. In addition, geographical directions had no significant effect on the density of Judas thrips. In general, the results of this study showed that the population density of Judas thrips is higher at the beginning of the season and in the first generation, which is proportional to the flowering time of Judas trees.

  Wheat is a strategic crop; therefore, its storage, especially in storage, encounters particular importance. The khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Evert (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), is a crucial polyphagous pest that causes irreversible damage, especially to wheat. Biological pest control agents that can be established in warehouse conditions are essential from the point of view of healthy food production. The predatory mite Celacaropsis sp. was reported first from the Entomology lab of the Razi University of Iran in 2019; for this reason, there was little information about it. Therefore, this research was aimed to precisely evaluate the morphology of different stages, prey preference, and age stage two-sex life table of the mentioned mite on two prey species, T. granarium, and the mill moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), for introducing an easy and affordable method for the mass rearing of the predator. Accordingly, it was determined that the number of mite stages is sex-dependent. Females had five stages (egg, larvae, protonymph, deutonymph, and adult), and males lacking deutonymph had four stages. Moreover, male adults had morphological dimorphism. No-choice test showed the predatory mite prefers egg to larval instars. In this condition, the predator consumed, on average, 5.9 eggs of the khapra beetle and 3.5 eggs of the mill moth during the 24-hour test, while it did not show any desire to feed on four- and five-year-old larvae and pupae. The egg of both prey species was the most preferred stage for the predator in the way that the prey preference index values (Manley's ?) were obtained at 0.76 and 0.47, respectively. In choosing between the eggs of both prey species, the predator preferred the egg of the khapra beetle to the egg of the mill moth. The life table study of predatory mite on eggs of both species showed that the percentage of pre-adult survival rate and the mean fecundity were higher in T. granarium than E. kuehniella. On the contrary, the mean of the adult pre-oviposition period was more in the mill moth treatment than in another treatment. Also, females constituted only 28% of the adult mites that had fed on E. kuehniella, while they accounted for 65% of the population in the opposite treatment. Feeding on the khapra beetle egg increased the mean of all population parameters compared with providing on the mill moth's egg and, on the contrary, decreased the mean generation time. The ratio of intrinsic mean increase (r) in T. granarium to E. kuehniella as the most critical population parameter was 3.32. This research showed that the khapra beetle egg is a desirable prey for the predatory Celacaropsis sp. and has the potential for use in the mass rearing of this mite. However, before making a definite recommendation, more studies are needed. Key words: The predatory mite, Cheyletidae, Trogoderma granarium, Ephestia kuehniella, preferred prey, two-sex life table

The false chinch bug, Nysius cymoides (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), is one of the important pests of oilseed rape worldwide, severely reducing crop yield in aggressive attacks. At present, broad-spectrum insecticides such as organophosphates are used to control it in Iran, which endangers human food security and leaves environmental pollution. On the other hand, the correct use of a mixture of pesticides is one of the solutions that not only reduces the consumption of pesticides but also delays the resistance of pests to insecticides or breaks it. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the new and reduced-risk pesticide spirotetramat for controlling N. cymoides and its simultaneous use with chlorpyrifos by combining two application methods at two recommended concentrations (RC) and half of it in greenhouse conditions. The results of the bioassays showed that spirotetramat in the foliar application was more toxic than in soil application and generally more toxic than chlorpyrifos in both methods. At the same time, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos was similar in both application methods. Also, the interaction of two insecticides was estimated as the additive in all the combined treatments, except for chlorpyrifos (?2 RC) SA+ spirotetramat (?2 RC) Sp, which was antagonistic. Further, the persistence of insecticide residues with one week-intervals from the time of application to three weeks later in different treatments showed that chlorpyrifos RC was the most durable treatment among the single treatments throughout this period in both methods. However, the persistence of the mixed treatments of two insecticides was equal, and during this period, from 22.87-100% of losses (two-hour residues) to 50.39-44% (one-week residues), then It reached 27.78-17.78 % (two-week residues) and finally three to eight percentage (three-week residues). In terms of persistence, no difference was observed between the two application methods of chlorpyrifos during three weeks. Regarding spirotetramat, the effectiveness of the two-hour residues of the foliar spraying method was higher than that of the soil application method. Still, it was equal in the first to the third week. The results of persistence tests also determined that spirotetramat degrades faster than chlorpyrifos in both application methods. Finally, due to the high efficiency and good durability for controlling N. cymoides, foliar application chlorpyrifos RC and soil-applied spirotetramat 2RC were selected from among the single treatments, which should be used alternately to prevent the occurrence of resistance. Due to the less pollution for the environment, the additive interaction and the possibility of more encounters between the insects and the insecticide, two treatments of chlorpyrifos (?2 RC) SA + spirotetramat (RC) SA and chlorpyrifos (?2 RC) Sp+ spirotetramat (?2 RC) SA are the most suitable among the mixture treatments. This research helps to improve the chemical control method of the false chinch bug.

Oilseed rape, Brassica napus L. (Brassicaceae), is one of the most important oilseed plants in the world. The false chinch bug, Nysius cymoides (Spinola) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), is a polyphagous insect whose nymphs and adults severely reduce crop yield and cause economic damage by feeding on rapeseed. Therefore, chemical control is considered one of the best ways to manage this pest due to its immediate effect. But considering the importance of food safety and the need to protect the environment, it is better to replace reduced-risk pesticides with broad-spectrum pesticides or use a combination of these compounds. In addition, mixing insecticides is a useful solution to delay pest resistance and reduce production costs. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of acetamiprid against the rapeseed false chinch bug and compare it with malathion, which is used in Iran to control this pest. The results of bioassays against adults in two application methods in greenhouse conditions showed that the insecticidal activity of both compounds as foliar spraying (Sp) is more than the soil application (SA). Also, acetamiprid was more toxic than malathion to N. cymoides. The interaction between the two insecticides was antagonistic in all tested cases, except where the recommended concentration of both was applied in an equal volume ratio in the soil, and the result was an additive interaction. Moreover, the persistence of insecticides was investigated for 21 days after treatment at one-week intervals. Accordingly, the mortality caused by the recommended concentration of malathion (RC) Sp decreased significantly within a week of the treatment and reached from 100% to 16.07%; however, acetamiprid was more durable, and the resulting mortality decreased from 92.71% to 34.82%. But in the SA method, on the contrary, malathion (RC) was much more persistent, and after one week, it still killed 53.13% of the treated insects. At the same time, acetamiprid (RC), even during the first 48 hours, caused only 60.71% mortality, but it did not lose much in terms of durability and caused 32.14% mortality after one week. Acetamiprid (2RC) SA and malathion ?2 RC (SA)+ malathion ?2 RC (Sp) had effective control and good durability that can be used alternately. Given the effectiveness in controlling the pest and delaying its resistance and environmental safety, the best combination treatments of two insecticides were firstly malathion (SA) RC + acetamiprid (SA) RC and then malathion 1/2 RC (Sp) + acetamiprid 1/2 RC (Sp). Four-hour, seven- and 14-day residues of the two mentioned treatments led to more than 78%, 41% and 12% mortality in rape seed false chinch bugs, respectively. Therefore, selected single and combination treatments can be used alternately for better control of this pest. This research's results can help improve the chemical control method of N. cymoides.   

   Introduction: Access to accurate, timely and appropriate information enables farmers to make better decisions about what to produce, when to produce it and where to sell it. Considering the colorful role of television in influencing the audience and the possibility of learning more complex issues through it, it demands more and more attention to this medium. Among the important factors of the efficiency of the media in transmitting agricultural information to farmers, we can mention the timeliness, interest of farmers, freshness and quality of information. All these sectors need attention due to the expansion of leading organizations while using some media as dissemination tools. Objective: This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the characteristics of a desirable agricultural educational television program. Research methodology: The population of this qualitative research was the extension workers of Kermanshah city. Purposeful snowball sampling method was used to select the participants. The data collection method was semi-structured interview and sampling continued until data saturation. The data were analyzed through three stages of open, central and selective coding. The validity and reliability of the data were examined through reliability, transferability, verifiability and reliability. Findings: According to the results, the most important weaknesses of the Rooiesh TV show were the inappropriate time of the program broadcast, the lack of training and information, and the lack of attention to the characteristics and needs of the audience. The most important features of a desirable agricultural educational television program from the point of view of extension workers are continuity and solidarity in the time and broadcast of the program, emphasis on appropriate content, presentation of the program in different formats and based on interaction and feedback. Conclusion: Paying attention to the weak points of the Rooiesh TV program and planning to reduce them by considering the identified desirable features can lead to an increase in the quality of the TV program in question and consequently an increase in the number of viewers. The number and content of the current TV show's weaknesses show that it needs a major overhaul in all its parts.

Coccinelidae with the English name, Ladybird, belong to the (Colleoptera: Coccinellidae) Both, adult insects and larvae of Coccinellidae are often predators of important agricultural pests and play an important role in controlling Aphids, Scale insects and even mites. In this research, the faunal survey of Coccinellidae and associated parasitoids in Kermanshah province were carried out during a trip to some parts of the province in 2020 to 2022. More than 4250 samples from different plant ecosystems were collected by multiple methods. Their identification was based on new and valid sources and keys. The species identified in the list below include 28 species and belong to 4 subfamilies: Chilocorinae (5 species: 3 genera: 1 tribe), Coccinelinae (11 species: 7 genera: 3 tribe), Scymninae (9 species: 5 genera : 4 tribe), Sticholotidinae (1 species : 1genera : 1 tribe). Four species of parasitoides related to ladybird has also been identified and presented separately in the list below. These two lists are related to a small number of ladybugs and their parasitoids in Kermanshah province. But surely the fauna of ladybugs and their natural enemies is much richer than this, so it is suggested to complete this study with more facilities in the future. In addition, the identification of two species: Nephus species A and B, which are probably new to the world and 4 parasitoid species is under identification prosses. Those has been sent abroad for identification and molecular work. The list of species is as follows: Key words: Biodiversity, Predator, Biological control, Checklist and Distribution Chilocorus bipustulatus (Linnaeus,1758), Exochomus quadripustulatus Linnaeus, 1758, Exochomus undulatus Weise, 1878, Parexochomus pubescens (Kuster, 1848), Parexochomus nigromaculatus (Goeze, 1777), Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus,1758, Hippodamia variegata (Goeze, 1777), Oenopia coglobata (Linnaeus, 1758), Oenopia onica (Olivier , 1808), Propylae quatuoredecimpunctata Linnaeus, 1758, Adalia bipunctata linnaeus, 1758, Adalia decimpunctata Linnaeus, 1758, Ceratomegilla undecimnotata D.H. Shneider, 1793, Psyllobora vigintiduopunctata (Linnaeus, 1758), Coccinula elegantula (Weise, 1890), Coccinula redmita (Weise 1885), Stethorus gilvifrons Mulsant, 1850, Scymnus flavicolis Redtenbacher, 1843, Scymnus rubromaculatus Goeze,1777, Scymnus apetzi Mulsant, 1846, Scymnus subvillosus (Goeze, 1777), Scymnus pharaonis Motschulsky, 1851,   Clitostethus arcuatus (Rossi, 1794), Hyperaspis pseudopustulata Mulsant, 1853, Diomus rubidus Motscholsky, 1837, Pharoscymnus pharoides (Marsuel, 1868), Nephus sp A, Nephus sp B. Parasitoids: Encyrtidae: Homalotylus turkmenicus Myratseva, 1981, Ooencyrtus sp. Pteromalidae: Pachyneuron muscarum (Linnaeus, 1758) Aphelinidae: Marietta picta (Andre, 1878)  

   The potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is an oligophagous pest with a worldwide distribution that feeds on Solanaceae. In addition to the damage caused in the field, this insect is considered the most destructive pest of potatoes in storage, whose larvae can destroy the whole crop by digging deep channels in potato tubers and causing rots due to the entrance of secondary pathogens in severe contamination. The use of insecticides against storage pests is limited due to jeopardizing food security and the development of resistance. Therefore, low-risk or safe management methods should replace chemical control. Irradiation with ultraviolet rays is a safe method that can play an effective role in integrated management programs of this insect in the warehouse. Therefore, this study was designed with the aim of evaluating the role of UV-C radiation in the control of potato tuber moth for the post-harvest stages. Irradiating different ages of eggs for four minutes with this ray showed that as the age increases, the sensitivity to ultraviolet rays increases, so after this irradiation, only 61.67% of the four-day-old eggs hatched. Next, to achieve the most effective duration of radiation, four-day egg cohort groups were irradiated with UV-C rays for different periods of one, two, four, six, and 10 minutes, and their biological parameters were compared with the control treatment (without radiation) via studying the age-stage two-sex life table. The results showed that the pre-adult duration and the percentage of survival rate in this period and adult longevity increased, decreased and decreased respectively with the increase in the duration of irradiation. Also, life table parameters including the age-stage specific survival rate, the age-specific fecundity, the age-stage specific survival rate, the life expectancy and the age-stage reproductive value, were negatively affected by UV-C radiation and dependent on the duration of irradiation. In addition, all population parameters were also affected by this radiation and directly related to the duration of radiation. The values of intrinsic rate of increase (r), the finite rate of increase (?), the net reproductive rate (R0) and the mean generation time (T) for the control treatment were estimated 0.1345 day-1, 1.1440 day-1, 68.39 eggs and 31.42 days, that reached to 0.0099 day-1, 0.0990 day-1, 0.64 eggs and 45.01 days, respectively after eight minutes of irradiation to the eggs. Finally, the high efficiency of UV-C rays to control potato tuber moth in laboratory conditions was determined. Still, more studies are needed before implementing this control method in potato storages.

   Oak thrips, Liothrips pragensis Uzel is found on oak trees in Zagros forests. In this study, population fluctuation and spatial distribution of this species were investigated in oak forests of Javanrud county (Kermanshah province), in 2021. Oak leaves were selected as the sampling unit. Sampling was performed every week from five different areas, so leaves were shaken on a white plastic tray and thrips specimens with a soft brush were transferred into Eppendorf tubes containing 75% alcohol. The results showed that the activity of oak thrips in all five studied areas was occurred on May and their activity and density gradually decreased until it reached its lowest level in September. The highest population density of oak thrips was observed on May with an average of 2.93 ± 0.56, 2.23 ± 0.47, 2.23 ± 0.34, and 0.90 ± 0.28 thrips per sample unit, in Sefid Barg, Bile'ei, Cheshme Miran and Helanie areas, respectively. However, the highest density was obtained in Hori Abad region in June with an average of 2.06 ± 0.43 thrips per sampling unit. The results of spatial distribution showed that the spatial distribution of oak thrips based on Taylor’s power law and Iwao’s methods was random and aggregated, respectively. Furthermore, based on goodness of fit, the Iwao’s patchiness method was more suitable than the Taylor’s power law method for estimating the spatial distribution of the pest.

Due to important medicinal properties, Garlic (Allium Sativum) known as a strong medicine, and cultivated in many regions of the world. The high sensitivity of this product after peeling, such as changes in color, shape, texture, and appearance, as well as losses of moisture, is problematic. The shelf life of garlic at ambient, refrigerator temperature (4 °C) and freezer (-18 °C) is 21 and 35 days, respectively. There are various methods to prolong the shelf life of food and agricultural products during the storage time, Which the use of Nano packaging films, modified atmosphere packaging and the use of edible coatings can be mentioned. In this research 2 types of packaging films (common and Nano film), 2 types of atmosphere (ambient and MAP) were used. Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) was included 5 % CO2, 1 % O2 and 94 % N2. The harvested Garlic was peeled manually with high precision. Then stored at 3 temperatures (25, 4 and -18 °C) for 21 days and 2 temperatures (4 and -18 °C) for 35 days.   hysiological properties were evaluated by Spectroscopy method. The POD, SOD, Catalase and protein content were measured weekly. The statistical analysis was investigated in the form of a completely randomized design with a factorial test. The results showed the general increasing in POD and Protein content at 4 C and decreasing trend at 25 C. increasing trend of SOD at 4 C and decreasing at 25 C, increasing trend of catalase at -18 C and decreasing at 4 C were observed. The effect of storage time (during 21 and 35 days) was significant (at 1 %) on all parameters except POD. The effect of temperature (during 21-day period) was significant on Catalase (at 1% level) and SOD (at 5 % level), and was insignificant on POD. The results showed that temperature was insignificant on all parameters during 35-day period. The effect of packaging film was significant on protein content (at 1 % level) and POD (at 5% level) during 21-day period and was insignificant on SOD and Catalase (during 21-day period), Also was insignificant on all parameter except SOD during 35-day period. Finally, the result showed packaging atmosphere had not significant effect on properties.   

  Among the pests that cause the most damage toedible button mushrooms, the mushroom-eating mosquito Lycoriella auripila (Winnertz), from the order of Diptera, can be mentioned, which is considered one of the most important and damaging pests of edible mushrooms. Considering the resistance of L. auripila mosquito to common pesticides, it is necessary to find new effective insecticides to control this pest. In this study, the sensitivity of whole insects of fungus gnats to the organic insecticides Bino1 and Tendaxir was evaluated separately and in combination. Biometric experiments in this research were carried out in Petri dishes covered with soil. LC10, LC50 and LC90 for Binu 1 insecticide after 48 hours were calculated as 0.605, 75.37 and 9391.12 ppm, respectively, and also the required concentration of Tendaxir insecticide to reach 50 The percentage of losses in 24 and 48 hours was 2762.097 and 237.73 ppm respectively (according to the effective substance). According to the results of mixing two pesticides for sub-lethal and lethal concentrations after 24 hours, it was observed that among the different ratios, the ratio of 6:4 (Tendaxir: Binu 1) was the best mixing ratio of two pesticides, and considering that the synergistic rate (R ) for its LC90 concentration was equal to 109.035 and also its mixing index (CI) was equal to 0.009, it was found that this ratio of mixing two pesticides after 24 hours had the most synergistic effect in controlling Lycoriella auripila

Most scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) are agricultural pests and natural resources in different parts of the world and cause great damage to important crops and other plants each year. Mites (Arachnida: Acari) associated to scale insect, plays several roles such as predator, parasite, decay eater, carcass eater, fortic, honeydew eater, symbiotic and use of waxy cover as shelter on plants. mites can feed on some Diaspididae scale insect or use some Pseudococcidae and Coccidae as shelters, therefore, some mites can reduce the pest population without the use of pesticides. In this study, which was conducted between 2019 to 2021, relationships between mites associated to scale insects in Kermanshah region were studied and identified. For this study , parts of the host including the trunk, twigs and leaves infected with scale insect were cut with garden shears and transferred to the laboratory. under binocular mites associated with scale insect were isolated and stored in 70% ethanol. Also, the lice were separated from the twigs and transferred into 70% alcohol glass with the same number as the related mites glass. Labels with sampling information installed on glass. Microscopic slides were prepared to identify scale insects and mites. during this study, 17 mites species from 16 genera belonging to 11 families related to 10 scalre insects species of nine genera and five families were identified as follows and relationships between them were determined. one of these mites is a new species for the world and one species for fauna mites in Iran is a new report. The new species in the world is displayed with ** and a new report in Iran with *:Order: Trombidiformes   #Family: Anystidae Oudemans, 1936 +- Anystis baccarum Von Heyden, 1826 Family: Erythraeidae Oudemans, 1902 +- Abrolophus Berlese, 1891- Callidosoma Womersley, 1936 - Leptus sp. nov.**. + Family: Eutrombididae Thor, 1935- Eutrombidium Verdun, 1909+ Family: Iolinidae Pritchard, 1956- Pronematus ubiquitus (McGregor, 1932)- Pronematus rykei Meyer & Rodrigues, 1966    + Family: Smarididae Kramer,1878- Fessonia Heyden, 1826+ Family: Tenuipalpidae Berlese, 1913- Aegyptobia eriogonum Baker & Tuttle, 1972* - Cenopalpus pulcher (Canestrini and anzago, 1876) + Family: Tetranychidae Donnadieu, 1875- Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836- Eotetranychus Oudemans, 1931Order: Mesostigmata #+ Family: Phytoseiidae Berlese, 1916- Typhlodromus bagdasarjani Wainstein & Arutunjan, 1967 + Family: Parasitidae Oudemans, 1901- Rhabdocarpais consanquineus (Oudemans & Voigts, 1904) - Parasitus kampersi Oudemans, 1902 + Family: Uropodidae Kramer, 1881- Urobovella Berlese, 1903+ Family: Pachylaelapidae Berlese, 1913- Pachylaelaps Berlese, 1888Collected scale insect:+ Eriococcidae-   Eriococcus isacanthus (Danzing, 1975)+ Coccidae

   Abstract Objective: Plants of the Asteraceae family have a variety of species, sometimes as weeds and sometimes as crops and even medicinal plants. These plants are associated with many insects. For example, it has been observed that weevils of the genus Larinus, especially in the pastures of Kermanshah with the plants of the genus Echinops   . , Are related, due to the importance of sugarcane and our productive insect that has made this plant as a medicinal plant, so the present study aims to biology of Larinus weevils on sugarcane and also to identify its natural enemies in the province. Kermanshah is important. Research Methodology: During 1397 and 1398, some habitats of sugarcane that host Larinus weevils, including Mahidasht and stage intermediates, were sampled to collect Larinus weevils and its parasitoids. Thus, during the growing season, the mentioned habitats were referred to and Larinus weevils as well as its parasitized larvae were collected in the sugarcane plant. Regular sampling at 10-day intervals from early spring to late March was selected from three suitable locations and each site or block was divided into four replicates, the main stem sampling unit of a floor plant It was according to it. Each sampling unit was recorded under a stereomicroscope to evaluate the number of infections and to observe different ages of larvae and weevil eggs of our producer. Each sampling unit was recorded under a stereomicroscope to evaluate the number of infections and to observe different ages of larvae and weevil eggs of our producer. Results: In the present study, two weevil species Larinus hedenborgi and Larinus onopordi (Fabricius, 1787) were reported with Echinops. In this study, two types of parasitoid bees Torymoides kiesenwetteri and Bracon sp. is identified. After transferring the pupae and larvae of the bee Torymoides kiesenwetteri (formed inside the sugar beet), were reared in the laboratory. Statistics obtained from the regression relationship between the logarithm of variance and the mean population (Taylor's law) and the Iowa method showed that the coefficient of explanation of the regression equations in the Taylor method was higher than the Iowa method. Therefore, it can be said that Taylor coefficient was a good indicator for estimating both weevil distribution and parasitoid bee distribution. On the other hand, based on the present study, it was found that in both regions and in two consecutive years, the average temperature and humidity had effects on population changes at different stages of weevils and parasitoid bees. So that in 1397 and 1398, with changes in temperature and humidity at each sampling date on the majority of biological stages caused the population trend in all biological stages of insects to change. Conclusion: Finally, this study showed that Larinus hedenborgi was an abundant genus and species of weevil in Mahidasht and Mianrahan regions. There was a positive and significant correlation between the mean temperature fluctuations with humidity and the population of weevils and parasitoid bees studied in this study.    Keywords: Rangelands, Hard-winged, Host-specific, Monophage insects, Compositae, Kermanshah

Freesurface flow in hydraulic are defined using shallow water equations, providedthat the vertical dimension is very small compared to the horizontal dimension.Which are theequations governing the flow of a shallow water. Due to the fact thatanalytical models offer a wide range of changes in water height, the numericalmodel is able to show changes in water level at different moments. Numerousnumerical methods have been proposed by researchers to solve the shallow waterequations, among we which can mention the finitedifference, finite volume and finite element methods. Require problem meshingin all these methods for Discretization of equations. In thisresearch to solve problems, an unstructured triangular grid is used, which is produced by Easy Mesh program. Tosolve the shallow water equation, a time splitting and the finite volume methodare used along. Time splitting method works in a way that divides each timestep several virtual time step. Suchthat, first the two equations of advection and diffusion in the first step, andthen in the next step, which is within the same virtual step thefriction term will enter the computational cycle, and in the next step, theeffect of gravity and survival equation will be applied in the calculations. Byexamining the Lax-wendroff, Fromm,QUICKEST and First order methods for solving the advection sector as well as explicit andimplicit methods for solving the diffusion sector. Wasconcluded that the Fromm method and the implicit method for solving are better accurate. Itshould be noted that in solving the scattering equations by implicit method, thereare methods such as Gaussian elimination, iterative solution and TDMA that dueto obtaining a multi-diameter matrix in the numerical model, the iterativesolution method has been used. In orderto validate the numerical model and analytical solution, have been solvedproblems such as Gradually VariedFlow, one-dimensional and two-dimensional dam break, sudden expansion ofthe canal and the spur dyke structure. Accordingto the results obtained from the model and comparing it with the analyticalresults in solving the spur dyke structure Problem, at distancesaway from spur dyke, this error in results between the model and the analyticalsolution is reduced, Maximum of this error is near the turbulent flow. As a result of this comparison, this numericalmodel has an acceptable agreement with the results of analytical solution andthis model can be used in other problems that have similar conditions to thisproblems.Keywords: Shallow water equation, Irregular triangular grid, Timesplitting method, Finite volume method  

Abstract An experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications to study the effect of planting date, density and cultivar on yield and yield components of quinoa in Razi University of Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Farm. The main plots in this experiment are planting dates at three levels including; March 20, April 20 and May 20, and the factors were density (40 and 60 plants per square meter) and three cultivars of quinoa (Titicaca, Redcarina and Q29). The results showed that in all three planting dates, the highest number of days to reach different phenological stages was obtained in Q29 genotype, so that the day to maturity for this cultivar was 151.33 days in the planting date. The height of the plant in the culture treatment on April 10 was higher than other planting dates by 102.47 cm. On the date of sowing on April 10, the weight of 1000 seeds in quinoa was 2.19 grams, which was significantly less than the date of sowing in May 20 and higher than the date of sowing in March. Seed yield in Titicaca cultivar and on planting on April 10 had higher grain yield (2297 kg / ha) than the other two cultivars. Also, quinoa plant at 60 plants / m2 had higher grain yield (1962.22 kg / ha) than 40 plants / m2 (1884.7 kg / ha). The highest biological yield of 5498 kg / ha was obtained in Titicaca cultivar on April 20. The biological yield of quinoa plant at a density of 60 plants per square meter (4578.2 kg / ha) was higher than the density of 40 plants per square meter (4233.5 kg / ha). At a density of 40 plants per square meter and planting of quinoa on March 11, the highest harvest index was 48.28%. Based on the results of this study, it can be recommended for Kermanshah region to obtain maximum quinoa seed yield that Titicaca cultivar is planted at a density of 60 plants per square meter on April 20.   

آب و رسيدن به راندمان انتقال و توزيع بالاتر در شبكه‌هاي آبياري مدرن، سيستم‌هاي تحت فشار جايگزين مجاري روباز مي شوند. در اين راستا طراحان شبكه‌هاي آبياري به دنبال اين موضوع هستند كه طراحي خود را به اقتصادي‌ترين طرح ممكن نزديك نمايند تا علاوه بر تأمين نيازهاي مصرف‌كنندگان به بهترين شكل هزينه نيز تا حد ممكن كاهش يابد. اهميت اين موضوع هنگامي روشن مي‌شود كه مهندسين با طرح‌هاي بزرگ روبه‌رو مي‌شوند. در عمل مهندسين با تجربه براي يافتن يك طرح با قيمت كم، به صورت سنتي از روش‌هاي آزمون و خطا مبتني بر قضاوت مهندسي استفاده مي‌كنند. به دليل اينكه روش‌هاي سنتي هيچ تضميني براي رسيدن به جواب بهينه و يا حتي نزديك به جواب بهينه ندارند، تحقيقات بسياري در زمينه روش‌هاي بهينه‌سازي انجام‌شده است. با توجه به توصيه‌هاي انجام‌شده توسط محققين قبلي يكي از توانمندترين روش‌هاي بهينه‌سازي و راه‌حل مسائل پيچيده رياضي ، الگوريتم ژنتيك مي‌باشد كه از آن به‌طور گسترده‌اي در حل مسائل مهندسي آب   استفاده ‌شده است. بر اين اساس در اين پايان نامه طراحي بهينه سيستم آبرساني شبكه آبياري تحت فشار اسماعيل آباد مورد توجه قرار گرفت. بصورت ويژه اثر روش هاي مختلف برآورد افت جريان بر طراحي بهينه سيستم مذكور مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. براي اين منظور يك كد كامپيوتري شبيه ساز- بهينه ساز توسعه داده شد. بهينه سازي بر اساس روش الگوريتم ژنتيك دودويي و شبيه سازي بر اساس حل معادلات جريان غير ماندگار انجام مي شود. در شبيه سازي جريان غير ماندگار روش هاي مختلف محاسبه افت ازجمله   افت ماندگار، شبه ماندگار و غير ماندگار در نظر گرفته شده است.   با استفاده از نتايج   Covas و همكاران(2004و 2005) و داده هاي اندازه گيري Bergant و همكاران (2001)   مدل شبيه ساز جريان غير ماندگار مورد صحت سنجي دقيق قرار گرفت.   نتايج اين صحت سنجي نشان داد دقت مدل در شبيه سازي سيكل هاي فشار جريان   بسيار مناسب عمل مي كند و عملا اختلاف بين سيكل­ها در مدل حاضر با نتايج حقيقات قبلي وجود ندارد و مي­توان از صحت داده­هاي خروجي از نرم افزار اطمينان داشت. با استفاده از طراحي بهينه خط لوله نيمه اصلي آبياري باراني بر روي سطح بدون شيب با چهارخروجي جانبي كه توسط واليانتزاس ( Valiantzas, 2003b) معرفي شد صحت سنجي مدل بهينه ساز انجام شد.   نتايج نشان داد هزينه پروژه و فشار در ابتداي سيستم با مقادير ارايه شده توسط   واليانتزاس اختلاف قابل ملاحظه­اي نداشت.   پس از صحت سنجي اثر روش هاي مختلف برآورد افت بر هيدروليك جريان در شبكه اسماعيل آباد و در ادامه بر طراحي بهينه آن مورد تجزيه و تحليل قرار گرفت.   بهينه سازي بدون در نطر گرفتن   قيود و ملاحظات ضربه قوچ و با استفاده از افت ماندگار هيزن-ويليامز   نشان داده شد كه   هزينه لوله گذاري   محاسبه شده برابر با 725292 دلار است كه در مقايسه با هزينه اجرا شده 8/12 درصد كاهش داشته است. در حالت استفاده از افت غيرماندگار( رابطه Brunone, 1991) و با در نظر گرفتن ملاحطات ضربه قوچ   هزينه لوله گذاري به مقدار 3/743543 دلار رسيده است. اين هزينه در مقايسه با شرايط بدون در نظر گرفتن ضربه قوج ( مقدار 87/725292 ) 18250 دلار يعني حدود 5/2 درصد افزايش داشته است. در اين حالت با قطر دو لوله P2P11 و P11P12   تغيير داشته و فشار ورودي از 087/139 به 65/133 متر كاهش پيدا كرده است.   علاوه بر اين نتايج اين تحقيق نشان داد با درنظر گرفتن ملاحظات ضربه قوچ در بهينه سازي شبكه،   در نظر گرفتن يا   عدم در نظر گرفتن   افت غير ماندگار تاثيري بر   قطر هاي بهينه شده   ندارد.   بر خلاف تحقيقات آزمايشگاهي كه در اعداد رينولدز نسبتاً كوچك انجام شده اند در مقياس واقعي و   اعداد رينولدز بالا مقادير افت غيرماندگار نسبت به مقادير افت ماندگار نمي­تواند قابل ملاحظه باشد و بر طرح بهينه تاثير گذار باشد.

   Abstract Food security and self-sufficiency is very important to any country in the world. Iran is highly dependent (up to 90%) on importing oilseeds. Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz (Brassicaceae) is introduced Iran at 2016 for the first time. C.sativa is a cold-tolerant oilseed crop with minimal input requirements. According to the world studies, some pests are reported on C.sativa which are the same with Brassica napus and brassicacea crop pests. C.sativa is not a well-studied crop in Iran because it is only few years that it has cultivated in the country. We tended to collect and identify relative insects to C.sativa in order to investigate the relationship between pest density and different (136) camelina lines yield. To reach this goal, 136 lines of camelina cultivated in 3-rows plots, 1.0 m in length, using randomised complete block design. 3 seedlings in each plot selected, randomly and we counted the number of thripses, aphids and bugs observed. After collecting enough data, assessments about the resistance mechanisms of different lines of camelina started.   Line 54 is identified as the most resistant line against thrips population because it showed both antixenose and antibiose resistance. Investigation of yield/damaged capsul and seed percentage correlation, considered significant at P< 0/01.   It is also revealed that the presence of thrips population effected negatively yield crop. Using multiple linear regression of population density of three kinds of observed   pests and yield, we find out that the density of thrips population did not play a part in the yield of camelina lines (t=0.07). According to this regression, the relation between damaged capsules and thrips population is significant   at 0.01 level (t=3.17) and it is not for the rest. It is noticeable that the impact of aphid and bug populations on damaged seed percentage was significant (respectively, t=4.64 and t=2.48) but it is not the same for thrips. Finally regarding to rare studies about the pests of this crop in Iran it is needed to use more assessments to understand the exact defence mechanisms of camelina.   

   The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of suspected rodent and pesticide rodents in controlling the most harmful rodents in farms of Kermanshah compared to common pesticides in randomized complete block design and kennel method using Henderson Tilton formula and conventional statistical methods. For this purpose, by visiting the infected farms of Kermanshah city, appropriate test fields were selected and after identifying the damaging rodent, measures were taken to evaluate the efficacy and comparison of shookboom suspected rodents with natural resin and calcium sulfate active ingredient and the new PASAK pesticide in common pesticide form in pesticides. Four replications were performed and the blocks were plotted in each block and then each block was formed according to the number of treatments in 5 plots that were formed which were equal in size so that at least 70 holes were observed in each of them. After randomization and mapping, the rats were plated at a distance of approximately 5 m between the plots and were sprayed with phosphorus poisoned prey. Then the nesting operation was performed to identify the active nests in each treatment and the next day the active nests were counted and recorded. The UTM coordinates of the nests were recorded in order to describe the spatial information using ArcGIS software that immediately a sufficient dose of each rodent was used inside the nests. The control treatment without the use of rodenticide and the rest of the treatments according to the effect, regarding phosphorusazate immediately and other treatments were beaten 5 days after the rodent application. Census was performed on the first, third, fifth, seventh, tenth, fifteenth and twentieth days after the nests were closed. Experiments were conducted in two stages of the struggle to estimate the best time and effect of seasonal conditions on rodent yield. According to the results of Brodifacum and Pescac, the highest yield and then vegetable and phosphorous extract were obtained in the second degree and the lowest yield was related to shookboom. Rodent herbicide production is considered acceptable with all aspects and can be prescribed in place of common pesticides, however, the use of shookboom for field control is not recommended.

   Abstract Insect pest always had a negative on the lives and human societies at different levels, including agriculture and health, and imposing economic and even social losses. In the agicultural domin in average insect pest damage to agicultural products in developed countries is estimated 18% per year. These number, of course, are much higher in less developed countries. In most part of the world for many years, the reduction of damage caused by the pest was largely basedon the use of chemical insecticides. The use of chemical pesticides has severe negative effects on the environment, non- target creatures and beneficial insects. In this regard, researchers have used safe and eco- friendly methods such as the application of various biological agents. One of these methods is the use of microbal factors, such entomopathogenic fungi. The benefit of the entomopathogenic fungi is that they have hight host expertise as well as a wide host insects vegetarian, on the other hand, for houman, the environment, non-target creatures and beneficial insects are almost safe. The purpose of this study   was to identify and isolate   the entomopathogenic fungi in Kermanshah province. Sampling from early july 2017 to late april 2018 were determined from forest, cultivated, garden and uncultivated in Kermanshah province. 43 samples of soil were collected from the provinces to isolate to isolate entomopathogenic fungy from the soil. For isolate entomopathogenic fungi of bait insect Ephestia kuehniella was used. The method included two kilograms of soil into glass of 200 gram, and 10 larvae were added to the glass, for a week the soil glass underway and is dead larvae were cultivated after disinfection on the potato dextrose agar(PDA). After the end of the isolation phase, 144 fungi isolate were collected from the county provinces. In which the most isolated fungi were extracted from forest, cultivated, garden and uncultivated soil, respectively.   In order ti ensure patogenseity isolate fungus to be test host pasage. This test was three times to ensure that insects larvae were destroyed by pathogenicity fungi. Also, in order investigate the relation between the isolate fungus and physicochemical parameters, some of these parameters such as soil reaction (pH), electrical conductivity of soil (EC), lime amount (caco3), soil texture and organic carbon (OC) was studied. For morphological identification was used of the medium of potato dextrose agar (PDA), malt extract agar (MEA), sabro dextrose agar (SDA) and clove leaf extract agar (CLA). The isolates were more abundant and isolates which differed from other isolate were 20 isolate were selected for molecular identification. It was for molecular recognition of the extraction kit (zagros biodiversity ideas company) and CTAB (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide). The its1-5.8s-its2 regions of the nuclear ribosomal subunit have been amplified by forward and backward primers. Result of polymerase chian reaction were confirmed by gel electrophoresis, sequencing amplified gens was done after sending them to Malaysia apical company. Obtained sequences were manually edited using bioedit software was and submitted to the gen bank and the access number was obtained for subsequent studies. After molecular identification and observation of the morphological properties, it was found that the identified fungi belonging to genus Fusarim, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Meyerozyma, Paramyrothecium, Chaetomium and Beauveria that including Aspergillius nomius*, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium sp, Penicillium solitum, Penicillium sizovae*, Penicillium sp, Alternaria chlamydosporigena, Meyerozyma guilliermondy, Paramyrothecium

   The grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.: Vitaceae) is a commercially important fruit crop of Iran.  This temperate crop which believed to have originated in Iran, has worldwide distribution. Various pests damage the grapes. One of the important pests in the vineyards of Iran is grape leafhopper, Arboridia kermanshah Dlabola (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Adult and nymphs of this pest cause white spots on the top surface of the leaves and bring about fall off by settling on the back of grape leaves and feeding on the cellular contents. Severe contamination of the leaves leads to fall earlier than expected. In this research, for the purpose of field biological study, sampling was done in a grape garden located in Dehpahn village, during two crop seasons 2017-2018. In 2017 Sampling was done weekly from mid-July and in 2018 simultaneously after emergence of adults. In order to identify the natural enemies of grape leafhopper, parasitized eggs were collected at each sampling date and were investigated in laboratory conditions. Two predators and three egg parasitoids from two different families were collected as natural enemies. This pest had three generations per year in Kermanshah climatic conditions. Adult were active in the garden until mid-November and entered the hibernation phase with exposure to the cold weather. The growth period of different biological stages was studied in laboratory. In this study, population dynamics of A. kermanshah immature stages were studied in relation to mid temperature and relative humidity. Relationship between population dynamics of grape leafhopper and temperature for all biological stages of pest except 2nd and 3rd stages nymphs were significant in 2017. Otherwise, this relation with relative humidity was significant only for 5th stage nymphs. There were significant relationship between temperature and population dynamics of eggs, 5th stage nymphs and total immature stages in 2018. Relative humidity changes has also this significant relation with all stages except 4th and 5th stages nymphs. The spatial distribution pattern of immature stages of grape leafhopper was determined by two methods. Spatial distribution pattern was random according to Iowa patchiness regression method for 1st, 2nd and 3rd nymph stages in 2018 and for 1st and 2nd nymphal stages in 2017. According to Taylor power law regression method distribution pattern was random for all stages of nymphs except for immature stages in 2018 and for all stages of nymphs except 2nd stages in 2017.

اثرات جانبي روش هاي مختلف كاربرد تيامتوكسام بر سن شكارگر در سيستم ششكار شكارگري orius albidipennis-Aphis gossypii

  Abstract  Grape berry moth (GBM) Lobesia botrana Den. & Schiff. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is one of the most important pests of vineyards in Iran that much damage each year in the different regions of Iran. In order to assess the population dynamics of the pest and the effect of altitude in population density of adults, pheromone trapping was performed in the three villages of Paveh city with different altitude. The results showed that this pest has four generations in the Dorisan village with 1605 meters altitude and it has three generations in Shamshir and Tazeabad villages respectively with 1700 and 1820 meters altitude. In Dorisan village appearance of the first moths began from 10th April. The first flight peak of this generation was occurred in 6th April with the mean of 24/5 moths and the second flight peak of that in 19th May with the mean of 27/5 moths, peak of adult population of second generation in 24th June with the mean of 42 moths, peak of adult population of third generation in 20th August with the mean of 51 moths and most population of fourth generation in 19th September with the mean of 34/5 moths. In Shamahir village appearance of the first moths started from 22th April and peak of flight of three consecutive generations respectively was occurred in 16th May, 10th June and 17th August and with the mean of 24, 15 and 31/5 moths. In Tazeabad village appearance of the first moths began from 19th April and peak of flight of three generations respectively was reported in 19th May, 3th July and 17th August and with the mean of 86, 139 and 276 moths in traps. T test results showed that between the average population density of pest in different villages there are significant differences.  Key words: grapvine, Lobesia botrana, population dynamism, Delta trap, Paveh region  

Weeds or invasive native plants that adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems, agriculture and forestry. In this study, weeds College of Agriculture and Natural resources include field bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis L .; licorice, Glycyrrhiza glabra L.; amaranth, Amaranthus deflexus L .; weed, Chenopodium album L .; datura, Datura stramonium L. , wild mustard, Sinapis arvensis L .; cocklebur, Xanthium strumarium L .; oats, Avena fatua L .; Gheyagh Sorghum halepense L. and Shlmy All. (Rapistrum rugosum (L. were studied. The aim of this study was to collect and identify insects associated with the above-mentioned weeds and insects for biological control of introduced species of weeds target. For this purpose, the sampling insects Tiny microscopic slides were prepared and were sent for identification to the relevant experts. based on the result of the result, 17 species of Svsk¬Hay families Chrysomelidae, (Radymna persica (Faldermann, 1837), Chaetocnema sp., Altica sp., Spermophagus sp. and Burchidius sp.), Curculionidae, (Alcidodes karelini (Boheman, 1844), Lixus sp., Ceutorhynchus sp. and Microlarius sp.) and Coccinelidae, (Scymnus frontalis (Fabricius, 1787)), Sn¬Hay family Tingidae , (Galeatus scrophicus (Saunders, 1876)); Anthocoridae, (Orius niger (Wolff, 1811)); thrips family Aeolothripidae, (Aeolothrips mongolicus (Pelikan, 1985)); Thripidae, (Chirothrips kurdistanus (zur Strassen, 1967) , Chirothrips manicatus (Haliday, 1836) and Chirothrips africanus (Priesner, 1932)) and Phlaeothripidae, (Haplothrips ganglbaueri (Schmutz, 1913)) were identified. As well as field bindweed seeds and Shyryn¬Byan in appropriate containers in the laboratory Ng·h¬Dary and seed insects and parasitoids were collected. Of the seeds respectively, field bindweed and Shyryn¬Byan weevil Alcidodes karelini (Boheman, 1844) and seed beetle Burchidius sp. Out. Also parasitoid sex Eurytomidae family through infected seeds beetles A. karelini and Burchidius sp. Collected and identified.

The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a key cucurbits pest in world and is managed with repeated insecticide applications. Application of mixture of pesticides is an efficient way to reduce pesticides use and inhibit pest resistance development. Study of two pesticides interaction could have beneficial results for their consumers especially in IPM programs. The joint action of imidacloprid and pymetrozine against the cotton aphid, were investigated under laboratory conditions (25 ± 1 oC, 65 ± 5% R.H. and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L: D) h.) using a leaf dipping method. The best synergistic effect was discovered in the ratio group Im/Py 5/5 with the R or CI and LC50 values of 3.84 or 0.27 and 8.71 ppm respectively. Additive actions were also found in most of the ratio groups.   The effect of applying sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid, pymetrozine and mixture was evaluated, also, using demographic toxicology. Longevity and population growth parameters, including intrinsic rate of increase (rm), net reproductive rate (R0), generation time (Tc) and finite rate of population increase (?), were affected negatively by these three compounds insecticides. The rm values for control, imidacloprid, pymetrozine and mixture exposed populations were 0.39, 0.22, 0.31 and 0.23 female offspring per female per day, respectively. Results showed that application of sublethal and lethal doses of mentioned pesticides can be an effective method in the control of possibly insect pests in IPM program.

  Ash tree, Fraxinus   rotundifolia Mill. (Oleaceae) is beautiful shade trees, planted nearly nationwide, everywhere in urban area, parks and public spaces in the most parts of Iran. During 2013-2015, A total of 8 species and 3 genus of harmful and useful insects, associated with ash tree, were recorded in Kermanshah, are including: Psyllopsis discrepans Flor (Hem.: Psyllidae), Parlatoria oleae (Hem.: Diaspididae), Salicicola sp. (Hem.: Diaspididae), Melanaspis inopinata (Hem.: Diaspididae), Paracoccus sp. (Hem.: Pseudococcidae), Thrips tabaci (Thy.: Thripidae), Thrips hawaiiensis (Thy.: Thripidae), Frankliniella sp. (Thy.: Thripidae), Oenopia conglobata (Col.: Coccinellidae), Exochomus undulates (Col.: Coccinellidae), Coccinella septempunctata (Col.: Coccinellidae) and also some collected but unidetified species belong to Miridae, Staphilinidae, Geometridae, Cicadidae and Noctuidae. In addition, a noumbers of unknowen phytophagous and predatory mites were collected on ash tree. The   jumping plant-louse Psyllopsis discrepans, exclusively is associated with F. rotundifolia Mill. and is a sap sucking insects which induces galls on leaves and buds. This pest is causing aesthetic injurious rather than health harm on ash tree in Kermanshah. In ash, this jumping plant-louse can be found by uncurling the leaves gall revealing various stages of green colored nyphal instars and adult insects. When abundant, plant-louses remove large quantities of sap, reducing the growth and vigor of the tree. This insect cause the leaf curl gall and distort. Heavy infestations will result in leaf scar and aesthetic apearence of ash canopy. Morphological, biological description and also some bioecological aspect of of P. discrepans as a key pest were studied. Some chemical and physical methods in control of the composition of the pest were evaluation in order to provide suport for natural enemies at the fied codation. The psylla generations per year, overwintering, the peak population time associated with temperture, humidity, chmical and yellow card trap were discussed.   Key word: Psyllopsis discrepans, population dynamism, Acetamipride, imidaclopride, yellow sticky card    

  AbstractTomato second important vegetable crop in the world and The first product is a vegetable with 3512 hectares in the city of Kermanshah and Tomato leafminer moth is a serious pest of tomatoes in the world and Iran. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma brasicae (Hym; Tricogrammatidae) in the biological control of tomato leafminer moth Tuta absoluta (Lep; Gelechiidae) in field conditions is discussed. For this purpose, a piece of agricultural land in the village district Ahmadvand Allahyarkhani that was assigned to tomato cultivation was, This land was bordered with no tomato farm and So it did not affect the neighboring farm pesticides. In this study, a randomized complete block design (Randomized complete Blok Design) was used. This project is one of the most important projects that widely used in agricultural research. The design of field experiments in which treatments are used. RCB design with a block size that each of them with all the treatments. For projects or repeat 4 blocks, 10 plots and 10 treatments was determined as follows, 133 m size of each block was determined at 9 m, The primary purpose of the block, reduce experimental error by helping to remove the known factors Among the experimental units. Blocks one and four 39 m from the beginning and end are the farm, Each block of adjacent blocks 30 meters was considered the least affected by the surrounding blocks accept. 10 cards with dimensions of 7 meters by 9 meters was placed inside the block, Are often adjacent plots of 7 m., And at the end of 10 treatments with 9 variables and one control each block were distributed randomly among the plots. Pests and parasites is fragmented habitat type, Due to the biology of the pest and parasitoid sampling units and Adequate information from sample, Plant were considered. At the time of the study, 480 samples were collected from 40 plots in 6 innings.As a result of the project revealed Release of Trichogramma in the number of times in this project and was conducted The pest density of at least 8.3 up to 36% lower. Therefore, if the tomato leafminer moth pest is not in revolt, The use of biological control, contrary to some beliefs, It is quite economical and cost-effective. Balancing can be lower densities of the pest below the economic injury level.